DOCUMENT RESUME
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AUTHOF 9a.TT., Comp. rrlI'LE Education Abstracts: Burma. September- December 1968, January-April 1969. TNSTTTUTTON Nat ,oral Science Foundation, Washington, D.C. Office of Science Tnformation Services. SPOMq A(ENCV National Science Foundation, Washington, D.C.; Office of Education (DHPW), Washington, D.C.Bureau of Research. rw0OPT NO TT-68-9(1401-3: TT-69-91051-1 TIUFEAT1 NO 9R-7-1279 PUB DAmP (691 NOTE 138P.
PDRS PRICE EnRS 'rice 1F-$0.75 HC-$7.00 DESCPIPTOPS Abstracts, *Annotated Bibliographies, *Purmese, Purmese Culture, *Education, Educational Change, Educational History, Educational Objectives, English (Second Language), Foreign Countries, Foreign FPlations, Higher Education, *International Education, Language Instruction, Literacy, Literacy Education, Primary Education, Secondary Education, Statistical Data, Teaching Methods TDENTIPTERS *Burma ABSTRACT Summaries of 243 Burmese newspaper articles, published from September through December 1968 andJanuary through April 1969, offering informationon educational seminars, educational statistics, primary and secondary education, andhigher education, are reproduced in this two-volume bibliography with abstracts. Editorials and miscellaneousnewspaper coverage include a broad variety of educational information, usually focusingon the new Burmese system of education. Reports on the training of junior assistant teachers and Burmese technical and vocationalschools are treated in a special section. Appendixes include materialon a librarians' seminar, a 1968 general seminar, educationin British Purma, and literacy campaign. The numbered bibliographicentries provide the newspaper article title,newspaper source, dates of publication, and article length. For related documentssee ED 025 987 and ED 027 807. (RL) et
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OFFICE OF EDUCATION
THIS DOCUMENT HAS BEEN REPRODUCED EXACTLY AS RECEIVED FROM THE / PERSON OR ORGANIZATION ORIGINATING IT.POINTS OF VIEW OR OPINIONS STATED DO NOT NECESSARILY REPRESENT OFFICIAL OFFICE OF EDUCATION A POSITION OR POLICY.
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INPUT 8E02 ION DOCUMENT ANALYSIS 13RANOR Clearinghouse for Federal Scientific and Technical Information 5285 Port Royal Road 8PRINGFIELDVIRGINIA 215
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EDUCATION ABSTRACTS BURMA/
TT 68-59401/3
September - December 1968
Compiled by Dr. U Ba, Rangoon, for
National Science Foundation, Washington,D.C. CDUCATION ABSTRACTS BURMA' 1
September to December 1968
CONTENTS
Item No. I. EDUCATION GENERAL- SEMINARS
Rangoon Division Seminar 1 Basic Education Seminar 2-7 Librarians' Seminar 8-13 Sarpay Beikman Public Library 14
II. PRIMARY & SECONDARY EDUCATION Social Welfare Department 15-17 Primary Schools 18-19 Practical education 20-21 Academy for National groups 22-23 Text-books 24-28 Teaching aids 29. 54 Literacy campaigns 30-32 Luyechun (Outstanding students) 30-34 School Councils 34-36 Vocational education 37-40 Architecture 41 Technical Institutes 42 Private schools 43 Youth organizers 45-47 Student Festival 48 Teacher Training 49-51 Teachers' seminar 52 Scholarships 53 Parents 55 CDUCATIOM ABSTRACTS BURMA?. 2
III. HIGHER EDUCATION
Item No. University Co-ordination Seminar 56-57 Convocations 58-60 Admissions 61-64 Freshers' Day 65-68 Hostel accommodation 69-70 Chemistry department 71 Social geography 72 Teacher training students 73-74 Students' vacation activities 75-78 Miscellaneous 79-82 Medical education 83-90.
IV. MISCELLANEOUS
Gemmology 91. 92 Children's Weekly 93 Burmese students in Moscow 94 State scholars 95-98.
V. EDITORIALS 99-110.
VI. SPECIAL SECTION. Training of Junior Assistant Teachers.111-124.
APPENDIX : Librarians' Seminar. 1968 General Education Seminar. EDUCATION ABSTRACTS BURMA 3
I. EDUCATION - GENERAL. Education Seminars.
Rangoon Division Seminar
1. Nyi, Dr. Nyi, The New Education System. Rangopn, The Working Peoples' Daily 5(268)1. October 5, 1968. 250 words.
At the opening meeting of the Rangoon Division Education Seminar, the Education Secretary mentioned the topics to be discussed, viz, implementation of the new Education system, sufficient teaching staff and practical education develop- ment activities and youth organization. The new education system was introduced in 1964, and now the new system should be reviewed to find out how much had been achieved and what further measures should be taken to make it a success. Also the work of technical high schools, the illiteracy eradica- teaching tion campaign and the experiments for the of Burmese in primary schools should be examined.
Basic Education Seminar at Mandalay
2. Basic Education Seminar opens at Milndalgy. --- Rangoon. The Guardian 13(218)1, October 8, 1968. 200 words. The four-day Basic Education Seminar will open at the
Mandalay Arts & Science University to review the progress in the implementation of the new education system.A General Education Seminar was held in 1964 and based on its findings, Government drew up a Basic Education Scheme and promulgamated the Basic Education Law in 1966 and the new scheme was implemented from the academic year1967-68. EDUCATION ABSTRACTSBURMA 4 Altogether 532persons including educationaldelegates from the various districtsand specially invitedguestswill attend the Seminar.
3. General EducationSeminar opens.--- Rangoon. The work-
ing Peoples' Daily 5(272)1. October 10, 1968. 350words. Education Minister ColHla Han opened the1968 General Education Seminarat the Mandalay Artsand Science Univer-
sity and deliveredan inaugural address, whichwas followed by the Report ofthe General EducationCouncil. After this the Education Ministeropened the SeminarExhibition. Later, the delegateswere divided into fourgroups for the dis-
cussion of the followingtopics: implementationof the new education system,curriculum, teachers' trainingand educa- tional developmentand youth organization.
4. Han, Col Hla. New Education's Aimsreitered.- --
Rangoon. The WorkingPeoples' Daily 5(273)1.October 11,1968. 1,125 words.
The Education Ministerrecalled how and whythe present system of education was introduced in 1967. Although science was being given prio*ity inschools, the importanceof Arts subjects was alsoemphasised. The aim of theGeneral Educa- tion was two-fold, to provide compulsoryelementary education for all children andto providean adequate foundation to pursue higher education. Another aimwas an all-round deve-
lopment, mental, moraland physical, of thechildren. The importance of relationshipbetween parents,teachers and students was pointed out and their relativeresponsibilities COUCATiON ABSTRACTSSiBURMA;. 5 were described. After pointing certain faults in theimple- mentation of the new education systemthe minister invited the delegates to suggest solutions for thesuccess of the new education system.
5. Seminar. Participation of students andparents emphasised.
11111411 Rangoon. The Working Peoples' Daily. 5(273)1.Oct.11,1968. 400 words.
Group 1 devoted its discussions to theeffective imple- mentation of the new education system, the needto win active participation of parents and students, tore-define the responsibilities of administrative and inspectionofficiers and to take steps to keep primarystudents from leaving school early. Group 2 discussed the school subjectsfor primary, middle and high school classesand singled out the need for allowance of adequate teachingperiods for the sub- jects prescribed. In Group3,the professional mobility of teachers between Primary, Middle and HighSchool departments and the need to reinforce the teachingstaff at the train- ing institutes were discussed. In Group 4, discussioncen- tred round practical educationdevelopment programmes and related subjects.
6. Seminar. Educationists discuss toperfect examinations.
Rangoon. The Guardian 13(222)1. October 12,1968. 300 words. Speakers criticised the existingsystem of examinations pointing out various defects and suggestionshow to make improvements. One speaker mentionedthata supplementary list of failures had been issued. The Education Secretary DUCATION ABSTRACTS MBURMAb 6 mentioned that an Enquiry Commission had been formedto look into this matter. Members of all groups took part keenly
in the discussions giving valuable suggestions andideas.
7. Han, Col Hla. General Education Seminar windsup. - --
Rangoon. The Working Peoples' Daily 5(275)1. October 13,'68. 350 words.
The Education Minister, in his concluding remarkson the last day of the Seminar, markit acknowledged varioussug- gestions for the implementation of thenew system and pro- mised to take steps to translate them into action. He under- lined the need for the adoption of socialist democracy and its principles in education. Regarding examinations, the responsibility was fully on teachers. In future, there would be greater diversification of educational opportunity and plans had been made for producingmore teachers with better professional prospects for them.
LIBRARIANS' SEMINAR
$t. Tun, Lt-Col Tin. Librarians' Seminar. Rahgoon
The Working Peoples' Daily 5(250)1. September 25, 1968. 450 words. In his opening speech at the Librarians' seminar held in
Rangoon, the Information Secretary remarked thatthe number of literates was increasing yearly and that literacyrate in 1963 was 66 per cent in urban areas while 53per cent in rural areas. To provide reading materials for all itmx literates in Burma, over 89,000,00books would be needed.
The only place where a large number of books would beavail- CDUCATIOH ABSTRACTSBURMAk 7 able was the library. He then referred to proposed Handbook for Librarians, which would include the fundamentals of library keeping. This would be useful for all kinds of libraries.
9. Htut, U Than. Libraries of the World. --- Rangoon.
Ibid. 450 words. The Director of the Culture Institute read a paper on the above subject, tracing the emergence of famous national libraries, county libraries, special libraries, university libraries, and subscription libraries in various countries and the different systems under which they were run.Scores of Burmese literary manuscripts and printed books werein many libraries in the world,particularly in the British Museum, the Yale University Library and the India Office
Library in London.
10. 00, Ulin. Libraries of Old Burma.
Ibid. 800 words. Libraries were in existence in Burma from the time of Burmese
kings, i.e. about 1066 A.D. onwards.Some details of the Royal libraries were mentioned. There were also private libraries, such as the Libraries of Kinwun Mingyi and Pagan
Wundauk U Tina. These libraires contained mostly parabaik
and palm-leaf writings. There were also monastic libraries which were set up on the model of royal libraries. Mention
was made of other librariesestablished before and after the last war in Burma. From about 1930 village libraries were set up by Young MenUmprovementSociety. EDUCATION ABSTRACTS BeRkolAb 8
11. Kyi, Daw Tin Aye. Library play vital role in literacy campaign. --- Rangoon. The Working Peopkes' Daily 5(259)1.
September 26, 1968. 1,325 words. Reading a paper on "Contemporary Libraries of Burma", mention was made that the Central Universities' Library in Rangoon had the largest collection of books in Burma. A brief sur- vey was made of the existing libraries in Burma, viz: one National Library, 15 university libraries, 293 school li- braries and a number of public libraries and special libra- ries. New literates generally turned into illiterates owing to lack of reading materials. Libraries are the cheapest and most effective means of making available reading materials.
12. Seminar. Public must play part in setting up libraries. Rangoon. The Working Peoples' Daily 5(259)1. September 26, 1968. 850 words. On the second day of the Seminar a number of persons spoke on various topics on the formation of public libraries inBurma. Self-help system must be encouraged and the public must play a part in setting up libraries. Out of a total of 31 libraries in Rangoon Division only ninecould be used by the public whereas there were 70 liquor shops. Inadequacies of government grant to libraries were also men- tioned. There were 74 Information libraries in the whole country and each reading room could spend only K 18/- per month.
- _ EDUCATION ABSTRACTS M BURMA 9
13. Han, U Thein. Library Seminar concluded. ---Rangoon. The Guardian 13(208)1. September 27, 1968. 200 words.
U Thein Han remarked that enthusiastic discussions dur- ing the Seminar augured well for the better developmentof
libraries. The libraries of the country were playing their full role in the march for the SocialistGoal and urged the people to redouble their efforts to translatetheory into
practice. Library workers were urged to put to use the knowledge and experience they had gained at theSeminar
in their places of work.
14. Over 160,000 visit Sarpay Beikman PublicLibrary. - -- The Guardian 13(201)1. September 20, 1968. 250 words.
Over 160,000 persons visited the Sarpay Beikman Public
during the period from 1 January to 18th September1968. The Library holds over 15,000 books, including over23,000 books in Burmese and over 12,000 books in English. There
were 9,880 registered members. Over 200 rare books in the British Museum are available in microfilm in theLibrary. EDUCATION ABSTRACTSNBt RI 10
II. PRIMARY AND SECONDARY EDUCATION
15. Social Welfare Department.
Social Welfare Department. Nurseries looking after nearly 800 children.--- Rangoon. The Guardian, 13(183)1. September 1968. 140 words. The Social Welfare Department is looking after 793 children at its Day Nurseries in Rangoon and the districts. 22 Day Nurseries have been opened to look after children during day time while their parents are away at work. Children are given a oftvd. foundation for education/are being trained toappre- ciate discipline. There are also voluntary day nurseries run on the same principles as those of the nurseries opened by the Department. The De- partment is also opening volunteer night schools for primary classes for children whoare not able to attend regular classes.
16. Social Welfare Directorate.Nearly 10,000 children attend evening primary schools.--- Rangoon. The Working Peoples' Daily 5(1E42)1. September 9, 1968. 300 words. 169 primary evening schools have been established all over the country, staffed by volugtary teachers and financed by private donations anda subsidy by the Social Welfare Directorate. There was a total of 1,195 voluntary teachers and 9,692 childrenup to the end of July. The Directorate spent over K 70,000 for the free primary night schools. In the States the primary night schools countone school in Kachin State with 6 teachers and 11 children,one in Kawthoolei with 4 teachers and 56 children and 68 in Special Chin Division with 76 teachers and 2,402 children. CDUCATION ABSTRACTS BeRMAti 11
17. Social Welfare Directorate. More Primary Night schools, Boys' Training Schools to be opened. - -- Rangoon. The Guardian 13(251)1. November 11, 1968. 350 words. The scope and functions of the Social Welfare Direc- torate are to be expanded during the present 1968- 69 financial year in States and Divisions. The pro- gramme includes opening of 60 morePrimary Night Schools, 26 Boys' Training schools, 55 Domestic Science Courses for women, 23 Rural SocialWelfare Workers Course and 64 Ward Social Welfare Workers Courses.
Primary Schools.
18. Education Supervision Committee. Advance plans under- way for primary schoolfacilities. --- Rangoon. Working Peoples' Daily 5(342)1. December 21, 1968. 400 words. The Rangoon Division Education Supervision Committee is mapping out advance plans for adequate schooling facilities for children seeking admission to Kinder- garten classes next June. Data on the number and pre-school age children in each precinct is to be gathered. Centres are also to be opened for listing of children under five years of age by June next year, also who are between fo and five years and between three and four years of age. There presently4500 primary schools in Rangoon Division but children seeking admission to Kindergarten classes every year far exceed class-room facilities.
19. Education Ministry. Research on aducational wastage among primary students. ---Rangoon. Guardian 13(299)1. December 30, 1968. 280 words. The Educational Research Bureau of the Education Ministry is carrying out research has on the cause of wastage among students of primary classes to find wki students had to leave school without completing EDUCATION ABSTRACTS0BURMAb 12
their primary education and how Zany of them had to taitimagmknabadtkixtmonwitztin repeat their classes. After collecting the required statistics, the Research Bureau will find out the root cause of such wastages and devise ways and means to remove and prevent them.
Practical education. 20. Directorate of Education. Students confined to class- rooms are at disadvantage. --- Rangoon. The Working Peoples' Daily 5(317)1. November 26, 1968. 420 words. Students confined to book learning are always at a disadvantage, therefore a directive has been is- sued for the planning and organisation of educative tours and excursions for students.Such excursions should be arranged in relation to the students' age groups. Primary class children should be taken on visits to places not too far from the school and the middle school students to ancient pagodas and edifices of historical importance. Travel for high school students should be more extensive trips to factories and workshops and rural areas should be permitted. Students on their return should relate their experience to other students. 21. Directorate of Education. Practical education promotion scheme to be revamped. --- Rangoon. Working Peoples' Daily 5(348)1. Decebber 27, 1968. 200 words. The Practical Education Promotion for schools is being revamped to achieve more effectively the aim of providing all-round education to students. The re-organisation is to be effected to harmonise with the Youths organisation programmes which include formation of School Councils, Parent-Teacher Asso- ciation, Luyechun schemes, Summer vacation voluntary services, Young Leaders (Marines), Young Leaders (air), Health and Happiness Courses for all classes, EDUCATION ABSTRACTS w BURMA 13
School Council training courses, excursions,sports, handicraft courses and Youth broadcasting programmes. Also summer Icluntary services will bestepped up.
Academy for National.groups 22. Han, Col Hla. Visits AcademyforNational Groups. - -- Rangoon. Guardian 13(223)1. October 13,1968. 300 words. The Academy for National groups wasfounded in 1963 to train national cadres. Young men and women from among the national groups weregiven a four-year train- ing course to equip them withsufficient knowledge to serve their respective areas as youngleaders. Students learned basic education up to the levelof primary teachers. In future the Academy plans to teachthem industrial arts, such as smithy, radiomechanics, sewing and others. The students wouldbe able to work not only as school teachers butalso as industrial workers. Col Hla Han exhorted the teachers towork in unity and fraternity with all national racesof the Union of Burma.
23. Academy at Ywathitkyi admits150 a year. --- Rangoon. Working Peoples' Daily 5(278)1. October16, 1968. 200 words. The Academy for Development ofNational Groups is admitting every year up to 250 studentsmostly from hill regions. There are presently 142 students including 41 girls in the First YearPart (A) and 144 including 40 girls in theSecond Year Part (B) classes. The Academy will also conduct short term courses. It now has 600 students of whom150 will graduate from it a year.
Text-books 24. First new system English Readeris ready. --- Rangoon. Working Peoples' Daily5(263)1. September 30, 1968. 400 words. EDUCATION ABSTRACTS MBURMA:. 14
The Text-book Committee has prepared "The English Reader - Book One" for use in Standard V in all schools beginning 1969-70. academic year. The book is based on experiments made with three methods of teaching English in middle schools. Text-books and teachers' handbooks were supplied during the experi- ments. The experiments with three methods are being made so that students will be able to read and write English correctly after three years of study. English can be taught according to the Burmese way.
25. Education Ministry. Produced 23 different text-books. --- Rangoon.Guardian 13(229)1. October 19, 1968. 180 words. The School Text-book Committee of the Education Ministry has prescribed aid published total of 23 different school text-books for the various grades of schools during the four years since 1964-65 academic year. In preparing the books the Committee has adhered to the principles conforming to the Basic Education System which contributes to the Socialist economy and the socialist democraticadministration. Subjects of the text-books are: Burmese, Mathematics, Science, Geography, Economics, Accounting and Teachers' Handbooks.
26. Text-book Committee. 21 more books prepared. - -- Rangoon. Guardian 13(242)1. November 1, 1968. 150 words. The School Text-book Committee has prepared 21 more books for various grades of schools and has begun printing them, in addition to the 23 already pre- scribed. Lists of the subjects for which books have been prepared are given. EDUCATION ABSTRACTSaBURMAk 15
27. Shan Text-book Committee. Hold coordination Meeting. ---Rangoon. Guardian 13(257)1. November 18,1968. 200 words. A coordination committee meeting to approve aShan text-book was held attended by hign rankingofficials of the Shan State. The Chairman explained at length on the work done bythe Committee and the production of text-books in Shan language. The salient points about vowels and consonants of the language wasalso explained by a speaker. Shan representatives who attended the meeting joined in thegeneral discussions on Shan Literature.
28. Text-book Committee. New Text-book on geography to come out. --- Rangoon.Working Peoples' Daily 5(305)1. November 13, 1968. 250 words. The Committee has completed drafting newgeography text-books for the middle school classeswhich have been compiled to help studentsunderstand the chang- ing times economically, sociallyand geographically in a developing socialist state. Regional and physi- cal geography books are also beingcompiled. The aim of these books is to acquaintthe students with contemporary trends in the country.
Teaching aids
29. Education Directorate. Teaching aids sent to Basic Education Schools. -- Rangoon. Guardian13(257)1. November 10, 1968. 125 words. Audia-Visual section of the EducationDirectorate has sent out 17 items of teachingaids for teachers on biology, chemistry,geography and history. Arrangements are being made to sendsuch teaching aids to all Basic Education high,middle and primary schools throughout the whole country. CDUCA.T1014 ABSTRACTS ifBURMAi 16
Literacy Campaigns 30. Education Ministry. 3/-Rclasses to expand to villages, mills and factories. --- Rangoon. Working Peoples' Daily 5(349)1. December Aillitiatx 28, 1968. 310 words. The Education Ministry has reconstituted the Central Organising Committee for conducting Illiteracy Eradication classes for 1969. The classes are to be held from March 19 to May 10 at picked locations in the townships. There will be both day and evening classes three hours a day. Classes are to be con- ducted on an experimental basis and as a purely voluntary enterprise. List of members of the Com- mittee is given.
31. Three R's Courses Central Committee.Meiktila chosen as experimental District towipe out illiteracy. - -- Rangoon. Guardian 13(298)1. December 29, 1968. 300 words. Meiktila District has been chosen by the Committee as the preliminary experimentaldistrict for launch- ing a mass movement to fight illiteracy in 1969. This is part of bhe programme' to wipe out illiteracy in each district every year from 1969. A district committee has been formed in Meiktila to co-ordinate and supervise the classes. The District Committee will lead the work throggh the lower committees and the Basic camps in every township. The courses will be opened the year round in some places and during summer in other places depending on require- ments. 32. The 3 R's Courses Combittee adopts comprehensive work schedule. --- Rangoon. Guardian 13(300)1. Dec. 31, 1968. 280 words. The Committee has adopted a comprehensive work schedule with detailed time-tables for the programme CDUCATION ABSTRACTS BURMA& 17
for 1969. The work schedule starts from the second week of January to the first week ofMarch 1969. The schedule calls for selection of sitesfor base camps and reorganisation of the Supervisors andco-ordina- tion Committees for the three R-sCourses in the Townships. Compilation of lists of students and volunteer teachers from the teachertraining colleges and schools will be made.Copies of Adult Readers and Students' Handbooks will bedistributed.
Luyechun (OutstandingStudents)
33. Maymyo is third Luyechun camp. ---Rangoon. Wbrking Peoples' Daily 5(318)1. November 27,1968. 300 words. Maymyo has been selected as the siteof the third Luyechun vacation camp under 1969Luyechun Scheme, in addition tot the existing two campsat Ngapali and Inle. Luyechuns are to be chosen this year also from primary teachers' trainingschools and newly opened State Technical HighSchools. Students taking the 1969 Luyechun selectionexaminations must have passed the physical fitnesstests and qualifying tests. The 1969 Luyechun Scheme Central Committee has been formed with EducationMinister as patron.
School Councils 34. New School Council ready for work. ---Rangoon. Working Peoples' Daily 5(238)1. September 5,1968. 120 words. Formation of School Councils under the newsystem for the current academic year has nowbeen completed in most of the middle and high schoolsin the Rangoon Division. The re-vamped organisational set-up promises greater effectivenessin carrying out practical education development programmesand cooperation among teachers, parents andstudents. EDUCATION ABSTRACTSBURNIAi 18
35. School Council holds two-day third school Festival. Rangoon. Guardian 13(287)1. December 18, 1968. 200 words. The two-day third school Festivalsponsored by the Latha State High School No. 2 SchoolCouncil began at the school premises. The festival consists of exhibitions, competitions, concerts, and opening of foodshops by theDomestic Sciences Clubs. Girls from primary, middle and high schoolclasses took part in elocution, painting and sewingcontests. There are altogether 14 exhibition boothsin the school rooms. There will be school sports includ- ing basic military drills, "thaing" demonstrations and gymnastic exhibition by school girls.
36. SchoolCouncil. Attend four-day camp at Inya Lake. ---Guardian 13(291)1. December 22, 1968 300words. A four-day camp for School Council membersfrom schools in Rangoon Division began yesterday atInya Lake. It is being attended by 115 Councilmembers from State High and Middle schools inRangoon. It was explained to themembers that the Camp was held for them to become good students and bydeveloping their character, spirit of patriotism, readinessto defend the country. Students were told to work to- gether and by the practice of socialistdemocracy and practical education development programmes become outstanding students.
