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CNR Volume Germoplasma Forestale COLLANA SICILIA FORESTE 35 Supplemento alla rivista trimestrale Sicilia Foreste Direttore Resp. e Red. Dott. A. Gatto Registrazione Tribumale di Palermo n. 27/1993 A cura di: Raffaello Giannini Autori Cristina Vettori - Anna De Carlo - Anna Maria Proietti - Donatella Paffetti Giovanni Emiliani - Luciano Saporito - Giuseppe Giaimi - Raffaello Giannini Collaboratori Catia Boggi - Fabio Migliacci - Roberta Tupone - Silvia Marsili - Simonetta Bianchi In copertina I boschi di faggio di Pian dei Cervi (Madonie) - (Foto: A.M. Proietti). IGVIGV C.N.R. ISTITUTO DI GENETICA VEGETALE SEZIONE DI FIRENZE VALUTAZIONE E CONSERVAZIONE DELLA VARIABILITÁ DEL GERMOPLASMA FORESTALE IN SICILIA Indice Prefazione . pag. 7 Introduzione . pag. 9 1. Principali peculiarità della Sicilia . pag. 17 1.1 Lineamenti geo-morfologici e pedologici . pag. 17 1.2 Lineamenti climatici . pag. 19 1.3 Lineamenti vegetazionali . pag. 21 2. Il patrimonio forestale regionale . pag. 23 2.1 Il demanio forestale regionale . pag. 24 3. Caratteristiche strutturali e tipologico-vegeta- zionali delle principali formazioni forestali . pag. 27 3.1 Boschi di faggio . pag. 27 3.2 Boschi di roverella . pag. 44 3.3 Boschi di sughera . pag. 53 3.4 Boschi di leccio . pag. 60 3.5 Tipologia successionale . pag. 64 4. Caratteristiche genetiche . pag. 73 4.1 Faggio . pag. 74 4.2 Querce. Generalità . pag. 79 4.3 Rovere . pag. 83 4.4 Roverella . pag. 84 4.5 Cerro . pag. 87 4.6 Sughera . pag. 89 4.7 Leccio . pag. 92 4.8 Quercia spinosa . pag. 95 4.9 Orniello . pag. 97 4.10 Platano . pag. 101 4.11 Agrifoglio . pag. 104 4.12 Betulla . pag. 107 4.13 Zelkova . pag. 110 4.14 Formazioni del genere Pinus. Generalità . pag. 113 4.14.1 Identificazione molecolare delle specie del genere Pinus . pag. 114 4.14.2 Pino marittimo . pag. 116 4.14.3 Pino laricio . pag. 117 4.14.4 Pino d’Aleppo . pag. 119 4.15 Abete dei Nebrodi . pag. 121 4.16 Tasso . pag. 123 5. Sintesi genetica delle specie forestali siciliane pag. 127 5.1 Faggio . pag. 127 5.2 Querce . pag. 127 5.3 Orniello . pag. 129 5 5.4 Platano . pag. 129 5.5 Agrifoglio . pag. 130 5.6 Betulla . pag. 130 5.7 Zelkova . pag. 131 5.8 Boschi del genere Pinus . pag. 131 5.9 Abete dei Nebrodi . pag. 132 5.10 Tasso . pag. 133 6. La gestione delle risorse genetiche . pag. 135 6.1 Strategie di conservazione delle risorse genetiche forestali . pag. 137 6.2 Le aree di omogeneità ecologica e genetica . pag. 140 6.3 I boschi da seme . pag. 147 7. Pianificazione della azioni di salvaguardia e d’impiego del germoplasma degli alberi forestali pag. 149 7.1 Specie forestali endemiche, relitte e marginali di massimo interesse di conservazione . pag. 153 7.2 Serbatoi genetici e boschi da seme per la produzione di materiale di propagazione da destinare a rimboschimenti ed alle azioni di ripristino ambientale pag. 156 7.2.1 Conifere . pag. 156 7.2.2 Latifoglie . pag. 159 8. Conclusioni . pag. 165 8.1 Metodologie di analisi . pag. 167 8.2 Struttura del soprassuolo . pag. 168 8.3 Analisi floristica . pag. 171 8.4 Variabilità genetica . pag. 172 9. Bibliografia . pag. 181 10. Appendice . pag. 209 6 Valutazione e conservazione della variabilità del germoplasma forestale in Sicilia Prefazione Il lavoro che presentiamo in questo volume della Collana Sicilia Foreste, costituisce un esempio unico di studio di carattere genetico applicato alle principali specie forestali della nostra