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Cambridge University Press 0521780217 - The Making of Modern Burma Thant Myint-U Index More information Index Abhisha Husseini, 51 and local rebellions, 172, 173–4, 176 Afghanistan, 8, 22, 98, 102, 162 and modern Burma, 254 agriculture, 36, 37, 40, 44, 47, 119, 120, payment of, 121 122, 167, 224, 225, 236, 239; see also reforms, 111–12 cultivators Assam, 2, 13, 15–16, 18, 19, 20, 95, 98, 99, Ahom dynasty, 15–16 220 Aitchison, Sir Charles, 190–1 athi, 33, 35 Alaungpaya, King, 13, 17, 58, 59–60, 61, Ava (city), 17, 25, 46, 53, 54 70, 81, 83, 90, 91, 107 population, 26, 54, 55 Alaungpaya dynasty, 59, 63, 161 Ava kingdom, 2 allodial land, 40, 41 administration, 28–9, 35–8, 40, 53–4, Alon, 26, 39, 68, 155, 173, 175 56–7, 62, 65–8, 69, 75–8, 108–9, Amarapura, 14, 17, 18, 20, 21, 26, 51, 53, 115–18, 158–60, 165–6 54, 119, 127, 149 anti-British attitudes, 6–7, 99, 101–3 rice prices, 143 and Bengal, 94, 95, 96, 98, 99–100 royal library, 96 boundaries of, 9, 12, 24–5, 92, 101, Amarapura, Myowun of, 104–5 220 Amherst, Lord, 106 British attitudes to, 6, 8–9, 120, 217–18, Amyint, 36, 38, 175 242, 246, 252 An Tu (U), 242 and Buddhism, 73–4, 94, 95, 96, 97, 108, Anglo-Burmese wars, 2, 79 148–52, 170–1 First (1824–6), 18–20, 25, 99, 220 ceremonies, 97, 149, 150 Second (1852–3), 23, 104, 126 and China, 47–8, 137, 138, 141, 142, Third (1885), 172, 176, 189, 191–3 143, 144, 147–8 animal welfare, 149, 171 chronicles of, 79–83, 86, 240 appanages, 29, 53, 61–3, 68, 69, 72–3, 77, and colonial state, 219–20 107, 108, 231 commercial concessions, 136–7 reform of, 121–5 common identity, 88–90, 91, 92 Arakan, 2, 13–14, 24, 72, 99–100, 104, compared to India, 251–3 160, 219, 220 compared to Siam and Egypt, 247–51 and Britain, 17–18, 19, 20, 127, coup d’e´tat (1878), 156–63 217 Court of, 4, 5, 14, 45, 53–74, 95, 96, 97, cultural exchanges, 94, 95 243 languages, 84, 89 cultural exchanges, 92–4, 95–6 trade, 46 decline of, 106–7 aristocracy, see nobility expansion, 10, 13–17, 53, 79, 91, 94–5, arms, see weapons 98, 99–100 army, British Indian, 1, 2, 5, 7, 16, 18–20, failure of reforms, 114–15, 129, 247, 162, 191–3, 196, 208, 211 250, 251 army, Burmese, 3, 7, 14, 15, 18–20, 23, 34, finances, 64, 67, 73, 76–7, 118–25, 129, 42, 64, 67, 75, 110, 160, 161, 162, 170 158, 164–8, 182, 184, 185 © Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 0521780217 - The Making of Modern Burma Thant Myint-U Index More information 273Index invasion of, 90–1 Bengal, 14, 15, 17, 18, 19, 49, 94, 95, 96, judicial system, 29, 31, 32, 36, 37, 56, 67, 99–100, 220 87–8, 115–16, 169, 170 Bentinck, Lord William Cavendish, 21 mercantile community, 55–6 Bernard, Sir Charles, 4, 188, 191, 194, 195, modernisation and reform, 8, 9–10, 196, 211, 213 105–25, 133–5, 151, 157–60, 219–20, Bhamo, 17, 48, 112, 127, 136, 137, 141, 247ff. 148, 167, 175, 176, 213, 221, 222, and morality, 94 223, 225 physical geography, 12–13, 24, 25 Bhamo, Myoza of, 155 political instability, 10, 104–5, 132, 133, Bodawpaya, King, 13–14, 16, 17, 51, 58, 140, 154–63, 171–8, 184–5, 186, 188 59, 63, 72, 99, 101, 242 political tradition, 86–7 and Buddhism, 86, 96, 98, 149 reaction to