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Diversity and Structure of Bat (Chiroptera) Assemblages

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Diversity and Structure of Bat (Chiroptera) Assemblages 1 Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte Postgraduate Program in Ecology (PPGE) “Diversity and structure of bat (Chiroptera) assemblages in Caatinga dry forests in northeastern Brazil” MSc. Juan Carlos Vargas Mena Advisor: Dr. Eduardo Martins Venticinque Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte Co-advisor: Dr. Bernal Rodríguez Herrera University of Costa Rica 2020 2 Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte - UFRN Sistema de Bibliotecas - SISBI Catalogação de Publicação na Fonte. UFRN - Biblioteca Setorial Prof. Leopoldo Nelson - •Centro de Biociências - CB Vargas-Mena, Juan Carlos. A diversidade e estrutura de assembleias de morcegos (Chiroptera) na Caatinga do Rio Grande do Norte, Brasil / Juan Carlos Vargas Mena. - Natal, 2020. 196 f.: il. Tese (Doutorado) - Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte. Centro de Biociências. Programa de Pós-graduação em Ecologia. Orientador: Prof. Dr. Eduardo Martins Venticinque. Co-orientador: Prof. Dr. Bernal Rodríguez Herrera 1. Quirópteros - Tese. 2. Cavernícolas - Tese. 3. Diversidade beta - Tese. I. Venticinque, Eduardo Martins. II. Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte. III. Título. RN/UF/BSCB CDU 599.4 3 Juan Carlos Vargas Mena “A diversidade e estrutura de assembleias de morcegos (Chiroptera) na Caatinga do Rio Grande do Norte, Brasil” Dissertação apresentada ao programa de Pós- Graduação em Ecologia da Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, como parte do requerimento para obtenção do título de doutor em Ecologia. Aprovada em 5 de março de 2020 _______________________________________________________ Dr. Enrico Bernard (UFPE) Examinador Externo à Instituição _______________________________________________________ Dra. Valeria da Cunha Tavares (UFPB/UFMG) Examinador Externo à Instituição _______________________________________________________ Dr. Marlon Zortéa (UFJ/UFG) Examinador Externo à Instituição _______________________________________________________ Dr. Mauro Pichorim (UFRN) Examinador Interno _______________________________________________________ Dr. Eduardo Martins Venticinque (UFRN) Presidente 4 TABLE OF CONTENTS RESUMO ........................................................................................................................................... 7 ABSTRACT: ...................................................................................................................................... 8 INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................................................... 13 THESIS FRAMEWORK ................................................................................................................ 27 REFERENCES ................................................................................................................................ 28 Chapter 1.......................................................................................................................................... 42 Alpha and Beta diversity of bat assemblages in the heterogeneous Caatinga dry forests in northeastern Brazil ......................................................................................................................... 42 ABSTRACT ..................................................................................................................................... 43 INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................................................... 44 METHODOLOGY .......................................................................................................................... 47 RESULTS......................................................................................................................................... 54 DISCUSSION .................................................................................................................................. 65 CONCLUSIONS ............................................................................................................................. 74 REFERENCES ................................................................................................................................ 74 SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIALS .............................................................................................. 82 Chapter 2.......................................................................................................................................... 94 Seasonal structure and reproductive patterns of cave-dwelling bat assemblages in Caatinga dry forests in northeastern Brazil ......................................................................................................... 94 ABSTRACT ..................................................................................................................................... 95 INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................................................... 96 METHODOLOGY .......................................................................................................................... 99 RESULTS....................................................................................................................................... 105 DISCUSSION ................................................................................................................................ 114 CONCLUSION .............................................................................................................................. 126 REFERENCES .............................................................................................................................. 126 SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIALS ............................................................................................ 134 Chapter 3........................................................................................................................................ 142 The bats of Rio Grande do Norte, northeastern Brazil. ............................................................ 142 RESUMO: ...................................................................................................................................... 143 INTRODUCTION ......................................................................................................................... 144 MATERIAL AND METHODS .................................................................................................... 145 RESULTS....................................................................................................................................... 147 DISCUSSION ................................................................................................................................ 153 5 REFERENCES .............................................................................................................................. 165 GENERAL CONCLUSIONS ....................................................................................................... 171 APPENDIX 1 ................................................................................................................................. 174 APPENDIX 2 ................................................................................................................................. 175 6 RESUMO Na Caatinga a heterogeneidade espacial das diferentes ecorregiões e fitofisionomias, bem como a sazonalidade das chuvas e os pulsos dos recursos alimentares, foram atribuídos como fatores chaves no controle da estrutura e a dinâmica das assembleias de morcegos nesta floresta seca. Quase 95% do estado do Rio Grande do Norte (RN) corresponde à Caatinga, que abriga abundantes cavidades subterrâneas (~ 1000 cavernas). Como os padrões de diversidade espacial e temporal da fauna de morcegos são praticamente desconhecidos na Caatinga, o objetivo principal desta tese foi explorar os padrões espaciais e temporais de riqueza, abundância e composição de espécies de assembleias de morcegos em diferentes paisagens, fitofisionomias e em seus abrigos em cavernas. No Capítulo 1, explorei a riqueza e diversidade espacial e temporal na composição espécies e trófica de morcegos através de capturas com redes de neblina em 5 habitats diferentes de Caatinga em seis regiões do RN. Em 99 noites de amostragem, capturei 1575 indivíduos de 31 espécies, com um esforço de captura de 242 425 hm2. Foram encontradas diferenças na composição de especeis e guildas tróficas entre as assembleias tanto nas diferentes áreas de estudo como nos diferentes habitats amostrados, provavelmente relacionadas às preferências ecológicas especificas das espécies e pelas características da paisagem de cada área. A riqueza e a composição das espécies não apresentaram variação sazonal, e abundância variou pouco entre as estações. Os recursos alimentares encontrados ao longo do ano podem ser o principal fator que sustenta uma estrutura semelhante da assembleia durante a estação seca e chuvosa. No capítulo 2, monitorei nove cavernas em quatro regiões da Caatinga do RN para examinar os efeitos das estações e do tamanho das cavernas sobre a riqueza, abundância e composição das espécies de morcegos cavernícolas. Utilizando dois métodos, registramos 17 espécies de morcegos em 2020 indivíduos capturados e 3200 indivíduos observados durante 61 dias de amostragem. A riqueza e a composição das espécies não mudaram sazonalmente e não foi encontrado um recambio temporal das espécies entre as estações. Um aumento na abundância geral de
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