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Italy and the Sanusiyya: Negotiating Authority in Colonial Libya, 1911-1931 Eileen Ryan Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of Arts and Sciences COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY 2012 ©2012 Eileen Ryan All rights reserved ABSTRACT Italy and the Sanusiyya: Negotiating Authority in Colonial Libya, 1911-1931 By Eileen Ryan In the first decade of their occupation of the former Ottoman territories of Tripolitania and Cyrenaica in current-day Libya, the Italian colonial administration established a system of indirect rule in the Cyrenaican town of Ajedabiya under the leadership of Idris al-Sanusi, a leading member of the Sufi order of the Sanusiyya and later the first monarch of the independent Kingdom of Libya after the Second World War. Post-colonial historiography of modern Libya depicted the Sanusiyya as nationalist leaders of an anti-colonial rebellion as a source of legitimacy for the Sanusi monarchy. Since Qaddafi’s revolutionary coup in 1969, the Sanusiyya all but disappeared from Libyan historiography as a generation of scholars, eager to fill in the gaps left by the previous myopic focus on Sanusi elites, looked for alternative narratives of resistance to the Italian occupation and alternative origins for the Libyan nation in its colonial and pre-colonial past. Their work contributed to a wider variety of perspectives in our understanding of Libya’s modern history, but the persistent focus on histories of resistance to the Italian occupation has missed an opportunity to explore the ways in which the Italian colonial framework shaped the development of a religious and political authority in Cyrenaica with lasting implications for the Libyan nation. -
Housing Issues Facing Somali Refugees in Minneapolis, MN MPP
Housing Issues Facing Somali Refugees in Minneapolis, MN MPP Professional Paper In Partial Fulfillment of the Master of Public Policy Degree Requirements The Hubert H. Humphrey Institute of Public Affairs The University of Minnesota Jeffrey D. Dischinger December 15, 2009 _____________________________ __________ Assistant Professor Ryan Allen Date Signature of Paper Supervisor, certifying successful completion of oral presentation _____________________________ __________ Assistant Professor Ryan Allen Date Signature of Paper Supervisor, certifying successful completion of professional paper _____________________________ __________ Professor Edward G. Goetz Date Signature of Second Committee Member, certifying successful completion of professional paper Table of Contents 1. Introduction 1 2. Literature Review 3 3. Background and Demographics of Somalis in Minneapolis 7 4. Provider Interviews 18 5. Community Organizations 23 6. Recommendations 26 1. Introduction Somali immigrants face many obstacles when finding housing that suits their needs and more can be done to improve their housing conditions and options. Minnesota is home to the largest Somali population in the United States and most of them live in the Minneapolis area. As a matter of fact, more than half of the Somalis coming to the United States settle in Minnesota with the majority of these living in the Twin Cities. Of these immigrants, many are refugees that came from horrific conditions living in refugee camps due to an unstable central government in Somalia. Since 1991, Somalia has been split into four separate areas and political persecution a constant fear of many Somalis. Many Somalis have died due to the ongoing conflict between political beliefs and many survivors have fled to refugee camps where they live in poor conditions waiting and hoping that the government will eventually stabilize. -
Environment Ministers (As of 27 July 2020)