37. Vocational. National Vocational Training Programme forBurma. - -- Rangoon. Guardian 13(199)1. September 18,1968. 400 words. International Labour Organisation and Government officials in Rangoon formulated plans for the deve- lopment of a National Vocational Programme forBurma. CDUCATION ABSTRACTSBURMAis 19
discussed was ascheme foresta- Among theproposals Training blishing a CentralTraining Council, a the implemen- Section in theMinistry ofLabour, and supervisors, tation of programmesfor thetraining of instructions inindustry** foremen,apprentices, and in the field Also discussedwereexisting projects in Man Powerplan- of occupationalHealth, projects setting and wagespolicy ning, workstudy and Norm and SocialSecurity. Secretary opensTechnical 38. kx.Nyi,Dr. Nyi. Education Rangoon. Guardian High Schoolat Taunggyi. --- 1968. 350 words. 13(250)1. November 10, School, theEducation Opening the newTechnical High prosperity ofthe country Secretary, remarkedthat the technical depended mainly onthe higherstandard of Schools wouldbe opened education. Technical High from this year. in eight moretowns beginning the Government Opening aTechnical HighSchool cost Opening of such aschool between K 2and 3 million. national racial in the Statewould enableall the acquiring tech- groups tohave theopportunity of would alsohelp to nical education. The school This school promote thedevelopment of theareas. TechnicalAssistance was builtunder theColombo Plan by the United Programme byNew Zealandand Bquipped Kingdom. Produces over300 artistes 39. Music andDramaSchool. 13(190)1. in 15 years. Rangoon. Guardian 200 words. September 9,1968. Rangoon has State schoolof Musicand Drama in and dancers produced morethan 300qualified singers 1952. during the 15 yearssince itsfoundation in engaged innational Many of itsgraduates are now and outside art work,both with theState Theatre EDUCATION ABSTRACTS BURMA. 20
outside theatrical troupes. The school was opened to provide vocationaleducation to the nation's young talentsand to preserve thetraditional culture of the nation developedthrough the ages. The school has now 77 studentsinstructed by 20 teachersheaded by a principal. The Ministry has plansto raise the level of art education.
40. Mindat WeavingSchool to be reopened. ---Rangoon. WorkingPeoples' Daily5(263)1. September 30, 1968. 450 words. The Government WeavingSchool at Mindat, southern Chin Division, closed downat the beginning of1967- 68 school year, will reopen asa weavingschool for one year(1968-69) and will become aproduction centre for weavingcotton fabrics for theChin nationals of the districts.Under the new plan for the first three years,the first year willbe as a schooland two years as aproduction centre. Fin- ancial allocation of K32082 for the school year and K 89,607 and K98,968 for production yearswill be made. Architecture 41. Rangoon Institute ofTechnology. Future architects study ancientarchitecture. --- Rangoon.Working Peoples' Daily. 5(266)8.October 3, 1968. 125 words. Architecture students of theRangoon Institute of Technology are to study anddocument the structural designs of ancientbuildings dating back toKonbaung dynasty (1750A.D.) of kings. At Mandalay many of the buildings to bestudied are in advancedstages of deterioration dueto weather and age. The party will divide into four groupsto put on recordthe architectural designs of someof the old fastdete- rioting wooden buildingsdating back to the Konbaung ehesta..wt. EDUCATION ABSTRACTS M BURMA/ 21 Technical Institute 42. 535 students admitted to the Government Technical Institute. Rangoon. Guardian 13(234)1. October 24,1968. 100 words. The names of 535 students selected for the first year studies at the GovernmentTechnical Institutes for the 1968-69 academic year were announced and they would be enrolled to courses as follows:
Insein. Mandalay. Kalaw. Civil engineering. 120 101 49 Electrical communications 20 19 Electrical (Power) 40 12 Mechanical (Power) 22 27 Mechanical Design. 43 80 Mining 161 122...
Private schools.
43. Unregistered private schools must close down. MI IMO MID Rangoon. Working Peoples' Daily 5(242)1. September 9,1968. 250 words. Action is to be taken against private schools which contravene the provision of the Law for Registration of Private Schools passed in 1963 and amended in 1967. No private school is to teach more than two subjects and tuition fees have been fixed at K 10 for one subject and K 15 for two subjects. The Private Schools Registration Committee has registered 54 schools in Rangoon and 115 schools in the districts. 16 schools in Rangoon and 46 in the districts have been refused registration. Luyechun (Outstanding students). 44. Luyechuns to be selected under slightly changed system this year. --- Rangoon. Guardian 13(293)1r December 24, 1968. 250 words. EDUCATION ABSTRACTS BURMAb 22
Students) System of selectingLuyechun (Outstanding changed Student Awardwinners for1968-69 will be slightly from previous years to further improve the standard of students so selected. Separate questions will be set in written tests for Arts and Science students 60 per cent of marks will be set aside for mental ability, 15 per cent for physical ability, 10 per cent for development work and 15 per cent for personal review. The award will be made only after confirmation by the Central authority. The date for vacation camps for Luyechun students hasbeen tentatively set for 7th April 1969.
Youth organizers 45. Nyi. Dr. Nyi. Youth organizers attend refresher course at Inyale. --- Rangoon. Guardian13(197)1. Sept. 16,1968. 320 words. At the opening session of the refresher courseheld at Inyale Pioneer Youth Camp, the EducationSecretary urged the youth organizers to cultivate thecountry's youth to transform themselves into builders of Socialist society. After four years of the Youth Affairs Department had been established there had been a profound change in the thinking and outlook among the youth. This change was brought about by the new orientation under the new education system which aimed at all-round development of students into as many new socialist men. The one-month re- fresher course will train youth organizers, assistant organizers and other personnel. 46. Youth improvement course ends. ---Rangoon. Guardian 13(211)1. September 30, 1968. 180 words. Fifty two students of State High and Middle schools of Ahlone completed an improvement course held for them. Subjects taught included the Philosophy of the Lanzin Party, Independence and National Awareness, New Education System, Journalism, Role ofYouth in EDUCATION ABSTRACTS BURMAk 23
Establishment of the SocialistSystem, Role of youth in the nation's history,Health for young persons, School Council Work, NationalRaces, and History of Burmese Literature.
47. Youth Affairs Department. High School studentscomplete 2 H classes. ---Rangoon. Working Peoples'Daily, 5(235)1. October 2, 1968. 360 words. The Youth AffairsDepartment has organisedHealth and Happiness classesfor 1,024 high schoolstudents in Rangoon. These classes were intendedto keep the students happy andhealthy and occupied duringthe moonson and they wereheld on Sundays andSabbath days. Lectures were given on the newEducation System, the work of SchoolCouncils, hygiene, the Red Cross work, SocialWelfare work, the social problems and the strugglefor Independence. Students were also givenlessons in cooking andbasic military drills. Discussions were alsoorganised.
Students' Festival 48. Students' Festival openswithout fanfare. ---Rangoon. Working Peoples' Daily5(346)1. December 25, 1968. 200 words. Twenty thousand studentsyesterday watched the1968 Students' Festival open at theAung San Stadiumwith a simple ceremony.The Deputy Directorof Education called on the athletes tocompete with oneanother spontaneously. He also stressed theimportance of participation in athleticactivities. The objective of the games was forsound mind in a soundbody. Health enabled people toundertake other activities but in their case itwould help them in their pursuit of higher learning. CDUCATION ABSTRACTS BURMA 24
Teacher Training
49. Thou, U Po. Education Director opens Teacher's Train- ing College in Sas.Ung. --- Rangoon. Guardian 13(138)1. September 7, 1968. 130 words. new Teachers' Training College was opened at 8a, aing yesterday. The Director ( *f Education remarked that the new Collet.)e represented the expansion of education by the State to meet the requirement for more teachers 'by the continously growing number of students in the country. He exhorted the trainees to observe the discipline at the Collee .and to prepare to go to work anywhere they might be assigned to after completing their studies. 50. More teachers being trained. --- Rangoon. Guardian 13(227)1. October 17, 1968. 130 words. More teachers are being trained and more teachers' training Colleges are being opened to cope with the increasing number of students. The number of teachers:, training Colleges has been increased from five to nine and the Training Institutes from two to three. During the period from 1962 to 1968 these training institutes have trained 1',566 Primary assistant teachers and 2m331 junior assistant teachers. For- merely, there were five Teachers' Training Usaiduttes Colleges at Meiktila, Bassein, 114aukpyu, Taunggyi and Myitkyina. One more College was opened at Thegon in 1965, and one each at Prome and Sagaing this year. The Teacher Training College at Moulmein was upgraded an Institute in 1966.
51. First Teachership training for Nuns. Rangoon. Working Peoples' Daily 5(351)1. December 30, 1968. 250 words. The first primary teachers' training course for Buddhist nuns, sponsored by the All)Burma Buddhist EDUCATION ABSTRACTS BURIvIAt!..1. 25
Missions Federation, was inaugurated yesterday with 14 nuns attending. These student nuns attending the six-month course are later to officiate as instruc- tors in other forthcoming teachers' training courses for the nuns arranged by the Federation.
Teachers' Seminar.
Yee, Capt Khin Maung. Teachers' Conduct must be exemplary. --- Rangoon.Working Ieoples' Daily 5(271)1. Oct. 9,1968. 300 words. Rangoon Region 8 (Bahan) Education Supervisory Committee pen sponsored a five-day seminar on teaching. The Chairman of the seminar remarked that the holiday period was being used to hold the seminar to work out an efficient system of imparting knowledge to
the youth. Teaching method conforming to the ing.14 New Education System offered the best all-round education to the students. He deplores the fact that teachers did not seem to adhere to the curri- culum set. He gave further advice on how to perform their work more efficiently.
,3 Scholarships
15 win Education Minister's higher education scholar- ship. Rangoon. Guardian 13(234)1. October 24,1968.
Fifteen third- and fourth-time Luyechuns, seven of whom are girls and eight boys, who have passed the 1968 Basic education High School Examination are awarded the Education Minister's scholarships for Higher Education at the Universities and Insti- tutes. They will each receive K 75 per month, tenable for four to seven years, according to their courses of study from November 1. The award is subject to five conditions: students must be citizens of Burma, pass examinations yearly, scholarship tenable from5 to 7 years, attend classes regularly and be of good behaviour and only one scholarship can be accepted. CDUCATIONI ABSTRACTS BURMA' 26
Teaching Aids 54. GDR teaching aids for Education Department. ---Rangoon. Working Peoples' Daily. 5(264)1. October 30, 1968. 125 words.
The Government of the German DemocraticRepublic presented a number of visual teaching aidsconsisting of dissectable animal models to theEducation Depart- ment. In presenting the gift, the GDRConsul- General stressed that the handing over ofvisual teaching aids was a friendly contribution towards the efforts made by the RevolutionaryGovernment to bring up a highly qualified younggeneration to carry out ari complete thetasks set out in the Burmese Way to Socialism Programme.
55. Parents.
Than, U Pe. Complaints against indifferentparents. 1111111111. aND Rangoon. Working Peoples' Daily5(307)1. November 16,1968. 200 words.
Principal of a State Primary School cited the exam- ples of parents displaying an unbecominglack of co-operation; some parents were idssatisfied with the marks their children scored in mid-term exam- ination and refused to sign the report cards. Some parents took their children away from classduring school hours. In some cases where the children have habitually been absent from class, teachers have gone to their homes to conferwith the parents only to be greeted by disinterest. Quite often the parents in these cases adopted defiantattitude and told the authorities to expel the child if they so wished. !EDUCATION ABSTRACTSBURMA/ 27
III. HIGHER EDUCATION
University Coordination Seminar
56. Han, Col Hla. Is 4-examinations a yearsystem any good? --- Rangoon. WorkingPeoples' Daily 5(287)1.
October 25, 1968. 700 words.
In opening the UniversitiesCo-ordination Seminar the Education Ministerproclaimed the new univer- sities Education system a successwith minimal wast- age andfailures. In a brief review ofthe new education system introducedin 1964, the Minister stated that many newvocational institutes were open- ed, teaching methods of artssubjects were revised to help students gainserious thinking habitsand Burmese was made the mediumof instruction. Text- books in Burmese were alsopublished and the out- moded examination system wasreplaced with the new Ambitious research programmes werealso laid down. Teacher-student ratio in Burma was oneteacher for 15.7 students.
57. Nyi, Dr. Nyi. 'Varsitiesco-ordination Seminar con- cludes. --- Rangoon. Guardian13(236)1. October 26,1968. 250 words. The all Universities,Institutes and Colleges Co- ordination Seminar ended yesterdaywith discussions by the teachers on academicsubjects, duties of teachers, teaching methods,accommodation, and new appointments. In course of discussions,the Educa- tion Secretary suggestedthat the teachers should try and solve the problems amongthemselves. On the CDUCATION ABSTRACTSBILORMAi 28
the method of teaching, theteachers must be taught to take interest inoutside reading in addition to their lessons. He then spoke on the need forpract- ising socialist democracy inall Universities, Insti- tutes and Colleges.
Convocations 58. Than, U Ba. Unethical doctorswill be punished. - -- Rangoon. Working Peoples'Daily 5(308)1. November 7,1968. 350 words. The Rector of the Institute ofmedicine addressed the graduates of medicine atthe Convocation yester- day, saying that theknowledge of medical science they had acquired must be usedto serve the country and he explained the dutiesof doctors. They must dedicate themselves to the serviceof the sick and the infirm and keep the eightsolemn pledges of the Oath they had taken. He also told them to accept the guidance of the BurmeseWay to Socialist Pro- gramme Party. He reminded them that theymust serve one year internshipin a State hispital beforetheir registration with the Burma MedicalCouncil. There were awardedlithe Convocation334 degrees, 8 for Diploma in Anasthesis, 12 forPreventive Medicine and Tropical Disceases.
59. Myint, Lt-Col San. Institute of Education holdsfourth Convocation. Rangoon Guardian 13(294)1.Decekber 25, 1968. 400 words.
The Rector told a total of 370 draduates who received their Bachelor of Educationdegrees that teachers bore the onerous responsibilityof moulding and cul- tivating men, the most importantfactor in Socialist Revolution. Other important duties were theimpart- ing of knowledge to all studentsgiving them a firm belief in new outlooks and ideasand moulding them EDUCATION ABSTRACTS a BURIvlAi 29
into good citizens. He explained the aims of the new Basic Education system, how the curriculum had been developed and that teachers were on the front line of the fight to revolutionize education.
60. Hlaing, Dr. Aye. Institute of Economics holds fifth Convocation. --- Rangoon. Guardian 13(298)1. December 29, 1968. 350 words. The Rector of the Institute addressed the 385 gra- duates in the Convocation reminding them to work to raise the level of 'per capita' income of the country and also to stimulate their fellow workers to further their faith and their aims. He explainedin great detail the practical use they could make of the subjects taught to them, such as Cost Accounting, Management Accounting, Break-even Analysis, Machine Lay-out, Work simplification, Production Management, Industrial Psychology, Industrial Relations, Inventory Control, Logistics and Programming, Operation Re- search, Project Analysis, National Analysis and Machine Accounting.
University Admissions 61. University Admunistration Office. Procedure for sending application forms for admission. --- Rangoon. Guardian 13(140)1. July 23, 1968. 350 words. The procedure for submitting applications for admis- sion to the Universities, Colleges and Institutes opening in coming 411-November and obtaining the sche- dule of Marks gained by the candidates in the "A" List has been announced. The application for admis- sion will pe considered on the original schedules of marks. Details of filling up the forms and other requirements in submitting the applications are given. DUCATIOM ABSTRACTSBURMAk 30
admission. --- Rangoon. 62. Over 15,000candidates apply for Guardian 13(183)1.September 2m 1968. 175 words. Altogether 1#22215,054 applications werereceived classes of the for admission titto the first year and Colleges Universities,Professional Institutes, for the 1968-69academic year. Comparatitely 9,293 applicants werereceived last yearfor admis- Some of sion to theInstitutes of HigherLearning. the applications arebeing sent to theSecurity for Team of the NationalRegistration Department checking up thenationality of theapplicants and vetted their parents. The applicantswill also be for phac- at the UniversitiesAdministration Office Institutes ing the studentsat theUniversities and according to theirchoice and I L A(Intelligence Level Aggregate)attainments. Universities and 63. 11,840 studentsto be admitted to Colleges. --- Rangoon.Working PeoplesDaily 5(269)1. October 6,1968. 600 words. to A total of11,840 students areto be admitted the Universitiesand Institutesin November next; are admitted. altogether 15,191applied. The following Institutions No. admitted. Institute of Medicine,I.Rangoon. 301 II. " 100 Mandalay. 100 Institute of Economics. 851 Rangoon Instituteof Technology. 550 Institute of AnimalHusbandry & Veterinary Science. 100 Institute of Dentistry. 60 11 " Agriculture. 200 " Education. 400 Rangoon Arts &Science University: Science 1739 Arts 1651 Mandalay " If If Science 911 Arts 803 Moulmein College. Science 685 Arts 466 EDUCATION ABSTRACTS BURMAk
64. University Administration Office. Issues new Regula- tion for 1F, 2F's. --- Rangoon. Guardian13(240)1. October 30, 1968. 200 words. A new Regulation has been announced thatwill give a student the chance tostudy for two years irrespec- tive of the marks scored by him during the year. This does not apply to students of ProfessionalColleges. Students of these colleges or institutes willbe given the chance to study an arts or sciencesubject if they should fail in the first or second year classes. The new Regulation provides that a student of non-Professional College or Institute, if he should fail after two years of study, would beallowed to appear for examination as an external student.
Freshers' Day 65. Rangoon Institute of Technology.U Yone Moe exhorts freshers to be cordial in their dealings with people. ---Rangoon. Guardian 13(244)1. November 3, 1968. 220 words. The Rector gave general advice to the freshersto the Institute by saying that to become good engineers they should have good relations with the people, take actile part in physical development, work hard and diligently and to depend on their own efforts for success. He suggested that students should draw up their own time-tables for personal use. He laid stress on drawing which could be considered the "languaiLe" of architects and engineers.
66. Institute of Economics. A good economist is onewell versed in all subjects, not only in economics. - -- Rangoon. Guardian 13(244)1. November 3, 1968. 210 words. The Rector of the Institute explained to new students the subjects and coursQs in Economics and told them EDUCAT11014 ABSTRACTS BURMAh 32 that a good economist is one well versed in all sub- jects, not only in economics. The Institute had admitted 850 students this year, 350 more than last year. He advised the new students to make them- selves familiar with the nation's economy, forwith- outthat knowledge they could not regard themselves as students of economics.
67. Kha, Maung Mg. Welcome freshers. --- Rangoon. Working Peoples' Daily 5(259)1. November 20 1968. 200 words. The Rector of the Rangoon University of Arts & Science welcomed the new students pointing out that this was the turning point in their lives; they were in the University as adults and that, unlikein school, knowledge ould be imparted through lectures assimilation of which would be their own responsi- bility. Success or failure would depend on them- selves. There was another challenge for them, that of human relations. Over 3,400 new students had been admitted to the University which called for better student discipline, cooperation and self- control. 68. Myint. Lt.-Col San.17121 Institute of Educationwel- comes freshers. --- Guardian13(244)1. November 34 1968. 200 words. The Rector told the new students that the role of a teacher was an important one for the country and the teacher must be a model whose example was worth following. As future teachers they must dress and act as befitting as Ike= those who would one day lead the youth of the nation and train them into worthy workers for the country. They had now left the protection of their parents and they should not act according to their own wishes but continue to be disciplined and well-behaved. CDUCAT1014 ABSTRACTS isBURMAh
Hostel accommodation 'Varsity students going 69. New Hostels,classrooms for 1968. up. ---Rangoon. Guardian5(222)1. October 12, 210 words. Construction of newbuildings forclass-rooms and hostels, dining roomsis going aheadat the Univer- sities, Institutesand Colleges togive accommodation to the increasingnumber of studentsbeing admitted for this academic year. A total of11,841 new stu- dents has beenadmitted for the1968-69 academic students year,4,742 more than thenumber of new the last year. Over K 700,000 isbeing spent for construction of the newbuildings.
explains 70. Ministry ofEducation. Education Secretary Working accommodationdifficulties. ---Rangoon. 230 words. Peoples' Daily5(294)1. November 1, 1968. New hostels arebeing built urgentlyand vacant and old houses arebeing reconditionedto admit new stu- students. The EducationSecretary appeals to dents to overcomethe hostelaccommodation diffi- culties in afraternal spirit andbear the temporary inconveniences withpatience. The influx of new students hasoutstripped the existingaccommodation to ettend the facilities. Government was eager chance of higherlearning to as manyindividuals decided to admitall aspossible. It had therefore "A" list matriculatestudents to thehigher educa- tional institutesthis year.
Chemistry Department Chemistry Depart- 71. Rangoon Arts& ScienceUniversity. ment making ownglass apparatus. ---Rangoon. Working Peoples' Daily5(266)1. October 3,1968. 250 words. of the glass The Chemistryworkshop is making some apparatus used inthe laboratories. It had made 17 EDUCATION ABSTRACTS w BURMA. 34
kinds of glass equipment on the models of the im- ported Idade-e4-glees-equkome144-e- ones.The cost of making equipment is in many cases a fraction of the imported ones. The workshop has also repaired various equipments saving about K 30,000 for the Department. The workshop has asked various insti- tutions and Government departments not to throw away damaged or broken laborator-t, glass equipment but to send them to it for free repairs. Social Geography
72. Rangoon Arts & Science University. Research in Social Geography. --- Rangoon. Guardian 13(219)1. October 9, 1968. 60 words. Over 80 second and third year Geography major stu- dents began training for research work in Social Geography during the October vacation. They will visit the wards of Rangoon Division and interview residents of the areas as a basis for research. They will compile their findings into a report to be presented at this year's Research Congress.
Teacher Training Students 73. Institute of Education. Correspondence Course No. 2 for B.Ed. degree. --- Rangoon. Guardian 13(284)10. December 15, 1968. 125 words. The second correspondence course leading to the Bachelor of Education (B.Ed.) degree for B.A. (Ed) graduates will be held during 1969-70 academic year by the Institute of Education. 300 students will be given admission to the course and preference will be given to those with greater years of service. The course will be held from May 1969 to March 1970. Students will be required to submit a thesis as part of their final examination. EDUCATION ABSTRACTSBURMA 35
students undergo 74. Myint, Lt.-ColSan Over 1,100 B.Ed. 13(265)1. basic militarytraining. ---Rangoon. Guardian 300 words. November 26, 1968. of Bad. Over1,100Ctrainees, including women, begin- classes areattending basicmilitary training opening parade,the ning yesterday. Speaking at the country with a Rector said thatBurma was a small duty of every one small populationand it was the Therefore to defend thesovereignty of thecountry. taken as a prepara- basic militarytraining must be completed tion to defendthe country. When they had train- the course theywould be able togive similar will undergo ing to thepupils. The B.Ed. students 7 a.m. on Mondays onehour's trainingfrom 6 a.m. to and Fridays upto the comingFebruary.
Students' VacationActivities Mt. Victoria. - --Rangoon. 75. Universitystudents to scale 250 words. Guardian 13(299)1. December 30,1968. including A.100-member expeditionof the students, of Rangoon, women, ofthe Universities& Institutes in the will scale the10,200 feet highMt. Victoria The chin specialdivision in coming Mardh. expedition, arrangedunder thepractical development and work programme,will include astudy of life and of the peopleof the Division. Burma Hiking will lead the MountaineeringAssociation (HMA) expedition jointlysponsored by theYouth Affairs Department of theMinistry ofEducation. To become intending eligible fortaking part inthe expedition, members must takepart in thepreliminary trials miles an of 20-mile hikeat an averagespeed of four hour for men andthree miles anhour for women. 36 CDUCATI1014 ABSTRACTSto BLIRMAk
76. Rangoon Institute of Technology. ---Summer Vacation practical work for students. ---Rangoon. Guardian 13(292)1. December 23, 1968. 280 words. Third year to Final year studentsof the Institute will go on practical training atvarious factories, mills, construction sites andother departments during the coming summervacation. The practical work which will last for sevenweeks aims at aiding the students in their studiesand also giving them the chance to practisetheir theoretigal knowledge and gain an understandingof the life of the workers. List of the factories, mills,and workshops to which the students are assignedis given.
