Computer-Generated Keys to the Flora of Egypt. 8. the Lamiaceae A

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16 Egypt. J. Bot. Vol. 59, No.1, pp. 209 - 232 (2019)‎

Computer-Generated Keys to the Flora of Egypt. 8. The Lamiaceae A. El-Gazzar(1)#, A. El-Ghamery(2), A.H. Khattab(3), B.S. El-Saeid(2), A.A. El-Kady(2) (1)Botany and Microbiology Department, Faculty of Science, El-Arish University, El- Arish, N. Sinai, Egypt; (2)Botany and Microbiology Department, Faculty of Science, Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt; (3)The Herbarium, Botany Department, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt.

anually-constructed keys to many groups of the Egyptian flora are in urgent Mneed of improvement and updating. To construct a conventional substitute of the key to representatives of the Lamiaceae, a data matrix was compiled to include 48 characters recorded for each of the 52 species (with three subspecies and one variety) belonging to 24 genera which represent this family in the flora of Egypt. The 48 characters were accurately defined to cover as much of the easily observable aspects of vegetative and floral variation in the plants as possible. The data matrix was analyzed using the key-generating package of programs DELTA. The analysis produced a conventional key with a detailed description of every species in terms of the 48 characters. The key is decidedly a marked improvement over its predecessors in that it is strictly comparative. Updating the nomenclature of the plants led to the first recording of the genusThymbra in the flora of Egypt. Keywords: Conventional key, DELTA, Egypt, Flora, Lamiaceae, Thymbra.

Introduction verticillasters in acropetal succession where the number of flowers per bract axil varies from 1 to The Lamiaceae Lindl. (nom.altern. Labiatae Juss.) many. Bracts are usually broad and leafy; bracteols is a relatively large family with 240-255 genera are often absent. The flower is hermaphrodite, encompassing 6900-7200 species (Bergianska, pentamerous, hypogynous and strongly 2014 and Chase et al., 2016). The plants are zygomorphic. Calyx of 5 united persistent sepals, predominantly annual or perennial herbs, but may usually 2-lipped, with 2-5 teeth, or with 10 teeth be shrubs or small trees (e.g., most Hyptis spp.). in some Leucas and Marrubium species; teeth The stem is usually erect but may be prostrate are rarely equal and the calyx is regular (e.g., in or rhizomatous (e.g., some Mentha spp.); young Mentha). Corolla of 5 united petals, often showy, stems are quadrangular in cross-section; pith solid 2-lipped, configuration is often characteristic of or hollow; nodes are consistently unilacunar with most genera; upper lip of two lobes, commonly 1-2 traces per leaf gap. The density of indumentum vaulted (e.g., Lamium, Salvia), glabrous or with on vegetative organs ranges from entirely a thick tuft of hairs on its outer surface (e.g., in glabrous to thickly pilose or white-tomentose. Lamium, Phlomis), but may be short or absent Epidermal trichomes frequently found in various (e.g., in Teucrium and Ajuga). Lower lip consists combinations on vegetative and floral parts are of 3 unequal and variously shaped lobes. Stamens uni- or multicellular, glandular or eglandular, 2 or 4, epipetalous, the posterior stamen is usually simple, branched, stellate, or ‘dendroid’. The absent or present as a minute staminode (e.g., leaves are usually opposite decussate, whorled in Rosmarinus), exserted or included in corolla; only in Dysophylla (El-Gazzar & Watson, 1967), filaments hairy or glabrous, straight or curved and consistently ex-stipulate, petiolate or sessile, included in the vault of the upper or lower corolla simple to variously dissected, flat or ericoid with lip; anthers usually dithecous or monothecous, recurved margins as in some Lavandula spp. and thecae divaricated or parallel. In Salvia, filaments Rosmarinus officinalis (El-Gazzar & Watson, of the two stamens are short and the two lobes of 1970). The inflorescence is a terminal spike, each anther are widely separated by a long filiform a globose aggregate of cymes or a lax-dense connective which forms a lever-like structure

#Corresponding author email: [email protected] DOI: 10.21608/ejbo.2018.4861.1201 Edited by: Prof. Dr. Monier M. Abd El-Ghani, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt. ©2019 National Information and Documentation Center (NIDOC) 210 A. El-Gazzar et al. with the staminal filament thus giving the stamen of Egypt by 23 genera and 54 species (Boulos, a high degree of versatility suited for pollination 2002), including Clerodendrum acerbianum by insects (El-Gazzar et al., 1968 and Walker which traditionally belonged in the Verbenaceae & Sytsma, 2007). Gynoecium is 2-carpellate, but was among the taxa transferred to Lamiaceae usually 4-locular by intrusion of carpel wall by Cantino (1992). Manually constructed keys forming ‘false septum’. Ovary is often 4-locular to these taxa were provided by Muschler (1912), with 1 ovule per locule, glabrous or hairy, with Montasir & Hassib (1956), Täckholm (1956, a gynobasic style, or entire and 4-ovuled (e.g., 1974), El-Husseini (1986) and Boulos (2002). in Ajuga, Teucrium) with a terminal style. Ovary The same as all manually constructed keys, those usually on a fleshy, entire, irregularly or often of the Lamiaceae (and several other families with 4-lobed nectariferous disc, usually anterior lobe relatively large representation in the local flora) is longer than others. Style is glabrous or hairy, are in urgent need for updating and improvement. usually with 2 equal or unequal stigmatic arms, Hence, the ongoing work on benefiting from sometimes entire with 1 stigma-lobe vestigial, or the inherent versatility of the package of key- stigma capitate or very rarely 4-lobed. A 4-loculed generating computer programs DELTA in ovary develops into four 1-seeded mericarps constructing much improved identification keys (nutlets), sometimes fewer by abortion; mericarps to these groups. Previous studies in this series often with sculptured, tuberculate, hairy or rarely dealt with the Leguminosae (Mimosoideae winged pericarp, mucilage cells often present. An and Caesalpinioideae), Chenopodiaceae, entire ovary develops into a drupe. Pantaginaceae, Solanaceae, Leguminosae- Papilionoideae, Boraginaceae and Acanthaceae The Lamiaceae are cosmopolitan but with a s.l. (El-Gazzar et al., 2008 a, b; 2009 a, b; 2012 marked absence in areas with extremely harsh and 2015 a, b, respectively). environmental conditions in the Arctic Circle, the African Sahara, central Arabia and the expanses Materials and Methods of the Mongolian desert. Most genera and species show a marked preference for the temperate Specimens of 52 species (with three subspecies environment (Watson & Dallwitz, 1992 onwards). and one variety) belonging to 24 genera of the Lamiaceae were obtained from the herbarium Numerous members of Lamiaceae are rich of the Faculty of Science, Cairo University. in strongly aromatic essential oils in their shoot Identification of all taxa was accurately scrutinized system (Guenther, 1974 and Hegnauer, 1966), according to El-Gazzar (1969) and El-Husseini while others have copious amounts of fixed oils (1986), and updated according to the two major in their seeds (Hagemann et al., 1967). Species nomenclatural databases [http://www.theplantlist. of many genera (e.g., Lavandula, Mentha, org/] and [http://www.tropicos.org/]”. Origanum) derive their economic importance from their production of essential oils which are Available specimens of the 54 taxa (52 species, the main constituents of perfumes, toothpastes three subspecies and one variety) were examined and food and drink flavoring additives. Species in detail for any easily observable and seemingly of other genera (e.g., Rosmarinus officinalis, stable aspects of variation in vegetative and floral Salvia officinalis) are commonly used as culinary morphology. The 48 characters which met these herbs. Essential oils of many species have for two basic criteria were recorded comparatively for centuries been used worldwide to treat various every species in a data matrix which was subjected ailments (Balali et al., 2012 and Mikaili et al., to analysis under the program suit DELTA 2013), as antioxidants (Hussain et al., 2011 and (Dallwitz et al., 2000) to generate a conventional Delnavazi et al., 2014), antibacterial (Stefanakis identification key and detailed description of et al., 2013), antifungal (Medjahed et al., 2016), every taxon in terms of the recorded characters. insecticides (Mossa, 2016) and several medicinal applications (e.g., Caldas et al., 2014). A few Results herbaceous species (e.g., Salvia splendens, Salvia coccinea, Molucella laevis) are grown as garden The characters ornamentals. The 48 characters recorded comparatively for the 54 taxa belonging to 24 genera representing The Lamiaceae are represented in the flora the Lamiaceae in the flora of Egypt are listed in

Egypt. J. Bot. 59, No.1 (2019)‎ 211 Computer-Generated Keys To The Flora of Egypt. 8. The Lamiaceae

Table 1. The numbers of qualitative, multistate rotund to cuneate base (Figs. 2-4), and quantitative characters in that list are 38, 7 3- Cordate, similar to the preceding but with deep and 3, respectively. The wide range of variation in base (Fig. 5), and leaf morphology provided a wealth of potentially 4- Fan-shaped (Fig. 7). useful characters. Thus, leaf blades may be simple (Figs. 1-7), 3-lobed (Fig. 8), partially pinnate The leaves are sessile-subsessile (Figs. 1, (Fig. 9), pinnate (Fig. 10) or bi- to tri-pinnate 6) or conspicuously petioled (Figs. 2-5, 7-11), with filiform to broad pinnae and pinnules (Fig. uninerved (Fig. 1), or with palmate (Figs. 7 and 11). The following shapes of leaf blades were 8) or pinnate venation (Fig. 5). The leaf margin observed: ranges from entire (Figs. 1, 3, 6) to finely or coarsely denticulate-serrate (Figs. 2, 4), or 1- Linear-lanceolate, the blade is at least 6 times irregularly sinuate (Fig. 5). Leaf surface is either as long as broad (Fig. 1), smooth (Figs. 3, 4), white tomentose (Fig. 7) or 2- Oblong-ovate, with acute or obtuse apex and rugose (Figs. 2, 5).

