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Pdf Internet2) Internet3) 126 DOI: 10.14267/phd.2015057 BUDAPESTI CORVINUS EGYETEM KERTÉSZETTUDOMÁNYI KAR GYÓGY- ÉS AROMANÖVÉNYEK TANSZÉK HAZAI VADON TERMŐ KÖZÖNSÉGES SZUROKFŰ (ORIGANUM VULGARE L.) POPULÁCIÓK MORFOLÓGIAI ÉS KÉMIAI DIVERZITÁSÁNAK FELTÁRÁSA DOKTORI ÉRTEKEZÉS CSERHÁTI BEATRIX TÉMAVEZETŐ: DR. SZABÓ KRISZTINA PHD BUDAPEST 2015 DOI: 10.14267/phd.2015057 A doktori iskola megnevezése: Kertészettudományi Doktori Iskola tudományága: Növénytermesztési és kertészeti tudományok vezetője: Dr. Tóth Magdolna egyetemi tanár, DSc BUDAPESTI CORVINUS EGYETEM, Kertészettudományi Kar, Gyümölcstermő Növények Tanszék Témavezető: Dr. Szabó Krisztina egyetemi docens, PhD BUDAPESTI CORVINUS EGYETEM, Kertészettudományi Kar, Gyógy- és Aromanövények Tanszék A jelölt a Budapesti Corvinus Egyetem Doktori Szabályzatában előírt valamennyi feltételnek eleget tett, az értekezés műhelyvitájában elhangzott észrevételeket és javaslatokat az értekezés átdolgozásakor figyelembe vette, azért az értekezés nyilvános vitára bocsátható. ..................................................... ..................................................... Az iskolavezető jóváhagyása A témavezető jóváhagyása 2 DOI: 10.14267/phd.2015057 A Budapesti Corvinus Egyetem Élettudományi Területi Doktori Tanács 2015. október 13-i határozatában a nyilvános vita lefolytatására az alábbi Bíráló Bizottságot jelölte ki: BÍRÁLÓ BIZOTTSÁG: Elnöke: Höhn Mária, CSc Tagjai: Terbe István, DSc Honfi Péter, PhD Ledniczkyné Lemberkovics Éva, PhD Máthé Imre, DSc Opponensek: Bodor Zsófia, PhD Stefanovitsné Bányai Éva, DSc Titkár: Honfi Péter, PhD 3 DOI: 10.14267/phd.2015057 I. TARTALOMJEGYZÉK I. TARTALOMJEGYZÉK ....................................................................................................... 4 2. BEVEZETÉS ÉS CÉLKITŰZÉS ......................................................................................... 6 3. IRODALMI ÁTTEKINTÉS ................................................................................................. 8 3.1. A közönséges szurokfű (Origanum vulgare L.) rendszertani besorolása, származása . 8 3.2. A közönséges szurokfű (Origanum vulgare L.) morfológiai jellemzése ....................... 12 3.3. A közönséges szurokfű (Origanum vulgare L.) drogja, hatóanyagai és felhasználási területei ................................................................................................................................ 16 3.3.1. A drog ..................................................................................................................... 16 3.3.2. Illóolaj-tartalom és összetétel ................................................................................. 18 3.3.3. Fenoloidok .............................................................................................................. 25 3.3.4. A vizsgálati módszerek sokféleségéből adódó ellentmondások ............................. 29 3.3.5. Az Origanum vulgare L. farmakológiai hatása, felhasználási területei ................ 34 3.4. A közönséges szurokfű (Origanum vulgare L.) ökológiai igényei, előfordulása .......... 35 3.5. Környezeti tényezők és produkció kapcsolata az Origanum vulgare L. esetében ....... 41 4. ANYAG ÉS MÓDSZER ..................................................................................................... 44 4.1. Az vizsgált Origanum vulgare L. populációk ............................................................... 44 4.1.1. Vadon termő populációk feltérképezése ................................................................ 44 4.1.2. Az utódpopulációk kitermesztésének ex situ helye ............................................... 45 4.1.3. A természetes lelőhelyek és a szabadföldi kísérleti terület jellemzése .................. 46 4.1.4. Ex situ állományok (utódpopulációk) létesítése azonos körülmények között....... 47 4.1.5. A populációk morfológiai jellemzése ..................................................................... 53 4.2. Mintagyűjtés a vadon termő és utódpopulációkban .................................................... 54 4.3. A populációk mintáinak kémiai analízise (beltartalmi vizsgálatok) ........................... 55 4.3.1. Illó hatóanyagok vizsgálata .................................................................................... 55 4.3.1.1. Az illóolaj-tartalom mérése ............................................................................. 55 4.3.1.2. Az illóolaj komponensek meghatározása ........................................................ 55 4.3.2. Nem illó hatóanyagok vizsgálata............................................................................ 56 4.3.2.1. Flavonoid-tartalom .......................................................................................... 