77. Rangoon Arts & ScienceUniversity. Summer vacation programme for Geologystudents. --- Rangoon. Working Peoples' Daily. 5(347)1. December26, 1968. 165 words. Over 90 fourth year studentswill study for 2 months prospecting ores in the east ofKyaukse and third year students will go in two groupsto learn prospecting of ores for two months. Two groups of second year students will learn chartingof maps in Kyaukse and Natogyi area for about oneand a half month. The first year students totallingabout 220 will study oil extraction for about twoweeks. Each group will be accompanied by about 10demonstrators to help the students in their studies.
78. Institute of Economics. Economic students to help 2 RTB during holidays. ---Rangoon. Working Peoples' Daily *ix5(243)1. September 10,1968. 150 words. 120 Rangoon students of theInstitute are to help the Road Transport Board inthe compilation of bus passenger statisticduring the October holidays. From September 27 to October4, the students will note down the number of passengerswho get in or CDUCATIOIP4 ABSTRACTS itBURMA 37
get down at each stop along the routes run by RTB buses in Rangoon. They will be paid K. 3.15 a day while on the job.
I Miscellaneous
79. Rangoon University. Celebration of Golden Jubilee on December 1, 1970.--- Rangoon. Guardian13(122)1. October 1, 1968. 600 words. The University of Rangoon was founded in December 1, 1920 and it will celebrate its Golden Jubilee on coming December 1, 1970. There will be exhibitions of photographs and books according to the subjects to show the progress of the University of Rangoon during the last 50 years. Professors of the various Colleges and Institutes will read research papers during the day, while entertainments will be held at night to celebrate the occasion in a fitting manner. A Golden Jubilee Celebration Committee has been formed.
80. Universities Administration Office. Universities to relax expulsion rule.--- Rangoon. Working Peoples' Daily 5(292)1. October 20, 1969. 200 words.
A rule has been released providing for the relaxa- tion of another rule for the expulsion of students who fail to average grade 2 in an examination at the first attempt. Under the new educational system, students are normally allowed two attempts for the same examination. But students who fail badly at first attempt, average grade below 2, are expelled. This rule is now relaxed and students are allowed to attend classes two years and take two attempts at the same examination. After failing for the second time, they are allowed one more attempt as external students. The new rule also applies to students who have been expelled after the first attempt previously. EDUCAT1OM ABSTRACTS s BURMAk 38
81. Indoor Stadium at Thamaing College. ---Rangoon. Working Peoples' Daily5(248)1. September 7, 1968. 75 words. An indoor stadium is now underconstruction at Thamaing Intermediate College compoundto be completed in time for the fifth South EastAsian Peninsular Games to be held in Rangoon in December1969. It will be able to accommodate over 6,000spectators. The structure is being constructed by the PWCwith the help of A I D engineers. The design was by an Italian firm of architects.
82. Directorate of Information. U SGovernment present 15,000 copies of American Universitytext-books. ---Rangoon, Guardian 13(288)1. December 19, 1968. 200 words. A gift of American UniversityText-books from the United States Government for the Rangoonand Mandalay Arts and Science Universities waspresented by U S Ambassador Arthur W. Hummel, Jr. at theDirectorate of Information. The gift consisted of 15,000 copies of 165 titles which were previouslyselected by the Education Secretary at the request of USEmbassy Public Affairs officer. In making the presentation the American Ambassador hoped thatthe books would be of use in furthering thecountry's educational objectives. Medical Education 83. Medical Colleges. More practicalwork for MBBS students. ---Rangoon. Working Peoples' Daily5(273)1 September 4, 1968. 250 words. Under a new scheme introduced this yearFinal Year Part II students of the Institutesof Medicine I and II will do more hospital work aspart of their clinical training. All lectures and class room work CDUCATION ABSTRACTSNBURMA 39
for the Final Year students were completed in August. From September they have been posted "enbloc" to the various hospitals as juniorinterns to do full time hospital duties. Thus they will complete a total of three and a half years ofpractical train- ing against three years under the old system.
84. Medical students on field work. 4i= Rangoon. Working Peoples' Daily 5(236)1.September 3, 1968. 200 words. More than 200 Final Part I MBBS studentsof Medical Institute I began yesterday their 20-dayvacational field work in 32 townships. Dividing into groups of five to ten, the students will studylocal health and social conditions while dispensingtreatment among the sick underthe direction of Civil Surgeons. Later, on return to the Medical InstituteI, they will conduct discussions on their experiencesand findings during their field work.
85. Burma Medical Researdh Council. Medical Research shows progress. --- Rangoon. G13(264)1. November 25, 1968. 100 words. The research projects initiated bythe Burma
Medical Council for 1965 - 1970 isprogressing . Of the 71 research projects sanctionedfor 5 years, 14 projects have been completed and28 are being carried out. The projects are: contagiousand non- contagious diseases, nutrition,environmental sani- tation, indigenous medicine, dentalhealth, mental health, physiological engineeringandfvital statis- tics. 86. M. Sc. (Physiology) courseat Mandalay Medical Insti- tute. --- Rangoon. WorkingPeoples' Daily. 5(266)1. October 3, 1968. 80 words. Medical graduates of Rangoon andMandalay Insti- tutes with one year internshipand one year experience CDUCATION ABSTRACTS BURMAi 40
as a member of thephysiology department traching staff at any one of the medicalinstitutes may apply for admission to the courseleading to the degree of M. Sc. (Physiology) to beopened at the Mandalay Medical Institute this academic year.
87. Burma Medical Council. Tohold Conference. --- Rangoon, Working Peoples' Daily5(277)1. October 15, 1968. 200 words.
The Burma Medical ResearchCouncil will hold its second conference from October23 to 26 at the Burma Medical Research Institute,Rangoon. The Health Minister will open the conferencewith a speech. Papers will be read by members onthe subjects of medical research. The conference will break upinto four syndicates which willconduct subject-wise discussions for the three remainingdays.
88. Colonel Hla Han opens 2ndMedical Research Conference ---Rangoon. Guardian13(234)1. October 24, 1968. 400 words. In opening the Conference,the Health Minister said that all medical practitionersmust do research and strive to improve the NationalHealth in the interest of the people and the country. He urged doctors to carry out researchworks as they performedtheir every day dutiesof peet)ee preventingsickness and curing ills. He recalled the formationof the Medical Research Council andthe promulgation of the Medical Research Council Law. The six day conference is being attended by over250 medical practitioners.
89. More research grantbeing given to research workers in medicine. --- Rangoon.Guardian 13(285)1. December 15, 1968. 160 words. Research grant to researchworkers during the five- year period from1963 to 1968 has beengranted. EDUCATION ABSTRACTS BVIRMAki 41
Research workers are working under the research projects of the Burma Medical Council and funds were alloted by the Health Ministry. The research grant has enabled more and more researchers to carry out the work of medical research. Financial assistance is given to research workers on the recommendation of a Research Grant Scrutiny Committeed formed by the Burma Medical Council.
90. Kyin, U Pe. Medical researches has big role to play. --- Rangoon. WorkingPeoples' Daily 5(289)1. October 27, 1968. 300 words. In his closing speech at the second Medical Research Conference, the Health Director declared that our present medical knowledge had been obtained from other countries and we were using their medicines and equip- ment, but we could not go on like this for ever. He explained that 4ha* there were two kinds of rt;.3earch - original researchand researchaimed at further development of discoveries already made. For various reasons efforts should not be made on original re- search. He then gave examples of medical research going on in developing countries and also in Japan. ATION TRACI S 4.2
IV. MISCELLANEOUS
91. Gemmology. Gemmology Examination Results. --Rangoon. Guardian 13(182)1. September 1, 1968. 250 words.
All 15 students from Burma whosat for the Annual Examinations of the GemmologicalAssociation of Great Britain passed thepreliminary examination while ten of them passed theDiploma examination. The Diploma results representing a67 per cent pass rate compared favourably with theworld-wide average for 1967 which showed a 46 percent pass rate. The courses, wecis conducted by aUNESCO expertacoilmenced inDecem- ber 1967 following four monthsintensive construc- tion work to inaugurate a newgemmological labora- tory for practical instruction,research and routine gem-testing. 92. 160,000 visit SarpayBeikman Library. ---Rangoon. Working Peoples' Daily5(253)1. September 20, 1968. 175 words.
More than 160,000 readersvisited the Sarpay Beik- man Librarywhich was opened in 1956. It has 23,000 volumes in Burmese and 12,000volumes in English. It also has microfilm copiesof 200 Burmese books kept at the London Museum. The Library has 9,889 members who are registered onpayment of K 3 deposit.
93. Shwethway Weekly forChildren. --- Rangoon. Working Peoples', Daily 5(344)1. December 23, 1968. 125words.
A Children's WeeklyJournal, richly andcolourfully illustrated and containing awide range of litera- ture for both instructionand entertainment is CDUCATIOMABSTRACTS BURMA» 43
scheduled to be published soon. It will contain articles on science,geography, and Burmesecustoms, beside puzzles, jokes,quizes and brain teasers. Also to be featured arearticles on health,handicraft, cartoons, sports andhobbies.
94. Burmese studentsand post-graduatesin Patrice Lumum- ba FriendshipUniversity. --- Rangoon.Guardian 13(266)1. November 27, 1966. 600 words.
Several Burmese students arenow studyingin the Patrice LumumbaFriendship University. Most of them study in theengineering departments,several in the departmentof agriculture andthe medical departments. One of the studentsis a future geolo- gist. The study-work of anumber of thesestudents is briefly summed upin the article.
State scholars
95.Ea-e-Gireftiar-ieette4-4e-evee-28A-g4ft*e-sehelare-der 4968-and-4969T-the-Miaketey-eg-Edueaties-ins4eue*ed
1°61. 95. Education Ministry. State scholarsurged to be Rangoon. Guardian13(195)1. September 14,1968.1sowurotA In a Circular issuedto over 200 statescholars for 1968 and 1969, theMinistry of Educationinstructed them to completetheir education inthe shortest time possible,distinguish themselvesin their studies and to be loyal totheir country. The state scholars should not engage inpolitics or interferein the internal affairs ofthe host country. They were urged not only tostudy their subjectsbut also other subjects whichmight be of use tothe country. They were not allowedto change subjectsand accept separate stipends fromother foreignorganisations and not to visitother countriesfrom the host country without permission ofthe Education Attache or the Embassy. 44 EDUCATION ABSTRACTS0BI RMAh
96. Nyi. Dr. Nyi. Finish yourstudies in the minimum of time. --- Rangoon. Workibg Peoples' Daily5(247)1. September 24, 1968. 400 words.
The Education Secretarytold the 200 Statescholars finishing their re-orientationcourse to bemindful of how much their studyabroad cost the countryand to finish theirstudies as soon as possibleand return to serve the country. Instructions given in the Government Circular wereagain explained. They were asked to take with themnational dresses,articles of Burmese handiworkssuch as lacquare, shanbags, ivory carvings etc. Some 13 subjects werecovered by the orientation coursewhich was given to200 State scholars who wouldbe leaving for theirplace of study this year andthe next.
97. 27 State scholarsleave for further studiesin Federal Republic of Germany. ---Rangoon. Guardian13(245)1. November 4, 1968. 350 words.
Twenty seven Statescholars, all from Boards and Corporations under theTransport and Communications Ministry, left for furtherstudies in the Federal Republic of Germany byair. The main course ofstudy will be that relatingto practical mechanics.Ten of them will be awayfor 22 months and therest for about a year. Some of the subjects tobe studied are: motor-carmaintenance, Port administration, meteiea marine diesalengineering, airways andair field administration,agricultural meteorology, and railway andaircraft maintenance. 17 other scholars from the BurmaRailways will be studying maintenance of diesalengines. CDUCTION ABSTRACTS BURNIAb 45
98. Burmese14guist studies teaching method in Sydney. ---Rangoon. Guardian 13(236)1. October 26, 1968. 150 words.
Daw Mya Mya, alecturer from theRangoon Teachers' Training Institute,is spending a yearat the Univer- sity of Sydneystudying languageteaching techniques whitey in theuniversity. She isstudying under the Colombo Plan and the courseis being conductedat the Language TeachingSection of theDepartment of Education in theuniversity. It has been designed specially for countrieswhere English is notspoken. The Universityintroduced the coursein 1953 for Colombo Plan countries. Daw Mya Mya isparticularly interested in techniqueand in the phoneticsystem. CDUCATION ABSTRACTS BURMAkt 46
V. EDITORIALS
99. University Education. --- Rangoon. Guardian13(184)4. September 341 1968. 710 words. The Universities and Professional Institutes were reconstructed in October 1964. Formerly the educa- tion system was called "slavish education". The new system is creating a body of intelligentsia to buihd a socialist state of affluence. The institutes will will give training in technology and sciences. Tium There will be projects for research to contribute to the achievement of socialism. More and more students are taking up Higher Education. Number of students admitted to first year classes were 5,751 in 1964-65, 7,797 in 1965-66, 9,168 in 1966-67, 7,098 in 1967-68. Authorities will admit to the first year class for 1968-69 all those who deserve the benefit of higher education. 100,-;N 100. Admission to Higher Education. --- Rangoon, Guardian 13(218)4, October 9, 1968. 715 words. Recently almost every matriculate who applied for admission has been admitted to the Universities and institutes. This was due to better standard of teach- ing and more awakening ss of students to excel in their studies under the new system of education. The new system aims atproviding the youth with a sound basic education. The influx of more students has made it necessary to provide additional classrooms, hostels, equipment and staff. Three days ago the the pass list of nearly 12,000 students came out and the paper was undable to publish the whole list in one issue. CDUCATIOM ABSTRACTS 0BURMA/ 47
Rangoon. WorkingPeoples' 101. UniversityTeachers. --- 540 words. Daily5(287)5. October 25, 1968. students who have pass- Next week thefirst batch of system will bearriving ed throughthe new education system has beenintro- at theuniversities where a new systems ofeduca- duced four years ago.Would the two because the new gen- tion fit in well? They should, advanced thanbefore. eral educationsystem is more universities may evenhave The firstclasses in the Universities to be raisedaccordingly. Atthe ascent Minister asked Co-ordination Seminarthe Education methods the meetingto considerwhether the present effective. In fact, of teachingcould not be more teach- they are noteffective becausemost university Academic ers havenot been taughthow to teach. the teachers excellence aloneis not sufficient, basic principlesof should beacquainted with the teaching. Rangoon. Guardian13(251)4. 102. TechnicalEducation. --- 700 words. November 11,1968. setting up more The new EducationSystem aims at and institutesand technical andvocational schools and institutes to build abridge betweenthe schools of Educationplans of highereducation. The Ministry Schools aspossible. to open as manyTechnical High few facilities Before Independencethere were very education, andstudents for technicaland vocational appointments. after graduationfailed to getsuitable technical and After Independence,facilities for The emphasis vocationaleducation wereexpanded. technical person- now isto produce moreand better agriculture and to nel formechanization of development of newindustries. CDUCATION ABSTRACTSBURMAh 44;1
103. Book gifts arewelcome. ---Rangoon. Guardian, 500 words 13(289)4. December 20, 1968. The United StatesGovernment's gift of15,000 copies titles for of American Universitytext-books in 165 of use asreference in Arts andScience Universities Rangoon and Mandalayis welcome. Educational books intellects of areinvariably the productof the best the a nationand so they promotegoodwill between education, two nationsconcerned. in the sphere of especially we arewilling to learnfrom the East as well as the West. The books presentedby the American Government would beuseful in furtheringBurma's educational objectives.We have atraditional belief that a gift ofbooks is the mostcommendable. Several countries havepresented theEducation Department other than English with educationalbooks in languages and libraries arealways open toreplenishment.
Rangoon. 104. 'VarsitiesCo-ordination Seminar. --- 560 words. Guardian 13(236)4.October 26, 1968. is The new educationsystem launchedfour years ago proving a success. Priority is givento technology vocational and pro- and science tolead to effective percentage of pass fessional pursuits. The average 80 and the in the instiutesof higherlearning is teacher-student ratiois 1: 15.7which compares favourably with thatin most foreignuniversities. The presentexamination systemof 4-examinations- a-year needsreconsideration. This is taxing the time and energyofthe teachers. It seems that tutorial classes arefailures and tutorsand the teaching demonstrators constitute62 per cent of stafl. CDUCATION ABSTRACTS BURIMIAh 49
105. Educating the Teachers. --- Rangoon. WorkingPeoples' Daily. 5(274)5. October 12, 1968. 440 words.
The need for uniformity in the curricula and in teaching methods demands that teachers be instructed in what to teach and how to teach. All teachers have not the same aptitude for teaching. For some, teach- ing is only a stop-gap. But for a socialist and democratic system it is imperative that there must be uniformity in teaching and in subject-matter. One rededial measure is to have frequent discussions between university teachers and school teachers and also among teachers themselves. Also there is need for 're-orientation' of teachers- their thoughts and action must be within the framework of socialism. To stimulate dedication to their work, PTAs should try expressions of appreciation for teachers who have done NA well.
106. Our Education System.--- Rangoon. Working Peoples' Daily 5(273)5. October 11, 1968. 420 words. The Education Minister called on teachers, students and parents to make the new system of educationa success. According to the Burmese traditional Code of Conduct for parents one of the five obligations is to give education to their children. Teachers must know their subjects and students should absorb all they are taught. The co-operation between teachers, parents and students is only part of the formula for success. Education should serve practical function. It should equip the students with knowledge for their livelihood and work for the good of their country. The new education system provides academic education as well as practical training in vocational and technical education. This system ti therefore meets the needs of national development. EDUCATION ABSTRACTS w BURNIAb 50
107. All-Round andwell-rounded. --- Rangoon.Guardian 13(221)4. October 11, 1968. 520 words. The aim of presentBasic Education Systemis to pro- duce an all-round personwith a well-roundedmind; the education embracestraining for thestudents' physical, mental andspiritual well-being. The stu- dents will have bothintramural and extramuraltrain- ing and involment insocial, economic andspiritual activities. Spiritual training is notnecessarily religious training buttraining with referenceto the Burmese Way toSocialism. Political education should be complementaryto the spiritualtraining which includes aninculcation of patriotism. A persongraduating from high schoolunder the present system should beexpected to be wellfitted to assume theduties of a worker-citizen.
108. The EducationalTroika. Rangoon. Guardian 13(222)4. October 12, 1968. 610 words.
Implementation of a projectis more importantthan formulation of it. The success of the newSystem of Education depends uponthe co-operationand co- ordination of teachers,parents and students. For the teachers, it istheir life work;Training, re- orientation and refresher coursesare necessary.We must have New Teachersagainst Old Teachers. The students on the whole areamenable to reseason, persuasion and stimulation. Rising standard of results in the BasicHigh SchoolExamination indicates the increasing effortsin the performanceof students. Parents also play animportant part; they are the child's first teachers. Education officers have also a role to play. Co-operation with all persons concerned should makethe education system asuccess. EDUCATION. ABSTRACTS *BURMAi 51
109. New English Course. ---Rangoon. Guardian 13(212)4. October 1, 1968. 550 words. The School Text-book Committeeis soon publishing English Reader Book One forthe fifth standard for the academic year 1969-70. The aim is to teach English in a Burmanized form withBurmese method for Burmese students to learncomprehension and correct reading and writing of Englishin three years. The new text-book isthe result of experimentscarried out by the Education ResearchBureau. The success of the new method depends on theteachers and the training of teachers of English as aforeign language is necessary. Other materials are alsoneeded such as Manuals onMethodology, supplementarymaterials for students, Teachers'Guides and periodicals for supplementary reading. In the last analysis, agreat deal depends on the skill of theteachers for the success of the newteaching method.
110. Curriculum: ALayman's View. Rangoon. Guardian. 13(223)4. October 13, 1968. 550 words. The first aim of the BasicEducation is to make stu- dents know what should beknown. The courses of studies in schools contain a fewsubjects: these call for cramming for theexamination. "Knowing whatshould be known" must be taken to meanknowing and thinking. But the thinking part has notbeen given its due in teaching in schools. Lesssubjects should be taught, and more general knowledgeshould be dessiminated.It has been said that emphasis onarts subjects does not dtract from learning artssubjects. But the division of science and arts subjectafter the Middle School makes them mutuallyexclusive. Students become"one- sided". Students should beequipped with the basic knowledge of arts and sciencebefore kvthe*eave high school. The divisionshould come only in the university. 52 (COPY )Education Abstracts - Burma
SPECIAL SECTION,
VI. TRAINING OF JUNIORASSISTANT TEACHERS
FOR PRIMARYAND MIDDLESCHOOLS. EDUCATION ABSTRACTS m BURMAk 53
SPECIAL SECTION
VI. TRAINING OF JUNIOR ASSISTANT TEACHERS FOR PRIMARY AND MIDDLE SCHOOLS.
111. Ph Tyre, Lt.Colonel A.P. Normal Schools. In: Report of the Administration of theProvince of Burma for 1863-63. --- Rangoon. The MissionPress. 1863. 19-22 p. The Province of Burma was formedin 1862 under a Chief Commissioner and Sir ArthurPhayre was appoint- ed the Chief Commissioner. In his first Report on the Administration of Burma, SirArthur noted that "a satisfactory advance has beenmade in the several schools in British Burmah supportedby missionary zeal....". Although no specific mention ofteacher training was made, two schools werementioned : "Karen normal school at Henzada andAnglo-Vernacular normal and industrial school,Bassein".
112. Training Courses forVernacular Teachers. In: Verna- cular Education Code. ---Rangoon. Government Printing and Stationery. 1932. p. 18-20. Details of trained and untrainedTeachers' Certifi- cates are given: - Trained Teachers Certificate. Inittalgualification
(a) High School Teachers Certificate. Vernacular Aft X. lyear training. (b) School Teachers' 71 Vern. IX. 1 year. (c) Kindergarten Vern.Middle School. 1 year. (d) ElementaryCertificates:- "A" certificate. Vern. VII. "B" 11 Below Vern. VII. CDUCAT1ON ABSTRACTS BURMAk 54
Untrained Teachers
(a) Untrained Teachers' Certificate. Vern. IX. 2years.
(i7) " Vernacular High Sch. " Vern. X. 2 years.
113. Courses of Study in NormalSchools. Vernacular Certificate. Ibid p. 42-44.
Details of study in normal schoolsfor the following Vernacular Certificates are given: - Kindergarten Certificate for girls only;High School Teachers' Certificate; School Teachers'Certificate; and Elementary Teachers' "A" and"B" certificates.
114. Training Schools for Teachers. In: Quinquennial Report on Public Instruction in Burmafor the year 1917-18 to 1921-22. --- Rangoon.Government Printing, Burma. 1923. p. 38 - 44. Raising of the initial qualificationsfor training as teachers forVernacular and Anglo-vernacular training schools from 1915 was noted.The Anglo- vernacular Primary Grade Certificate wasabolished and a course for graduates wasinitiated in the University College for Diploma in Teachingin 1922. There were 7 Anglo-vernacular schoolsin Burma and one Kindergartentraining class for European girls. All students under training werepaid a monthly stipend of Rupees 15/- per month.
115. Sein, Daw Mya. Normal Schools. In: Administration of Burma. --- Rangoon. ZabuMeitswe Pitaka Press. p.98-99. 1938. The Province of Burma was formedin 1862 under a Chief Commissioner. In 1867-68 there were7 normal schools for training of teacherswith 297 students. CDUCATION ABSTRACTSBURMA 55
In: Universityof 116. The TrainingCollege for Teachers. 1931-32. -- Rangoon Rangoon Handbookand Calendar for p.90-92 Government Printingand Stationery. 1931. incorpola,5ted as a The TeacherTraining College was Constituent Collegeof the University of Rangoon wasincluded in and theconstitution of theCollege The College undnr- the Statutesof the University. took the trainingof High schooland Middle school The U.T.T.C. teachers forAnglo-vernacular schools. Certificate) course of (University TrainedTeachers 2 years wastraining teachersfor Anglo-vernacular Middle Schools. There was also aKindergarten Training class inthe College.
In: Annual 117. Vocationaland ProfessionalEducation. Report of PublicInstruction in Burma1938-39. - -- 1940 Rangoon. GovernmentPrinting andStationery. p. 24-26.
This is the lastReport publishedunder the British regime before theoutbreak of thelast War. It described the workof the UniversityTeachers Train- ing Collegewhich preparedteachers for Anglo- There Vernacular Primaryand Middle andHigh Schools. country. were 13Vernacular Normalschools in the establish a Central A proposal hadbeen made to to Institute for thetraining ofVernacular teachers replace existingNormal schools.