Environment Ministers (as of 27 July 2020) Note: This list has been updated to the best of the Secretariat’s knowledge. However please do check the links of the relevant Ministries for latest information. Albania H.E. Mr. Blendi KLOSI Durresi Street No. 27, Tirana Minister Albania Ministry of Tourism and the Environment of the Republic of Albania Phone: +355 4 222 4537 Email: [email protected] Website: http://turizmi.gov.al/ministri/ Andorra H.E. Ms. Sílvia CALVÓ ARMENGOL Carrer Prat de la Creu, 62-64 AD500. Andorra la Vella Minister Andorra Ministry of the Environment, Agriculture and Sustainability of the Principality of Andorra Phone: Tel.: +376 875 700 Email: [email protected] Website: http://www.govern.ad/el-govern Armenia H.E. Ms. Irina GHAPLANYAN Governmental building 3, Republic Square 0010 Yerevan Deputy Minister Armenia Ministry of the Environment of the Republic of Armenia Phone: +374 11 818 501; + 375 17 200-68-44 (secretariat); +374 11) 818-518 Email: [email protected], [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected] Website: http://www.env.am/en/pages/157 Austria Ms. Leonore GEWESSLER Radetzkystrasse 2, Postfach 3000 1030 Wien Federal Minister Austria Ministry for Climate Action, Environment, Energy, Mobility, Innovation and Technology of Austria Phone: +43 1 71162 658005 Fax: +43 1 71162 658025 Email: [email protected] Website: https://www.bmk.gv.at/en/ministry/minister/cabinet.html Azerbaijan H.E. Mr. Mukhtar Bahadur BABAYEV B.Ağayev küç.100(A) 1073 Baku Minister Azerbaijan Ministry of Ecology and Natural Resources Phone: +994 12 492 59 07 Email: [email protected], [email protected], [email protected]; [email protected]; Website: http://eco.gov.az/en/4-ministry Belarus H.E. -
Equatorial Guinea | Freedom House
Equatorial Guinea | Freedom House https://freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-world/2019/equatorial-guinea A. ELECTORAL PROCESS: 0 / 12 A1. Was the current head of government or other chief national authority elected through free and fair elections? 0 / 4 President Teodoro Obiang Nguema Mbasogo, Africa’s longest-serving head of state, has held power since 1979. He was awarded a new seven-year term in the April 2016 presidential election, reportedly winning 93.5 percent of the vote. The main opposition party at the time, Convergence for Social Democracy (CPDS), boycotted the election, and other factions faced police violence, detentions, and torture. One opposition figure who had been barred from running for president, Gabriel Nsé Obiang Obono, was put under house arrest during the election, and police used live ammunition against supporters gathered at his home. A2. Were the current national legislative representatives elected through free and fair elections? 0 / 4 The bicameral parliament consists of a 70-seat Senate and a 100-seat Chamber of Deputies, with members of both chambers serving five-year terms. Fifteen senators are appointed by the president, 55 are directly elected, and there can be several additional ex officio members. The Chamber of Deputies is directly elected. In the November 2017 legislative elections, the ruling Democratic Party of Equatorial Guinea (PDGE) and its subordinate allied parties won 99 seats in the lower house, all 55 of the elected seats in the Senate, and control of all municipal councils. The opposition CI, led by Nsé Obiang, took a single seat in the Chamber of Deputies and a seat on the capital’s city council. -
What Affordable Housing Programs and Initiatives
WHAT AFFORDABLE HOUSING PROGRAMS AND INITIATIVES DOES THE DISTRICT OFFER? DEPARTMENT OF HOUSING AND COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT: • Inclusionary Zoning Affordable Housing Program (IZ) sets aside a percentage of affordable rental or for-sale units in new residential development projects of 10 or more units as well as rehabilitation projects that are expanding an existing building by 50 percent or more. Households interested in purchasing or leasing an IZ home must take the IZ orientation class with one of DHCD partner community-based organizations and complete the online registration form. For more information, please visit the following link: www.dhcd.dc.gov/service/inclusionary-zoning-affordable-housing-program • The Housing Production Trust Fund (HPTF) is a special revenue fund administered by the Department of Housing and Community Development. The HPTF provides funding for the production and preservation of homes that are affordable to low-income households in the District in a wide variety of ways. The