56 4.3.2.1.1. Az összflavonoid-tartalom mérése ............................................................ 56 4.3.2.1.2. Flavonoid komponensek meghatározása .................................................. 57 4 DOI: 10.14267/phd.2015057 4.3.2.2. Az összes polifenol-tartalom meghatározása .................................................. 57 4.3.3. Antioxidáns kapacitás meghatározása .................................................................. 58 4.4. Statisztikai analízis ....................................................................................................... 58 5. EREDMÉNYEK ÉS KÖVETKEZTETÉSEK ................................................................... 60 5.1. A természetben fölmért Origanum vulgare L. populációk élőhelyeinek jellemzése.... 60 5.2. A vizsgált hazai Origanum vulgare L. vadon termő populációk és ex situ utódpopulációik morfológiai jellemzése ............................................................................. 63 5.3. Illóolaj-tartalom és összetétel vizsgálatok eredményei (és következtetések) .............. 73 5.3.1. Illóolaj-tartalom ..................................................................................................... 73 5.3.2. Illóolaj összetétel..................................................................................................... 76 5.4. Nem illó hatóanyagok vizsgálatainak eredményei (és következtetések) ..................... 85 5.4.1. Flavonoid-tartalom................................................................................................. 86 5.4.1.1. Összes flavonoid-tartalom ............................................................................... 86 5.4.1.2. A flavonoid komponensek vékonyréteg kromatográfiás vizsgálatának eredménye ..................................................................................................................... 89 5.4.2. Összes polifenol-tartalom ....................................................................................... 89 5.4.3. Összantioxidáns kapacitás ..................................................................................... 95 5.4.4. A nem illó komponensek és az antioxidáns kapacitás közötti kapcsolatok értékelése ........................................................................................................................ 100 5.5. Új tudományos eredmények ....................................................................................... 102 6. ÖSSZEFOGLALÁS .......................................................................................................... 104 7. SUMMARY ....................................................................................................................... 108 ÁBRÁK JEGYZÉKE............................................................................................................ 112 TÁBLÁZATOK JEGYZÉKE .............................................................................................. 114 8. IRODALOMJEGYZÉK ................................................................................................... 116 9. MELLÉKLETEK ............................................................................................................. 128 10. KÖSZÖNETNYILVÁNÍTÁS ......................................................................................... 175 5 DOI: 10.14267/phd.2015057 2. BEVEZETÉS ÉS CÉLKITŰZÉS Az Origanum nemzetség a jelenlegi nemzetközi kutatási irányvonalak között hangsúlyos és intenzíven vizsgált taxonként szerepel (KINTZIOS, 2002). Aktualitása elméleti szempontból rendkívül nagymértékű morfológiai és kémiai diverzitására, gyakorlati szempontból az Origanum fajok fűszerként megnövekedett mértékű felhasználására (oregano és majoránna) vezethető vissza (SZABÓ és mtsai., 1998). Több nemzetközi együttműködést hívott létre e diverzitás feltárása iránti igény; korábban az IPGRI (International Plant Genetic Resources Institute) szentelt külön figyelmet az európai Origanum populációk felmérésére, később LUKAS és munkatársai (2012) kutatócsoportja irányításával valósult meg átfogó munka, melynek a hazánkban általunk felderített közönséges szurokfű populációk közül három képezte részét. A hazai Origanum vulgare populációk morfológiai variabilitását – SOÓ és BORHIDI (1968) feldolgozását követően – az elmúlt 47 évben nem vizsgálták, kémiai változatosságuk pedig alig ismert (OSZAGYÁN és mtsai., 1996, OSZAGYÁN, 1999). Az újabb nemzetközi tudományos eredmények tükrében a faj nemcsak illóolaj forrásként, hanem egyéb, nem illó komponenseinek köszönhetően számos új területen biológiai aktivitással rendelkező, perspektivikus növényi alapanyagként szerepel (LIĈINA és mtsai., 2013; MIRON és mtsai., 2010). IETSWAART (1980) jelenleg elfogadott taxonómiai rendszere szerint hazánk területén az Origanum vulgare subsp. vulgare fordul elő. A nemzetséggel
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