Report on PublicInstruc- 118. ProfessionalEducation. In: tion in Burma for1946-47. ---Rangoon. Government Printing andStationery. 1954. p. 23.
of teachers Int The scheme forcentralised training and no was stillunder considerationby Government revived during training classesfor teachers were the year, butsteps were takenfor holding the 56 EDUCATION ABSTRACTSNBURMAb
heldise the Teachershipexamination for the benefit of the failed pre-warcandidates and of theteachers in service whowished to improvetheir professional qualifications. Calendar 119. Syllabus forNormal Schools. In: Education Government Press 1941-42. Gevemanent-P --- Rangoon. 1941. p.134-136i Details of syllabus aregiven for Anglo-vernacular Kindergarten Certificate(girls only) - a two-year course,Vernacular Kindergarte,One-year course and Vernacular MiddleSchool TeachershipCertificate a for the one-year course. Initial qualifications various courses are: Anglo-vernacular Kindergarten - a passby the High SchoolExamination (English or Anglo-vernacular); VernacularMiddle School Certi- ficate Course, VernacularIX standardexamination; This EducationalCalendar is the last onepublished under the British, onthe eve of theoutbreak of the last war in1942 in Burma.
Teacher Training 120. Asariya. Photographic Album of College Activities. ---Rangoon. Directorateof Teacher Training. 1953. 68 p.
Photographic Album,prepared for theAnnual Teacher Training Staff Conference,December 1953,contained photographs of activitiesof students undertraining for Primary andMiddle SchoolTeachership qualifica- tions. These students weretrained at Colleges at Rangoon and Mandalayand at Institutesat Moulmein, Bassein and Kyaukpyu. CDUCATION ABSTRACTS BURIMIAk 57
121. Ministry ofEducation. Training of Teachers. - -- Rangoon. Directorate of TeacherTraining. 1956. Processed. p. 26.
for A bilingual bookletdescribing the arrangements the training ofteachers duringsession 1952-53. The following coursesof studies for theTeachership examinations are brieflydescribed: Primaary TeachershipCertificate: Middle SchoolTeachership Certificate; High School Teachers: (a) Bachelor of Arts(Education). B.A.(Ed). (b) Bachelor of Education.(B.Ed.) (c) Diploma in Education.
Education 122. Supply of Teachers.In: Octennial Report on in Burma 1947-48 to1954-55. ---Rangoon. Government Printing and Stationery. 1956. 73 p.
In 1952 a Directorof Teacher Training wasappointed to organise a bigdrive for supply ofteachers. He was toorganise and developTraining Colleges and Institutes for Teachersand to initiate measuresfor professional In-servicetraining throughRefresher courses. The first StateTraining College for Teachers, under theDepartment of Education, was opened on 1st September1947 to trainVernacular and Anglo-vernacularstudents for the newunified system of schools.
123. Projects underthe charge of theDirector of Teacher Training. ---Ibid p. 43-44. The recently createdDirectorate of TeacherTraining had produced, inless than three and ahalf year, the followingcategories of teachers: CDUCATIOM ABSTRACTS iBIDRMA 58
Junior Assistant Teachers, one-year course 738
it ft Primary " 2958 Emergency Training Classes forPrimary Assistant Teachers( Two-monthcourse) 3,571
Total 10, 452
124. Sagaing to have teachers'training school. --Rangoon. Working Peoples' Daily5(193)1. July 22, 1968. 130 words.
A teacher training school toconduct two-year courses is to be openedat Sagaing. In June this year another trainingschool was opened at Prome, bringing the total teacher trainingschools in the country to eleven. The other schools are at: Rangoon, Mandalay, Moulmein, Taunggyi,Myitkyina, Meiktila, Toungoo, Kyaukpyu, Basseinand Thegon. APPENDIX
1. Librarians' Seminar
2. 1968 GeneralEducation Seminar.
(This section may bedetached). -., .07SM.
(i) APPENDIX
hformation Secy. opens Librarians' Seminar
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haftwastation &sr Lt-Col rim his *mist: *yeaterday.WPD Photo Papers enlibrariesof .014111unnii, worldlibrariesread on Oraifw, hasOur StaffReporter) . only place wore alargo asnahar The library is the of & varietyof good of people canavail themselves convenience books to suitall tastes andIntellects with and economy. liaad-book This was painted outby Informs- the Hendrbook tion SecretaryIat-Col Tin Tunin his He then referred to VioeeChairrnan of Sarpay for Librarians proposedfor uorepila- capacity as Seminar. Beikmout" ManagementBoard at the tionat the"Librarians' held yesterday This, he said, musebe achieved only Ube-Arians'Senfiinar discussions among ex- morningatthe SarpayBeiktnan after many premises ox PromeRoad. perienced librariansand should con- in hisopening form with .eziatingetxmomic condi- Lt-Col Tin Tun tions in the countsy,In addition, it speech said theRevolutionary govern. giving the should be :compiledwith a view to ment lays greatstress on inexperienced Burma, namelythe easyreference even by future leaders of volunteer librarianswhere the services students, a full andextensive educa- cannot be tion while itmakes every effortto of experienced persons illiteracy in the countryby obtained at somelibraries. remove " 'I have beentold that the anew holding %the 3-RClasses amongadults. compiled to be a undertakings by theGov- hand -book is being Both these instructivesource of ernment hiveshownencouraging helpful and number of information which,though it omits success, hesaid, and the aspects oflibrarian.. increasing yearly, the more intricate literates is ship, still includesthe fundamentals of library keeping,"remarkedteCol Literacy Tin Tun, adding thatit should there- Referring to figurespublished 1963 fore prove. usefulinall kinds of office, factory by the CentralStatistics and Econo- libraries, be they school, enics Department,the Information or evenpersonal libraries. is 66 per cent He then concludedhis speech with Secretary said literacy the dis- in urban areaswhile a 53 per cent felicitations for success in is shown among,the rural cussions among thelibrarians to be Literacy Friday.Topics population.This means an average held. tomorrow and literates in thewhole for discussion areoccupational pro- 6o per cent translation into country whowill want toread and if blems in libraries, buy and do readbooks, Burmese of library usagesasid com- all Were able to be esonivdents over14,000,00tobooks would pilation of the Burmese' fOr the catalogue system. recitiired. Selaitutt yes- Alt morelikely an average person Also preeent at the least one book every terday, were Directorof Inflation lectdd 'btiy at anniatery of two Months.To ful011 thisratlike- Lt-Col Igo Lay, Deputy books waa14 information U Tun lbwDeputy 4vii. 4044rew. Secretary U Win Feof the Offi ce of vt_ tW. printeds+a tiiidettOtib for the Chairman ofthe Council of iktai lera eztiating printihg presserxn Bunt* Ministers, well-knownwriters incln- area if all were tobe utilized.Sa- ding U Zeye, 1.1Htin Fate (Maung ink ddest, th V74t8'of riper, printing Htin), Director ofSarpay Bcikman charges comein Management Board UMin GO, tierdl' production only to present rte. *slaving figures,end. this ii personages who were to provide amere sixbooks per levant papers at theConference, and person per year. librarians. The only placewhere a large Soya Zawgyl (UThein Han) officiat- number of people conavail ehemselvee ed to Chairmanof the Coeafereno t of a good varietyof books to suitall with l)*w Tin AyeItys of 3arpav isthe as Master-of- evesFtastes andintellects Ileikervari acting lil;rary, saidLt-Col Tin Tun. Ceinlee. " WorldLibraries " ate_ itObtarine Cld Buret " were Divectoi of tie )
,, Cultural Institute U Than Htut and The Yale Vaivereity Library also U Tin Oo of the International Insti- boasts a rich cedzietiois of Burmese totetute of Advanced Buddhistic Studies. books cropladtiing more than 4,000 titles. The:collectionincludes Libraries of the World =llama' on history, admilistration and dhamnsathats andmodno of old and After the Information Secretary's 1 contemporary creative Initial in ado speech U Than Htut, Director of the dition to prewar nuirabees of The Sot Cultural institute, in his paper The Doily, Agresti Illegatam, and Gm& Libreria of the World tracedthe Lathe Magasits and post-war num- emetgence of famous national birt of Slamiss, Theitkash aue libraries of the world. various-ether pagiodiCals. The India The paper also gives accounts of Office Library of the British Common- public libraries, county libraries, spe- /raids RelationeOffice in London has cial libraries, university libraries and 2,325 Buimeie'books and a score of subscription libraries in vanillin count- Mon-Khmer and Mon writings. ries and the different systems under which these libraries are run. U Than Htut want on to describe A national library, U Than I-hut the emergence oft public libraries, says,is supposedto bethe which cater tr.) the need of general biggest pool of documented readers.The Public Libraries Bill knowledge inacountry.Though was passed by the British Parliament itis generally true that only one in x8so.Different States in the US national library exists in a country, promulgated the bill in the successive there are exceptions in which more years beginning with the New Hamp- than one national library may exist shire in 1833.By 1687 the bill was in a country, like Britain which has enacted in ao states. three,vox The BritishMuaesun Library,theNationalLibrary of The public libraries meant for the Scotland and the National Library of general public departmentalisethe Wales.National libraries collect in collection subjectwise, and keep the as many languages as possible the books in open shelves to enable the mant.scripts, incunabula, printed readers mahout browsing before they books, .periodicals, government de, maketheirchoice. The pi., blic creek orders, charters, maps, prints, libraries have a lending department, reference department, periodicals de- musical 00DM; . microfilms.Some partment and a children's library. national 'libraries collect coins and seals like the FreneliNatIonal Library, Libraries of old Berm filmreele, records, photographs and posters like the. US, Libraryof Con- U Tin Oe of International Institute = grew,and iconography like the Lenin of Advanced Buddhistic Studies read State Library of the Soviet. Union a paper on Ancient Burmese Libraries. Under the Copy Right Act national libraries arc entitled to receive one to Pointing out that libraries or Pita- four copies of each publicationIrma kataiks were in existence in Burma publishers. as far back as the time of King Anaw- rahta,U Tin Oo went on to enumerate Scores of Burmew literary manu- the well-known Pitaksitaiks which had scripts and printed publications are on existed in Burma since Anawrahra of the 'shelves of many libraries inthe Pagan through the ages, world. The British Museum Libra numbers of flyanma Thandeno U Tin Co said that though there were Sint Daily of 1870, a copy of U Pon- no mention of libraries or Pitakataiks nya's play Vijayabahu .Prince publish- up till the reign of King Bodawpaya ed in 1872, Saya Thin's Taydat &- in the records, this is no proof at all changed Between A Young Alan andA that there were no such institutions. in x886, As Burmese literature thrived, it can Yew Weisel: published safely be assumed that there were such Mating Phu NyO'S 1887 Boat Song institutions whereliterature would And Drum Sort and Saya Lun's zero have been stored. Nga Byer Wi Story. U Tin Oo drew attention to the fact that British Ambassador Michael Symes had written bilge diary about Bodawpaya's library (iv)
tiq MindOaialso : P1gm Wundsuk UThbad served 1 libè*y of woikaon relighm,medicise, bothMindon and Thbaw. About tei of IL. Iàuatd Ubeasy, which was asSIoV, law, poetiy,prose *id yeata before the S.ornd World War,he(foundedby Co _ ar' 8 Charles jdlti*7. In addition Xin Mindohad prs.eated i thu *zitlsb Govunmnt Bernvd on Pbruaxyar, z83, be- marble slabs Inicribed withthe 6vs almirshe of palm leaf aid parch- fore M't4ui 9(Upper Butn*. tact i Wzithrn,. They watt kept to. ofthe Tripitskss1 The slabs ThsWarsq cxissed for 69 year. - a fiifeethigh,threcfwlde andsu mbrt with ibsrk1n fimi Kinwun M*'i's library.OnlY13 P' The papat thin dealt with libraries 'ihes deep were syssteafly bp ment - .w surnve. founded baforetheFist World Wat lnsaazes.conringi3 wbich are still in ezistasce. One is Priase Nisungyan * librar. U Po Tbia retiród E.Aathst*it the Zedi-yingans Parlyatti Aociatioa Library founded Comrniusionà fOin Thton, also col- w 1270. JE (1O9). Iccte works on hltor of the Pitaks Thebooksksptin over 8o alrahs in hb library can nowbesnsn lnjhe aze vluod at about K 400p000. and wcsks .JIng with Budlthrn at In Orisol Dspsreat I Brid of I cOst of K ioo,oeo, H, ught old 1294 BE ('933) a library building Museum at London. $bn leaf and pácha.* wrItings or was unmtructod at a st of over King Tblbew inherited his father aiIss4 copies f those Which càuld K 300,00°. King Mindsi', Ubiarybut when: not be bought Young men's organisations such as he wasdbx imd in raB.E.the, be built a library at the foot of YMB cams in$obiog i abmgI9w library fellkate. and st of tl Myathabaik lijil jn 'l'hiton and kept have ibrareea of The Bridsh Consul at Mandalay. theee works thete. The library had their own. From about29a5, the' dividedthelibraryintothree 1,345 palm leaf writings and about Ub mw - mouisum. He senIona pszcns1na of' 1,500 bOOkL Gesiameat gsvtual çontribii- printed bks and p. leaf wiltings to about z librarias. to the Bd LibrAry at Rr'on. Monatic libraries pabn leaf wriDp Some books and In the turmoil foflowii the British tram about z, vIllage 1braries King Of p to this Th*flau& annezation of Upper Burma in i88,wwe startid under the sponsorship uaprcssbt Thsrastwcresentto the ioyal libracywas dismembered f Yo Men's Improvement Society thelibcailiatheothceofthvSectetlty sad 1uableadma1itativ and judicialand other otgsnisetions, but the liw.a; of StatefarIndiLondon. Prof V rrds and works of literaturewere a Ofthe libraries were cut short by the P*boU Who hadtopiepare lost, but the monastic librarieswere SeOOnd World War concludes the catafthesebookssndplhmleaf preserved. writinalJdtbuCwi1eatOt*lofI,!5O '.t'heao monttc librarieswore set up H on the models of the royal library. Thc 4ccording to Psgaa Wundauk U moleeterles in those dayswere seats Ti, à$, 4o b,Uock cart loadi of Oflearning. AU the notablenames pø'ihákt were sent to the in Burmese litatUzewore products Co1ssioflv's Office, Secreta$at, of maoten* Writingson palm leavesorpsruhmenta were only done at the monasteries. In a sense the Ubratles .fl monasteries, besides being centres the royal librarlee, there of learning, were "publishing" houses, e also libisrlsept b priratc in- to use a modern terni, the paper said. dividuals. The beat knoWn were w Knwun M library and 1.pn W&ndai* U '11a'e library. U Pobnysgyl T*ung-Pitakataik which Kinwun Miogyi'. library wee *ItU*t- were founded in tho days of the ed in the ocat oposito Sparks Burmese kings were most well known $tt (Be A Gya gtziet). It had among the monastic libraries. tn althmb of pahixi Leaf witing. The Chaukhtutkyi Paysgyitaik nc1uda*g Kinw&n Mini'a rnanu Pitskataik, in Bahan, foundedin 1Z93 BE (1921) has a systematic library. just bdox the 8eeood World The library collects only books palm War, 1: was transferred to the leaf s$parchment writings presented Rangmofl Cerpoestioo building. The to it. The library has in its catelogue paeabei and palm loaf wnting$ four palm leaf writings said to be about i&viivedthewizr. They can now be 2,000 years old. seen the National IA T$oo* TJ4 2t,:; Library Seminar (v) 444111.1114111111. Librariesplayvital role racy campaign
Paperon present daylibraries reveals magnitude of librarymovement in Burma Many who havebeen to school inrural areas revert to the status ofvirtual illiteratesaftersome years merely becausethey haveno easy access to books and newspapers; and librariesare the most effective and convenientmeans of making available for the people. reading material
This was one of the pointsmadein Burma, Daw Tin Aye Kyienumer- by Daw Tin Aye Kyi of theSarpayates one National Library, is univer- Beikman Library yesterdayat thesity libraries, 293 school libraries(313 second day session of themore awaiting registration) and a num- Librarians' Seminar in herpaper onber of public libraries(Sarpay Beikman, Contemporary Libraries of Burma. University of Buddhistic Learning, Among other interesting factsre-Information Reading Rooms)and vealedbyDaw Tin AyeKyispecial libraries. were that the CentralUniversities The National Library,iiow housed Library hasthelargestcollectionin the Rangoon Municipal Corpora- of books, the SarpayBeikmantion premises, was opened in1952 lends the largest number of bookstakingovercollectionsfromthe andthat theMandalay Univer- Bernard Library.After shifting sity Library gets the biggestgrant forplaces from the Municipal Corpora- the purchase of booksamong all thetion, the scat of the former Bernard librarian in Burma. Library, to the Jubilee Hall, thenceto Daw Tin Aye Kyi deplores whatNo 166, Pansodan, it returned to the she calls the dissipation of education ofsouthern wing of the Municipal Cor- early school drop -ours especiallyinporation building in 1965.It stopped the rural areas who havingno easylending out since 1962. access p books and newspapers forget what they had learnt at the school and The Bernard Library eventuallyreturn to the status of virtual illiterates.They make a good The Bernard Library was founded part of theilliteratepeople whoin 1883 as a public library. In192os account for 47 per cent of the wholeit acquired Kinwun Mingyi and Pagan 4 population.Libraries, she says, areWundauk U Tin's collections.By the cheapest and most effectivemeans 1942 it had 20,305 printed volumes of making available reading materialand 7,5oo sets of palm leaves and to the people, who could not affordparabaiks.The. library losti4,000 books of their own. volumes of printed books in World Among the contemporary libraries War II lateaviiitall patois;l (vi) wastaken .oVViddi7 4 MUSCOM fair yens Wei, Ike Minhe istr'lanai's! tang Ms s collection of late sith roams &boil libraries early aoth cants, Isabligatior T1 are a total` of 606 school Burma inherited his the libraries in the whole country (14a in It receives !ivies ea publications Rangoon) which' have applied forre- local pubMas under the gistration.Only 393 have been pant- Right Act:It las a8,000 volumes ink (x33 in Rangoon) so Burmese end ;coo° volumes, ilk, far. hey are financed by library English arranged under do dissilisd' funds collected yearly fromstudents. catalogue, Dewey 'decibel' dodges- It comes to about K3 each a par from tion and subject index grams. It high school students and Ka each was granted K. 6,coo in 1967m6$ for a year from middle school students. purchase of new books. Management of school librariesleave The National Library has a general, a good deal to be diesiredas teachers periodicals, and manusaipts read- with no special trainingin librarian- ing .rooms. It has made miasma ship are assignedto look after them. copies of ao rare boob. Biggest lender University ameba The Sarpay MilkmanLibrary is the The paper enumerates the university foremost public libraryin the country. libraries; theCentralUniversities It lent toom3 booksin x966-67, the Library, the RIT Library, one library highest numberto be lent by a single each at the two Medical Institutes in library ina year.Ithas 23,000 Rangoon and one in Mandalay, Eco- Burmese books and12,000 English nomics Institute Library, the Educa- books (mostly aboutBurma). tion Institute Library, Mandalay Uni- Itas opened in 1956 to balance versityLibrary,WorkersCollege the foreign influenceof the 'USIS, Library and one library each at district the British Counciland the Rama intermediate colleges (Bassein, Moul- Krishna Missionlibraries which had mein, Taunggyi, Magwc, Myitkyina been cateringto the public since 1948. and Kyaukpyu). It boasts microfilmcopies of zoo old The paper traces the history of Burmesebooks fromthe British seven University libraries, viz,the Museum Library.It has also micro- Central Universities Library, the libra- filmed all the numbersof the Burma ries at the Institutes of Economics, Research Society Journalsince the Education,Medicine(three)and journal was firstpublished in1911 Mandalay University. up to 1938. It has 9,565registered members. Largest collection Info dept libraries The Central Universities Library The information Departmentopen- was founded in 1929 as the University ed reading rooms under Library.It lost many volumes in the charge of public relation officersin 33 towns and the war and was reopened in 1946. Rangoon. Itscollectioncontains writings in Later the numberwas Tibetan and Siamese languages. increased to 38. Re- Beginning early 1966, namedtheCentral Universities the reading rooms were raised to thestatus of Library under the new education libraries, system, it now has the biggest collec- afterconductingthree librarianshipcourses for information tion of books in the country (80,900 in officers. differentlanguages).Itlendsto Out of 75 readingrooms opened students, researchers and faculty mem- in the whole bers.Over28,4300volumes were country, 70 werecon- verted into librariesduring 1966 and lent in the 1966.67 academic year. 1967. Mandalay University Library was Central distributionsystem has been founded in 1947 and now hasio,000 adopted for the supply volumes in Burmese, 50,000 in Eng- of booksto these libraries: Thatis, all books for lish and j,000 manuscripts.It was the libraries allowed over A zoo,000 yearly for are bought by the In- formation Departmentwhich receives purchase of booksthe largestSUM K ioo,000 each allowed to a library in the country. year for the purpose. After disbursingappropriate amount Libraries at...the otherInstitutes of money to reading were begun as faculty or department rooms for pur- libraries when they were under the chase o$ newspapersand periodicals, the remainingSAM used for buying Rangoon University. They cater books. mainlyto studentsandfaculty Amyx itao hss **stied jaiails tew Thera is a rapidly grO42g atimbc0: of chili* leaden but the number of can 'borrow boobe2dbous the ; Wu- libraries opened especially for childnia matioaEloyeetnsee)Weary. Re4 is flip, The Sarpay penman opened &trek* is wide thb aeons- a dildren's library in N56 but it was ;negation of the load SAC and on closed in959. InRangoon, the In- payment of K z u surety money, a formationDepartment children's Wok loan card is issued to him.He library started in 1954 and is continue may borrow one book at a time. ine its work, but no children's libraries The average number of books kept can yet be opened in the townships. in libraries in different parts of the Tao children's library in Rangoon has is somewhere between 40o and ova, 7,000 books a9d is leading over rouno. t'Relibraries in lnsein, Pegu and zgoo books every year. It has over tyapon rime over loo each and the am* members. library in the InforroationDepartment, Rangoon, has nearly zs000. The Libra- libraries nes in Pyapon, Pyinmana, Sagaing, Caltursl. dept Bauein, Tavoy, Katha, Myinma,4 The libraries opened by the Ministry Monywa, Yamethin, Kalewa, Kyaikiatt of Culture in Mandalay, Moulmein, and awe lent out over zos000 books, &Nein Kiub u doig each during 1967: theword ttarrioe The libraries in Mandan', The Cultural Ministry library at naung, Pegu, Nyaung-U, Henna, Miendalay opened under the asine of Mantras and Insein loaned between "National Library kid. Museum" is 70,000 and **sae° books in that year., slanted at the earner of 24th and 8otiz Over so libel** loaned between opo Stiites.It wis startedoil May 6, and 7,000 books while three libradee 1955 bythe Cultural Council and W3i (Kyaukpyu, .likamti and Garifiaw) taken over by *the Cultural Beikman /oared lqn :sow books.The rest in :1063 and the word "National" was loaued between zs000 and disco(); dropped froi the. name. The Mosey with the largest number The paper also dealtwith special of registered members was Myingyan libraries which keep books on one with overt goo and the second largest particular subject or which have been wasPopo: withnearly Boo. opened for the use of a group of people or an organisation or a department; the Savoy Redman Reference library, the BSPP library and the Defence Services Hicorical Research Institute al!V library in, arsons them. The Working Peoples' Daily 5(259)1, September 26, 1968. (fail) !1968 General Education Semitiaropens
Syndicatiriiiictiss variousaspects of GeneralEducation Education MinisterColonel Ibis Han openedthe : 196$ General EducationSeminar yesterday at theCen- tral Hall of theMandalay Arts andScience University.