Table 1. List of the 48 characters and character-states recorded comparatively for 24 genera and 54 taxa representing the Lamiaceae in the flora of Egypt and used to construct a conventional key to them [*= Multistate character; **= Quantitative character]. #1. Plant/1. herbaceous/2. woody/ #2. Stem/1. hairy/2. glabrous/ #3. Stem/1. square/2. terete/ #4. Stem/1. erect/2. prostrate/ #5. Stolons/1. present/2. absent/ #6. Leaves/1. petioled/2. sessile-subsessile/ #7. Leaves/1. simple/2. 3-lobed/3. partially pinnate/4. uni- to bi-pinnate/* #8. Leaf blade/1. linear-lanceolate/2. oblong-ovate/3. cordate/4. orbicular/5. fan-shaped/* #9. Leaf blade/cm long/** #10. Leaf blade/cm broad/** #11. Leaf veins/1. prominent/2. not prominent/ #12. Leaf veins/1. black/2. not black/ #13. Leaf margin/1. entire/2. denticulate-serrate/3. sinuate/* #14. Leaf margin/1. revolute/2. flat/ #15. Leaf apex/1. acute/2. obtuse/ #16. Leaf surface/1. smooth/2. rugose/ #17. Leaves/1. white-tomentose/2. not white-tomentose/ #18. Leaf/1. uninerved/2. venation palmate/3. venation pinnate/* #19. Inflorescence/1. lax verticillasters/2. dense spike-like/3. terminal globose aggregate/* #20. Flowers/1. pedicelled/2. sessile/ #21. Calyx/1. bilabiate/2. nearly regular/ #22. Calyx/1. funnel-shaped/2. not funnel-shaped/ #23. Calyx veins/1. prominent/2. not prominent/ #24. Calyx teeth/1. 5 or less/2. 8–10/ #25. Calyx teeth/1. hooked/2. not hooked/ #26. Calyx teeth/1. spiny-tipped/2. not spiny-tipped/ #27. Posterior sepal/mm long/** #28. Veins in calyx tube/1. 5/2. 10/3. 13/4. 15/* #29. Outer surface of petal lobes/1. hairy/2. glabrous/ #30. Upper lip of corolla/1. vaulted/2. flat-deflexed/3. nearly equal to lower lip/4. reduced/* #31. Corolla tube/1. included in calyx/2. much longer than calyx/ #32. Stamens/1. 2/2. 4/ #33. Stamens/1. exserted/2. included/

Egypt. J. Bot. 59, No.1 (2019)‎ 212 A. El-Gazzar et al.

Table 1. Cont. #34. Staminal filaments/1. hairy/2. glabrous/ #35. Filament-connective attachment/1. lever-like/2. not lever-like/ #36. Ovary/1. hairy/2. glabrous/ #37. Style/1. hairy/2. glabrous/ #38. Style/1. terminal/2. gynobasic/ #39. Stigma/1. capitate/2. 2 elongate arms/ #40. Stigmatic lobes/1. equal/2. unequal/ #41. Fruit/1. 4 nutlets/2. drupe/ #42. Eglandular hairs on leaves/1. present/2. absent/ #43. Sessile glandular hairs on leaves/1. present/2. absent/ #44. Stalked glandular hairs on leaves/1. present/2. absent/ #45. Branched hairs on leaves/1. present/2. absent/ #46. Sessile glandular hairs on calyx/1. present/2. absent/ #47. Stalked glandular hairs on calyx/1. present/2. absent/ #48. Branched hairs on calyx/1. present/2. absent/

Figs. 1-11. Images illustrating the variation in leaf morphology of Lamiaceae. 1. Ajuga iva: Linear, uninerved; 2. Phlomis floccosa: Oblong with rotund base; 3. Ziziphora capitata: Oblong with cuneate base; 4. FiguresOtostegia 1-11: Imagesfruticosa: illustrating Ovate; 5. Salvia the variation spinosa: Ovate in leaf with morphology cordate base; of 6. lamiaceae. Mentha longifolia: 1. Ajuga Sessile, iva: entire margin; 7. Marrubium alysson: Fan-shaped, white-tomentose, palmate venation, veins black; linear,8. uninerved; Ajuga chamaepytis 2. Phlomis: 3-lobed; floccosa 9. Salvia: oblong palaestina with :rotund Partially base; pinnate; 3. Ziziphora 10. Lavandula capitata canariensis oblong: with cuneatePinnate; base11. Eremostachys; 4. Otostegia laciniata fruticosa: Tri-pinnate.: ovate; 5. Salvia spinosa: ovate with cordate base; 6. Mentha longifolia: sessile, entire margin; 7. Marrubium alysson: fan-shaped, white-tomentose, palmateThe DE Lvenation,TA package veins produces black; conventional 8. Ajuga chamaepytisrequired;, 3-lobed; copies 9.of Salviathe list palaestinaof characters: partially and the keys and detailed descriptions of the taxa in natural data matrix are available on request from A.A. pinnate; 10. Lavandula canariensis: pinnate; 11. Eremostachys laciniata: tri-pinnate. language. When those keys and descriptions El-Kady ([email protected]) or B.S. become in need of updating by adding more taxa El-Saeid ([email protected]). and/or characters, the original data matrix will be

Egypt. J. Bot. 59, No.1 (2019)‎ 5

#43. Sessile glandular hairs on leaves/1. present/2. absent/ #44. Stalked glandular hairs on leaves/1. present/2. absent/ #45. Branched hairs on leaves/1. present/2. absent/ #46. Sessile glandular hairs on calyx/1. present/2. absent/ #47. Stalked glandular hairs on calyx/1. present/2. absent/ #48. Branched hairs on calyx/1. present/2. absent/ ======FIGURES (1-11) SHOULD BE INSERTED HERE

Figures 1-11: Images illustrating the variation in leaf morphology of lamiaceae. 1. Ajuga iva: linear, uninerved; 2. Phlomis floccosa: oblong with rotund base; 3. Ziziphora capitata oblong with cuneate base; 4. Otostegia fruticosa: ovate; 5. Salvia spinosa: ovate with cordate base; 6. Mentha longifolia: sessile, entire margin; 7. Marrubium alysson: fan-shaped, white-tomentose, palmate venation, veins black; 8. Ajuga chamaepytis, 3-lobed; 9. Salvia palaestina: partially pinnate; 10. Lavandula canariensis: pinnate; 11. Phlomoides laciniata: tri-pinnate.

The DElTA package produces conventional keys and detailed descriptions of the taxa in natural language. When those keys and descriptions become in need of updating by adding more taxa and/or characters, the original data matrix will be required; copies of the list of characters and the data matrix are available on request from A.A. El-Kady213 Computer-Generated Keys To The Flora of Egypt. 8. The Lamiaceae ([email protected]) or B.S. El-Saeid ([email protected]).

The bracketed Key Characters: 48 indata, 45 included, 37 in key. Items: 54 indata, 54 included, 54 in key. Parameters: Rbase =1.40 Abase = 2.00 Reuse = 1.01 Varywt = 0.80 Characters included: 1–8 11–26 28–48 Character reliabilities: 1–48,5

1. Upper lip of corolla vaulted ...... 2 Upper lip of corolla flat-deflexed ...... 11 Upper lip of corolla nearly equal to lower lip ...... 34 Upper lip of corolla reduced ...... 37

2(1). leaf margin entire ...... 3 leaf margin denticulate-serrate ...... 4 leaf margin sinuate ...... 9

3(2). leaf veins prominent; leaf surface rugose; leaves not white-tomentose; Calyx nearly regular...... …………………………………………………… …. Phlomis aurea Decne. leaf veins not prominent; leaf surface smooth; leaves white-tomentose; Calyx bilabiate ………………………………...... ………………………… Salvia multicaulis Vahl

4(2). Veins in calyx tube10 ...... 5 Veins in calyx tube 13 ...... 8 Veins in calyx tube 15 ...... Phlomoides laciniata (L.) Kamelin & Makhm.6

5(4). leaf apex acute; leaf venation pinnate; Stamens 2; Filament-connective attachment lever-like ...... 6 leaf apex obtuse; leaf venation palmate; Stamens 4; Filament-connective attachment not lever-like ...... 7

6(5). leaf veins prominent; leaf blade oblong-ovate; leaves white-tomentose; Flowers sessile ………………………………………………………………………. Salvia dominica L. leaf veins not prominent; leaf blade cordate; leaves not white-tomentose; Flowers pedicelled …………………………………………………………………….. Salvia spinosa L.