primary use of the fund is as “gap financing” that enables housing projects to have sufficient financing to provide affordable housing. The fund also provides other forms of assistance including: - pre-development loans to assist nonprofit housing developers in getting low income housing projects funded; - financing for site acquisition to provide locations to build affordable housing; - funding for the rehabilitation of single family homes. Since 2001, the HPTF has helped produce over 9,000 affordable homes for low income District residents. For more information, please visit the following link: https://dhcd.dc.gov/page/housing-production-trust-fund • The Home Purchase Assistance Program (HPAP) provides interest-free loans and closing cost assistance to qualified applicants to purchase single-family houses, condominiums, or cooperative units. -
Government of Pakistan Ministry of Federal Education & Professional
Government of Pakistan Ministry of Federal Education & Professional Training ********* INTRODUCTION: • In the wake of 18th Amendment to the Constitution the concurrent list stands abolished. Subjects of Education and Health etc. no longer remain in the purview of the Federal Government. Therefore, the Ministries of Education, Health and fifteen other ministries were devolved from 5th April, 2011 to 30th June, 2011. • Entry-16 of Part 1 of Federal Legislative list reads as follows: “Federal Agencies and Institutes for the following purposes that is to say, for research, for professional and technical training, or for the promotion of special studies” will be organized by the Federal Government. • Therefore, the Federal Agencies and Institutes imparting professional and technical training and research have been retained by the Federal Government. • To cater for the educational, professional and technical training requirements of the country after devolution, the Government has taken a very timely decision by creating a dedicated Ministry for the purpose. • The Ministry of Professional & Technical Training was notified on 29th July, 2011. Later on, the Ministry has been re-named as Ministry of Education, Trainings and Standards in Higher Education. Finally, on the recommendations of CCI the Ministry has now been renamed as Ministry Federal Education & Professional Training. Presently following departments/organizations are working under administrative control of the Ministry of Federal Education & Professional Training:- S.No. Name of Departments/Organizations 1. Higher Education Commission (HEC) 2. National Vocational & Technical Education Commission (NAVTEC) 3. National Commission for Human Development (NCHD) 4. Federal Board of Intermediate and Secondary Education (FBISE) 5. National Education Foundation (NEF) 6. -
Resisting Chinese Linguistic Imperialism
UYGHUR HUMAN RIGHTS PROJECT SPECIAL REPORT Resisting Chinese Linguistic Imperialism: Abduweli Ayup and the Movement for Uyghur Mother Tongue-Based Education Rustem Shir, Research Associate Logo of the Ana Til Balilar Baghchisi (Mother Tongue Children’s Garden) May 2019 Contents Acknowledgement 4 Introduction 5 1. CCP language policy on education in East Turkestan 6 Foundations of CCP ethnic minority policy 6 Eras of minority language tolerance 9 Primary and secondary school ‘bilingual’ education policy 12 The Xinjiang Class 20 Mandarin as the language of instruction at Xinjiang University 22 Preschool and kindergarten ‘bilingual’ education policy 23 Suppression of the Movement for Uyghur Mother Tongue-Based Education 26 The Hotan Prefecture and Ghulja County Department of Education directives 28 Internment camps 29 Discussion 32 2. ABduweli Ayup and the Movement for Uyghur Mother Tongue-Based Education 36 Upal: Why couldn’t we study Kashgari? 36 Toquzaq: Oyghan! (Wake Up!) 38 Beijing: Our campus felt like a minority region 41 Doletbagh: My sad history repeating in front of me 50 Urumchi: Education for assimilation 55 Lanzhou: Are you bin Laden? 60 Ankara: Ethno-nationalism and a counterbalance 67 Urumchi: For the love of community 72 Lawrence: Disconnected 77 Kashgar: Rise of the Movement for Uyghur Mother Tongue-Based Education 81 Urumchi: Just keep silent 89 Kashgar: You’re going to be arrested 93 Doletbagh Detention Center: No choice, brother 98 Urumchi Tengritagh Detention Center: Qorqma (Don’t be afraid) 104 Urumchi Liudaowan Prison: Every color had disappeared 109 Urumchi Koktagh Prison: Do you want to defend yourself? 124 2 Urumchi/Kashgar: Release and return 127 Kashgar: Open-air prison 131 Ankara: Stateless and stranded 138 Paris: A new beginning 146 3. -
