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Dissertação Felippe Machado.Pdf AGRADECIMENTOS Agradeço, primeiro, a Nosso Senhor Jesus Cristo pelo dom da vida e pela graça a mim concedida. Também a Nossa Senhora de Fátima, que me fez amar Portugal e escolher este país como segunda casa, e por me acolher em Seu colo nos momentos de aflição e ansiedade. Ao meu anjo da guarda, enviado de Deus, por guardar-me e defender-me de todas as tentações e de todos os perigos do mundo. Aos meus pais, por me darem todo o apoio de que precisei, em especial à minha mãe, Célia Maria Borges Machado, que sempre me auxiliou nessa jornada, escutando com a atenção minhas indagações, sugerindo caminhos para a escrita da tese e me motivando nos momentos de angústia. Ao meu irmão querido, Rodolpho Fernando Borges Machado, pela paciência em ajudar-me na formatação do meu trabalho e por me fazer rir nos dias de maior tristeza. À Ilma Resende, amiga e responsável pela minha fluência em inglês, exemplo de retidão moral e de sabedoria e, que desde o princípio dos estudos, me estimulou a estudar em Portugal. Ao meu amigo Clésio Batista, que me ensinou o verdadeiro sentido de amizade e de amor ao próximo. À coordenação e aos professores do Instituto de Estudos Políticos da Universidade Católica Portuguesa, pelo acolhimento em Lisboa e aperfeiçoamento dos meus conhecimentos. Ao meu orientador, o professor e tenente-general António Fontes Ramos, pela atenção e bondade com que me auxiliou durante todo o mestrado. Ao padre Mário Rui Leal Pedras, que me acolheu na Paróquia de São Nicolau, confiando em mim quando eu era um ilustre desconhecido. E a todos os outros amigos – em especial àqueles que fiz em Montes Claros, residência do Opus Dei em Lisboa – que rezaram por mim. Muito obrigado a todos. i RESUMO Essa dissertação investiga em que medida o conceito de guerra híbrida é inovador enquanto mecanismo de coação dominante nos novos conflitos modernos, particularmente o modo de fazer guerra da Rússia. Ou seja, a pesquisa busca perceber se as peculiaridades histórico-sociais russas são um fator importante para o uso sistemático e coordenado de métodos híbridos por parte da Federação Russa nas mais recentes guerras de que participou, a saber: a Segunda Guerra na Chechênia, o conflito na Geórgia e a anexação da Crimeia. Efetuamos, para isso, uma análise das características principais do agir da Rússia que procuramos caracterizar a partir da formação do poder desde Vladimir de Kiev, no século 10, passando mais tarde pela submissão russa ao controle do Império Mongol - que teve uma influência muito significativa no modo russo de enxergar a natureza do estado e do governante e o papel do povo no sistema. Analisamos a autocracia de Ivan, o Terrível e a instauração do czarato, a reforma do Estado por Pedro, o Grande, que buscou controlar toda a sociedade russa, inclusivamente a Igreja Ortodoxa, a partir de uma nova configuração da máquina estatal, da sociedade vigiada da Rússia no século 19 e a criação de um grande serviço de inteligência – a Okhrana, que buscava desmobilizar os diversos movimentos terroristas e revolucionários da época. Por fim, detivemo-nos na análise da Revolução Bolchevique e na ascensão dos comunistas ao poder, em que procuramos também identificar os traços que historicamente enformam o procedimento político estratégico da Rússia. Os fundamentos científicos que alicerçam o trabalho aqui desenvolvido centram-se em teóricos alinhados ao sistema militar, especialmente Frank G. Hoffman, fundamentando o conceito de guerra híbrida; Evgenny Messner, teórico militar russo, cuja contribuição centra-se no estudo da guerra de subversão no contexto da revolução informacional que surgiu no século 20. Ambos os teóricos dão um significativo contributo ao estudo dos conflitos futuros, nos quais o campo de batalha se torna mais abrangente, englobando também toda a sociedade civil e todos os meios disponíveis ao ator. Procuramos, ainda, suporte nos estudos de George Vernadsky, António Fontes Ramos, Zbigniew Bzerzhinsky, Nikolas Gvosdev, Christopher Marsh, Cristopher Andrew e Marcel van Herper. Portanto, é com base nos estudos desses pesquisadores que esta dissertação se baseia para interpretar as três últimas investidas bélicas da Rússia em territórios da antiga União Soviética: a Chechênia, a Geórgia e a Crimeia. Palavras-chave: Guerras híbridas; serviços de intelligence; Rússia; guerra de subversão; revolução informacional. ii ABSTRACT This dissertation investigates to what extent the concept of hybrid warfare is innovative as a mechanism of coercion prevailing in the new modern conflicts, particularly the way Russia wages war. In other words, this research intends to realize if the Russian historical-social peculiarities are relevant factors to the systematic and coordinated use of hybrid methods by Russian Federation