In the tiepins, theEducation Mini- .Education Minister ColIfla Han delivered the inauguraladders! (ro- stn Save a dinnerpatty in honour of :8d sePtrageb), which wasfollowed the .delegatesandguests tothe bythe Report of the GeneralEdu- Seminar. , cation Council readby the Council's On the Panelof Chairmen, at the Assistant Director Seminar were theVice Chairman of Joint Secretary and Council and of 'Education U,Than ,Mating. The the General Education Report dealt exhaustivelywith the Director of EducationU Po Thon, general education Chin AffairsCouncil Chairman U various aspi.cia ',of State. Council system, rangingIran classroom con- Haan Ko Lien, Shan ditions to aims ofthe General Edu- Chairman U TunAye, Kawthoolei Affairs. Council . MemberP'doh Bet o morning session Tun, Karlin StateCouncil Member of the Seminar; theEducation Minis- U Tun Yin andKyah State Council Education Member U.Bu Rai,Deputy Director ter opened the. General Mining who is the Seminar Exhibition. of Education U Aye When the Seminar resumedin the GeoltakEducation CouncilSecretary afternoon, diseussidms wereheld in act Master of Ceremonies. the Ave Hall by guestsand observers the.6an persons attending , Commander of including such well-knowneducation- the, r were ists as Um Ba Phyu, Nor* eat CommandCol Sein Mya, RIESTrPhiiis Professor U San'Ma Deputy Commander CotVam Kulh, Aung, PPF DirectorU Theirs Zaw, B$PP Sub-division iVice Chairman 'Lubin State CouncilMember U Tun Lt.Col Mys MaungtGeneral Edis Yin, MASU ProfessorDr Than Tun, cation SeminarOrganising Committee and others.Subjects of discussions Chairman Dr Nyi Nyi andCommittee included teaching andexaminations. members, representativesof the Burma Then the delegates tothe Seminar, Socialist Programme Party,University divided into fourdiscussion syndicates, professors, InopeCtorsofSchools, discussed (s) implementationof the DivisionalEducation .Supervision education newgeneral education system(0 Committee members, curriculum (iii) teachers'training and officers and speciallyinvited ,guests. (it.)educationaldevelopment and youth organisation. Neweducationsystem's aimsreiterated and the cause ofsocielbitz, develop calls forconcerted a lovefor work andcollective en Col Hla Han &avows andappreciate theabut value culturesand understand to educationeffort one's own culturalheritage. Colonel HlaHan sayingthat Three cornerstones Education Minister education com- place of parents, being taken todeclare primary He reaffirmed the steps are teachers, parentsto teachers and the studentsas thethree pulsory, called uponstudents, of education. Asolid education a succcess. cornerstones the make the newsystem of triangularrelationship among three cornerstones promsm a smooth ; About the emergenceof the General General education development ineducation, hesaid.. Education System, herecounted that parents,entrustingtheir the 'ElabOrating further on education, For is the system was.born out of the Minister said the term'Generalchildren inthe care of teachers Burmese Way toSocialism Programme, the Minister pointed out.. of Education' was interpreted by somenot enough, in which thegeneral principles learning of three-R ZBurreesesaying goes,' needs of a socialist to mean basic As the old to education to fill the level, while others take it to meanthetheparentsare responsible society were laiddown. Education conduct,en- Mandalay in 1964 preparatory level forjoining the higher'forbid unwholesome seminars held in educational institutions.Both inter-courage goodbehaviour, provide,for arid. in Rangoon in1965 made further education, giye a startfor livelihood birth of the pretations are incomplete. contributions towards the The General Education,he ex-and arrange anhonourable ma August 1966, theRevolu- Of thefivrer,laXe system. In the plained, is planned to provideelemen-for :heir children. tionasy Councilpromulgated tary learning that everycitizen needsfirstfourobligationsernehasise General EducationLaw and intro- education. Even thefourth obhgation . in the schoolsall to guide himself inhis basic needs and giving the b duced the system also to provide himwith an adequatestresses the needfor over the countryin May-June, 1967. foundation for pursuanceof higheroffspring an educationalfooting site learning.TheGeneralEducation'start' for life. Value of Arts ending The Ministeralso called on par* thus has two stages, the one 'ttaitl1k1ittal iet-in Atie Education MinisterCol Hla Han in the eighth standardand the otherents to take underscored theimportance of the in the tenth standard.After thepatent-teacher sasotlati.bne. arts subjects asbeing instrumental to second stage, a student maystart enrichingthethoughtsofman, earning a livelihood or start onthe TM oudeiits enhancing his mentaland physical The end of the road to higher learning. The students ontheir pert' must ell-beingandmaintaining the General Education courseis a.respond the goodintentions of their tAafinued processof civilisation. cross-roads, at which a studentmustparents andteachers bylearning .He said theRevolutionary Council's be adequatelyequipped eithertoseriously to assume theresponsibili- emphasis on sciencein education in earn or tolearn further. he said.Stu- of policy hisbeen being takenties. of the country, its declaration He said measures are dentsarepermittedto stayin often misconstrued asahint dis- to declare primaryeducation com- totake In fact the em- theschooltwoyears couriging the arts. pulsory-, and eventually thecompul-the same examinationtwice, and two phasis was meantonly to bring out sory level maybe raised to the middle allowed in the technicians to more attempts are morescientists and school grade. Youth Affairs schools.Exceeding this give impetus tothe country'seconomic The 'Minister thenexplainedthat' 'student as development, and not todowngrade principle of thelimit is a waste for the subjects in the another underlying well as for the country.Education is Like. role of the arts General Education Syitstu.vie the like a river, in whichthe vessels moat over-all advancement.No country, meant tomove alongthe flow of the river in he .tifid, conit; judged anadvanced all-round development, is If vessels are to move social sbalanced achievementa regular way. country 'unlestkihe''economic, encourage in e haphazard mannerand stop where and cultural,aspects of lifeachieve inphysical, ideological andan will Scholars in cultural attainments of eachcitizeitN,they wish, the navigational route belafeitdisdOelopment. the A stu- be blocked and the smoothflow of the sues eoweinei*the thoughts and besides his academic studies. willbedisrupted. which are an to appreciate;rivertraffic cultural attainments, dent must be taught Students must move in the courseof assa4lia foam- for themental and whatishappening aroundbins the people.It Iletheir learningas regularly as 3t -being of the and inother countries. vessels in theriver.Mobility in Kalil% *etartists-ire as much in mustbeencouragedto excel ! dziallnd as net -*thescientists and in sports, learn to love the country technicians:1n the country. Education Seminar : (x)
education must not be disturbed by discussedextra-curricular activities, repeated failures. The Government, parent and teacher associations, funds of course, has arrangements to divert drive for PTAs and prudent use of failed studentsto thechannels of PTA funds. Speakers underscored the vocational training, he said. undesirability of extra-curricular pro- The third and most.important con grammes independent of classroom nerstone in the triangle, he went on, subjects.Teacherswereadvised is the teachers. They must be equipp- tofamiliarisetheirpupilswith ed with a sound knowledgeof the the Luyechun scheme. On subject matter and asound convic- volunteer service programmes tion intheir profession.Teachers the speakers discussed theproblem must command respect frompupils of co-ordinatingthe arrangements by showing a deep knowledge with departments.Points onthe of what they are teaching. They must selection of student volunteers and participation of teachers inthevo- keep in touch with the developments lunteer service programmes were also of theirspecialisedsubjects.They discussed. Members of State Councils, educa- must be at the same time willing to tion offizers,members of education sacrificefor the country. Teaching their pupils to bepartriotic supervision committees, faculty mem. would not beeffectiveunless the bers of higher educational institutes, YouthAffairsorganisers, officials teachersthemselves seriouslylove from theParty Headquarters and their country and are prepared to observers took part in the discussions. demonstrate their patriotism. The second day session of the Education officers Seminal, concluded at 5 pas. - -NAB The Minister deplored the inability of certain education officers to inspect the schools as a resultof administrative responsibilities. It isknown that educationofficers usually inquire only the attendance and school fee receipts on theirinspection rounds. Someofthemaresaid to be ill-informedaboutthesyllabus. Both in the socialist and capitalist nations school inspection is given an importantplacein theeducation system. Education officers should also revise theirattitude. They should feel more concerned with the im- provement of teaching methods than with fault-finding.They must thus possess up-to-date information about thesubjects they inspect, a correct approach and an initiative. He invited the delegates to forward theirsuggestionsinan common effort to find solutions for the success of the new education system. dik
Working Peoples' Daily 5(273)1 October 11, 1968.
.4 General
, .
.1 r "';' desS 1110
nte7iole of **hers ,emphisised , ..education system concernsat.acid boirfitiag,declared Education'. Ministereol His Hag phis concluding remarks on the last.day of** Genera Edna lion Seminar it the Mandalay University yester -' dity
Theseminar provided the wig/Ar- Revealing that there 'Weis" ittses dens for the eueempful:implementa- for products mereteaches, lout tion of the neti.ediiwation system,but ,rang better prefemiend: pme- it would be necessary totranslate peels for chase,'. he inked A.. isilehesS them into action, be said. es *boulder tba The new education system was asliara formulated and implemented onthe lad* results of the 1964 GeneralEducation In. the Sestina,. and AberefisTeacher.' '41tifialers' TrainingColleges' Seminar bat More comprehensive view wastaken on' cam*implementeiten. at the presentsmiler he.said the General.Education'. : 4ptetn. He the Division and Dis- was su ed byMeijer Tytui trict EducationSupervision Com- Mitung, Education M mittees for their good work. the report- for Group a on .need for syllabus presented.1)3, PActos He .pointed outthe adoption of socialist democratic prin- Dr Mating Mang Kha of lagoon of University; the report for Group 3 t ciplssfor theachievement the aims and objects of thegeneral ontraining of teachers was education system. TheEducation submitted by Rector LtCol Sin Supervision Committees shouldseek Myint ofInstituteof Education; the co-operstion of parentsand the and the report for Group 4 on prig. working people in thepplessectioa tical education development and youth of the system. organisation was presented by Major Regarding examinationst hesaid Pe Them, OSD,.Youth .Affairs the solution depended primarily on Dqartment. the teachers.Ifthat discharged In the morning session, Prof Dr their responsibilities to the full; the K Mya Yiof Educethin Institute situation would rove. gradually. gave a lecture on school. syllabus and He miaowed. tthere smould Prof Dr Chit Swe of Rangoon be a greater diversificationwould be University on the teaching of science of educational opportunitiesin future subjectsand misthi *the and heir also, the reipoosibiliticeof Soviet Union.--NAB the teachers wars.. great forgiving proper gaidiuicetothe students.
Working Peoples' Daily 5(275)1 October 13, 1968. V
r
W
4
U.S. DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH, EDUCATION & WELFARE OFFICE OF EDUCATION
THIS DOCUMENT HAS BEEN REPRODUCED EXACTLY AS RECEIVED FROM THE
PERSON OR ORGANIZATION ORIGINATING IT.POINTS OF VIEW OR OPINIONS STATED DO NOT NECESSARILY REPRESENT OFFICIAL OFFICE OF EDUCATION
POSITION OR POLICY.
ia 111114-___ I,
JI ee0e,,n ,,en t) lV REVISED DISTRIBUTION LIST
(From October 1968 ). Cony No.(1),
CuMPARATIV.E EDUCATION BRANCH International Services and Research Staff Q.1 Institute of International Studies Office of Education Department of Health, Education & Welfare 7th &D Streets, SW
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FOREIGN SCIENCE INFORMATION PROGRAM Office of Science Information Service National Science Foundation 1800 G Street, N.W.
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1 1 C II
r. lop 4. M O
47' !EDUCATION ABSTRACTS BURMAb,
TT 69 51O1
Period: January- April 1969
Compiled by Dr. U Ba,Rangoon, for
5
1 NATIONAL SCIENCE FOUNDATION, WASHINGTON,D.C.
40- !EDUCATION' ABSTRACTS BURMA* 1 TT69-51051
January - April 1969
CONTENTS
I. EDUCATIONAL STATISTICS 1-13. Item Nos.
II. PRIMARY EDUCATION
Rangoon Statistics 14 Compulsory Primary Education 15 Question papers 16 & 18 Language teaching in States 17
III. Secoralary Education 11th standard to beadded. 19 Teaching Methods 20-22 Science Refresher Courses 23 Physical training 24 Burmese 25 History 26 Examinations 27 Economics 28 Practical Education 29 Academy for NationalGroups 30 Text-books 31 Agriculture 32. 33 Engineering 34 Trade School 35. 36 Luyechuns (Outstandingstudents) 37-41 Students' labour 42-47 Literacy-Campaigns 48-52 Parents Teachers Association 53 Students' smoking 54 LOCATION AB T CT BLIRMAk 2
IV. HIGHER EDUCATION
University Convocations 55-59 Economics students 60 Tethnical " 61 Miscellaneous 62-67 Studentlabour 68 Research Congress 69-71 Medical Seminar & courses 72-82 Shan Orthography 83415
V. MISCELLANEOUS 86-94
Editorials 95-98 Articles 99. 100
SPECIAL SECTION:
Technical and Vocational Schools in Burma. 101-119
APPENDIX - Two Articlesby Dr. U Ba. EDUCATION 'ABSTRACTS% BURMA.
3 ILN.ado T2IIO3
1. Exendituro on a.ucation ha o doubled--- Ran000n. vorkinG ioo-lusDaily L(33)1. Fberuary 3, 1969.120 words.
Expenditure indu ation has been doubled under the iievoluticnarziGovernawnt as holm in the followinG Table: 'nar. Tot allotwentt lowenditure on general laJa2123 crores. Education, kyats orores.
2 1961 62 14 12 1962-63 16 14 1963-64 15 13 1964-65 16 13 1965-66 211 31 Sti 16 1966-67 21 gi/ 17 1967-6 -7 21
2 Education spends K on 6cience apparatuses in 6 years from 1962. Guardian 14(35)1. Waren31, 1969. 150 words. Year. Expenditure Kyat,.
1962-63 197,700 1963-64 384,050 1964-65 1,030,230 1965-66 1,206,772 1966-67 2,055,330 1967-68 1,138,110
30 Education Department spendsover K 5.1 million on cience Chemicals in 6years. --- Rangoon, Guardian 14(12)1 march 7, 1969. 100 words. EDUCATION ABSTRACTS. BURMA* 4 fuoney spenton eionce ChemicrA.o for Zeieneuotudy: 1961 SO. 9 7000 #164 6:; 1C- 67100 1963 64 3117P(40
4' 0 95,00o 1)65-66 11014,72 1966-67 1,635,930
I 19088,110 4. Generul liductiontatiticcomiAlod for itnoon Jidail C(01. d,nuary 7, 1969 150 words. No. of ttu of Teachers. A . of 6tudents. 80 1,500 41,345 kaddle " 77 2,020 84,733 iTimary " 354 3,291 278,680 iroon idvision hs 357,589 nouseholds anda popu- lation of 1,700,213,
5. Ran,;oon i.opulation exceeds 1.7million. --- Rangoon. 'il.rdian 13(346)1. February 17, 1969. 90 words. hungoon Division ht s a population ofover 1.7 million and the number of schools has also increased:- 89 rii6h 4xhools,
7C) Uddle )..chools, 356 rrimary iJchoolr.
521 This works out atone high school for 19,104 persons, one middle schoolfor 22,370 and one jrimarj school for 417X persons.
6. Health ducation ifrosress in Chin ky,ociaiJiviaion Juardian 14(23)1. March 1d11969. 150words. EDUCATION ABSTRACTBURMA.
toti o° 4160. Tlac number of VAtv 33Lo 1%76. 423. LidCde ft 2 51 !I hi 1- 8.
7. iGore cioLs 0'&nod in Z.ttes. 1. 180 words. ion. dt I A Rol? oductional c4c4volomGnt:.rd beLtr het5lth of rci'i rou ti11on ';10)oo174 have been oLenedin the Divisionil 6eho(42, Burinuriry 1961-62 to1967-68 Totoli 4Addition!A teucher 647 niuh vlolooc.ft 14 57 Liddie !t 19e; 338 Hitt It 60a 2042 1226 111 the 6tatec,there ,,a.c now hosiAtuis with .j.1704 both; 1-31 doctvrs t,ndc",-) nuns an5 midwives.
8. Health tm.d IducationiTore; in Kachin 6tL4tein words. 6 ye,rs. .ivardif>in 14(29)1.14arch 24, 1%9. 200 bchools in 1962. '"ditional Additional teachers
Primary schools 325 26 ) It 7 3 ) 38 It High 9 3 )
No. of students has beenincreased by 39,646 to83,247. The btate could sjiendthree and a halfmillion kyat for JJducation.
9° Nation hasproduced 1,864 engineerssince 1924. 1011111 .111.111111 Rangoon. lorking Peoples Daily 6(16)1. January 19,1969. 280 words. 170 engineers passedout this year from theIlangoon In- stitute of Teachnology onJanuary 1969: CDUCATION ABSTRACTS,BURMA. 6
;:inoerik; 17 Jivil I I 41 Uer.triotA " (Communioio 7 II " (kower) 15 erie d. 11 40 ricultura " 2 5 l'utroleum 5 411011001.07~40.4.4.0.14.04, 20 0004.101.1 WOONOW*04400.11 The number f eninews !roduced since1924 is 1,864,
10. Han, U Thi. 0.2pc of national income spent in research. 4-tan-T.00n. WorkinG loopiest Juily 6(26)1.January 9,1969. 720 words. aadressinj the openinL; sessionof the Research Qeminar in Rangoon, the Itesearchlolicy iirection Board Chairman said that "thecountr:f is spending' 0.2 percent of the incomefrom national production on research projects every year. Compared with technologically advanced countries thesum may appear meagre: on considerinG theresources of our country the amount is considerable".
11. .offectivo implementation of NewBasic Education envisaved. .Ltan,.00n. Guardian 13(306)1. January 7, 1969. 220 words.
Vital Educational statisticsfor .iantroon Division for 1968-69 academicyear: 357,589 families witha total population of 1,700,213, of whom 404,768are of school going age. Schools students teachers
89 High schools 41,345 1,500 77 Middle schools 84,743 2,020 354 krimary schools 278,680 5,291 EDUCATION ABSTRACTS:, BURMA. 7
12. 40,356 stulents studyin::at veato of higher learning, durinj 1968-69. ---.kinc3oon. auardian 1)(514)1, January 15, 1)69. 180 words.
Number o students in ttheinirersitie, institutes and Oollees: 1961-62. 15,7 Budjet allotment,. 1962-63 1964-65 20,150 1961 Over K 40 million. 190-66 25,047 1966-7 29,423 1967 8 32,039 1967-68. Over 40 million. Cost of teachinG !_.1student:- One aifriculturist .. 7,057,67 One nits or ocience graduate .. 6,187.13 One Doctor .0 10,240.10 One enzineer 8,889.4
13. Burma. ottistics ofstudents and teachers. In: I'Lchaykhun Iyinnyayay :ltweakyone.aseeyin Khan sar. (Burmese). Report on the .u;xperiencesin tne imple- mentation of Basic eduction.---Rangoon. Education Del,artment. 1968. ID. 53, For the year 1967-68. Departments No. of students. No. of teachers. Primary 2,791,190 50,449 Middle 488,646 9,791 High 97,651 5,530 EDUCATION AB%TPACT& BURMA, 8
14. tioncoon collectsfiL;ures of children reaching school- going; age. Rc.tnoon. kue_krdian 13(333)1. February 7 1969. 200 words. To enable educational authorities to plan for ex- pansion of schools to admit new students in 169-70 sttistics are being collected in Ranoon vivision on the number of children who will reach school- L;oinu ujo in 1)b9-V00 Children comi,letin,:; five years of uje on Juno 1, 1969 be admittod to school in 70. Rancoon Division zith with a pullori 02 cvcr 1.V million ha c over 405,000 student in all rados of school durin6. the 1969 -
19& academic year.
15. Nyi, Dr. Nyi. Compulsory primary education may be ntroduced in 1975. --- Ranoon. ;,orking leoples' Daily 6(26)1. January 27,1969. 270 words. bpeaking to teachers at a demonstration of the three methods of teaching Burmese, the liducation 6ecretary mentioned that the successes so far witnessed in the above experimental methods are paving the way for the introduction of compulsory primary education on a nations-wide scale in 1975.
16. 4th standard questions must be objective. -- Rangoon. Vvorking reoples' Daily 6(54)1. February 25, 1969. 120 words. After examining 4,150 questions set at 273 schools in the ktangoon Division for tests during 1968-69 academic year, the hducation Supervision Committee of Rangoon Division found seven main weaknesses in the questions which were either EDUCATION ABSTRACTS: BURMA. 9
, or "too %1K.1,0,; 0 tit, 02.
1 !lay Comwittu. of :Ct, ,Ir intoth .;ACe- .1r,-.)ctud the fouvtA n 6oarar
t: !,er01 Uti iTk uro.
17. timeto.olo 1J.D.01.c ,,,Jt,to.
SIM *AO WOO .1),1 .L.1 Fobru,r.
Thy; oze:)tiou .-tA;ant . onford r1.1w%' scnoclo in the 4111:
,o.1,),AcoJ,
in th.c, Buruoso ;A:;. tho tui6ht u, tu
F.:ouond ,J.1110 atrmcis:; iJ tAmi.At ut the Uhl°. Loc:A t;:Alaht livu in the ciaoGe !..ith 10 ,,Jriodo o2 ssuriate t ..chin°J of .bur...ile2 in th jro-;,ed ,:3oconi otnrd but incr...thi
la 1.; no hir..;ocy c
180 nt,,hu,ruiz.3 4th stand,ar uo tiono.
Guur ai.t,x 12(f )1. Fubruarj1), 1969. 16J 1.7orc1.18.
A Colufflittou tai dcaocii anl Beiutw InsL)octorit, of och,J1 (...:rried out intensive rei.7,ere tk;
th.o of :1uJetionsI e oo oet for tne forticomin, fourth otritlrilox,ainution. .12h(1 Colamittou hi c3 otudiod luc..,ztion,t; containea
Jurmese, il ;rt ocial beicnce que3tion lo. te3tA. The Uhl of the re:::ourch is to of ri unU shortcomin6h in the iection o2 uoot,loao. teuc uro have been uoked to nuke ua :, 1 Uha 1%;suits oi theJ researchin settink3
uucions.-rt EDUCATION ABSTRACTS&BURMA. 10
SECONDARY EDUCATI9N- Technical & Vocationtl.
19. Han, Col RIa. 11th Standard to be added to high school. -mm Rangoon. Working Peoples' Daily 6(101)11 April 15, 1969. 200 words. The Education Minister disclosed that compulsory primary education will be introduced in 1975 to be followed by compulsory middle school education later. He also said that the high school will be extended by one more year with the addition of 11th standard to keep the students abreast with the progress in education. Teaching Methods
20. Discussion course opens for method of teaching English Reader for 1969-70.--- Rangoon. Guardian 14(55)1. April 22, 1969. 400 words Over 147 teachers of English from different parts of the country are attending the six day Discussion Course. The New English Readerwas to be used in the fifth standard from the 1969-70 academicyear. In Burma, English is being taught 7 periodsa week but in the Republic of Korea and Japan from the, seventh standard; in Thailand from the fifth;in India from the sixth. Generally they devote only three to five periods a week. The new method and the Reader was discussed at the meeting.
21. M4 Ma. On Teaching English.--- Rangoon. Working Peoples'Daily6(43)5.February14, 1969. 810 words. Under the new educational system, the teachingof English is divided into three stages (1)students EDUCATION ASSTRACTS: BURMA.
who leave high schools areexpected to be able to read and speak English;(2) Graduates of the Univer- sities should be ableto read widely andunderstand articles related totheir subjects, (3) Poet- graduates should beable to write articles ontheir subjects in fluentEnglish. In teaching with the "immersion method" ofdevoting many hours tothe subject is desirablefor greater successin schools, teachers of Englishshould be trained inthe Uni- versity and theTraining Institutes byEnglishmen. The emphasis shouldnot be on literature orthe culture of the peoplebut on English languagealone.
22. Nyi, Dr. Nyi. Calls for avoidingthe two extremes in the matter ofteaching English in thecountry. - -- Rangoon. Guardian14(58)11. April 25, 1969.320 words. Addressing the teachersof English in Rangoon,the Education Secretary saidthat learning ofEnglish was not toacquaint ourselves with thethoughts of the English peoplebut to use it as a toolin exploring the world'streasures of science, artand other skills. He called for avoidingof two extremes if in teaching English -that is, droppingthe teaching of Englishaltogether and teachingit right from the Kindergartenclass. Students should be able to comcrellendeveryday English andread books written in simpleEnglish after learningit for six years from thefifth standard.
Science 23. ScienceTeachers' Refresher Courses ---Rangoon. Guardian 14(30)1.March 25, 1969. 250 words. Science Teachers' RefresherCourses for science teachers began yesterdayin Rangoon, Mandalayand other towns. The three week-vourses arebeing attended by 767 teachers. At the opening day many IDS/CATION All:TRACTS: BURMA. 12
speakers stressed the importance of science and Burma had to catch up with the progress andlead other developing countries inscientific progress. The annual refresher course wasintended for science teachers to keep them abreastwith the latest developments in science.