Why Scotland Still Needs an 'Ending Homelessness' Action Plan
View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Stirling Online Research Repository Policy Reviews 131 Delivering the Right to Housing? Why Scotland Still Needs an ‘Ending Homelessness’ Action Plan Isobel Anderson Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Stirling, Scotland, UK \ Abstract_ In 2018, the Scottish Government launched the ‘Ending Homelessness Together Action Plan’, just 6 years after the earlier ‘2012 target’ for implementation of the previous major review of homelessness policy. Scotland had introduced a modernised legislative framework for homeless- ness, with the Homelessness etc. (Scotland) Act of 2003, strengthening the legal rights of homeless people to assistance with housing. Using a policy analysis framework, this paper revisits the impact of the earlier legislation, identifying perceived gaps in implementation, which framed the context for further review. The paper examines the work programme of the Homelessness and Rough Sleeping Action Group (HARSAG), which contributed to policy review, and outlines key components of the 2018 action plan. The analysis reflects critically on the potential for meaningful progress on ending homeless- ness over the five years from 2018-2023. Given international interest in prior homelessness policy in Scotland, this research was conducted to inform a European and wider international audience of the further ambitions to end homelessness in Scotland. The study adopted desk-based methods, drawing on published administrative data on homelessness, publicly available policy and practice documents, and the wider research evidence on homelessness. The analysis demonstrates that while the Scottish approach still compares favourably internationally, robust commitment to policy delivery, as well as monitoring of implementation and review of outcomes all remain essential to ensure policy effectiveness. -
Narendra Modi Takes Oath As Prime Minister of India for the Second Term
# 1 Indian American Weekly: Since 2006 VOL 13 ISSUE 22 ● NEW YORK / DALLAS ● MAY 31 - JUNE 06, 2019 ● ENQUIRIES: 646-247-9458 www.theindianpanorama.news IAF chief Dhanoa is new chairman of chiefs Narendra Modi Takes Oath as Prime of staff committee Minister of India for the Second Term Amit Shah inducted into Cabinet 36 ministers sworn in for a second term 20 MPs take oath of office as cabinet ministers for the first time 24 cabinet ministers, ministers of state sworn in Nine sworn in as MoS (Independent charge) Air Chief Marshal B S Dhanoa on Wednesday , May 29, received the baton Smriti Irani, 5 other women in Modi government of Chairman of Chiefs of Staff Committee from outgoing Navy Chief Admiral Sunil NEW DELHI (TIP): Narendra Modi Lanba who retires on May 31. took oath of office and secrecy as the NEW DELHI (TIP): "Air Chief Prime Minister of India for a second Marshal Birender Singh Dhanoa will consecutive term amid thunderous be the Chairman COSC with effect applause from a select gathering in the from May 31 consequent to sprawling forecourt of the Rashtrapati relinquishment of charge by Bhavan, May 30th evening. Admiral Sunil Lanba upon President Ram Nath Kovind superannuation," a Defense ministry administered the oath to Modi, 24 spokesperson said. Cabinet colleagues, nine Ministers of The Chairman of Chiefs of Staff State (Independent Charge) and 24 Committee is tasked with ensuring Ministers of State. The loudest cheer synergy among the three services was reserved for BJP chief Amit Shah, and evolve common strategy to deal whose induction means the party will with external security challenges have to elect a new president. -
Why the Changes, and Why Now?