defeat, 79, 91, 100 and Burmese history, 81 rebellions, 130–3, 140, 146, 152, 154, and theatre, 93 171–8, 184, 202–3 Bombay Burma Trading Corporation, 139, relations with Britain, 99–103, 125–9, 145, 147, 164, 187, 189, 227 139–42, 159 Brahmans, 14, 15, 49, 86, 94, 95, 96, 97, revenues, 36, 42, 62, 75, 76–7, 107, 253 122–5, 129, 164–8, 175–6, 178 Brahmaputra valley, 10, 16, 18, 25, royal associations, 61 94 royal city, 53, 54–6, 148–9 British Burma, 23, 126–9 royal household, 64–5 and Chinese trade, 135–8, 147–8 secretaries, 67–8, 69 contacts with local chiefs, 140–1 social organisation, 27–34 economic interests of, 187–9 succession crisis, 130, 133, 135, 154–7, incursions into, 176–7 248 refugee flows to, 176 surrender to British, 193 see also colonial state, Burmese; Lower weakness of royal power, 7, 140 Burma; Rangoon women, role of, 60–1, 67, 72, 110, 161 British East India Company, 17–18, 22, 79, see also Irrawaddy valley; Lower 99, 100, 251–2 Burma; Upper Burma British Indian government, 2, 3, 10, 91, Ayuthaya, 14, 69, 72 101, 102, 104, 219, 251–3 annexation of Burma, 196–7 Ba U (U), 242 and Arakan, 17–18 Bagyidaw, King, 14, 15, 19, 20, 21, 58, 59, reaction to royal massacre, 161–2 61, 64–5, 66, 69 and trade, 138–48 and royal chronicle, 79, 81 ultimatum of, 189 scepticism of, 82 see also army, British Indian; British banditry, 7, 26, 62, 102, 170, 173, 174, 175, Burma; Great Britain; India 176, 177, 198, 199, 202, 203, 206 brokers, 36, 43, 74 Bandula, see Thado Maha Bandula Browne, Horace, 162 bankers, 31, 32, 39, 45–6, 62–3, 73, 74; see Buddha Raza, 205 also thuhtay Buddhism, 7, 32, 42, 73–4, 108, 206, 247, banks and banking, 34, 44–6, 167–8, 188, 253 224, 250, 251; see also bankers British attacks on, 200 Bassein, Myoza of, 73 and Burmese identity, 82, 83, 85–6, 89 beggars, 32 challenges to, 149–51 Benares, 96, 97, 98 and colonial state, 209–10, 219, 241 © Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 0521780217 - The Making of Modern Burma Thant Myint-U Index More information 274 Index Buddhism (cont.) Ceylon, 49, 80, 86, 99, 148, 150, 254 conservative school, 48, 49, 50, 84, 86, Chandrakanta Singh, 16 94, 98, 149 change, 82, 85, 106–7, 124–5, 130, 152–3, and government, 56–7 185, 197, 198, 219, 234, 235–40 histories of, 80, 81, 82 Chiang Hung, 24 Mahayana, 48, 49, 50, 85, 86 Chiang Mai, 72 and morality, 50, 57, 87, 94, 241 children, 29, 30, 59, 63, 96, 114 Pali, 85 China, 10, 11, 22, 51, 84, 89, 91, 94, 110, and popular theatre, 153 209, 220, 225 state patronage of, 148–52, 170–1 British trade with, 135–8, 147–8, 182, Vajrayana, 48, 49, 50 188 see also Sangha; Theravada Buddhism; Burmese trade with, 46, 47–8, 55–6, Thudhamma sect 119, 120–1, 129, 138, 142, 143, 144, Buddhist monks, 39, 49, 50, 86, 88, 95, 97, 147–8, 184 117, 244 economic crisis in, 183–4 anti-colonial resistance, 7, 204, 205, 206 see also Yunnan at Court of Ava, 55, 73–4, 152, 159 Chindwin river, 14, 15, 25, 32, 54, and cultural exchanges, 92, 93, 94 113 and information, 151–2 Christians, 50, 51 and rebellions, 174–5 Chuan Bunnag, 159 see also monasteries; Sangha Chundaung, Prince of, Thiri Maha bureaucracy, 4, 115, 116, 158, 168, 211, Dhammaraza, 110 212, 