Isola e nasce dalla volontà del Dipartimento Azienda Foreste di portare avanti, in maniera complessiva ed estesa, una attività di carattere gestionale di tipo sosteni- bile dei boschi siciliani. Lo studio è stato realizzato nell’ambito delle azioni di supporto alla misura P.O.R. 1.12 Sistemi integrati ad alta naturalità. Moltiplicazione e conservazione del germoplasma agrario e forestale, utilizzando altra misura specifica di supporto, la 7.01 Assistenza tecnica. Grazie a tali risorse finanziarie è stato possibile impostare un pro- getto di ricerca che fosse finalizzato a gettare le basi per una organica e preliminare conoscenza genetica dei popolamenti forestali isolani, che permettesse successivamente di affrontare, in termini scientificamente corretti, la problematica dell’individuazione dei boschi da seme regiona- le, basata non solo su aspetti del fenotipo ma soprattutto del genotipo. Il progetto fa parte di una maggiore azione del Dipartimento nella tutela e conservazione delle risorse genetiche regionali, con la creazio- ne di due Centri regionali per il germoplasma, in corso di realizzazione e di altre azioni di ricerca connesse, sia con riferimento al vivaismo fore- stale che alla conoscenza e conservazione di germoplasma dei sistemi agro-forestali dell’isola. Il lavoro di ricerca è stato impostato nella metodologia e sviluppa- to dal C.N.R. - I.G.V. Istituto di genetica vegetale di Firenze, su progetto generale del Dipartimento Azienda e costituisce un esempio di sinergia fra strutture pubbliche dedicate, rispettivamente, alla ricerca ed alla gestione del patrimonio boschivo demaniale. In tal senso un ringraziamento và, non solo al Prof. Raffaello Giannini, Direttore dell’I.G.V. ed al Dr. Luciano Saporito del Dipartimento, ma a tutti coloro, ricercatori, tecnici e personale del Diparimento, che ne hanno permesso la realizzazione. Dr. Antonino COLLETTI Ispettore Generale dell’Azienda Foreste 7 Introduzione “VALUTAZIONE E CONSERVAZIONE DELLA VARIABILITÀ DEL GERMOPLASMA FORESTALE IN SICILIA” Il presente lavoro riferisce sui risultati di alcune indagini riguar- danti la biodiversità degli ecosistemi forestali siciliani ed in partico- lare la caratterizzazione genetica della componente di maggiore valenza, ovvero il soprassuolo arboreo. Queste informazioni sono state impiegate poi per individuare le strategie per la salvaguardia di specie relitte o minacciate e per definire i percorsi operativi in una gestione integrata e sostenibile della foresta. Tra le varie motivazioni che hanno portato negli ultimi vent’an- ni a denunciare con forza l’importanza della conservazione della biodiversità, non poche sono scaturite dai risultati sempre più dispo- nibili di ricerche dirette alla comprensione delle relazioni intercor- renti tra funzionalità dell’ecosistema e biodiversità dello stesso. Difatti veniva recepito come l’aumento dell’impatto sul bosco da parte dell’attività antropica, quale risultato di un incremento demo- grafico della popolazione congiunto ad una più diffusa aspirazione di fruizione di maggiore benessere, fosse causa di una corrisponden- te trasformazione degli ecosistemi naturali verso stadi involutivi e di impoverimento della biodiversità (Loreau et al., 2001). Nella loro collettività gli ecosistemi terrestri sono responsabili dei cicli bio-geo-ecologici (relazioni tra suolo e vegetazione) che regolano il sistema terra e la cui efficienza.
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