7(5). leaf surface smooth; leaves white-tomentose; Calyx bilabiate; Calyx teeth 5 or less ...... Otostigia fruticosa (Forssk.) Schweinf. ex Penzig ssp. fruticosa leaf surface rugose; leaves not white-tomentose; Calyx nearly regular; Calyx teeth 8-10 ...... Phlomis floccosa D. Don

8(4). leaf veins prominent; leaf apex acute; leaves partially pinnate; leaf margin flat ….. Salvia verbenaca L. leaf veins not prominent; leaf apex obtuse; leaves simple; leaf margin revolute ...... Salvia lanigera Poir. in Lam.

9(2). leaf veins prominent; Veins in calyx tube 10; leaves simple; Corolla tube included in calyx ...... 10 leaf veins not prominent; Veins in calyx tube 13; leaves partially pinnate; Corolla tube much longer than calyx ...... Salvia palaestina Benth.

10(9). leaf apex acute; Plant herbaceous; leaf surface rugose; leaves not white-tomentose ...... Salvia sclarea L. leaf apex obtuse; Plant woody; leaf surface smooth; leaves white-tomentose ...... Otostegia fruticosa (Forssk.) Penzig ssp. schimperi (Benth.) Sebald.

11(1). Veins in calyx tube5 ...... Origanum syriacum L. ssp. sinaicum (Boiss.) Greuter & Burdet Veins in calyx tube 10 ...... 12 Veins in calyx tube 13 ...... 23 Veins in calyx tube 15 ...... 28

12(11). leaf blade linear-lanceolate ...... Egypt. J. Bot...... 59, No.1 (2019). 13 ‎ leaf blade oblong-ovate ...... 16 leaf blade cordate ...... 21 leaf blade orbicular ...... 22 leaf blade fan-shaped ...... Marrubium alysson L.

13(12). leaf margin entire; Inflorescence terminal globose aggregate ...... 14 leaf margin denticulate-serrate; Inflorescence dense spike-like ...... Leucas neuflizeana Courbon leaf margin sinuate; Inflorescence lax verticillasters ...... Salvia deserti Decne.

14(13). leaf apex acute; Stigma capitate; Stigmatic lobes equal; Branched hairs on calyx absent ...... 15 leaf apex obtuse; Stigma 2 elongate arms; Stigmatic lobes unequal; Branched hairs on calyx present ...... Thymbra capitata (L.) Cav.

15(14). leaves white-tomentose; leaf uninerved; Calyx nearly regular; Calyx funnel-shaped ...... Thymus decussatus Benth. leaves not white-tomentose; leaf venation pinnate; Calyx bilabiate; Calyx not funnel-shaped ...... Thymus bovei Benth.

16(12). leaf veins black ...... 17 leaf veins not black ...... 19

11(1). Veins in calyx tube5 ...... Origanum syriacum L. ssp. sinaicum (Boiss.) Greuter & Burdet Veins in calyx tube 10 ...... 12 214 Veins in calyx tube 13 ...... A. El-Gazzar et al...... 23 Veins in calyx tube 15 ...... 28

12(11). leaf blade linear-lanceolate ...... 13 leaf blade oblong-ovate ...... 16 leaf blade cordate ...... 21 leaf blade orbicular ...... 22 leaf blade fan-shaped ...... Marrubium alysson L.

16(12). leaf veins black ...... 17 leaf veins not black ...... 197

17(16). leaf venation palmate; Inflorescence lax verticillasters; Calyx not funnel-shaped; Calyx teeth hooked ...... Marrubium vulgare L. leaf venation pinnate; Inflorescence dense spike-like; Calyx funnel-shaped; Calyx teeth not hooked ..... 18

18(17). Calyx teeth spiny-tipped; Corolla tube included in calyx; Staminal filaments glabrous; Stigmatic lobes unequal ...... Ballota saxatilis Sieber ex C. Presl Calyx teeth not spiny-tipped; Corolla tube much longer than calyx; Staminal filaments hairy; Stigmatic lobes equal ...... Ballota kaiseri Täckh.

19(16). leaf veins prominent; leaf surface rugose; leaf venation palmate; Inflorescence dense spike-like ...... Ballota pseudodictamnus (L.) Benth. leaf veins not prominent; leaf surface smooth; leaf venation pinnate; Inflorescence lax verticillasters ...... 20

20(19). leaf margin entire; leaf apex acute; Plant woody; leaves white-tomentose .... Ocimum forsskaolii Benth. leaf margin denticulate-serrate; leaf apex obtuse; Plant herbaceous; leaves not white-tomentose ...... Orthosiphon pallidus Royle ex Benth. in Hook.

21(12). leaf veins prominent; Plant woody; leaf surface rugose; Inflorescence dense spike-like...... Ballota undulata (Sieber ex Fresen.) Benth. leaf veins not prominent; Plant herbaceous; leaf surface smooth; Inflorescence lax verticillasters ...... Lamium amplexicaule L.

22(12). leaf margin entire; leaf apex acute; Stem erect; leaf surface rugose ...... Leucas inflata Benth. leaf margin denticulate-serrate; leaf apex obtuse; Stem prostrate; leaf surface smooth ...... Ballota damascena Boiss.

23(11). Inflorescence lax verticillasters ...... 24 Inflorescence dense spike-like ...... 26 Inflorescence terminal globose aggregate ...... Ziziphora capitata L.

24(23). leaf veins prominent; leaves petioled; Flowers pedicelled; Sessile glandular hairs on leaves absent ...... 25 leaf veins not prominent; leaves sessile-subsessile; Flowers sessile; Sessile glandular hairs on leaves present ...... Micromeria sinaica Benth. Egypt. J. Bot. 59, No.1 (2019)‎ 25(24). Stigmatic lobes equal ...... Micromeria imbricata (Forssk.) C. Chr. Stigmatic lobes unequal ...... Micromeria nervosa (Desf.) Benth.

26(23). leaf veins prominent; leaves petioled; leaf blade oblong-ovate; Flowers pedicelled ...... 27 leaf veins not prominent; leaves sessile-subsessile; leaf blade linear-lanceolate; Flowers sessile ...... Ziziphora tenuior L.

27(26). leaf margin entire; Plant woody; Stem hairy; leaf margin revolute ...... Micromeria myrtifolia Boiss. & Hohen. in Boiss. leaf margin denticulate-serrate; Plant herbaceous; Stem glabrous; leaf margin flat ...... Prasium majus L.

28(11). leaf margin entire ...... 29 leaf margin denticulate-serrate ...... 31 leaf margin sinuate ...... Salvia aegyptiaca L.

29(28). leaf apex acute; leaf uninerved; Corolla tube much longer than calyx; Staminal filaments glabrous ...... Lavandula atriplicifolia Benth. 7

23(11). Inflorescence lax verticillasters ...... 24 Inflorescence dense spike-like ...... 26 Inflorescence terminal globose aggregate ...... Ziziphora capitata L. 215 Computer-Generated Keys To The Flora of Egypt. 8. The Lamiaceae 24(23). leaf veins prominent; leaves petioled; Flowers pedicelled; Sessile glandular hairs on leaves absent ...... 25 leaf veins not prominent; leaves sessile-subsessile; Flowers sessile; Sessile glandular hairs on leaves present ...... Micromeria sinaica Benth.

25(24). Stigmatic lobes equal ...... Micromeria imbricata (Forssk.) C. Chr. Stigmatic lobes unequal ...... Micromeria nervosa (Desf.) Benth.

28(11). leaf margin entire ...... 29 leaf margin denticulate-serrate ...... 31 leaf margin sinuate ...... Salvia aegyptiaca L.

29(28). leaf apex acute; leaf uninerved; Corolla tube much longer than calyx; 8 Staminal filaments glabrous ...... Lavandula atriplicifolia Benth.

leaf apex obtuse; leaf venation pinnate; Corolla tube included in calyx; Staminal filaments hairy...... 30

30(29). Plant herbaceous; leaves petioled; leaf blade oblong-ovate; Inflorescence dense spike-like ...... Lallemantia royleana (Benth.) Benth. in DC. Plant woody; leaves sessile-subsessile; leaf blade linear-lanceolate; Inflorescence lax verticillasters ...... Stachys aegyptiaca Pers.

31(28). Inflorescence lax verticillasters ...... 32 Inflorescence dense spike-like ...... 33

32(31). leaf apex acute; leaves uni- to bi-pinnate; leaf venation pinnate; Flowers Sessile ...... Lavandula coronopifolia Poir. in Lam. leaf apex obtuse; leaves simple; leaf venation palmate; Flowers pedicelled ...... Nepeta septemcrenata Ehrenb. ex Benth.

33(31). leaves petioled; Calyx bilabiate; Calyx veins prominent; Eglandular hairs on leaves absent ...... Lavandula pubescens Decne. leaves sessile-subsessile; Calyx nearly regular; Calyx veins not prominent; Eglandular hairs on leaves present ...... Lavandula canariensis (L.) Mill.

34(1). leaf veins prominent; Flowers sessile; Eglandular hairs on leaves present ...... 35 leaf veins not prominent; Flowers pedicelled; Eglandular hairs on leaves absent ...... 36

35(34). leaves petioled; Stalked glandular hairs on leaves present ...... Mentha longifolia (L.) Huds. ssp. typhoides (Briq.) Harley leaves sessile-subsessile; Stalked glandular hairs on leaves absent ...... Mentha longifolia (L.) Huds. var. schimperi (Briq.) Briq.

36(34). leaf apex acute; Plant woody; Stem hairy; Stem erect ……….. Clerodendrum acerbianum (Vis. ) Benth. leaf apex obtuse; Plant herbaceous; Stem glabrous; Stem prostrate ...... Mentha pulegium L.