214–15, 219 Churchill, Lord Randolph, 2, 190, 191 Burma, see Ava kingdom; British Burma; civil wars, 9, 70 colonial state, Burmese; Lower cloth, 42, 144–5, 146, 147, 181 Burma; modern Burma; Upper colonial state, Burmese, 10, 115, 254 Burma and abolition of Ava state, 3–8, 196–8 Burmah Oil Company, 139, 226, 227 administration, 207–18, 231–2, 242–3 ‘Burmese’, 9, 10, 27, 30, 83, 91, 211, 222, boundaries of, 220 244, 253; see also Myanma identity and British companies, 222, 227 Burmese language, 14, 24, 25, 27, 29, 30, and Buddhism, 209–10, 219 83–5, 98, 242 continuity of, 219–20 and Burmese identity, 88–9, 91 economy, 222–7 origins of, 83, 84 education and culture, 240–2 Burney, Henry, 21, 100, 101–2 infrastructure, 222–4, 232 judicial system, 216, 231–3 Cachar, 18, 19, 20 justification of, 6, 186, 197–8 Calcutta, see British Indian government land tenure, 227–35, 237–40 calendar, 97 local government, 210–18 Campbell, General Sir Archibald, 19, 20 military organisation, 208, 211, 212 cash, 37, 62, 74, 106, 121, 122, 125, 143, prisons, 208 148, 165, 169, 184, 249 repression by, 7, 200–1, 208 caste, 243, 253 resistance to, 198–207, 212, 213 cavalry, 15, 32, 35, 39, 67, 110, 123, 170, and revenue collection, 42, 222–3 175, 192, 203, 212, 239 social organisation and change, 219, censuses, 25–6, 67, 77, 220–2, 224, 235–6, 235–40 238–9, 241, 243 structure of, 194, 197 ceremonies, see rituals taxation, 223, 225, 228–31, 233–5 © Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 0521780217 - The Making of Modern Burma Thant Myint-U Index More information 275Index trade, 222, 225–7 drought, 43, 44, 234 see also British Burma; modern Burma Dufferin and Ava, Marquess of, 7, 186, commercial treaties, 10, 128, 129, 136, 191, 196, 197 137, 146, 164, 179–80, 248 durians, 126 commoners, 31, 34, 39, 46, 55, 70, 239 communications, see transport Eastern Court, 56 concubines, 33, 60, 72 ecclesiastical courts, 210 consumption, 43, 46, 143, 147, 148 economic policies, 10, 22, 36, 37, 43–8, corruption, 116, 117, 152, 166, 168 119–21, 137, 142–8, 164–8 cotton, 42, 47–8, 119, 120, 128, 137, 138, colonial state, 222–7 143, 147, 183, 225, 249, 250 monetisation, 44, 125 prices, 144–5, 146, 181, 251 and state crisis, 178–85 Cranbourne, Lord, 135 see also global economy crime, 36, 41, 87, 88, 117, 208, 241 education, 55, 92, 100, 101, 109, 112, Crosthwaithe, Sir Charles, 199, 201, 202, 113–14, 133, 155, 156, 240–1, 242; 214–18 see also schools crown land, 40–1, 121 egalitarianism, 6, 9, 10, 217, 242, 244, 253 crown servants, see hereditary crown Egypt, 249–51 servants elites, 3, 10, 16, 74, 147, 204, 206, 233 Cruz, Joseph Xavier de, 65 colonial, 242 cultivators, 34, 39, 42, 68, 119, 123, 125, culture, 93 137, 167, 225, 236 local, 4, 5, 28–9, 31, 34–40, 117, 168–9, culture, 14, 16, 84, 85, 88, 92–4, 95–8, 108, 175, 197–8, 212–15 111–12, 134, 151, 152–3 nobility, 72 and colonial state, 219, 240–4 political, 65, 76 see also Burmese language; drama; emigration, 176, 180, 184, 185, 188, 221 literature; scholarship England, 114; see also Great Britain currency, 44, 224 English immigrants, 89, 90, 136, 243 English language, 100, 113, 240, 243 Dabessway, 237 ethics, 50, 57, 87,