P.T. Instructor 24. Refreshercourse for P.T.instructors. ---Rangoon. Working Peoplos' Daily 6(88)1. April 2, 1969. 220words.
Theefresher course for Physical TrainingInstructors washeld in Rangoon yesterday attendedby 435 men and65 women instructors. The course would last till ay 8. Basic military training sessionwould be held in the mornings and physicaleducation classes, sports and games in theafternoon. The Course aimed at introducing basic militiatraining at schools.
Burmese 25. Nyi, Dr. Nyi. Importance of teaching Burmeseeffectifely ... Rangoon.Working Peoples' Daily 6(18)1. January 19, 1969. 280 words. The Education Secretary remarkedthat though Burmese had been declared the officiallanguage, its effective use as medium ofofficial communication had not been given due prominence.He was speaking at the monthly discussion of phonetic method ofteaching Burmese. Statistics showed that 75 or 80 percent of children dropped out before completingthree years. Under the new method children werelearning happily. The use of teachingaids helped children to become more interested in their languagelessons. EDUCATION ABSTRACTS:BURMA. 13
History 26. Nyi, Dr. Nyi. Over 400 History teachers attend Refresher ~Course.--- Rangoon. Guardian14(38)1. April 3, 1969. 300 words.
The Education Secretary said that the study of History was the study of relations of production, and of processes of economic, political and soots/ changes in human societies. The Text-book Committee had been publishing text-books in accordance with the aims and objects of the New Education system introduced since 1966, and the refresher course would enable the teachers to acquaint themselves with the essence, outlook and trend of the History Texts to be sent to the Press. Over 441 History teachers were attending the course. Examination
27. STCT examination schedule revised. --- Rangoon. Working Peoples' Daily 6(9)1.January 10, 1969. '230 words.
The examination schedules for students of State Training College were timed with those of the Universities and Colleges (i.e. in September) which occurred in a mid-tern period of the schools. This caused some inconvenience to all parties concerned. Now the students are to sit for their final examinations in June instead of October and in subsequent years are to complete their courses by the end of April.
Economics,
28. Economics for Metric students. 11111111111111 Rangoon. Working Peoples' Daily 6(64)1. March 8, 1969. 100 words. General fiducation High School Final students taking Arts subjects for the Na.tric examination EDUCATION ABSTRACTS: BURMA. 14
examination. This year certain chapters inthe following books wereprescribed for the examination. Basic Accounting; CooperativeEconolics and Fundamental Burmese Economy andSocialist Economy.
Practical tducation 29. Planned practical educationfor all schools. - -- Rangoon. Working Peoples'Daily 6(31)1. February 1,1969. 150 words. A directive has beenissued to make practicaledu- cation promotion activitiesuniform during February in schools all overBurma. Extra-curriculum pro- grammes are tobe concentrated on collectivestudies revision and talks on subjectsin the class-rooms, group discussion onlessons learnt, participation of students in observingUnion Day and other acti- vities. Preparation was also to bemade for Sum- mer vacationactivities which include lecturesand talks on Peasants Day,training courses in 2tm fire fighting, Health and Happinessactivities, Domestic Science and Art classes.
Academy for National Groups
30. Han, Col Hla. Opens ADNG buildings atYwathitgyi. Rangoon. Guardian 13(344)1. February15, 1969. 350 words. In opening the new buildings of,the Academy for Development of Ngtional Groups at Ywathitgyi,the Education Minister stated that theAcademy was aimed at producing good teachers,organisers and good soldiers of theRevolution to educate the people, to organize for nationalunity and soli- darity and to take part in thebuilding of a Socialist Society. The Academy was foundedin 1964 The students were being taughtteachership, agriculture, livestock farming, sportsand practi- education development. Studetns getmonthly stipend of K 75 plus travellingallowances. EDUCATION ABSTRACTS: BURMA. 15
31 Text books of Arrangements for of text-books. --- Rangoon. Guardian 13(321)1. January 22, 1969. 200 words. The Township Trade will sell text-books presctibed for 1969-70 academic year to studentb in consul- tation with the District Education Officers who are to place orders with the Township Trade. The teachers are also instructed to refer to the curriculum and notes of lessons in their respective subjects if the text-books do not arrive in time. They may also refer to old text-books.
Agriculture 32. Nyi, Dr. Nyi. Education Secretary underscores agri- cultural productivity to build Socialist economy. --- Rangoon. Guardian 13(316)1. January 171 1969. 350 words. After inspecting the fields and breeding farms the Education Secretary me the students of the Myittha Agriculture High School and told them that in buil- ding socialist economy, industrialization moms was important and costly. Socialist accumulation could be built up from profits made through other kinds of economic enterprises.Most factories and mills re- quired raw materials from agriculture and as such, agriculture had become doubly important. With these considerations, more agriculture schools and insti- tutes had been opened to disseminate scientific methods of farming and breeding. 33. Education Ministry opening more Agriculture High Schools. --- Rangoon. Guardian 13(328)1. January'29, 1969. 225 words. The Education Ministry is to open more State Agri- culture High Schools to modernize agriculture. Peasants students will get priority for admission to EDUCATION ABSTRACTS: BURMA. 16
these schools. Curriculum has been revisedto combine theory with practice.Co-operative farm- ing was introduced at MyitthaState High School. Studentswere provided with a capital investment of K 6,000. At the end of theyear, they made a net profit of K 8,000 selliOgpaddy, sugar cane and onions they had grown. UNICEF officialsare taking interest in the development of theseschools. Engineerinii
34. 82 working studentsget enginneering diplomas.- -- Rangoon. Working Peoples'Daily 6(53)1. February 24, 1969. 200 words. Diplomas were conferredyesterday on students who have passed out of the eveningengineering classes at the State Technical High School, Rangoon. Twenty one students received diplomas in civilengineering 18 in electrical engineeringand 43 in mechanical engineering. Prizes were given away to outstanding students.
Trade Schoo', 35. Industrial Trade Schoolgraduation.--- Rangoon. Working Peoples' Daily 6(88)1.April 2, 1969. 80 words. A graduationceremony was held at the Industrial Trade School, Rangoon,where students were presented with certificates as follows:-
Radio Broadcasting 10,Electrical course 18, Motor mechanics 14, Lathe machines 16, Soldering 11, .04.1.LJA4Aile, 14. The three-yearcourses were attended by students from the States also. EDUCATION ABSTRACTS: BURMA.
36. Seventeen graduate fromState School of Musicand . --- Rangoon. Guardian 14(140)1. April 5,1969. Drama.
Seventeen Music and Drama studentsand eleven fin. Arts students graduated yesterdayfrom the State School of Music and Dramaand the State School of Fine Arts. Therewere nine prise winners among the Music and Drama students and alsonine among the Art students. Completion Certificates andprizes were awarded the graduates. The ceremony ended with a musical programme of dances and music performedby the students. An exhibition of paintings and sculptures by the studentswas also held.
WECHUNS (Outstanding Students)
37. Rangoon Education officersarrange to select Luyechuns. --- Rangoon Guardian 13(309)1. January 10, 1969. 100 words. Education officials of the RangoonDivision met to arrange for the selection ofoutstanding students and collection of reading materialsfor adults who would be completing Three R'scourses and reading books to practise their reading ability.Sixteen Outstanding students are to be selectedfrom the Rangoon Division.
38. Luyechuns to be selected from'varsities.- -- Rangoon. Guardian 13(317)1. January18,1969. 180 words. Sixty-three Luyechun studentsare to be selected for 1968-69 from the Universities, Collegesand Insti- tutes. Selection will be done bya Committee to be headed by the Rectoror Principals concerned with four teachers as members.Students will be selected for their academic ability,sports activities and other qualities. EDUCATION ABSTRACTS: BURMA. 18
39. More win Education Minister's 1968-69 Luyechun awards. --- Rangoon. Guardian 14(1)1. February 23, 1969. 50 words. The third batch of 128 students including 85 boys and 43 girls from State High and Middle schools, univerwities, Colleges and Professional Institutes have won the Education Minister's 1968-69 Luyechun Awards. (The announcements if the awards were made in batches at intervals).
40. 299 Luyechun students leave for vacation camps.--- Rangoon. Guardian 14(39)1. April 4, 1969.285 words. A total of 299 Luyechun students for 1969 consisting of 99 seventh and eighth standard students, 139 ninth and tenth standard students and 81 University and Institute students left for various camps yes- terday. The camps will be opened on April 7, and will =Mits return to Rangoon on April 29. System of selection the 1969 Luyechuns was changed slight- ly from the previous years to further improve the standard of students selected under the new system, 60 per cent of the marks are for mental ability, 15 per cent for physical ability, 10 per cent for development work, and 15 per cent for personal interview.
41. Music, dancing classes for Luyechun. Rangoon. Guardian 14(39)1. April 4, 1969. 150 words. Music classes and other classes in singing, Aim playing of musical instruments and dancing will be taught to the 1969 Luyechun students at all the camps. The classes will be given by instructors from the State Schools of Music and Drama of Rangoon and Mandalay. EDUCATION ABSTRACTS: BURMA. 19
42. Students' Labour
Over 38,000 students contribute labour in 4years from 1964-65.--- Rangoon. Guardian 14(1)1. February 23, 1969. 265 words. A total of 38,299 students had contributed labour during their vacations since the programmewas launched in 1964-65 up to 1967-68 as follows: 1964-65 5,698 students 1965-66 9,079 "
1966-67 11,476 " 1967-68 12,048 " The students contributed labour with Government offices, factories and mills, state schools and Literacy campaign classes, and at construction sites.
43. Student volunteers to teach Burmese in Chin Hills. --- Rangoon. Working Peoples Daily 6(58)1. March 1, 1969. 150 words. Thirty Burmese major students from Mandalay Arts and Science University have volunteered to teach Burmese to Chin nationals in the Chin Hills in the coming summer vacation. They also promised the Chariman of the Chin Affairs Council that they would work in the Chin Special Division after their graduation.
44. Healthy environment for youths at stalkercamps. - -- Rangoon. Working Peoples Daily 6(68)1. March 12, 1969. Healthy environment for youthful energies and vocational sessions to development faculties of the young will be provided at the Summer Camps at Rangoon and other places to last from April 7 to May10. Specialists and scholars will guide students in vocational training classes, health education, EDUCATION ABSTRACTS: BURMA. 20
Oft physical training and basicmilitary training. In addition, lecturesand excursions to developa sense for leadership and collectiveendeavours will be arranged.
45. Education Ministry.Over 1,000 students givingVolun- tary labour in Government Departments,Mills & Factories.--- Rangoon Guardian 14(23)1. March141 1969. 320 words. Over 1,067 studentswill give labour duringthe summer holidays in the variousministries, depart- ments, factories and mills inRangoon Division. Education Ministryhas arranged to enablestudents to put their holidays to goodaccount while learning various trades and professionsin a practical manner. An important aim in launchingthe scheme is to imbue the studentswith a spirit of taking part in the march towardsthe new Socialist society. 13 ministries and 91factories and mills have agreed to employ the studentsfor voluntary work for the whole month ofApril.
46. 500 more students goingout to 5 more workcamp this year. --- Rangoon. Guardian 14(24)1.March 19, 1969. 300 words. Five hundredmore students from 4angoan and other divisions willgo out to five more construction sites thisyear to give voluntary labour during the summer holidays under arrangements madeby the Education Ministry, theA.R.D.C. and the Irrigation Department. Some of the campsare at the North Nawin Dam construction Site,Yezin Dam Construction, Pyaungbya reservoir construction,Coffee plantation, Myingyan mulberry Plantationand Orchard Garden near Mayayo. EDUCATION ABSTRACTS: BURMA. 21
47. Nyi, Dr. Nyi. Students betterinformed under new edu- cation system. --- Rangoon.Working Peoples' Daily 6(111)1. April 27, 1969. 230 words.
At a ceremony honouring studentsvolunteers, the Educatiod Secretary said thatuniversity students are found to beignorant of prevailingconditions in their own country. But with the advent of summer vacation toluntary work infactories, mills and nation-building projectsto-day's students under the Education System werebetter informed and were better equipped to serve thenation. The students could put to good use theirexperience in many spheres of activity stressingunity and collective exiort for higher efficiencyin all undertakings. LitsracY Campaign,
48.3-year literacy campaignresults in 316,162 more citizens learning to read. ---Rangoon. Guardian 13(307)1. January 8, 1969. 420 words. Three years of campaign in 13 educationalcircles and 4 states have resulted inincreaseof 316,162 mere people learningto read and write. 36.2 percent of the population between15 and 55 years of age are illiterate;people in the urban areasaccount for30.1 per cent and in rural areas,for 42.3 per cent. Campaigns werecarried out as below:- am. No. 0 COMAk. No. ofTeachers,. Learners. 1966 2,538 18,032 66,770 1967 2,631 20,541 1451376 63,177 1968 1,390 9,825 EDUCATION ABSTRACTS: BURMA. 22
49. Rangoon schools donate 121,000books for 3-R graduates ---Working Peoples' Daily6(39)1. February 9, 1969 200 words. Schoobs have collected over 121,000 copiesof Journals and other reading matterin Burmese for the use of newly literatepeople to retain their ability to read and write. The Journals were 2mmamsty formally handed over toEducational Autho- rities by School Councilrepresentatives.
50. UNESCO to aid anti-illiteracycampaign. --- Rangoon. Working Peopbes' Daily 6(96)1. April 10,1969. 200 words. UNESCO Deputy Director-General Dr.Malcolm Adisheshiah announced at a meeting with theEducation Secretary that the UNESCO would supplybooks and teaching aids for the illiteracy eradicationcampaigns now under- way in Burma.Questions relating to theteaching of Science, Science research,agricultural edu- cation, pre-vocational trainingand study of art and culture were alsodiscussed.
51. Arrangements for running3-R classes. --- Rangoon. Working Peoples' Daily 6(26)1.January 27, 1969. 250 words. The Central IlliteracyEradication Committee is forming 3-R classes SupervisionCommittees and Township 3-R Supervision Committeesfor running classes during the coming summervacation. The classes are to be opened at placeswhere they were run in previous year. EDUCATION ABSTRACTS; BURMA. 23
52. Soh, Saw Shwe. The Meiktila LiteracyDrive.- -- Rangoon. Forward 7(11)May 154 1969. p. 13-16.
Meiktila Districtwas selected for intensivedrive in the Literacy Campaignwith 851 basiccentres in 1,111 villages in 273 villagetracts, with 5,584 voluntary instructors. The targetwas to teach reading and writing to 67,721illiterates within 45 days. The article is illustratedwith photo- graphs of the variousaspects of the campaign.The choice of Meiktila isappropriate. It is the home of Poyaza,a humble farmer who rose tobecome a King's Ministeron account of his wisdom andwritings. P.T.A. 53. Authorities prescribeuniform financial regulations for Parent- Teacher Associations.- - Rangoon. Guardian 13(312)1.January 13, 1969. 200 words. The rate of Associationdues for the Parents- Teacher Association (PTA)throughout the country has been standardizedunder a new reguation. A parent witha child at a school needpay only ten kyats a yearas dues to the PTA and the dueswill be limited to K 20only for a parent withthree or four children.Proper maintenance ofOTA accounts, systematic auditing ofthe accounts, restrictions in the utilizationsof funds and themanner of taking action against misappropriationand violation of the rules are theimportant features of thenew regulations. Students' smoking. 54. Half of studentpopulation have smokingexperience.--- Rangoon. Working Peoples' Daily 6(77)1.March 21, 1969. 700 words. A medical researchteam discovered thatout of 4,503 students interviewed in fivehigh schools in EDUCATION ABSTRACT& BURMA. 24
Rangoon during December 1967 and January 1969, it was found that 2,008 students in the age-group of 10 to 25 years have had experience in smoking, i.e. 44.6 per centage of students interviewed. 16.3 per cent of boys and five per cent of girls cantin- ued smoking regularly while regular smoking among children was only 16.6 per cent for both sexes. Smoking first starts with boys at 16 and girls at 13. 42.2 per cent of parents of boys and 70.8 per cent of girls' parents know their children smoking. EDUCATION ABSTRACTS.BURMA. 25
IV. HIGHER EDUCATION
UniversityConvocations 55. Instituteof Technology holds fourthConvoaction. Rangoon. Guardian 13(318)1. January 19, 1969.400 words. Rector U Ione Moe exhortedgraduates togive service above self and to take partin developmentwork. During the 6 years since theEngineering Facultyof the Rangoon Universitywas opened in 1924,a total of 1,864 engineers had beenproduced. The Institute was now teaching 550 to 600students eachacademic year. The followingDegrees wereawarded at the Convocation.
Bachelor ofArthitecture 1 Bachelor ofEngineering: " Chemical 17 " Civil 45 " ElectricalCommunication 8 Power 16 " Mechanical 44 Agriculture 17 Automobile 11 Petroleum Production 5 Textile 10 56. Graduates asked to help enrichBurmese language.--- Rangoon. WorkingPeoples' Daily6(11)1. January 12, 1969. 160 words. A total of 676 graduatesreceived theirdegrees as follows from the Rector ofthe RangoonArts & Science University.11 M.A., 75 LLB.; 17 Psychology; 56 Philosophy;127 Geography;3 Pali; 105 Burmese; 163 History; 34English; 85Law degrees, totalling 676. Also 170graduates receivedtheir degrees in absentia. The Rectortold thegraduates that thecountry was in need of booksin theverna- cular ina wide range of subjectsand thegraduates should help intranslation work. EDUCATION ABSTRACTS: BURMA. 26
57. Over 1,500 graduates fromMandalay Arts & Science 'Varsity. Guardian 13(318)1. January 199 1969. ---Rangoon. 220 words A total of 1,523 graduates,including 23 Master of Arts/Science, four Bachelors of Arts/Sc. Honours and 1,496 Bachelors ofArts/Sc. received their degrees. The Rector spoke on theinter-relations between education and economyand said that the economy would improvewith the efforts of theedu- cated workers and asked themto help in improving the economic conditions. They were to apply their knowledge in the correct placeand in the correct manner to producethe maximum benefits frotthe country and people.
58. 1,600 workers receive Arts,Science, degrees Rangoon. Guardian 13(339)1. February9, 1969. 400 words.
A total of 1,600 Arts &Science graduates received their degrees yesterday at thesixth Convocation of the Rangoon Arts and ScienceUniversity. Rector Mg Mg Kha warned the graduatesagainst thinking too much of themselves and becoming"degree conscious". He explained that all jobs werei$portant and essential to the developmentof the nation, and as such all graduates needed tomake full use of their knowledge in carrying outtheir tasks. All graduates were part-time studentswho passed their final examinations from theWorkers College in August 1968.
59. Mandalay Instituteof Medicine holds convocation. ---Rangoon. Guardian 13(311)1.January 12, 1969. 330 words. Seventy four graduates received theBachelor of Medicine and Surgery degrees,including one Master of Science degree at the thirdConvocation of the EDUCATION ABSTRACTS;, BURMA. 27
Institute of Medicine, Mandalay. The Rector told the graduates that there were four main tasks of the doctor: to improve health, to cure, to prevent disease and to rehabilitate the cured patients. Doctors were also concerned with the economy and social welfare of the peasants and workers. The knowledge of medicine should be shared by all. The doctors were reminded to place always service and sympathy first in looking after their patient*. Economics students
60. Practical training for Institute of Economics --- Rangoon. Guardian 13(323)1. January 24, 1969. 110 words. The second and third year students of the Institute of Economics will go on practical training at various Government departments, boards and Corporations during the coming summer vacation. All the third year student number ing 400 will take the practical training as an aid to their studies. Half of 530 second year students will take part in practical praining while the first year students will volunteer as teachers in the Three R's courses during the summer vacation. Technical students
61. Students attending Institute Institute of Technology. -Rangoon. Guardian 13(319)1. January 20;1969. 200 words. A total of 2,982 students including 632 girlsare attending the Rangoon Institute of Technologyfor the 1968-69 academic year. Most of the girlsare now studying Architecture, Textile, Chemical, Electrical and Civil Engineering. The Instituteis trying to improve the quality of its pstmak graduates as the quantity increases. EDUCATION AaSTRACTS;BARMAN, 28 Miscellaneous
62. University students scale Mt. Victoria.--- Rangoon. Guardian 14(32)1. March 27, 1969. 350 words. The 110-member expedition of the students of the universities and institutes of Rangoon climbed Mt. Victoria and reached the summit (10,000 ft) on March 22 last. The expedition was jointly spon- sored by the Youth Affairs Department of the Minis- try of Education and the Burma Hiking and Mountain- eering Association. The expedition comprised 110 members, including 21 women. The expedition was aimed at enabling the studentw to receive practical training in mountaineering and also toacquire general and local knowledge.
63. Science equipment from RASU workshop.---Rangoon. Working Peoples' Daily 6(28)1. January 29, 1969. 100 words. The Science equipment workshop at the Rangoon Arts and Science University during 1967=68 supplied 70 high schools in Burma with scientific equipment, thus saving over K 100,000 in foreign exchange. The workshop produced 6,420 items of laboratory apparatus in 34 kinds at a cost of K 67,184.40. They would have cost K 167,327.38 if imported.
64. Magwe College torun tE 3rd. year classes. - -- Rangoon. Working Peoples' Daily 6(80)1.March 24, 1969. 100 words. The Magwe Intermediate College willrun Third Year B.A., B.Sc. classes at the beginningof 1969=70 academic year. This was due toa greater number of students to be admitted to the higher educational institutes all over the country. The Collegewill become a degree College should thenumber continue to rise in 1970-71. EDUCATION ABSTRACTS: BURMA. 29
65. Materials wanted for50th Anniversary of Rangoon 'Varsity. Rangoon. Guardain13(316)1. January 17,1169. The Rangoon Universitywhich will celebrate its Jubilee on December 1970 hasrequested the public to sell, lend orcontribute relevant materials connected to the historyof the University. The materials are to be usedin opening an exhibition and preparing a book onthe University'shistory. The materials should ass dealwith Rangoon University and its Colleges and theRangoon College, Baptist College and Judson College.
66. Nyi, Dr. Nyi. Collegestudents must shed childish attitudes. Rangoon. Working Peopkes'Dailey 6(1)1. January 1, 1969. 250 words. The Education Secretary toldthe staff and students of Myitkyina College toshed childish and immature attitudes and to shoulder andcontribute his or her share towards nation-building.Although students were paying K 15monthly tuition fees, theState was spending morethan K 100 monthly perstudent to offer them the bestfacilities for education. He urged the students tofoster the spirit , thespirit of unity among theindigenous racial groups sothat the Union of Burmawould emerge as a single united force.
67. Graduate Teachersof Rangoon Divisiontaking entrance examination for D. ---"angoon. Guardian 14(53)1. April 20, 1969. 130 words. Entrance examinations forDiploma in Education course beginning coming Novemberwill be held fromMay 5, 1969. University graduates of atleast three years' service as teachers areeligible to appear for the examination. Each candidate is to choosetwo subjects from among Burmese,English, History, Geography, Economics, Mathematics,Physics, Chemistry and Zoology. EDUCATION ABSTRACTS. BURMA. 30
Student Labour
68. Over 500 RASU students honour officials from 45mills and factories. Rangoon. Guardian 14(60)1. April 27, 1969. 300 words.
Over 5oo students of the Rangoon Arts and Science University honoured officials from 14.5 factories and mills of Rangoon in appreciation of the chances given them to contribute labour during thesummer vacation. The students held a dinner in hour of the officials. Speeches pointed out that the summer labour contribution programme was organised to remedythe defect of the old system of education which had divorced the University from the rest of the country. Labour contribution had given the students opportunity to understand the work to increase production, at the same time preparing them for their tasks ahead. BEEMLOBBEE
69 Han, Col Hla. Closes 1969 Research Contress.- -- Rangoon. Guardian 13(329)1. January 30, 1969. 210 words. At the closing session of the two-day Research Congress, the Chairman of the Research-Work Devvlop- ment and Co-ordination Committee said that research was essential in the making of a modern nation and results would be of extreme benefit to the country. Research work in Burmawas only in its infancy and interest in it was stillpoor .among the working people and departmental heads. Be called for foresight and planning in preparing( for long-term research work and emphasized the need for,workingwith'what- tiNAIL MBever resources aro available, as funds and equipment were not adequate. EDUCATION ABSTRACTSk BURMA. 31
70. 4th Research Congress in March. ---Rangoon. Working Peoples' Daily6(30)1. January 31, 1969. 350 words. The fourth Burma Research Congress will be heldfrom March 17 to 22, 1969 in Rangoon. Twelve research divisions will submit 227 papers to theCongress, six more than the number submitted tothe third Research Congress last year. The number of papers to be read in various divisions sis:- Agricultural sciences 25. Forestry 22, Medical Sciences 42, Engineering 18. Mathematics & Physics 29, Industrial 12, Chemistry 17, Geology 19, Oceanography 20, Zoology 33.