37(1). leaf margin entire ...... 38 leaf margin denticulate-serrate ...... Teucrium decaisnei C. Presl leaf margin sinuate ...... 39

38(37). Inflorescence lax verticillasters .... Ajuga chamaepitys (L.) Schreb. ssp. tridactylites (Ging. ex Benth.) Egypt. J. Bot. 59 , P.H.No.1 Davis(2019) ‎ Inflorescence dense spike-like ...... Ajuga iva (L.) Schreb. Inflorescence terminal globose aggregate ...... Teucrium brevifolium Schreb.

3. Detailed descriptions The detailed descriptions are the sets of characters-states of the 48 characters found in each taxon as recorded in the original data matrix, used in the process of key generation and retrieved from the computer.

leaf apex obtuse; leaf venation pinnate; Corolla tube included in calyx; Staminal filaments hairy...... 30

31(28). Inflorescence lax verticillasters ...... 32 Inflorescence dense spike-like ...... 33

34(1). leaf veins prominent; Flowers sessile; Eglandular hairs on leaves present ...... 35 leaf veins not prominent; Flowers pedicelled; Eglandular hairs on leaves absent ...... 36

21637(1). leaf margin entire ...... 38 leaf margin denticulate-serrate ...... A...... El-Gazzar et al. Teucrium decaisnei C. Presl leaf margin sinuate ...... 39

38(37). Inflorescence lax verticillasters .... Ajuga chamaepitys (L.) Schreb. ssp. tridactylites (Ging. ex Benth.) P.H. Davis Inflorescence dense spike-like ...... Ajuga iva (L.) Schreb. Inflorescence terminal globose aggregate ...... Teucrium brevifolium Schreb.

39(37). Plant herbaceous; Outer surface of petal lobes glabrous; Stamens included; Branched hairs on leaves present ...... Teucrium polium L. Plant woody; Outer surface of petal lobes hairy; Stamens exserted; Branched hairs on leaves absent ...... Teucrium leucocladum Boiss. Detailed descriptions Flowers sessile. Calyx nearly regular. Calyx not 3.The Detailed detailed descriptionsdescriptions are the sets of funnel-shaped. Calyx veins not prominent. Calyx characters-states of the 48 characters found in teeth 5 or less. Calyx teeth not hooked. Calyx each taxonThe as recordeddetailed indescriptions the original dataare matrix,the sets of charactersteeth not-states spiny-tipped. of the 48Posterior characters sepal found 1–4 mm in usedeach in the taxon process as ofrecorded key generation in the andoriginal retrieved data matrix,long. used Veins in the in processcalyx tube of key10. Outergeneration surface and of fromretrieved the computer. from the computer. petal lobes hairy. Upper lip of corolla reduced. Corolla tube much longer than calyx. Stamens

Ajuga chamaepitys (L.) Schreb. ssp. tridactylites 4. Stamens exserted. Staminal filaments hairy. (Ging. ex Benth.) P.H. Davis Plant woody. Stem Filament-connective attachment not lever-like. hairy. Stem square. Stem prostrate. Stolons Ovary glabrous. Style hairy. Style terminal. absent. Leaves sessile-subsessile. Leaves 3-lobed. Stigma 2 elongate arms. Stigmatic lobes equal. Leaf blade linear-lanceolate. Leaf blade 2–2.5cm Fruit drupe. Eglandular hairs on leaves present. long. Leaf blade 1–1.5cm broad. Leaf veins not Sessile glandular hairs on leaves absent. Stalked prominent. Leaf veins not black. Leaf margin glandular hairs on leaves absent. Branched hairs entire. Leaf margin flat. Leaf apex acute. Leaf on leaves absent. Sessile glandular hairs on calyx surface smooth. Leaves not white-tomentose. absent. Stalked glandular hairs on calyx absent. Leaf uninerved. Inflorescence lax verticillasters. Branched hairs on calyx absent. Flowers sessile. Calyx nearly regular. Calyx funnel-shaped. Calyx veins not prominent. Calyx Ballota damascena Boiss. Plant woody. teeth 5 or less. Calyx teeth not hooked. Calyx teeth Stem hairy. Stem square. Stem prostrate. Stolons not spiny-tipped. Posterior sepal 2–5 mm long. absent. Leaves petioled. Leaves simple. Leaf Veins in calyx tube 10. Outer surface of petal lobes blade orbicular. Leaf blade 0.7cm long. Leaf hairy. Upper lip of corolla reduced. Corolla tube blade 1.3cm broad. Leaf veins prominent. Leaf included in calyx. Stamens 4. Stamens exserted. veins not black. Leaf margin denticulate-serrate. Staminal filaments hairy. Filament-connective Leaf margin flat. Leaf apex obtuse. Leaf surface attachment not lever-like. Ovary glabrous. Style smooth. Leaves white-tomentose. Leaf venation hairy. Style terminal. Stigma 2 elongate arms. palmate. Inflorescence dense spike-like. Flowers Stigmatic lobes equal. Fruit drupe. Eglandular pedicelled. Calyx nearly regular. Calyx funnel- hairs on leaves present. Sessile glandular hairs on shaped. Calyx veins prominent. Calyx teeth 5 leaves absent. Stalked glandular hairs on leaves or less. Calyx teeth not hooked. Calyx teeth absent. Branched hairs on leaves absent. Sessile not spiny-tipped. Posterior sepal 4–7 mm long. glandular hairs on calyx absent. Stalked glandular Veins in calyx tube 10. Outer surface of petal hairs on calyx absent. Branched hairs on calyx lobes hairy. Upper lip of corolla flat-deflexed. absent. Corolla tube included in calyx. Stamens 4. Stamens included. Staminal filaments glabrous. Ajuga iva (L.) Schreb. Plant herbaceous. Filament-connective attachment not lever-like. Stem hairy. Stem square. Stem prostrate. Stolons Ovary glabrous. Style glabrous. Style gynobasic. absent. Leaves sessile-subsessile. Leaves simple. Stigma 2 elongate arms. Stigmatic lobes equal. Leaf blade linear-lanceolate. Leaf blade 3–3.5cm Fruit 4 nutlets. Eglandular hairs on leaves present. long. Leaf blade 0.2–0.3cm broad. Leaf veins Sessile glandular hairs on leaves absent. Stalked prominent. Leaf veins not black. Leaf margin glandular hairs on leaves present. Branched hairs entire. Leaf margin revolute. Leaf apex obtuse. on leaves absent. Sessile glandular hairs on calyx Leaf surface smooth. Leaves white-tomentose. absent. Stalked glandular hairs on calyx absent. Leaf uninerved. Inflorescence dense spike-like. Branched hairs on calyx absent.

Egypt. J. Bot. 59, No.1 (2019)‎ 217 Computer-Generated Keys To The Flora of Egypt. 8. The Lamiaceae

Ballota kaiseri Täckh. Plant herbaceous. Stem Ballota saxatilis Siebr ex C. Presl Plant hairy. Stem square. Stem erect. Stolons absent. herbaceous. Stem hairy. Stem square. Stem erect. Leaves petioled. Leaves simple. Leaf blade Stolons absent. Leaves petioled. Leaves simple. oblong-ovate. Leaf blade 1.8–2cm long. Leaf Leaf blade oblong-ovate. Leaf blade 1.2cm long. blade 0.9–1.2cm broad. Leaf veins prominent. Leaf blade 0.9cm broad. Leaf veins prominent. Leaf veins black. Leaf margin denticulate- Leaf veins black. Leaf margin denticulate- serrate. Leaf margin flat. Leaf apex obtuse. Leaf serrate. Leaf margin flat. Leaf apex obtuse. Leaf surface rugose. Leaves not white-tomentose. surface rugose. Leaves not white-tomentose. Leaf venation pinnate. Inflorescence dense spike- Leaf venation pinnate. Inflorescence dense spike- like. Flowers sessile. Calyx nearly regular. Calyx like. Flowers sessile. Calyx nearly regular. Calyx funnel-shaped. Calyx veins prominent. Calyx funnel-shaped. Calyx veins prominent. Calyx teeth 8–10. Calyx teeth not hooked. Calyx teeth teeth 8–10. Calyx teeth not hooked. Calyx teeth not spiny-tipped. Posterior sepal 6–8 mm long. spiny-tipped. Posterior sepal 5–9 mm long. Veins Veins in calyx tube 10. Outer surface of petal in calyx tube 10. Outer surface of petal lobes lobes hairy. Upper lip of corolla flat-deflexed. hairy. Upper lip of corolla flat-deflexed. Corolla Corolla tube much longer than calyx. Stamens tube included in calyx. Stamens 4. Stamens 4. Stamens included. Staminal filaments hairy. included. Staminal filaments glabrous. Filament- Filament-connective attachment not lever-like. connective attachment not lever-like. Ovary Ovary glabrous. Style glabrous. Style gynobasic. glabrous. Style glabrous. Style gynobasic. Stigma Stigma 2 elongate arms. Stigmatic lobes equal. 2 elongate arms. Stigmatic lobes unequal. Fruit Fruit 4 nutlets. Eglandular hairs on leaves present. 4 nutlets. Eglandular hairs on leaves present. Sessile glandular hairs on leaves present. Stalked Sessile glandular hairs on leaves absent. Stalked glandular hairs on leaves present. Branched hairs glandular hairs on leaves present. Branched hairs on leaves absent. Sessile glandular hairs on calyx on leaves absent. Sessile glandular hairs on calyx present. Stalked glandular hairs on calyx present. absent. Stalked glandular hairs on calyx present. Branched hairs on calyx present. Branched hairs on calyx absent.