Why the changes, and why now? The upcoming Cabinet reshufe on May 15 comes earlier in the Government’s term than normal, Prime Minister Lee Hsien Loong said yesterday. Below are his explanations for the various movements. On Mr Heng Swee Keat relinquishing Finance: On moving Mr Chan Chun Sing from As I announced two weeks Relinquishing Finance will Trade and Industry to Education: ago, Heng Swee Keat will free him to concentrate continue as Deputy Prime more on the Chun Sing has done an excellent job Minister and Coordinating whole-of-government getting our economy back on track, and Minister for Economic economic agenda, including preparing our industries and Policies. He will also chairing the Future companies to respond to structural continue to oversee the Economy Council, and changes in the global economy. This Strategy Group within the incorporating the has been a major national priority. Now Prime Minister’s Ofce, recommendations of the I am sending him to Education, where which coordinates our Emerging Stronger he will build on the work of previous policies and plans across Taskforce into the work of education ministers, to improve our the Government, as well as the council. He will also education system to bring out the best the National Research continue to co-chair the in every child and student, and develop Foundation. As Finance Joint Council for Bilateral young Singaporeans for the future. Minister, Swee Keat has Cooperation (JCBC), Nurturing people is quite different from carried a heavy burden, together with PRC (People’s growing the economy or mobilising especially during Covid-19 Republic of China) unions. -
Role and Powers of the Prime Minister
House of Commons Political and Constitutional Reform Committee Role and powers of the Prime Minister First Report of Session 2014–15 Report, together with formal minutes relating to the report Ordered by the House of Commons to be printed 19 June 2014 HC 351 Published on 24 June 2014 by authority of the House of Commons London: The Stationery Office Limited £0.00 The Political and Constitutional Reform Committee The Political and Constitutional Reform Committee is appointed by the House of Commons to consider political and constitutional reform. Current membership Mr Graham Allen MP (Labour, Nottingham North) (Chair) Mr Jeremy Browne MP (Liberal Democrat, Taunton Deane) Mr Christopher Chope MP (Conservative, Christchurch) Tracey Crouch MP (Conservative, Chatham and Aylesford) Mark Durkan MP (Social Democratic & Labour Party, Foyle) Paul Flynn MP (Labour, Newport West) Fabian Hamilton MP (Labour, Leeds North East) David Morris MP (Conservative, Morecambe and Lunesdale) Robert Neill MP (Conservative, Bromley and Chislehurst) Chris Ruane MP (Labour, Vale of Clwyd) Mr Andrew Turner MP (Conservative, Isle of Wight) The following Members were also members of the Committee during the Parliament: Sheila Gilmore MP (Labour, Edinburgh East) Andrew Griffiths MP (Conservative, Burton) Simon Hart MP (Conservative, Camarthen West and South Pembrokeshire) Tristram Hunt MP (Labour, Stoke on Trent Central) Mrs Eleanor Laing MP (Conservative, Epping Forest) Stephen Williams MP (Liberal Democrat, Bristol West) Yasmin Qureshi MP (Labour, Bolton South East) Powers The Committee’s powers are set out in House of Commons Standing Orders, principally in Temporary Standing Order (Political and Constitutional Reform Committee). These are available on the Internet via http://www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm/cmstords.htm Publication Committee reports are published on the Committee’s website at http://www.parliament.uk/business/committees/committees-a-z/commons- select/political-and-constitutional-reform-committee/publications/ and by The Stationary Office by Order of the House. -
Report of the Joint Study Group for an Economic Partnership Agreement (EPA)
Report of the Joint Study Group for an Economic Partnership Agreement (EPA) between the Republic of Turkey and Japan Contents Chapter 1:Background......................................................................................1 Chapter 2:Overview..........................................................................................2 (1)General Aspects..............................................................................................2 (2)Current Situation and Future Perspectives of Bilateral Trade………………….6 (3)Current Situation regarding Bilateral Investment.............................................8 (4)Current Situation on Agricultural Issues...........................................................9 Chapter 3:Summary of Discussions..................................................................10 (1)Trade in Goods..............................................................................................11 (2)Rules of Origin...............................................................................................12 (3)Customs Procedures.....................................................................................13 (4)Trade in Services...........................................................................................13 (5)Investment.....................................................................................................14 (6)Electronic Commerce....................................................................................15 (7)Technical Barriers to Trade............................................................................15