Irrigation Development and Management Document Status: Final Project Number: 47152 June 2016 Republic of the Union of Myanmar: Irrigated Agriculture Inclusive Development Project CURRENCY EQUIVALENTS (as of xx September 2015) Currency unit – Myanmar Kyats (MMK) Kyats 1.00 = $0.0007855 US $1.00 = MMK 1,273 ABBREVIATIONS ACC - Agricultural Coordinating Committee AMD - Agricultural Mechanization Department CDC - Cross drainage culvert CDZ - Central Dry Zone DALMS - Department of Agricultural Land Management and Statistics (formerly SLRD) DICD - Department of Industrial Crops Development DO - Direct Outlet DOA - Department of Agriculture DY - Distributary Canal ET - (Crop) Evapo-transpiration FFS - Farmers’ Field School FLC - Front Line Center GAD - General Administration Department ID - Irrigation Department LMC - Left Main Canal LSL - Lump sum limit OM - Ordinary maintenance RD - Reduced Distance (= foot) RMC - Right Main Canal SLRD - Settlement and Land Records Department SR - Special repairs WC - Watercourse WDC - Water distribution committee WUA - Water User Association WUG - Water User Group GLOSSARY bintha - Field staff of Irrigation Department myaunggaung - Farmer leader of watercourse irrigation system selesu - Leader farmer (representing 10 households) CONTENTS Page List of Tables Table 1: New Irrigation Projects in Myanmar (1988-2014) ................................................... 2 Table 2: Irrigation by Type (2012-2012) (‘000 acres) ........................................................... 2 Table 3: Formal Irrigated Area in CDZ (‘000 acres) ............................................................. 3 Table 4: Reservoirs in the CDZ ........................................................................................... 3 Table 5: Estimates of Irrigated Area in CDZ Districts (acres) ............................................... 4 Table 6: Groundwater Recharge and Use (‘000 acre-ft/year - 2000/01) .............................. 9 Table 7: Irrigation Management Staff ................................................................................ 28 Table 8: Structure and Role of ACC .................................................................................. 30 Table 9: Irrigation Systems and Front Line Centers in Selected Townships ...................... 31 Table 10: Crops and water utilization records at Natmauk and Chaung Magyi .................... 35 Table 11: O&M costs and Fees for Chaung Magyi (MMK ‘000) ........................................... 36 Table 12: Farm sizes and irrigable areas per household (acres) ......................................... 37 Table 13: Natmauk – average crop areas per household (acres) ........................................ 38 Table 14: Chaung Magyi – average crop areas per household (acres) ............................... 38 Table 15: Poverty and Paddy Irrigation - Natmauk .............................................................. 39 Table 16: Poverty and Paddy Irrigation – Chaung Magyi ..................................................... 39 Table 17: Poverty and Irrigation - Natmauk ......................................................................... 40 Table 18: Poverty and Irrigation – Chaung Magyi ................................................................ 40 Table 19: Chaung Magyi - Opinions of Water Supply .......................................................... 41 Table 20: Natmauk - Opinions of Water Supply................................................................... 41 Table 21: Periods of water shortage - Chaung Magyi (%households reporting shortage) .... 41 Table 22: Periods of water shortage - Natmauk (% households reporting shortage) ........... 41 Table 23: User Groups at Natmauk ..................................................................................... 42 Table 24: User Groups at Chaung Magyi ............................................................................ 42 Table 25: User Groups at Natmauk ..................................................................................... 42 Table 26: User Groups at Chaung Magyi ............................................................................ 43 Table 27: Responsible Agencies – Perceptions at Natmauk ............................................... 43 Table 28: Responsible Agencies – Perceptions at Chaung Magyi ....................................... 44 Table 29: Chaung Magyi – preferred crops (Number of households) .................................. 44 Table 30: Natmauk – preferred crops (Number of households) ........................................... 44 Table 31: Lessons from previous Irrigation Management programs .................................... 49 Table 32: List of schemes and availability of rainfall and flow data ...................................... 63 Table 33: Climate averages – Mandalay ............................................................................. 72 Table 34: Rehabilitation Costs by component (MMK/irrigated acre) .................................... 81 Table 35: Sub-project screening criteria .............................................................................. 82 List of Figures Figure 1: Organization of MOAI .......................................................................................... 12 Figure 2: Regional Organization of MOAI ........................................................................... 12 Figure 3: Existing Management Structure for Irrigation Projects (Myothit) .......................... 27 Figure 5: Organization structure of Township Irrigation Department ................................... 28 Figure 6: Potential Future Management Structure .............................................................. 53 Figure 7: Typical rainfall and temperature patterns ............................................................ 62 Figure 8: Average rainfall patterns across the CDZ ............................................................ 65 Figure 9: Annual rainfall at Mandalay ................................................................................. 65 Figure 10: June rainfall at Mandalay ................................................................................... 66 Figure 11: Annual number of raindays at Mandalay ............................................................ 67 Figure 12: Annual maximum daily rainfall at Mandalay ........................................................ 68 Figure 13: Onset and retreat of the wet season................................................................... 69 Figure 14: Average runoff patterns ...................................................................................... 70 Figure 15: Average rainfall and runoff ................................................................................. 70 Figure 16: Average evaporation patterns ............................................................................ 72 Figure 17: Average annual temperature at Mandalay .......................................................... 73 Figure 18: Rainfall at Mandalay in driest 150-day period in each year ................................. 75 Figure 19: Implementation Schedule for Irrigation Component .......................................... 100 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 1. This document presents the overall approach to irrigation development and management in a sector context. The irrigation components of feasibility studies for two core sub-projects, Chaungmagyi and Natmauk, are included as Annexes, and the document makes reference to other documents which describe the agricultural components (SD2), economic and financial analysis (LD7), initial environmental assessment (LD11), and social assessment (LD7 and SD9). 2. The report is structured as follows, in five chapters: (i) Irrigation Sector Overview, providing a brief summary of the current status of irrigation infrastructure across the country and in the Central Dry Zone (CDZ). (ii) Irrigation Infrastructure, describing the current condition of infrastructure in the CDZ and setting out the rationale for intervention and the activities to be undertaken under the project in relation to rehabilitation and modernization. This sets out the overall approach but the details are specific to individual sub-projects which are described in separate standalone annexes. (iii) Irrigation Management, describing the existing arrangements and procedures and setting out the rationale for intervention and the activities to be undertaken under the project in relation to improving irrigation management and increasing participation by water users. This draws on a review of experiences for management reforms in South/South East Asia and sets out a detailed approach to be followed in all sub-projects. (iv) Hydrological Context, which examines the available water resources in the CDZ and assesses the potential impact of climate change. (v) Sector Approach, setting out the overall rational, approach and implementation program, with the core sub-projects as examples, and describing how other sub- projects are to be identified and implemented. 3. The core sub-project reports for Chaung Magyi follow a standard structure, each with nine chapters, to cover the irrigation aspects of the feasibility studies: (i) Sub-project Area (ii) Condition and Performance Assessment (iii) Consultations (iv) Water Resources and Requirements (v) The Subproject, with overview of physical works and management improvements (vi) Irrigation Design, describing the design criteria and methodology (vii) Expected Outcomes and Benefits