Ballota pseudodictamnus (L.) Benth. Plant Ballota undulata (Sieber ex Fresen.) Benth. woody. Stem hairy. Stem square. Stem erect. Plant woody. Stem hairy. Stem square. Stem erect. Stolons absent. Leaves petioled. Leaves simple. Stolons absent. Leaves petioled. Leaves simple. Leaf blade oblong-ovate. Leaf blade 2.5cm long. Leaf blade cordate. Leaf blade 2.5cm long. Leaf blade 2cm broad. Leaf veins prominent. Leaf blade 2.5cm broad. Leaf veins prominent. Leaf veins not black. Leaf margin denticulate- Leaf veins not black. Leaf margin denticulate- serrate. Leaf margin flat. Leaf apex obtuse. Leaf serrate. Leaf margin flat. Leaf apex obtuse. Leaf surface rugose. Leaves not white-tomentose. Leaf surface rugose. Leaves not white-tomentose. Leaf venation palmate. Inflorescence dense spike- venation palmate. Inflorescence dense spike-like. like. Flowers sessile. Calyx nearly regular. Calyx Flowers pedicelled. Calyx nearly regular. Calyx funnel-shaped. Calyx veins prominent. Calyx funnel-shaped. Calyx veins prominent. Calyx teeth 8–10. Calyx teeth not hooked. Calyx teeth teeth 8–10. Calyx teeth not hooked. Calyx teeth not spiny-tipped. Posterior sepal 5–9 mm long. not spiny-tipped. Posterior sepal 3–8 mm long. Veins in calyx tube 10. Outer surface of petal Veins in calyx tube 10. Outer surface of petal lobes hairy. Upper lip of corolla flat-deflexed. lobes hairy. Upper lip of corolla flat-deflexed. Corolla tube included in calyx. Stamens 4. Corolla tube included in calyx. Stamens 4. Stamens included. Staminal filaments hairy. Stamens included. Staminal filaments hairy. Filament-connective attachment not lever-like. Filament-connective attachment not lever-like. Ovary glabrous. Style glabrous. Style gynobasic. Ovary glabrous. Style glabrous. Style gynobasic. Stigma 2 elongate arms. Stigmatic lobes unequal. Stigma 2 elongate arms. Stigmatic lobes equal. Fruit 4 nutlets. Eglandular hairs on leaves present. Fruit 4 nutlets. Eglandular hairs on leaves present. Sessile glandular hairs on leaves absent. Stalked Sessile glandular hairs on leaves absent. Stalked glandular hairs on leaves absent. Branched hairs glandular hairs on leaves absent. Branched hairs on leaves absent. Sessile glandular hairs on calyx on leaves present. Sessile glandular hairs on calyx absent. Stalked glandular hairs on calyx absent. absent. Stalked glandular hairs on calyx absent. Branched hairs on calyx present. Branched hairs on calyx present.

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Clerodendrum acerbianum (Vis.) Benth. Plant Lallemantia royleana (Benth.) Benth. in DC. woody. Stem hairy. Stem square. Stem erect. Plant herbaceous. Stem hairy. Stem square. Stem Stolons absent. Leaves petioled. Leaves simple. erect. Stolons absent. Leaves petioled. Leaves Leaf blade cordate. Leaf blade 2.7–3.2cm long. simple. Leaf blade oblong-ovate. Leaf blade Leaf blade 0.9–2.5cm broad. Leaf veins not 0.9cm long. Leaf blade 0.2cm broad. Leaf veins prominent. Leaf veins not black. Leaf margin not prominent. Leaf veins not black. Leaf margin denticulate-serrate. Leaf margin flat. Leaf apex entire. Leaf margin flat. Leaf apex obtuse. Leaf acute. Leaf surface smooth. Leaves not white- surface smooth. Leaves white-tomentose. Leaf tomentose. Leaf venation pinnate. Inflorescence venation pinnate. Inflorescence dense spike- dense spike-like. Flowers pedicelled. Calyx nearly like. Flowers sessile. Calyx bilabiate. Calyx not regular. Calyx not funnel-shaped. Calyx veins not funnel-shaped. Calyx veins prominent. Calyx prominent. Calyx teeth 5 or less. Calyx teeth not teeth 5 or less. Calyx teeth not hooked. Calyx hooked. Calyx teeth not spiny-tipped. Posterior teeth not spiny-tipped. Posterior sepal 4–7 mm sepal 3–6 mm long. Veins in calyx tube 10. Outer long. Veins in calyx tube 15. Outer surface surface of petal lobes hairy. Upper lip of corolla of petal lobes hairy. Upper lip of corolla flat- nearly equal to lower lip. Corolla tube much deflexed. Corolla tube included in calyx. Stamens longer than calyx. Stamens 4. Stamens exserted. 4. Stamens included. Staminal filaments hairy. Staminal filaments glabrous. Filament-connective Filament-connective attachment not lever-like. attachment not lever-like. Ovary glabrous. Style Ovary glabrous. Style glabrous. Style gynobasic. glabrous. Style terminal. Stigma 2 elongate arms. Stigma 2 elongate arms. Stigmatic lobes equal. Stigmatic lobes equal. Fruit drupe. Eglandular Fruit 4 nutlets. Eglandular hairs on leaves present. hairs on leaves absent. Sessile glandular hairs on Sessile glandular hairs on leaves absent. Stalked leaves absent. Stalked glandular hairs on leaves glandular hairs on leaves absent. Branched hairs absent. Branched hairs on leaves absent. Sessile on leaves absent. Sessile glandular hairs on calyx glandular hairs on calyx absent. Stalked glandular absent. Stalked glandular hairs on calyx absent. hairs on calyx absent. Branched hairs on calyx Branched hairs on calyx absent. absent. Lamium amplexicaule L. Plant herbaceous. Phlomoides laciniata (L.) Kamelin & Makhm. Stem hairy. Stem square. Stem erect. Stolons Plant woody. Stem hairy. Stem square. Stem erect. absent. Leaves petioled. Leaves simple. Leaf Stolons absent. Leaves petioled. Leaves uni- to blade cordate. Leaf blade 2–2.5cm long. Leaf bi-pinnate. Leaf blade oblong-ovate. Leaf blade blade 2.2–2.5cm broad. Leaf veins not prominent. 9.5–11cm long. Leaf blade 4–4.5cm broad. Leaf Leaf veins not black. Leaf margin denticulate- veins not prominent. Leaf veins not black. Leaf serrate. Leaf margin flat. Leaf apex obtuse. Leaf margin denticulate-serrate. Leaf margin flat. Leaf surface smooth. Leaves not white-tomentose. Leaf apex obtuse. Leaf surface smooth. Leaves white- venation palmate. Inflorescence lax verticillasters. tomentose. Leaf venation pinnate. Inflorescence Flowers pedicelled. Calyx nearly regular. Calyx dense spike-like. Flowers pedicelled. Calyx nearly not funnel-shaped. Calyx veins prominent. Calyx regular. Calyx not funnel-shaped. Calyx veins not teeth 5 or less. Calyx teeth not hooked. Calyx prominent. Calyx teeth 5 or less. Calyx teeth not teeth not spiny-tipped. Posterior sepal 4–7 mm hooked. Calyx teeth not spiny-tipped. Posterior long. Veins in calyx tube 10. Outer surface of petal sepal 12–16 mm long. Veins in calyx tube 15. lobes hairy. Upper lip of corolla flat-deflexed. Outer surface of petal lobes hairy. Upper lip of Corolla tube much longer than calyx. Stamens 4. corolla vaulted. Corolla tube included in calyx. Stamens included. Staminal filaments glabrous. Stamens 4. Stamens included. Staminal filaments Filament-connective attachment not lever-like. glabrous. Filament-connective attachment not Ovary glabrous. Style glabrous. Style gynobasic. lever-like. Ovary glabrous. Style glabrous. Style Stigma 2 elongate arms. Stigmatic lobes equal. gynobasic. Stigma 2 elongate arms. Stigmatic Fruit 4 nutlets. Eglandular hairs on leaves absent. lobes unequal. Fruit 4 nutlets. Eglandular hairs on Sessile glandular hairs on leaves absent. Stalked leaves present. Sessile glandular hairs on leaves glandular hairs on leaves absent. Branched hairs absent. Stalked glandular hairs on leaves absent. on leaves absent. Sessile glandular hairs on calyx Branched hairs on leaves absent. Sessile glandular absent. Stalked glandular hairs on calyx absent. hairs on calyx absent. Stalked glandular hairs on Branched hairs on calyx absent. calyx absent. Branched hairs on calyx absent.

