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Caryologia International Journal of Cytology, Cytosystematics and Cytogenetics 0008-7114 2020 2 73 – n. Vol. Caryologia 2020 International Journal of Cytology, Vol. 73 - n. 2 Cytosystematics and Cytogenetics Caryologia FIRENZE PRESSUNIVERSITY Caryologia. International Journal of Cytology, Cytosystematics and Cytogenetics Caryologia is devoted to the publication of original papers, and occasionally of reviews, about plant, animal and human kar- yological, cytological, cytogenetic, embryological and ultrastructural studies. Articles about the structure, the organization and the biological events relating to DNA and chromatin organization in eukaryotic cells are considered. Caryologia has a strong tradition in plant and animal cytosystematics and in cytotoxicology. Bioinformatics articles may be considered, but only if they have an emphasis on the relationship between the nucleus and cytoplasm and/or the structural organization of the eukaryotic cell. Editor in Chief Associate Editors Alessio Papini Alfonso Carabez-Trejo - Mexico City, Mexico Dipartimento di Biologia Vegetale Katsuhiko Kondo - Hagishi-Hiroshima, Japan Università degli Studi di Firenze Canio G. Vosa - Pisa, Italy Via La Pira, 4 – 0121 Firenze, Italy Subject Editors Mycology Plant Cytogenetics Histology and Cell Biology Renato Benesperi Lorenzo Peruzzi Alessio Papini Università di Firenze, Italy Università di Pisa Università di Firenze Human and Animal Cytogenetics Plant Karyology and Phylogeny Zoology Michael Schmid Andrea Coppi Mauro Mandrioli University of Würzburg, Germany Università di Firenze Università di Modena e Reggio Emilia Editorial Assistant Sara Falsini Università degli Studi di Firenze, Italy Editorial Advisory Board G. Berta - Alessandria, Italy G. Delfino - Firenze, Italy M. Mandrioli - Modena, Italy D. Bizzaro - Ancona, Italy S. D'Emerico - Bari, Italy G. C. Manicardi - Modena, Italy A. Brito Da Cunha - Sao Paulo, Brazil F. Garbari - Pisa, Italy P. Marchi - Roma, Italy E. Capanna - Roma, Italy C. Giuliani - Milano, Italy M. Ruffini Castiglione - Pisa, Italy D. Cavalieri - San Michele all'Adige, Italy M. Guerra - Recife, Brazil L. Sanità di Toppi - Parma, Italy E. H. Y. Chu - Ann Arbor, USA W. Heneen - Svalöf, Sweden C. Steinlein - Würzburg, Germany R. Cremonini - Pisa, Italy L. Iannuzzi - Napoli, Italy J. Vallès - Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain M. Cresti - Siena, Italy J. Limon - Gdansk, Poland Q. Yang - Beijing, China G. Cristofolini - Bologna, Italy J. Liu - Lanzhou, China P. Cro sti - Milano, Italy N. Mandahl - Lund, Sweden Cover: figure from the article inside by Shambhavi et al. "Phagocytic events, associated lipid peroxidation and peroxidase activity in hemocytes of silkworm Bombyx mori induced by microsporidian infection". Electron microscope observations of silkworm hemocytes after microsporidian infection at the nucleus level. Caryologia International Journal of Cytology, Cytosystematics and Cytogenetics Volume 73, Issue 2 - 2020 Firenze University Press Caryologia. International Journal of Cytology, Cytosystematics and Cytogenetics Published by Firenze University Press – University of Florence, Italy Via Cittadella, 7 - 50144 Florence - Italy http://www.fupress.com/caryologia Copyright © 2020 Authors. The authors retain all rights to the original work without any restrictions. Open Access. This issue is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (CC-BY-4.0) which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give ap- propriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication (CC0 1.0) waiver applies to the data made available in this issue, unless otherwise stated. Firenze University Press Caryologia www.fupress.com/caryologia International Journal of Cytology, Cytosystematics and Cytogenetics The first molecular identification of Egyptian Miocene petrified dicot woods Citation: S.S. Sobieh, M.H. Darwish (2020) The first molecular identifica- (Egyptians’ dream becomes a reality) tion of Egyptian Miocene petrified dicot woods (Egyptians’ dream becomes a reality). Caryologia 73(2): 3-13. doi: 10.13128/caryologia-750 Shaimaa S. Sobieh*, Mona H. Darwish Received: December 1, 2019 Botany Department, Faculty of Women for Arts, Science and Education, Ain Shams Uni- versity, Cairo, Egypt Accepted: March 13, 2020 E-mail: [email protected]; [email protected] *Corresponding author Published: July 31, 2020 Copyright: © 2020 S.S. Sobieh, M.H. Abstract. This is the first work on Egyptian ancient DNA (aDNA) from plant fossil Darwish. This is an open access, peer-reviewed article published by remains. Two aDNA extracts from Miocene petrified dicot woods were successful- Firenze University Press (http://www. ly obtained, amplified, sequenced