during the most recent wars that it participated in: the Second Chechen War, the conflict in Georgia and the Annexation of Crimea. In order to accomplish this objective, we have made an analysis of the main characteristics of the Russian way of acting since the 10th century with Vladimir of Kiev, going through the Russian submission to the control of Mongol Empire – which had a very important influence on the way Russia understands the nature of State, the leader and the people in the system. We have also analyzed the autocracy of Ivan, the Terrible, and the building of Tsardom, Peter’s Reform of the State that aimed at controlling all Russian society, including the Orthodox Church through a new shape of the state machine, the surveilled society of Russia during the 19th century and the creation of a huge intelligence service – the Okhrana, which demobilized many terrorists and revolutionaries groups of that time. Lastly, we have limited ourselves to investigate the Bolshevik Revolution and the rise of communists to power. Here we have sought to identify the nuances that historically form the political and strategic procedure of Russia. The scientific foundations of this work are the studies of military theorists, especially Frank G. Hoffman and his concept of Hybrid Warfare, and Evgenny Messner, Russian military theorist, whose contribution is related to the study of subversion war in the context of informational revolution that emerged in the 20th century. Both military experts are very important to the study of future conflicts, in which the battlefield becomes more comprehensive, involving the whole civil society and all the means available to the agent. We have also based our work on the studies of George Vernadsky, António Fontes Ramos, Zbigniew Bzerzhinsky, Nikolas Gvosdev, Christopher Marsh, Cristopher Andrew and Marcel van Herper. Therefore, based on these researchers, we have written this dissertation to interpret the last three Russia’s war on former territories of the Soviet Union: Chechnya, Georgia and Crimea. Keywords: Hybrid warfare; intelligence Services; Russia; subversion warfare; international revolution. iii A Rússia espalhará seus erros pelo mundo. Nossa Senhora de Fátima aos três pastorinhos, na Cova da Iria (1917) iv SUMÁRIO AGRADECIMENTOS ................................................................................................. i RESUMO ...................................................................................................................... ii ABSTRACT ................................................................................................................ iii LISTA DE ABREVIAÇÕES E ACRÔNIMOS ......................................................... 1 INTRODUÇÃO ........................................................................................................... 2 CAPÍTULO 1: A HISTÓRIA DA RÚSSIA ............................................................... 4 1.1 A formação e a origem do Estado russo .............................................................................. 4 1.2 A Rússia durante o período mongol .................................................................................. 10 1.3 As três formas de poder na Rússia e a formação dos Oprichniks ..................................... 13 1.4 O tempo das dificuldades.................................................................................................. 16 1.5 Pedro, o Grande e o império russo no século XVIII ......................................................... 19 1.6 A Rússia no século XIX, o movimento revolucionário, o legado soviético e a ascensão de Putin ........................................................................................................................................ 22 1.7 Reflexões acerca da história da Rússia ............................................................................. 26 CAPÍTULO 2: A EVOLUÇÃO DA INTELIGÊNCIA A PARTIR DE UMA PERSPECTIVA HISTÓRICA .................................................................................. 35 2.2 Os serviços de segurança e inteligência da Rússia – uma história ................................... 40 2.2.1 Ascensão e queda dos Oprichniks ............................................................................ 40 2.3 Barclay de Tolly e a fundação da inteligência militar russa ............................................. 42 2.4 A inteligência russa no século XIX: da Terceira Seção da Chancelaria Especial à formação da Okhrana .............................................................................................................................. 44 2.5 A espada e o escudo da Revolução: da Vecheka ao KGB ................................................. 48 2.6 A inteligência militar soviética
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