Egypt. J. Bot. 59, No.1 (2019)‎ 219 Computer-Generated Keys To The Flora of Egypt. 8. The Lamiaceae

Lavandula atriplicifolia Benth. Plant woody. Lavandula coronopifolia Poir. in Lam. Plant Stem hairy. Stem square. Stem erect. Stolons woody. Stem hairy. Stem square. Stem erect. absent. Leaves petioled. Leaves simple. Leaf blade Stolons absent. Leaves petioled. Leaves uni- to linear-lanceolate. Leaf blade 4.5cm long. Leaf bi-pinnate. Leaf blade oblong-ovate. Leaf blade blade 2.5cm broad. Leaf veins not prominent. Leaf 2.5–2.7cm long. Leaf blade 2–2.5cm broad. Leaf veins not black. Leaf margin entire. Leaf margin veins not prominent. Leaf veins not black. Leaf flat. Leaf apex acute. Leaf surface smooth. Leaves margin denticulate-serrate. Leaf margin flat. Leaf white-tomentose. Leaf uninerved. Inflorescence apex acute. Leaf surface smooth. Leaves white- dense spike-like. Flowers sessile. Calyx nearly tomentose. Leaf venation pinnate. Inflorescence regular. Calyx not funnel-shaped. Calyx veins lax verticillasters. Flowers sessile. Calyx nearly prominent. Calyx teeth 5 or less. Calyx teeth not regular. Calyx not funnel-shaped. Calyx veins hooked. Calyx teeth not spiny-tipped. Posterior prominent. Calyx teeth 5 or less. Calyx teeth not sepal 1–5 mm long. Veins in calyx tube 15. Outer hooked. Calyx teeth not spiny-tipped. Posterior surface of petal lobes hairy. Upper lip of corolla sepal 2–5 mm long. Veins in calyx tube 15. Outer flat-deflexed. Corolla tube much longer than calyx. surface of petal lobes hairy. Upper lip of corolla Stamens 4. Stamens included. Staminal filaments flat-deflexed. Corolla tube much longer than calyx. glabrous. Filament-connective attachment not Stamens 4. Stamens included. Staminal filaments lever-like. Ovary glabrous. Style glabrous. Style glabrous. Filament-connective attachment not gynobasic. Stigma capitate. Stigmatic lobes equal. lever-like. Ovary glabrous. Style glabrous. Style Fruit 4 nutlets. Eglandular hairs on leaves present. gynobasic. Stigma capitate. Stigmatic lobes equal. Sessile glandular hairs on leaves present. Stalked Fruit 4 nutlets. Eglandular hairs on leaves present. glandular hairs on leaves absent. Branched hairs Sessile glandular hairs on leaves absent. Stalked on leaves absent. Sessile glandular hairs on calyx glandular hairs on leaves absent. Branched hairs present. Stalked glandular hairs on calyx absent. on leaves absent. Sessile glandular hairs on calyx Branched hairs on calyx present. absent. Stalked glandular hairs on calyx absent. Branched hairs on calyx absent. Lavandula canariensis (L.) Mill. Plant woody. Stem hairy. Stem square. Stem erect. Stolons Lavandula pubescens Decne. Plant woody. absent. Leaves sessile-subsessile. Leaves uni- to Stem hairy. Stem square. Stem erect. Stolons bi-pinnate. Leaf blade oblong-ovate. Leaf blade absent. Leaves petioled. Leaves uni- to bi- 1.8–2.8cm long. Leaf blade 1–1.6cm broad. Leaf pinnate. Leaf blade oblong-ovate. Leaf blade veins not prominent. Leaf veins not black. Leaf 1.7cm long. Leaf blade 0.9cm broad. Leaf margin denticulate-serrate. Leaf margin flat. Leaf veins not prominent. Leaf veins not black. Leaf apex acute. Leaf surface smooth. Leaves white- margin denticulate-serrate. Leaf margin flat. Leaf tomentose. Leaf venation pinnate. Inflorescence apex acute. Leaf surface smooth. Leaves white- dense spike-like. Flowers sessile. Calyx nearly tomentose. Leaf venation pinnate. Inflorescence regular. Calyx not funnel-shaped. Calyx veins dense spike-like. Flowers sessile. Calyx bilabiate. not prominent. Calyx teeth 5 or less. Calyx Calyx not funnel-shaped. Calyx veins prominent. teeth not hooked. Calyx teeth not spiny-tipped. Calyx teeth 5 or less. Calyx teeth not hooked. Posterior sepal 3–5 mm long. Veins in calyx tube Calyx teeth not spiny-tipped. Posterior sepal 3–6 15. Outer surface of petal lobes glabrous. Upper mm long. Veins in calyx tube 15. Outer surface lip of corolla flat-deflexed. Corolla tube much of petal lobes glabrous. Upper lip of corolla flat- longer than calyx. Stamens 4. Stamens included. deflexed. Corolla tube much longer than calyx. Staminal filaments glabrous. Filament-connective Stamens 4. Stamens included. Staminal filaments attachment not lever-like. Ovary glabrous. Style glabrous. Filament-connective attachment not glabrous. Style gynobasic. Stigma capitate. lever-like. Ovary glabrous. Style glabrous. Style Stigmatic lobes equal. Fruit 4 nutlets. Eglandular gynobasic. Stigma capitate. Stigmatic lobes equal. hairs on leaves present. Sessile glandular hairs Fruit 4 nutlets. Eglandular hairs on leaves absent. on leaves absent. Stalked glandular hairs on Sessile glandular hairs on leaves present. Stalked leaves absent. Branched hairs on leaves absent. glandular hairs on leaves present. Branched hairs Sessile glandular hairs on calyx present. Stalked on leaves absent. Sessile glandular hairs on calyx glandular hairs on calyx absent. Branched hairs present. Stalked glandular hairs on calyx present. on calyx absent. Branched hairs on calyx absent.

Egypt. J. Bot. 59, No.1 (2019)‎ 220 A. El-Gazzar et al.

Leucas inflataBenth. Plant woody. Stem hairy. hairy. Stem square. Stem erect. Stolons absent. Stem square. Stem erect. Stolons absent. Leaves Leaves petioled. Leaves simple. Leaf blade fan- petioled. Leaves simple. Leaf blade orbicular. Leaf shaped. Leaf blade 2.2cm long. Leaf blade 2.5cm blade 1.2–1.6cm long. Leaf blade 0.8–1.1cm broad. broad. Leaf veins prominent. Leaf veins black. Leaf veins prominent. Leaf veins not black. Leaf Leaf margin denticulate-serrate. Leaf margin margin entire. Leaf margin flat. Leaf apex acute. flat. Leaf apex obtuse. Leaf surface rugose. Leaf surface rugose. Leaves not white-tomentose. Leaves not white-tomentose. Leaf venation Leaf venation palmate. Inflorescence dense spike- palmate. Inflorescence lax verticillasters. Flowers like. Flowers sessile. Calyx bilabiate. Calyx not pedicelled. Calyx nearly regular. Calyx funnel- funnel-shaped. Calyx veins not prominent. Calyx shaped. Calyx veins prominent. Calyx teeth 5 teeth 8–10. Calyx teeth not hooked. Calyx teeth or less. Calyx teeth not hooked. Calyx teeth not not spiny-tipped. Posterior sepal 3–6 mm long. spiny-tipped. Posterior sepal 6–10 mm long. Veins in calyx tube 10. Outer surface of petal Veins in calyx tube 10. Outer surface of petal lobes hairy. Upper lip of corolla flat-deflexed. lobes hairy. Upper lip of corolla flat-deflexed. Corolla tube much longer than calyx. Stamens 4. Corolla tube included in calyx. Stamens 4. Stamens included. Staminal filaments glabrous. Stamens included. Staminal filaments glabrous. Filament-connective attachment not lever-like. Filament-connective attachment not lever-like. Ovary glabrous. Style glabrous. Style gynobasic. Ovary glabrous. Style glabrous. Style gynobasic. Stigma 2 elongate arms. Stigmatic lobes unequal. Stigma 2 elongate arms. Stigmatic lobes unequal. Fruit 4 nutlets. Eglandular hairs on leaves present. Fruit 4 nutlets. Eglandular hairs on leaves present. Sessile glandular hairs on leaves absent. Stalked Sessile glandular hairs on leaves absent. Stalked glandular hairs on leaves present. Branched hairs glandular hairs on leaves absent. Branched hairs on leaves present. Sessile glandular hairs on calyx on leaves absent. Sessile glandular hairs on calyx absent. Stalked glandular hairs on calyx present. absent. Stalked glandular hairs on calyx absent. Branched hairs on calyx present. Branched hairs on calyx absent.