and recorded for the first time in the world using fupress.com/caryologia) and distributed a DNA barcoding technique. Internal transcribed spacers (ITS) barcoding is a tech- under the terms of the Creative Com- nique for delimiting and identifying specimens using standardized DNA regions. The mons Attribution License, which per- two Miocene dicot woods: Bombacoxylon owenii (Malvaceae/Bombacoideae) and mits unrestricted use, distribution, and Dalbergioxylon dicorynioides (Leguminosae/Papilionoideae) were collected from reproduction in any medium, provided the Wadi Natrun area in Egypt and were identified by palaeobotanists on the basis the original author and source are of wood anatomy. The molecular identification by ITS region of Bombacoxylon owe- credited. nii did not match the wood taxonomic assignation. The molecular identification of Data Availability Statement: All rel- Bombacoxylon owenii suggested that it is more related to the extant genus Ceiba rather evant data are within the paper and its than to the extant genus Bombax. In contrast, the molecular identification by ITS of Supporting Information files. Dalbergioxylon dicorynioides matched the identification of the palaeobotanist (related to extant genus Dalbergia). Therefore, we suggest that this region should be used as a Competing Interests: The Author(s) starting point to identify several plant fossil remains and this work will be helpful in declare(s) no conflict of interest. solving problems related to the identification of plant fossils. Keywords: Egyptian petrified woods, aDNA, DNA barcoding, ITS. INTRODUCTION Over the past twenty years, several ancient DNA studies have been published, but none has targeted ancient Egyptian DNA. Initial studies on ancient plant DNA were published in the mid-eighties (Golberg et al. 1991). Rogers and Bendich (1985) reported the extraction of nanogram amounts of DNA from plant tissues ranging in age from 22000 to greater than 44600 years old. DNA from fossils facilitates the calibration of mutation rates among related taxa (Poinar et al. 1993). Ancient DNA (aDNA) is the most important and informative biological component that scientists can find in archaeological areas for identification purposes. Ancient DNA analysis is used synergistically with other identifi- Caryologia. International Journal of Cytology, Cytosystematics and Cytogenetics 73(2): 3-13, 2020 ISSN 0008-7114 (print) | ISSN 2165-5391 (online) | DOI: 10.13128/caryologia-750 4 Shaimaa S. Sobieh, Mona H. Darwish cation methods, such as morphological and anatomical gen content and cold temperatures of the water in which observations and microscopic analyses. DNA barcod- they were deposited (Kim et al. 2004). DNA sequences ing complements the microscopic techniques used in can be obtained from Miocene-age plant remains and archaeobotany. DNA analysis can be solely used for the the success rate is increased through the use of improved identification of specimens when the morphological and methods of DNA extraction and the amplification of anatomical characteristics are absent (Hamalton 2016). small segments of the fossil DNA (Kim et al. 2004). Ancient DNA may be used to reconstruct proximal his- El-Saadawi et al. (2014) reported that Egypt contains tories of species and populations. Studies involving the the second largest deposit of Miocene dicot woods in extraction, sequencing, and verification of fossil DNA Africa (containing 23 taxa) after Ethiopia that contains demonstrate the existence of material that can be use- 55 taxa. Seven petrified dicot woods were collected from ful to both palaeontologists and evolutionary geneti- the Wadi Natrun area in Egypt by Prof. Wagih El-Saad- cists. This opens the possibility for coordinated studies awi and Prof. Marwa Kamal El-Din (Botany Depart- of macro- and microevolutionary patterns that directly ment, Faculty of Science, Ain Shams University). They approach the relationship between morphological chang- identified only three of them, namely Bombacoxylon( es on the one hand and genetic changes on the other. owenii (Leguminosae/Papilionoideae), Dalbergioxylon In addition, molecular evolutionary studies attempt dicorynioides (Fabaceae/Faboideae) and Sapindoxylon to reconstruct relationships between concurrent taxa stromeri (Sapindaceae) based on the wood anatomy (El- by deducing ancestral states and the genetic distances Saadawi et al. 2014). Therefore, the main purpose of the between them (Golenberg 1994). present study was to extract and amplify aDNA from Ancient wood is found in high abundance, and sam- these Egyptian Miocene petrified dicot woods to pro- ples are usually large enough to be analysed. For that vide a complete identification. DNA was successfully
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