71. Han, U Thi. Opening of the 4th Research Congress. - -- Rangoon, Guardian 14(23)1. March 8, 1969.800 words. Speaking at the opening of the Congressthe Chairman of the Direction Board emphasisedthe three aspects of research work - quality,effectiveness and application and these aspects werefully explained in his speech. He said thatquantitatively the 277 papers presented atthe Congress were satisfactory. However, some of the papers werestill below standard. More effective research work was now beingcarried out. As regards application of find- ings of research, more work wasneeded in the study for application of researchfindings as regards production. Medical Seminar 72. First Indigenous MedicineSeminar. --- Rangoon. Wardian 14(22)1. March 17, 1969. 300 words. The first Indigenous Medicine Seminarwill be held on coming April5 & 6 in Rangoon under the sponsorship of the Health Ministry of theRevolutionary Govern- ment. The Seminar will discuss papers on the EDUCATION ABSTRACTS: BURMA. 32
the development of the indigenous medicineprepared by Burmese Sesayas (Burmesedoctors) and physicians who are practising indigenousmedicine and are well versed in traditional medicine. Medical exhibition room will also be openedduring the Seminar. 73. Col Hla Han willdeliver inaugural address at the Indigenous Medicine Seminar. ---Rangoon. Guardian 14(40)1. April 5, 1969. 280 words. Health and Education Ministerwill address the first ever IndigenousMedicine Seminar. About 1,000 delegates, observers and guestswill attend. The Seminar will be held for twodays and about 54 papers on curative,preventive and material aspect of the indigenous medicinewill be presented. Indi- genous MedicineExhibition will also be held. The Burma Medical Research Institute,the Burma Pharma- ceutical Industry and the Unionof Burma Applied Research Institute will alsopresent papers to be read at the Seminar. 74. Ayuvedic medicine show opens atRASU. --- Rangoon. Working Peoples Daily 6(91)1. April5, 1969. 160 words. An exhibition of Ayuvedicmedicine was held in a Hall of the Rangoon University; it washeld in connection with the Sesgya (Burmesedoctors) Seminar. The exhibits comprised 130 medicinal piimutb;130 kinds of medicinal ingredients and 15kinds of medicine. There were paintings and photographs relating to the history of nativemedicine. The Burma Medical ResearchInstitute would demonstrate the methods of storingdried plants and extractsdf essence from theseplants. EDUCATION ABSTRACTS: BURMA. 33
75. Nan, Col lila. Sesayas will be sentabroad for further studies. --- Rangoon. Working Peoples'Daily 6(92)1. April 6, 1969. 600 words In opening the first Seminar onIndigenous Medicine the Health and EducationMinister said that the Sesayas (burmese doctors) would beregistered and licesned if qualified by passingthe prescribed examinations. Indigenous Ayuverdic medicine had long been neglected. Government would provide special training in Ayuvedicmedicine. Former attempts at registration of theSesayas by laws of 1953 and 4,4121955 were not successful. Now re had qualified after four examinations. A School for Ayuvedic Medicine in Mandalay was nearingcompletion.
76. Admission of women in H Atraining courses advised. ---Rangoon. Working Peoples' Daily6(24)1. January 25, 1969. 500 words. Delegates to the Hetith ServicesSeminar discussed in three syndicates"Oo-operation in health pro- grammes andproblems", "Standardization of service at the hospitals" and"Training of auxiliary health personnel". In the course ofthediscussions the question of women's admission asPublic Health Assist- ant was discussed and theiradmission was recommend- ed. Various medicinal aspectsof "malaria eradica- tion", "anti-trachoma work", theanti-TB and BCG vaccination campaigns were alsodiscussed. On the question of Training ofauxiliary health service personnel suggestions weremade for opening more selection examination centresfor nurses and midwives. EDUCATION ABSTRACTS. BURMA. 34
77. Refresher Course in Medicine for Doctors. --- Rangoon Guardia* 13(326)1. January 27,1969. 250 words. A Refresher course in Medicine is now beibg held at the Burma Medical Association for doctors. Lectures are given at the course by specialists and experts and doctors who studied advanced technique abroad. A list of lectures and lecturers are mentioned.
78. State spends over K 10,000 to produce a doctor. - -- Rangoon. Working Peoples' Daily 6(14)1. January 15,1969. 200 words. Until his graduation, the State spends K 7,057.67 for each agricultural student, K 6,187.13 on an Arts and Science student, K 10,240.1U on a medical student and K 8,889.11 on am Engineering student. More than K 40,000,00 was spent in 1967-68 on educational facilities at the Universities and Institutions and the student body had increased to 40,356. The student population at Universities/ Institutes were: 1961-62 15,237 students. 1964-65 20,150 1965-66 25,047 1966-67 29,423 1967-68 32,039 1968-69 40,356 79. Dental Technology Expert for Burma. ---Rangoon. Guardian 14(32)1. March 27, 1969. 110 words. Mr. Arthur Rodney David Waghorn, of England, is coming to Burma to help train Burmese dentaltech- nicians; he will spend two years as instructor dental technician at the Rangoon Coolege of Dental Medicine. He has been recruited by the British Minis- try of Overseas Development under the technical co-operation scheme of the Colombo Plan. EDUCATION ABSTRACTS: BURMA. 35
80. Doctors complete firstever Orthopaedic Traumatic Surgery course held in the country. --- Rangoon Guardian 14(36)1. April 1, 1969. 180 words.
A training course in Orthopaedic andTraumatic Surgery was held for the first time inRangoon with the help of the Colombo Plan. Formerly doctors had to be trained abroad. More training courses would be given in future to increase the number of orthopaedics in the country. Seven doctors attended thy, course: they were from the iimputaut Defence Services General Hospital and the Rangoon General Hospital who had at least five years' service.
81. First training course in Orthopaedic ends. - -- Rangoon. Working Peoples' Daily. 6(87)1. April 1, 1969. 200 words. Seven doctors who attended a course in orthopaedic under the Colombo Plan arrangementswere given certificates. The Health Secretary said that doctors had to be sent abroad formerly forspe- cialist training in this subject. Thecourse just finished was the first to be organized locally. The course covered treatment of suchcases as were peculiar to Burma. The doctors who took the course, had * a minimum of five years' service each. Similar courses would be held to bring out more orthopaedists locally.
82. Aung, Lt-Col Thein. A doctor for 6,600 people in 1974.--- Rangoon. Working Peoples' Daily 6 e5)1. January 1, 1969. During the Health Services Seminar, the Health Secretary said that Budget allocations for medicines had been tripled in the past sixyears itax from K 10 million in 1962 to 30 million at present. There were 2,440 doctors in the country, about half EDUCATION ABSTRACTS: BURMA. 36
of them were under the Health Directorate. About 1,000 MK more doctors were needed to achieve the desired standard. By 1974, 2,400 doctors would be turned out, making a total of doctors in that year 4,800. Expecting the population to reach 32 million in that year, the nation will have a doctor for every 10160 6,600 persons - asuCticiently high standard in Asia.
Shan Orthography 83. Shan State Affairs Council appoints16-men Commission. ---Rangoon. Guardian 13(310)1. January 11, 1969. 280 words. A 16- member Commission appointed by the ShanState Affairs Council (SSAC) Chairman will compile a standard handbook for use by the Shans in writing their own language. A thorough search for ancient stone inscriptions, palm-leaf manuscripts and writings on parchment will be made for reference. TheCommission will also synchronize the Shan Grammar with the Burmese grammar to demonstratema the possibility of composing sentence usingcharac- ters and notations and to impart single soundto single alphabets in keeping with the requirementsof the times. 84. Commission holds 3-day discussions onstandardizing Shan Orthography. --- Rangoon Guardian13(313)1. January 14, 1969. 320 words. The Commission on standardizing the ShanOrthography held its first meeting in Taunggyi under the guid- ance of the Shan State AffairsCouncil Chairman. The Commission was to adopt a unified orthography for use by Shans and to prevent theShan literature from extinction and to promote Shan literature. The Commission would try to unify the different scripts and manner of writing into a singlesystem which would be taught at all schools in theState. EDUCATION ABSTRACTS: BURMA. 37
85. Shan Script to be adoptedwith peoples' approval - -- Rangoon. Working Peoples' Daily6(62)1. March 6,1969. 150 words. Shan State Council Chairmantold a meeting of the Commission that the Shan languagewill be taught at the schools only after anofficial version of the Shan orthography was adoptedwith peoples' approval. The Commission was formed todevelop the Shan language and preserve the Shanculture mmockka true to the belief of theRevolutionary Council on the question of nationalities. There were also speeches on the evolutionof the Shan language andthe need to evolve a language structurebuilt on systematic and grammatical principles. EDUCATION ABSTRACTS:BURMA. 38
V. MISCELLANEOUS
86. Za, P. A Pot ofPlain Tea. --- Rangoon. Working Peoples' Daily6(14)5. January15, 1969. 900 words. The sub-title is "TheFirst Burmese". The first compiler of anEnglish-Burmese dictionarywhich was firstpublished in Calcuttain 1841 by the Prince of Kekkhara;only two copies ofthe dictionary are believedextant. U Shwe Lu wasthe first Burmese doctor whograduated from BucknellUniversity and received hisMD degree fromCleveland Hospital in 1867, This andother firstBurmese are the subject of a book,Pahtma Myanma Mya byMin Yu Wei.
14(26)1. 87. National LiteracyAwards. ---Rangoon. Guardian March 21, 1969. 320 words. A new form ofliterary competitionfor the best literacy manuscriptsof various kindsfor the year will be introducedby the SarpayBeikman, in parallel with the competitionfor the NationalLeteracy Award this year. The NationalLeterary Award Com- cittee will selectthe best publishedbooks of eleven classes andwill awardsubstantial prizes for best them. Subjects forcompetition: best novel, collection of stories,best play, bestbelles-lettres, best childliterature, best book onBurmese national culture and art,best politicalbook, best book on scientific andtechnological knowledgeand best book on socialknowledge. EDUCATION ABSTRACTS: BURMA. 39
.aiscuosion with 88. Utihet4 DirectorGenevA holds another Education Jecretary. RanGoon. GwArdicAn14(45)1. 4.v11 10, 1969. 250 words. The visiting UNi!ZXActing Director Generalhad another discussionwith the iAlucationJecret,ry. y discussed teaching; ofscience, scientificrese:Jrcb, a6riculture, pre-vocationaltraining and. Utii; Notional matters awlthe study of traditional Burmese Art andCulture. The Acting Director- General undertook tosend books and necessarye,rluil mentto be used in theLiteracy Uami,aign beinL, carried out in thecountry«
89. Course on Jiurmeseoffered at AlaericanUniversity. --- Rangoon. Guardian13(350)1. Vebruary 21,1969. 250 words. A new course enBurma and its Historyis being, offered at AaericanUniversity in ''liashingtonD.C. by .0r. RichardButwell who explainedthat the 3:*adut,J,o level seminar indepth on Burma dealswith "The 14mergence ofriiodern Burma", geographyof Burma,, the ilistory, the historicevolution of the Burmese kingdom anithe British colonialperiod. The Burmese i.ajir toJocialism is alsostudied and other documents that giveperspective on theevolution of contemporary Surma. 9. Win, GeneralRe. Chairman underscoresEducation of keasantry. --- Rangoon.Guardian 14(8)1.march 2, 1969. 3,000 words. In an address at thefinal day of thefirst meeting of the CentralPeoples' Peasants CouncilGeneral Ne Win mentioned the needfor education, ofthe peasantry, especially for knowledge,right thinking and sense of fair play. He urged the peasantsto take an active part in thePeasants' Council, shoulder any responsibility and workeonsci4ntionsly in the EDUCATION ABSTRACTS: BURMA. 40
country's interest. As pesants were devoting all their time to eke out an existence, they had no time to enrich their knowledge. As they were poor they could not they could not send their children to school. The peasants should be educated to form a proper attitude towards other sections of society.
91. Summer Course on speaking of Foreign Languages. - -- Rangoon. Guardian 14(13)1. March 8, 1969. 120 words. A summer condensed course on foreign language speaking will be opened by the Foreign Language Institute from March 25 to May 3. Government employees, postpgraduate students and others can apply. Classes will be held every day from 5.30 p.m. to 7.30 p.m.
92. Burma. Home Minister issues Memorandum regarding retiring age of 60. --- Rangoon. Guardian 14(31) 1. March 26, 1969. 150 words. The Ministry of Home Affairs has issued a Memoran- dum in connexion with the extension of age of com- pulsory retirement from 55 to 60 years and the qualifying service from 25 to 30 years. it was fur- ther stated that national health of the peopbe had greatly improved and Government servants who had attained 55 years of age were generally capable of goving further service. If the experienced and mature Government servants were permitted to retire at 55, it would be a loss to the state. The new rule would take effect from 11th March 1969. EDUCATION ABSTRACTS:BURMA. 41
93. Union of Burma Journalof Science and Technology. Vol. I. No. 2. ---Rangoon. Research Development and Co-ordination Committee. August 1968. 379 pages. There are twenty articlesin English under the headings: Chemistry,Earth Science, Engineering, Industry, Mathematicsand Physics. The articles are reproductionsof research papers readat the 1968 Research Congressheld in Rangoon. Training. --Rangoon. 94.Han, Maung Min. C0 -eds' Military Forward 7(11). January 15,1969 p. 17-20.
An account of militarytraining given to school girls from two StateHigh Schools in Rangoon. A demonstration of the militarytraining was given at the annual Sports meetof the schools. The course began on Nov. 7 andended on December 27,1969 and it was the firstmilitary training given toschools. The basis militarytraining is now a part ofthe new educationalsystem which offersall trainees opportunity for all rounddevelop0ment.
Editorials 95. The 10th standardexamination. ---Rangoon. Working Peoples' Daily 6(72)1. March16, 1969. 400 words.
The number of studentsappearing for the 10th standard examination hasbeen increasing from 57,372 in 1967 to 68,863in 1968 and 82,693students in 1969. At this rate thenumber might be 100,000 next year. This increase with asound basic educa- tion is a boon for futuredevelopment. However, the number of failuresis a cause for great concern. In 1967 in the RangoonDivision 68 students outof every 100 failed. It is no better forthe rest of the country. The question is howand why have these pupils been allowed to getpast the examinersat lower levels? Thisquestion must be answeredand counter measures mustbe taken. EDUCATION ABSTRACTS: BURMA. 42 96. To make teaching profession attractive. --- Rangoon. Guardian. 14(38)4. April 3, 1969. 900 words. The Education Department announced that 5,000 more teachers in schools would beappointed. Teachers play a leading role in all socialist coun- tries and they must lead the rising generationsin correct thinking. Teachers must have dynamic per- sonalities to accomplish their tasks. But the actual picture is a faded copy of the original.Also the teaching profession is dominated by womenteach- ers. To become a Senior AssistantTeacher, it takes five years to qualify and the first appointmentis on the scale of K200-10-300. After about ten years he may be promoted to the scale of K330-15-450. On the other hand, his contemporariesin other depart- ments may be on higher scale of pay. In spiteof budget difficulties ways and means must be found to improve the lot of teachers. 97. Is University Education a luxury? --- Rangoon.Guardian 14(58)4. April 25, 1969. 680 words. The yearly increase in the student populationin the Universities poses the question: Do weneed so many university graduates?University Education is expensive and many of the graduates cannot be useful- ly employed. The cost per capita of University Edu- cation is estimated at about K 10,000. The profit for this kaimAkim investment is minimal. The graduates are not much better than high school products at their work. The aim of Government is to restrict higher education only to those who show potentialities to benefit by it. It may be desirable to cut down the in-take of 14,441444e university students. Workers should be allowed to takeUniver- sity examinations as external students. EDUCATION ABSTRACTS;BURMA.
98. Problems of educated unemployed. ---Rangoon. Guardian 14(53)4. April 20, 1969. 850 words. With the increase of population andincreased number of graduates from universities,colleges and institutes and high schools the problem ofemploy- ment has become a seriousproblem. The problem of educated unemployed is a moreserious problem be- cause they are unfittedfor any other jobs than the white collaned ones. Emphasis on science and tech- nology has produced moretechnicians. Can they be provided with jobs? Theseeducated unemployed must be re-educated so that theywould go to the fields and factories as workers. They would have to shed all the vestiges of petitebourgeois mentality and identify themselves withthe working class.
99..ARTICLES BA, Dr. U. Education inBritish Burma. --- Rangoon. Guardian. March 20,1969. 2,000 words.
A brief survey of theEducational Policy of the British Government since itfirst annexation of Burma in 1824. The patternof schools in England in those days was adoptedin India and Burma and the policy laid down byMacaulay and Sir Charles Wood's Despatch of 1884 was carried outin the construction and administrationof education in Burma. This policy guided theformulation of plans for the establishmentof the University of Rangoon in 1920. The University was boycotted by the people because theywanted a federal type of University. EDUCATION ABSTRACTS: BURMA. 114
1000 BA, Dr. U. Literacy Campaigns. ---Rangoon.
Guardian. April 19, 1969. 1,900 words.
Literacy campaigns have been started in Burma
since 1966 to wipe out illiteracy in Burma. UNESCO
has promised to assist in the campaioign with books
and equipment. The programme for such a campaign was discussed, pointing out the importanceof right basic tools such as the reading texts and follow-up literature. The methods of teaching developed by Dr. Laubach and Jimmy Yen in his rmrkt.st 1. Chinese campaigns were described. The best/seems to be a Community Development Plan in whichfimx
Literacy is only one objective. ( COPY)Education Abstracts Burma
SPECIAL SECTION
TECHNICAL AND VOCATIONALSCHOOLS IN BURVA 45 EDUCATION! ABSTRACTSleBURIMAk
SPECIAL SECTION
Technical and Vocational Schools
101. Burma. Report of theSub-committee on New Technical Edueational Requirements for Burma. ---Rangoon. Processed. September 3m 1952. 28 p. The Committee found no specialadvantage was to be gained by consolidating all phasesof technical Education in one common area; it therefore recom- mended the construction of a newEngineering College on or near theuniversity campus adjacent to the present engineering college. Recommendations were made for the training ofengineers below the pro- fessional level, such as sub-professionalengineers and skilled trade workers. The required staff and budget for the new College were givenin the Report.
102. Finch, Rogers B. A Report on aSurvey of Technical and Professional Education in Burma. ---Rangoon. Processed. March 28, 1952. 24 p. This is a report on the feasibilityof associating the Massachusett's Institute ofTechnology with the Faculty of Engineering of the Universityof Rangoon. The Report contains summaries ofrecommendations for activity which will lead to thedevelopment of inter- related and inter-dependentaspects of technical and professional education and ofindustrial research. Contents of the Report: Summariesof recommendations. Introduction. ProfessionalEducation in Industrial Management. Professional Educationin Applied Sciences and Engineering.Sub-professional Technolo- gical Training. Research &Development.Conclusion. EDUCATION ABSTRACTS ig BILPRIP44Ah 46
103. Groves, Edwin D. In-Service TrainingProgram, Indus- trial Arts Education. 1954. ---Rangoon. Processed. May 1954. 6 p. The STEM Industrial Arts Specialistsubmitted a Report on the In-service TrainingProgramme with three-fold objectives: Industrialteachers to re- view teaching methods and learn newshop skills; students to get training on acomprehensive basis in various shop areas, and anucleus of teacher educators to continue shop work andin a teacher Seminar. Contents of the Report: Objectives of Course; Course content; coursetime-schedule; Course outline and Teacher educationSeminar. The Course is to be held from April 9 to May24, 19054.
104. Burma. Final Report on TechnicalEducation in Burma prepared by the Israel Mission. ---Jerusalem. State of Israel, Ministry of Labour. June1955. 22p.
After surveying existing facilities,the Mission made recommendations relating tothe following points: The task of Primary andMiddle School Edu- cation in Relation to TechnicalEducation; Appren- ticeship; Artisan Westing TrainingCentres; Voca- tional High Schools; TechnicalInstitutes; Admission to Degree Courses inEngineering; On-the-job training for semi-skilled workers;Elementary Technical Training for Adult Workers;The Training of Foremen; Vocational Guidance;Israeli Vocational Teachers & Lecturers for Burma andTraining of Burmese Vocational Teachers inIsrael.
105. Burma. The Report ofthe Technical, Agriculture and Vocational Education Committee. ---Rangoon. Govern- ment Printing and Stationery.1956. 134 p. The Committee was appointed tostudy the field of technical, agricultural andother types of voca- tional education and to reportwith a comprehensive EDUCATION ABSTRACTS BURMAk 47
long-term plan. After making a survey of man power requirements in industry andagriculture and existing facilities fortraining in these subjects, the Committee maderecommendations on Technival, Agricultural and VocationalEducation, Recruitment, Training of Teachers forTechnical, Vocational and AgriculturglEducation and on VocationalGuidance.
106. UNESCO. Special Report onTechnical and Vocational Education. In: Report of theMission to Burma. - -- Paris UNESCO. 1951. 58-70 p. The Mission recommendedthe appointment of aDirector of Technical Educationand an Advisory Boardfor Technical and VocationalEducation. Based on faci- lities already availablein Burma, the Mission made recommendations forimproved effectiveness of these facilities and anexpanded programme in all fields of technical andvocational education. The Mission also sounded a warningthat the number of students trained should bethe actual number of such trained persons actuallyneeded for available jobs. 107. Phayre, Lt. Col A.P. Industrial School. In: Report 2 on theAdministration of the Provinceof Burma for 1862-63. --- Rangoon TheMission Press. 1863. p.22 This is the first report onthe administration of British Burma by the ChiefCommissioner and Agent to the GovernorGeneral of India. The Report mentioned that during1862, grants-in-aid tothe "Anglo-vernacular normal andindustrial school, Bassein" was sanctioned byGovernment. This is the earliest mention of anindustrial and normal school after the British conquestof Burma in 1962 and 1952. EDUCATION ABSTRACTSwBURMAi. 48
108. Burma. Technical and IndustrialEducation: In: Sixth Quinquennial Reporton Public Im4ue4mk--- Instruction in Burma 1917-18 to 1921-22.- -- Rangoon. Government Printing Burma. 1923. 44-53 p.
The Report deals with Institutionsfor Technical & Vocational Instruction, schoolsproviding both general and technical training witha vocational bias; technical instruction given in ordinaryschools for general education and schools forDefectives. The following schools were mentioned;- Government Engineering School, Insein; Saunders' Weaving Institute atAmarapura, King Edward Memorial Technical School at Akyab; The MoulmeinTrade School; Commercial Schools in Rangoon andMandalay; The Seventh Day Adventist School atMeiktila; the DelaSalle Institute at Twante.