Leucas neuflizeanaCourbon Plant herbaceous. Marrubium vulgare L. Plant herbaceous. Stem Stem hairy. Stem square. Stem erect. Stolons hairy. Stem square. Stem erect. Stolons absent. absent. Leaves petioled. Leaves simple. Leaf Leaves petioled. Leaves simple. Leaf blade blade linear-lanceolate. Leaf blade 1.8–2cm long. oblong-ovate. Leaf blade 3–3.5cm long. Leaf Leaf blade 0.5cm broad. Leaf veins prominent. blade 3.2–3.5cm broad. Leaf veins prominent. Leaf veins not black. Leaf margin denticulate- Leaf veins black. Leaf margin denticulate- serrate. Leaf margin flat. Leaf apex acute. Leaf serrate. Leaf margin flat. Leaf apex obtuse. Leaf surface rugose. Leaves not white-tomentose. Leaf surface rugose. Leaves not white-tomentose. Leaf venation palmate. Inflorescence dense spike-like. venation palmate. Inflorescence lax verticillasters. Flowers sessile. Calyx nearly regular. Calyx not Flowers sessile. Calyx nearly regular. Calyx not funnel-shaped. Calyx veins prominent. Calyx funnel-shaped. Calyx veins prominent. Calyx teeth 8–10. Calyx teeth not hooked. Calyx teeth teeth 8–10. Calyx teeth hooked. Calyx teeth not not spiny-tipped. Posterior sepal 3–6 mm long. spiny-tipped. Posterior sepal 3–6 mm long. Veins Veins in calyx tube 10. Outer surface of petal in calyx tube 10. Outer surface of petal lobes lobes hairy. Upper lip of corolla flat-deflexed. hairy. Upper lip of corolla flat-deflexed. Corolla Corolla tube much longer than calyx. Stamens 4. tube included in calyx. Stamens 4. Stamens Stamens included. Staminal filaments glabrous. included. Staminal filaments glabrous. Filament- Filament-connective attachment not lever-like. connective attachment not lever-like. Ovary Ovary glabrous. Style glabrous. Style gynobasic. glabrous. Style glabrous. Style gynobasic. Stigma Stigma 2 elongate arms. Stigmatic lobes equal. 2 elongate arms. Stigmatic lobes unequal. Fruit Fruit 4 nutlets. Eglandular hairs on leaves present. 4 nutlets. Eglandular hairs on leaves present. Sessile glandular hairs on leaves absent. Stalked Sessile glandular hairs on leaves absent. Stalked glandular hairs on leaves absent. Branched hairs glandular hairs on leaves absent. Branched hairs on leaves absent. Sessile glandular hairs on calyx on leaves present. Sessile glandular hairs on calyx absent. Stalked glandular hairs on calyx absent. absent. Stalked glandular hairs on calyx absent. Branched hairs on calyx absent. Branched hairs on calyx present.

Marrubium alysson L. Plant herbaceous. Stem Mentha longifolia (L.) Huds. var. schimperi

Egypt. J. Bot. 59, No.1 (2019)‎ 221 Computer-Generated Keys To The Flora of Egypt. 8. The Lamiaceae

(Briq.) Briq. Plant herbaceous. Stem glabrous. Mentha pulegium L. Plant herbaceous. Stem Stem square. Stem erect. Stolons present. Leaves glabrous. Stem square. Stem prostrate. Stolons sessile-subsessile. Leaves simple. Leaf blade present. Leaves petioled. Leaves simple. Leaf oblong-ovate. Leaf blade 5.5–6.5cm long. Leaf blade oblong-ovate. Leaf blade 1.5–2.5cm long. blade 2–2.6cm broad. Leaf veins prominent. Leaf Leaf blade 0.7–1.2cm broad. Leaf veins not veins not black. Leaf margin denticulate-serrate. prominent. Leaf veins not black. Leaf margin Leaf margin flat. Leaf apex acute. Leaf surface denticulate-serrate. Leaf margin flat. Leaf apex smooth. Leaves not white-tomentose. Leaf obtuse. Leaf surface smooth. Leaves not white- venation pinnate. Inflorescence dense spike-like. tomentose. Leaf venation pinnate. Inflorescence Flowers sessile. Calyx nearly regular. Calyx not lax verticillasters. Flowers pedicelled. Calyx funnel-shaped. Calyx veins not prominent. Calyx nearly regular. Calyx funnel-shaped. Calyx teeth 5 or less. Calyx teeth not hooked. Calyx veins not prominent. Calyx teeth 5 or less. Calyx teeth not spiny-tipped. Posterior sepal 1–4 mm teeth not hooked. Calyx teeth not spiny-tipped. long. Veins in calyx tube 10. Outer surface of petal Posterior sepal 2–3 mm long. Veins in calyx tube lobes glabrous. Upper lip of corolla nearly equal 10. Outer surface of petal lobes glabrous. Upper lip to lower lip. Corolla tube much longer than calyx. of corolla nearly equal to lower lip. Corolla tube Stamens 4. Stamens exserted. Staminal filaments included in calyx. Stamens 4. Stamens exserted. glabrous. Filament-connective attachment not Staminal filaments hairy. Filament-connective lever-like. Ovary glabrous. Style glabrous. Style attachment not lever-like. Ovary glabrous. Style gynobasic. Stigma 2 elongate arms. Stigmatic hairy. Style gynobasic. Stigma 2 elongate arms. lobes equal. Fruit 4 nutlets. Eglandular hairs on Stigmatic lobes equal. Fruit 4 nutlets. Eglandular leaves present. Sessile glandular hairs on leaves hairs on leaves absent. Sessile glandular hairs absent. Stalked glandular hairs on leaves absent. on leaves absent. Stalked glandular hairs on Branched hairs on leaves absent. Sessile glandular leaves absent. Branched hairs on leaves absent. hairs on calyx present. Stalked glandular hairs on Sessile glandular hairs on calyx present. Stalked calyx absent. Branched hairs on calyx absent. glandular hairs on calyx absent. Branched hairs on calyx absent. Mentha longifolia (L.) Huds. ssp. typhoides (Briq.) Harley Plant herbaceous. Stem glabrous. Micromeria imbricata (Forssk.) C. Chr. Plant Stem square. Stem erect. Stolons present. Leaves woody. Stem hairy. Stem square. Stem erect. petioled. Leaves simple. Leaf blade oblong- Stolons absent. Leaves petioled. Leaves simple. ovate. Leaf blade 3.6–4.2cm long. Leaf blade Leaf blade oblong-ovate. Leaf blade 0.7–0.9cm 1.7–2cm broad. Leaf veins prominent. Leaf veins long. Leaf blade 0.2–0.4cm broad. Leaf veins not black. Leaf margin denticulate-serrate. Leaf prominent. Leaf veins not black. Leaf margin margin flat. Leaf apex acute. Leaf surface smooth. entire. Leaf margin revolute. Leaf apex acute. Leaf Leaves not white-tomentose. Leaf venation surface rugose. Leaves not white-tomentose. Leaf pinnate. Inflorescence dense spike-like. Flowers venation pinnate. Inflorescence lax verticillasters. sessile. Calyx nearly regular. Calyx not funnel- Flowers pedicelled. Calyx nearly regular. Calyx shaped. Calyx veins not prominent. Calyx teeth not funnel-shaped. Calyx veins prominent. Calyx 5 or less. Calyx teeth not hooked. Calyx teeth teeth 5 or less. Calyx teeth not hooked. Calyx not spiny-tipped. Posterior sepal 1–4 mm long. teeth not spiny-tipped. Posterior sepal 2–4 mm Veins in calyx tube 10. Outer surface of petal long. Veins in calyx tube 13. Outer surface of petal lobes glabrous. Upper lip of corolla nearly equal lobes glabrous. Upper lip of corolla flat-deflexed. to lower lip. Corolla tube much longer than calyx. Corolla tube much longer than calyx. Stamens 4. Stamens 4. Stamens exserted. Staminal filaments Stamens included. Staminal filaments glabrous. glabrous. Filament-connective attachment not Filament-connective attachment not lever-like. lever-like. Ovary glabrous. Style glabrous. Style Ovary glabrous. Style glabrous. Style gynobasic. gynobasic. Stigma 2 elongate arms. Stigmatic Stigma 2 elongate arms. Stigmatic lobes equal. lobes equal. Fruit 4 nutlets. Eglandular hairs on Fruit 4 nutlets. Eglandular hairs on leaves present. leaves present. Sessile glandular hairs on leaves Sessile glandular hairs on leaves absent. Stalked absent. Stalked glandular hairs on leaves present. glandular hairs on leaves absent. Branched hairs Branched hairs on leaves absent. Sessile glandular on leaves absent. Sessile glandular hairs on calyx hairs on calyx present. Stalked glandular hairs on present. Stalked glandular hairs on calyx absent. calyx absent. Branched hairs on calyx absent. Branched hairs on calyx absent.

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Micromeria myrtifolia Boiss. & Hohen. in Micromeria sinaica Benth. Plant woody. Stem Boiss. Plant woody. Stem hairy. Stem square. Stem hairy. Stem square. Stem erect. Stolons absent. erect. Stolons absent. Leaves petioled. Leaves Leaves sessile-subsessile. Leaves simple. Leaf simple. Leaf blade oblong-ovate. Leaf blade blade oblong-ovate. Leaf blade 0.7–0.8cm long. 0.6cm long. Leaf blade 0.1cm broad. Leaf veins Leaf blade 0.4–0.5cm broad. Leaf veins not prominent. Leaf veins not black. Leaf margin prominent. Leaf veins not black. Leaf margin entire. Leaf margin revolute. Leaf apex acute. entire. Leaf margin revolute. Leaf apex acute. Leaf Leaf surface rugose. Leaves not white-tomentose. surface rugose. Leaves not white-tomentose. Leaf Leaf venation pinnate. Inflorescence dense spike- venation pinnate. Inflorescence lax verticillasters. like. Flowers pedicelled. Calyx nearly regular. Flowers sessile. Calyx nearly regular. Calyx not Calyx not funnel-shaped. Calyx veins prominent. funnel-shaped. Calyx veins prominent. Calyx Calyx teeth 5 or less. Calyx teeth not hooked. teeth 5 or less. Calyx teeth not hooked. Calyx Calyx teeth not spiny-tipped. Posterior sepal 2–4 teeth not spiny-tipped. Posterior sepal 1–3 mm mm long. Veins in calyx tube 13. Outer surface long. Veins in calyx tube 13. Outer surface of petal of petal lobes glabrous. Upper lip of corolla flat- lobes glabrous. Upper lip of corolla flat-deflexed. deflexed. Corolla tube much longer than calyx. Corolla tube much longer than calyx. Stamens 4. Stamens 4. Stamens included. Staminal filaments Stamens included. Staminal filaments glabrous. glabrous. Filament-connective attachment not Filament-connective attachment not lever-like. lever-like. Ovary glabrous. Style glabrous. Style Ovary glabrous. Style glabrous. Style gynobasic. gynobasic. Stigma 2 elongate arms. Stigmatic Stigma 2 elongate arms. Stigmatic lobes equal. lobes equal. Fruit 4 nutlets. Eglandular hairs on Fruit 4 nutlets. Eglandular hairs on leaves present. leaves present. Sessile glandular hairs on leaves Sessile glandular hairs on leaves present. Stalked absent. Stalked glandular hairs on leaves absent. glandular hairs on leaves absent. Branched hairs Branched hairs on leaves absent. Sessile glandular on leaves absent. Sessile glandular hairs on calyx hairs on calyx present. Stalked glandular hairs on present. Stalked glandular hairs on calyx absent. calyx absent. Branched hairs on calyx absent. Branched hairs on calyx absent.