109. Burma. Vocationa, Professionaland Technical Education. In: Annual Report on PublicInstruction in Burma for 1928-29.--- Rangoon. Government Printing and Stationery. 1929. 161-19 p. There six aided Vernacular Normal schoolsand three Government normal schools forthe training of Verna- cular and Anglo- vernacular Primaryand Middle schools. The Government Technical Schoolat Insein is offering courses in Civil and Mechanical Engineering,as well as evening classes. Agricultural education ispro- vided inGovernment Central Farmsand at the aided A.B.U. School, Pyinmana. The DeLaSalleInstitute, Twante, offers courses in Rubber plantation,engineer- ing and poultry forming. The Saunders'Weaving Insti- tute, Amarapura, provides comprehensivetraining in two courses. There are alsoa number of Government Accountancy classes, Survey and CommercialSchools. CDUCATIONI ABSTRACTS BURMAh 49
110. Ibid. In: Annual Report on Public Instruction in Burma, for 1938-39. --- Rangoon. GovernkentPrinting and Stationery. 1939. 24-35 p. For the training of Junior AssistantTeachers for Anglo-vernacular schools there was the University Teachers' Training College, Rangoon. There werealso 3 Kindergarten Classes and 13 VernacularNormal Se Schools. A Central Training Institute for thetrain- ing of vernacular teachers is being planned.There were 13 Elementary TrainingClasses for vernacular Primary teachers. The work of Government Technical Institute, Insein, Saunders' Weaving Institute, Government Lacquer School, Pagan andSurvey Schools at Shwebo are mentioned. As regards vocational and pre-vocational education in English and Anglo- vernacular and vernacular schools, 30 schools pro- vided instruction in Slojd, Doe Drawing in97 A-V. & English schools and 764 vernacularschools. 111. Ibid. In: Pyinnyayay Thane. 1956-57Khuhnit Atwet Hnit- choke Asiyin Khansar. (Burmese )+ EducationDepartment Report for 1956-57. --- Rangoon. GovernmentPrinting and Stationery. 1959. 4-5 p. Existing schools: Middles Schools - There are2 Junior Trade schools with 270 students; oneRangoon Technical school (60 students); 2 Agricultural schools (200 students), 2 AgriculturalHigh Schools (200 students). High Schools - One Agricultural High School (360 students); 2 StateTeachers Train- ing Colleges and 4 State Teachers'Training Insti- tutes with a total of 2,109 students. For High School Graduates, there are one AgriculturalInsti- tute and two Technical Institutes(664 students). EDUCATION ABSTRACTS BURMAb 50
112. Teacher Training Schools. --- Rangoon. Working Peoples' Daily 5(193)1. July 22, 1968. 130 words. A teacher training school to conduct two-year course is to be opened at Sagaing. In June this year, another training school was opened at Prome, bring- ing the total teacher training schools in the country to eleven. The other schools are at: Rangoon, Moulmein, Taunggyi, Myitkyina, Leiktila, Toungoo, Kyaukpyu, Bassein and Thegon.
113. Burma. Government Technical Institute, Insein.- -- Rangoon. Rangoon Gazette Ltd. (No date) Circa 1957? 17 1). This is a Prospectus of the Institute with an Introduction by theMinister of Education. It offers a three-year course of practical study and practical training leading to a Diploma of Associate in En- gineering. Courses: Building Construction Technology, Electrical Power Technology, Electronics Technology, Highway, Railway and Manual Construction Technology, Marine Tool and Design Technology, Mining and Steam, and Diesel Power and Heavy Equipment Technology. Graduates of High School Final e.& or Matriculation are eligible for admission.
114. Taunggyi Technical School to begin class,--- Rangoon. Rangoon. Working Peoples' Daily 5(153)1. June 10, 1968. 600 words. A technical school has been built in the Shan State capital of Taunggyi under the Colombo Plan. It was a K 1.2 million project. The school will provide practical training in : woodwork, plumbing, motor- mechanics, masonary, electrical engineering, welding, building and machinery fitting. CDUCATIOM ABSTRACTS N BURMA/
115. 535 students admitted to the Government Technical Institute. --- Rangoon. Guardian 13(234)1. October 24, 1968. 100 words. The names of 535 students were published for the admission to the first year studies at the Govern- ment Technical Institute for 1968-69 inthe following courses:- Civil engineering,Electrical Communica- tions, Electrical (Power), Mechanical(Power), Mechanical (Design) and Mining.
116. State Agriculture Inxtitute. ---Rangoon. Rangoon Gazette Ltd. No date (Circa 1957)? 33 p. This is a bi-lingual booklet with an Introduction by the Minister of Education, giving details of the staff, Calendar for the year 1957-58,History of the Institution, qualifications for admission and description of courses. There are photoillus- trations of the activities of the school. The courses are for two years eachand successful stu- dents awardedDiploma in Agriculture. Graduates of the High School Final or Matriculation Examination are eligible for admission. 117. Burma. Setmhu Letmhu A-thet-tan Kyaung Lan Hnyun, (Burmese) Technival High School Guide, --- Rangoon. Sarpay Beikman Press 1962. 36 p. The book is entirely in Burmese containing illustra- tions of students' activities in and outside the class rooms. Graduates of Middle Schools ( 7th standard) are eligible for admission. Nine courses are offered: Motor Mechanics,Building Construction, Diesel Engineering, Electrical, Smelting, Elec- tronics, Metal work and Machine tool, Welding and Blacksmithy. MDUCAT1014 ABSTRACTS BURMA 52
118. Weaving Schools being raised to State Weaving High Schools.--- Rangoon. Guardian13(89)1. May 29, 1968. 380 words. Seven district weaving schools under the Directorate of Industries will be raised to State Weaving High Schools. Until 1967 one-year courses were offered but last year they were suspended temporarily. Now two-year courses are offered leading to a Certificate in Weaving.
119. Burma. Music and Drama School produces over 300 artistes in 15 years. --- Rangoon. Guardian 13(190)1. September 9, 1968. 200 words.
The State School of Music and Drama in Rangoon has produced more than 300 qualified singers and dancers during the 15 years since its soundation in 1952. The school was opened to provide voca- tional education to the nations's young talent and to preserve the traditional culture. The school has now 77 students instructed by 20 teachers headed by a Principal. (COPY) APPENDIX ARTICLES BYDR. U BA BURMA 1. EDUCATIONIN BRITISH 2. Literacycampaigns. ********************************** This section maybe removed ************************************** Thursday, March 20,1969 THEGUARDIAN in BritishBurma 49Education By DR. BA theChurch ABritish Civil Servantonce familyor to merchants of the last through special institutionsof India Company. As the years wrote that literacyrate in through as great Public Schools or passed thepeople inIndia Burmawasthrice societiessuch as theSociety and Burma yearned to create a widespread as inIndia owing Christian but for the Promotion of new system to meettheir own to monasticschools, Knowledge founded in 1699. peculiar needs and problems. Burma washalf acentury that cameinBur- higher The idea at that time was The climax behind inthe education was no businessof ma in 1920 with the When the Univer- period1800- UniversityStrike. education founded the State. The Rangoon sity of Rangoonwas 1833 was a period ofphilan- The 1920 strike is a in 1920, there wereonly 400 Thesocial turning point, not only in the with thropicefforts. Burmesegraduates, all theory was that poverty was history of education in Burma, . rule Indiandegrees.British a permanentcondition and the but also in political sphere as inBurma beganin Arakan class lines were rigid. the beginning of resistance to afterthe. and Tenasserim struggle foreign rule. war of1824, Whatpolicy did Butparliamentary follow in education developedduringthisper- Theconflictbetweenthe the British of people and government had a fromthis date to iod leadingto the passing in Burma granting counterpartinIndia.The 1920 thatleft Burmabehind theLaw of 1833, education and £20,000,thefirst govern- Court of Directors of the East India in higher Eng- India Company, drawing their what was itspolicy in general ment aid to education in the peopleunder land. Inthe same year inspiration from England education for Law where Parliament itself itsrule? For the answerwe France also passed the first to Englandof 1833 which was thereal did nothing to educate the Eng- ;have to look beginning of elementary educa- lish people, refusedto recog- and I nd ia.. tion in France. nize any obligation on itspart British Pattern In England,thesuccessive for education. In India, the earl- Acts of 1869 and 1870 which ier Hindu and Muslim rulers had education among Burma cameunder the ruleled to the beginning of national encouraged India Company its subjects. In Burma too there of the East education with the creationof were monasticschools for the thewars of1824, Act after Arakan local Board Schools, an people. 1852 and 1885. of 1871 broadened the scopeof Later the East India Company and Tenasserimwere ceded first warof 1824,government responsibilityin ha dto accept responsibility for after the theeducation. Finally the FisherAct theeducation ofIndians un- Pegu wasannexed after process of 1852 and of 1902 completed the der the Charter Act of 1813, second war of State control in education. whichalso authorized the ad- finally, Upperpurmaafter 1885. It shouldbe When the Britishcontrolled missionofmissionariesfor the war of the policy India and Burma, they spreading Western'lightand remembered that tointroduce knowledge'. This was the begin- in Burmaand naturallytried followed shaped bythe a cheap imitation ofning of the State system of India was their British educational education in India and Burma social, politicaland educational inten- in contem- system, howeverwell under the British rule. developmentsEngland. Up tothe tioneditmight have been. porary England left Also we mustremember 'Oak 19th century, that atfirst the rulers were I all educationaleffort either to 2 Fi Iteration Theory , The systemofeducation "During the past year a proposed above became The Act of 1813was fol- a pat- satisfactory advance has been tern of schools in Indiawhich made in the several schools lowed by intensecontroversy later was introducedgradully between two schools of thought. in Burma when Arakan in British Burmah supported The first was representedby and by missionary zeal.This is Tenasserim came underBritish more especially thecase in Macaulay,who believedin ruse under the Treatyof Yan- thesubstitution of West- dabo on February 24,1826. thedivisionof Pegu...... ern Culture and who In the meantime, The Government School at desired a class of persons who some mis- Rangoon showed no improve- sionaries hadalready arrived It would, ashewrote in his in Burma and ment duringtheyear. famous Minute, "be a class of started work. It has since the close ofthe shouldbenoted thatAdo- year been discontinued, and persons, Indian in blood and niram Judsonacted colour, but Englishin tastes, as an- further notice ofitappears interpreter duringthe negoti- unnecessary". in opinions,inmorals,and ationsforthe This Treatyof in intellect". is known Yandabo. ThefirstBaptist Phayre found the monastic in educationalcircles as convert amongst theKarens and lay schools in Burma inter- the "Filteration Theory" was in 1828. The esting and sought the sanction which would result in the above Baptist missionaries, Messrs Wade of the Government of India to class of educated persons "toand Mason, reduced the make these schools the basis refine the vernacular dialects Sgaw of a national system of edu- ofthecountry....and to cation in Burma.His sugges- render them by degrees Karen languagetowriting, tion was accepted; thus the ver- fit vehiclesfor conveying andthe Pwo Karen Mission nacular system of education in knowledge to thegreat mass was startedinBasseinin Burma was introduced officially. of the population". This school 1849. The historyofthe However, itis worthwhileto, consisted mostly of missiona- Catholic Burmese Mission note thatthefirstedition ries. The other school began probably in the of theVernacularEducation believedina synthesisof year 1721withthearrival Code was published only in the Eastern andWestern in Burma of the Barnabite Fa- 1932nearly one hundred years thers. Generally allthese Mis- cultures.It consistedof the la ter ! of theCom- sions startedschools attheir older servants FirstEducation Dept. pany. headquarters. On December 20, 1852 Lord The Education Department Wood's Despatch Dalhou%ie annexed Pegu by pro- in Burma was established in clamation. Then Arakan, Tenas- 1866, and in 1867 Mr. Peter These conflicts were set at serim and Pegu divisions Holden. an officer of the Edu- restbythefamous Wood's wereamalgamated intothe cation Department of Bengal, Despatch of 1854. Sir Charles Provinceof Burma in 1862. was specially selected by Lieut- Wood, thePresidentof the Previously PeguandTenas- Gen.AlbertFytche, 'Chief Board of Control in England, serim divisionswere under Commissioner of British Bur- sent a despatch tothe Gov- the controlof the supreme mah. and Agent to the Viceroy ernment of India, themain Government ofIndia while and Governor-General of objects beingthe extensionofArakan was controlled by the India',and appointed to the European knowledge through- Lieutenant-Go\ ernor of Bengal. postofDirectorof Public out all classes of thepeople, However, the new Province Instruction. The Education by meansof the English of Burma wasplaced under Department in 1 8 6 7 language in the higherbran- thecontrolof the Gov- consistedof theDirector of chesof instruction,and by ernmentof India. Sir Arthur that of the Vernacular languages Phayre was appointed the first of India to the great mass of Chief Commissioner with head- the people. quarters in Rangoon. In his first Departments of PublicIn- administrativeReportof the struction were to be established. Province ofBritishBurmah Universities were to be estab- for 1862-63 Sir Arthur noted: lished for the encouragement of higherlearning.Grant-in-aid system was also to he introduc- ed.Religiousinstructionin Government schools was bann- ed: 3 PublicInstruction, one clerk and one peon only. . Ilene agencies Early. in the beginning of the After1871,theOffice of twentieth century therewas a Chief Commissionerwas held By 1880, three different awn. change inthe policy of the for the next quarter ofa century cies for the spread of educatiot Government. A greatmove- by a succession ofmen who had grew up is India as a result of ment for school reform began been trained in India and were the implementation of the pro-'' in England andthe effects expecting to return there on visions of Wood's allocation of.this trend were also pro raotion.These were the Despatcli.of MIN. These were: in Indian Educational Policy. men who administererd Burma mission schools and colleges; The Indian education Depart- and who administered education education institudons organized ments new beganto put 'also.It would not be wrong by the Education Departments; "efficiency" first, and "expan- to say thateducation policy and private schools and institu- sion" next,that is,quality was "Made in India". tions.These were competing rather than quantity. But An outstandingrepresenta- for supremacy and an Indian Indianopinion, shared by Bur- Education Commission was 1 tiveof the above group of mans also, felt that expansion, officers, for examrle,was Sir appointed in 1882 to decide the not efficiency, ought to be put Charles Croswaite, who officiat- best method of spreading edu- first as Government education- cation ed as Chief Commissioner during inIndia.The Com- al policy. mission recommended that pri- 1883-84, but returned to Burma inMarch vate enterprise in education 1887. He entered should be encouraged by Gov- Birth of Rangoon University the Bengal Civil Service in 1857 ernment.During the next20 aid after serving for16 years years agreatdevelopment During this controversy, plans in responsible posts in various of private schools and college were made for the University part: of India he was appointed took place during 1880-1900. of Rangoon. On 19th Aped to Burma.While in Burma he 1917, Mr. Fisher, the Education had the full confidence of Lord ; In Burma the Educational Syndicate was formed in1881 Minister, made a speech in the Dufferin and was knighted in to manage and control all British House of Commons in 1888.He left Burma in Octo- which he said, "...The Burma ber 1890 to join the Governor- school examinations.In 1867- 68 there were 4 Government University Committee... have General's Council as Home 13 Private just completed their most Member. Middle Schools, schools for boys, and S private arduous labour in framinga It is thus-clear that in those schools for girls and 7 Normal most useful and practical scheme days education policy in Burma Schbols for. the training of for University studies... What as well as other policies were we particularly rejoice at isthe executed by officers who gained teachers.There were also 156 private schools of "lower class". satisfactory compromise offered their experience in India and between the claims of the older applied the policy of Govern- The work of the Education Department was extended to Universities of Oxford, Cam- ment of India, 'and after the bridge,Edinburgh, Bombay, term Upper Burma only in .1889. of service in Burma was London University- -Model Calcutta and Madras and the over they were promoted to As regards higher educationprominence accordedtothe India if the policy hadbeen Burmese Language and Literature rsuocessfully" carried out. in India, paragraph 25 of Wood's Despatch of 1854 recommended as a subjectof study".With that the LondonUniversity this blessing the University of should be taken as a model for Rangoon was born in 1920. Indian Universities, because We become masters ofour the form, government, and the own destinyonly whenon functions of the University were 4th Janury 1948 we became ftee best adapted to the wants toandsovereign. India. 410111111.11111.111 THURSDAY, MARCH 20, 1969 Saturday,April19, 1969 THE GUARDIAN IhrairWAAAAAAAPIAWIPIOMMAAOWNIVIAOWN0WarWo *. . ,. LITERACY,CAMPAIGNS jis very heartening to read In 1966the United Nations L aboutthemounting of Development P r o g r a rn na e Follow-up Literature massive campaigns to eradicate (UNPD) allocated nearly illiteracy in Burma. Burma has $3,800,000 to literacy projects It isrecognized thatnewly a reputation for a high literacy to be implemented by UNESCOliterate people will soon lapse rate among its population but inAlgeria,Iran and Mali.into illiteracy if thereis no there are about9.1 million Later,another amountoffollow-up literature,that is, illiterate people in Burma ex- $2,350,300was allocatedforbooks,magazines,etc. in cluding children under six years similar projects in Ecuador andsimple language for the of age. In the age group 15- Tanzania. In a statement madem newliterates. This is a 55, 43 per cent of the entire by Mr. Rene Maheu, the Direc-specialised. work and not .any population canneither read tor - GeneralofUNESCO,book will do. norwriteand the rate isUNPD hadalsoapproved higher in rural areas. This situ- in 1967 sixliteracy pilot pro- A UNESCO Regional Semi- ationcalledforamassive jectsatacostofmorenar was heldinRangoon attack and thefirst campaignthan seven and a half millionduringOctober 28 Novem- against illiteracy was launched dollars.All these projects areber 30, 1957 on the nationwidein1966 at 2,530geared to the industrial andsubjectof"Publishingfor classes in 235 townships, attend- agricultural development oper-the New Reading Audience". ed by 173,713 personsunder itions. Thistypeof literacyIt is an important Seminar. At 21,930 volunteer teachers. The work is known as "Functionalthat period, U Htin Gyi, now second campaign was held dur- literacy".An "Internationalof Sarpay Beikman, was work- ing the summra of 1967 at 3,691 Literacy Day" was celebrateding at UNESCO Headquarters centres,attendedby22,462 by all UNESCO member-Statesas a Programme Specialist for adults and taught by28,094 on September 8, 1967.A $ 5,000about 2-1/2 years. It fell to his volunteer teachers. This prize for an outstanding con-lot to make a detailed pros- year the work isconcentratedtribution toadultliteracypectus, arrangedforworking in Meiktila. District as a mass work was awarded to the pupilspapers and made consultations movementtotesttechniquesof the Girls' Secondary Schoolwith other specialists on the and organization and; if success-in Tabora, Tanzania. subject and returned to Burma ful, the same campaign will be extended throughout the coun- I do not know thecurrenttohelp in the Seminar. The try. programme of UNESCO assist-keynote of the Seminarwas this ance, but it doestake an in-statement in the report: U. N. E .S.C.O. terestin literacy 'projectsin member-States. "For the past 12or 15 years From a Press statement I am therehavebeenextensive glad to learn that Deputy-Direc- Basic Tools campaigns to raiseliteracy tor GeneralDr. Malcolm S. levelsin countries with Adiseshiah,an oldfriend of The basic tools in a literacy large percentages of illiter- mine from the early days of atepeople. As many of campaign are the Adult Read- these UNESCO work in Burma, has er, Follow-up Literature, campaigns have dev- promised assistance in the Form Charts and equipmentto be eloped, it has become obvious: of books and teaching aid for that literacyis not an end used in teaching. l understand initself; theanti-illiteracyeradication that over 80.000 of the Adult- people must read campaign now under way in worthwhile literaturewith ( Burma. Perhaps this is only a Reader (aDoSEI: gir)0030,) theskillthatthey have token assistance, as the books in students' and teachers' edia attained. A greatproblem anct teaching, aid in a foreign tions Wan been distributed in has beenthescarcity or. language will be of no use in thecurrentcampaign.Also materials suitable for thenew Burma. I hope that more sub- Collections' of Storie,:.. t5v-,;;IcAs literate in terms of reading . stantialaid,as inother 0?0633Y) a 010eSAteS 3 It j ditficulty and interms of con= tentinteresting to thisau-, countries,might becoming have been published. la ter. diet ce:" As a result of the Seminar, Dr.Laubach came to Sarpay Beik Man began publica- Rangoon fora fewweeks' familiarsongisintroduced tionof a!Triesof simple stay inRangoon during May afterthefirst few lessons books- -a New Lifeseries- 1951 to demonstrate his method have beenmastered. Accord- priced at 25 pyas only.Prob- of teaching in the campaigns ingto this "Each one ably it has been discontinued. for literacy.Withso much Teachone"method, every If so, the desirability of reviv- experiencesbehindhim. he house, tree or roadside ing publication would be worth- attackedthe problem of Bur- may become a school,at any while to study. mese lessonswith confidence. time of the day or night This He was assisted by a group of is the essence of Dr. Laubach's Adult Reader teachersin Rangoonbut his method of teaching. which is familiaritywithIndian and'reported to be very successful in Readerfor Adults isa other languages enabled him to many countries of the woi Id. different kind of book from the master theintricaciesof the Readers used in Infant classes Burmese alphabet and vowels Jimmy Yen orbeginners' classes in school. without much difficulty. I saw Physiological and psychological o: ply a fewof his lessons factors in a child and an adult when he contacted mefor help The first Literacy campaign, are different and suchdifferen- in makingphotographic wax which laterdevoloped into ces must be taken into accotuit stencils of his lessons foruse asuccessfulMass Education in`'designing "repeat"de- on ordinary office duplicators. Movement, inAsia afterthe signing"Adult Readers.The I must admit his genius in devi- First World War in 1914 seems adults lean upon their reason- sing pictures and memory helps to havetaken place in ing powers morethan chil- in hislessons. Hewas also China. This work had been so dren do and lean less heavily on planning Reading Charts. Bur- inspiring and successfulthat their memories. In adult educa- mese Alphabet -and the 'Thin- ithad been described as an tion classes in the United States, bongyi' method are extremely instrument for forging a better the story method, thatis,the easy to makeinto"Chain people, a better humanity, and §entence method isingeneral charts". the newest gift to civilization. use but experience in numerous The movement began humbly literacycampaigns elsewhere Each one Teach one in France atter World War I has discovered that the phonetic when Jimmy Yen,a Yale student method inassociationwith The method of teaching in turned YMCA worker, started picturesis more effective. It is our literacy campaigns is the Wafting illiterate Chinese coolies possibletomake a setof same as we use in our schools, in France a modified simple lessonsthat are easyto that is, group teaching in a class. system of Chinesecharacters. memorize andthat enable The Laubach method, on the The coolieseasily learned the anadult, by exertinga other hand, is an individual me- new characters, could read and little reasoning power,. to, read thod,, because one pupil is taught even write letters home. When anything thathe or she has at one time, and every learner he got back to China, Jimmy already been able to speak in- becomes ateacher afterhe andhis friends organized tell igently. knows thefirst lesson,N teach- the Mass Education Movement ingothers beforelearning with the eradication of illiter- Dr. Laubach the second lesson. Each acy being the firstobjective. lesson is short, easyto His voluntary workwasso Dr. Frank C. Laubach isa learnandeasy toteach. successful in Chinathat well-known pioneerinadult As the student learns UNESC'0 urged Yen to extend literacy campaigns and ithas to read he also learns to write. his work to the world field. been claimed that as a result of As a framework for memory, his teaching methods, more than three or four common keywords Burma sixtymillion people speaking are used, containing the conso- 200differentlanguagesand nantsfollowedby a vowel. to Immediately afteiIndepen- dialects have learned Each syllable appears five times dence in 1948, a Mass Educa- readin their own' language in short words and sentences. designing of tion Council was formed to or dialect.The so that it can berecognized plan, organize and launcha Adult Readers mentioned above wherever it may occur.A was advocated andused by Dr. scheme ofMassEducation Laubach in his campaigns. Movement with the central ob- jectiveof eradicating illiteracy. Burma is a country of villages.. Of her people some 85 per cent Community Development Literacy is only the first step live ;invillages andon the for raising the living standard land.Hence hereconomic Community Development isof the people.Itshouldbe and social peoblems arc basic- a process of stimulating the en-merged into a comprehensive ally rural and agricultural. The thusiasm of local groups, suchCommunityProjectto pro- work of the Council was, there- as a village or a communityvideknowledge, vocational fore, concentrated more in the and using the new spirit for eco-skills, guidance and various fac- countr:?sitte thanintownc. nomic and social improvementilities for the betterment of the of themselves and their coun-life and work of the commun- Functional Literacy try. It should be rememberedity. Inthisway people may that Community Development is not a specific project in areach the fulfilment of the ideals Ithas been saidthat given fieldsuch as,forex-of the Socialist State. illiteracy byitself is no great ample, agriculture,health or bane, and literacy by itself is no education.Another name for *great boon To provide motiva- itisMass Education Move- tion inliteracyclasses,the ment, but Community Develop- content of the material mentis a more appropriate used in teachingreading and name because projects in many writing is related to the people's relatedfieldsareconceived, needs and interests. The know- planned and executed by all ledge the people gained should departments concerned. stimulate their desire to improve and control theconditions in whichthey live. The first It seems to me that illiteracy step to achieve the aboveob- can beattacked more econo- jective is by a "literacy"cam- mically and effectively by two paign. The next step is the in- complementary methods of: (I) tegration of Literacy campaign group orclass teaching and with economic and social move- (2) by the individual "Each one; ments.This integrated literary Teach one" method. workisgenerally known as FunctionalLiteracy, which is synonymouswith Community Development.