Micromeria nervosa (Desf.) Benth. Plant Nepeta septemcrenata Ehrenb. ex Benth. Plant woody. Stem hairy. Stem square. Stem erect. woody. Stem hairy. Stem square. Stem erect. Stolons absent. Leaves petioled. Leaves simple. Stolons absent. Leaves petioled. Leaves simple. Leaf blade oblong-ovate. Leaf blade 1.1cm long. Leaf blade oblong-ovate. Leaf blade 1.7cm long. Leaf blade 0.6cm broad. Leaf veins prominent. Leaf blade 1.6cm broad. Leaf veins not prominent. Leaf veins not black. Leaf margin entire. Leaf Leaf veins not black. Leaf margin denticulate- margin revolute. Leaf apex acute. Leaf surface serrate. Leaf margin flat. Leaf apex obtuse. Leaf rugose. Leaves not white-tomentose. Leaf surface smooth. Leaves white-tomentose. Leaf venation pinnate. Inflorescence lax verticillasters. venation palmate. Inflorescence lax verticillasters. Flowers pedicelled. Calyx nearly regular. Calyx Flowers pedicelled. Calyx bilabiate. Calyx not not funnel-shaped. Calyx veins prominent. Calyx funnel-shaped. Calyx veins prominent. Calyx teeth 5 or less. Calyx teeth not hooked. Calyx teeth 5 or less. Calyx teeth not hooked. Calyx teeth not spiny-tipped. Posterior sepal 2–4 mm teeth not spiny-tipped. Posterior sepal 4–6 mm long. Veins in calyx tube 13. Outer surface of petal long. Veins in calyx tube 15. Outer surface of petal lobes glabrous. Upper lip of corolla flat-deflexed. lobes glabrous. Upper lip of corolla flat-deflexed. Corolla tube much longer than calyx. Stamens 4. Corolla tube much longer than calyx. Stamens 4. Stamens included. Staminal filaments glabrous. Stamens exserted. Staminal filaments glabrous. Filament-connective attachment not lever-like. Filament-connective attachment not lever-like. Ovary glabrous. Style glabrous. Style gynobasic. Ovary glabrous. Style glabrous. Style gynobasic. Stigma 2 elongate arms. Stigmatic lobes unequal. Stigma 2 elongate arms. Stigmatic lobes equal. Fruit 4 nutlets. Eglandular hairs on leaves present. Fruit 4 nutlets. Eglandular hairs on leaves present. Sessile glandular hairs on leaves absent. Stalked Sessile glandular hairs on leaves present. Stalked glandular hairs on leaves absent. Branched hairs glandular hairs on leaves absent. Branched hairs on leaves absent. Sessile glandular hairs on calyx on leaves absent. Sessile glandular hairs on calyx present. Stalked glandular hairs on calyx absent. present. Stalked glandular hairs on calyx absent. Branched hairs on calyx absent. Branched hairs on calyx absent.

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Ocimum forsskaolii Benth. Plant woody. Orthosiphon pallidus Royle ex Benth. in Stem hairy. Stem square. Stem erect. Stolons Hook. Plant herbaceous. Stem hairy. Stem square. absent. Leaves petioled. Leaves simple. Leaf Stem erect. Stolons absent. Leaves petioled. blade oblong-ovate. Leaf blade 2.5–2.8cm Leaves simple. Leaf blade oblong-ovate. Leaf long. Leaf blade 1.8–2cm broad. Leaf veins not blade 0.8–1.8cm long. Leaf blade 0.5–1.5cm prominent. Leaf veins not black. Leaf margin broad. Leaf veins not prominent. Leaf veins not entire. Leaf margin flat. Leaf apex acute. Leaf black. Leaf margin denticulate-serrate. Leaf surface smooth. Leaves white-tomentose. Leaf margin flat. Leaf apex obtuse. Leaf surface venation pinnate. Inflorescence lax verticillasters. smooth. Leaves not white-tomentose. Leaf Flowers pedicelled. Calyx bilabiate. Calyx not venation pinnate. Inflorescence lax verticillasters. funnel-shaped. Calyx veins prominent. Calyx Flowers pedicelled. Calyx bilabiate. Calyx not teeth 5 or less. Calyx teeth not hooked. Calyx funnel-shaped. Calyx veins prominent. Calyx teeth not spiny-tipped. Posterior sepal 2–5 mm teeth 5 or less. Calyx teeth not hooked. Calyx long. Veins in calyx tube 10. Outer surface teeth not spiny-tipped. Posterior sepal 2–2.5 of petal lobes hairy. Upper lip of corolla flat- mm long. Veins in calyx tube 10. Outer surface deflexed. Corolla tube included in calyx. Stamens of petal lobes glabrous. Upper lip of corolla flat- 4. Stamens exserted. Staminal filaments glabrous. deflexed. Corolla tube included in calyx. Stamens Filament-connective attachment not lever-like. 4. Stamens exserted. Staminal filaments glabrous. Ovary glabrous. Style glabrous. Style gynobasic. Filament-connective attachment not lever-like. Stigma 2 elongate arms. Stigmatic lobes equal. Ovary glabrous. Style glabrous. Style gynobasic. Fruit 4 nutlets. Eglandular hairs on leaves present. Stigma capitate. Stigmatic lobes equal. Fruit Sessile glandular hairs on leaves absent. Stalked 4 nutlets. Eglandular hairs on leaves absent. glandular hairs on leaves absent. Branched hairs Sessile glandular hairs on leaves absent. Stalked on leaves absent. Sessile glandular hairs on calyx glandular hairs on leaves absent. Branched hairs absent. Stalked glandular hairs on calyx absent. on leaves absent. Sessile glandular hairs on calyx Branched hairs on calyx absent. present. Stalked glandular hairs on calyx present. Branched hairs on calyx absent. Origanum syriacum L. ssp. sinaicum (Boiss.) Greuter & Burdet Plant herbaceous. Stem Otostigia fruticosa (Forssk.) Scheinf. ex glabrous. Stem square. Stem erect. Stolons Penzig ssp. fruticosa Plant woody. Stem hairy. absent. Leaves sessile-subsessile. Leaves simple. Stem square. Stem erect. Stolons absent. Leaves Leaf blade oblong-ovate. Leaf blade 1.4–1.6cm petioled. Leaves simple. Leaf blade oblong-ovate. long. Leaf blade 0.8–1cm broad. Leaf veins Leaf blade 2.6cm long. Leaf blade 2cm broad. prominent. Leaf veins not black. Leaf margin Leaf veins prominent. Leaf veins not black. Leaf entire. Leaf margin flat. Leaf apex obtuse. Leaf margin denticulate-serrate. Leaf margin flat. Leaf surface smooth. Leaves white-tomentose. Leaf apex obtuse. Leaf surface smooth. Leaves white- venation pinnate. Inflorescence terminal globose tomentose. Leaf venation palmate. Inflorescence aggregate. Flowers sessile. Calyx nearly regular. lax verticillasters. Flowers pedicelled. Calyx Calyx not funnel-shaped. Calyx veins not bilabiate. Calyx funnel-shaped. Calyx veins prominent. Calyx teeth 5 or less. Calyx teeth not prominent. Calyx teeth 5 or less. Calyx teeth not hooked. Calyx teeth not spiny-tipped. Posterior hooked. Calyx teeth not spiny-tipped. Posterior sepal 1–3 mm long. Veins in calyx tube 5. Outer sepal 6–9 mm long. Veins in calyx tube 10. Outer surface of petal lobes hairy. Upper lip of corolla surface of petal lobes glabrous. Upper lip of flat-deflexed. Corolla tube included in calyx. corolla vaulted. Corolla tube included in calyx. Stamens 4. Stamens included. Staminal filaments Stamens 4. Stamens included. Staminal filaments glabrous. Filament-connective attachment not glabrous. Filament-connective attachment not lever-like. Ovary glabrous. Style glabrous. Style lever-like. Ovary glabrous. Style glabrous. Style gynobasic. Stigma capitate. Stigmatic lobes equal. gynobasic. Stigma 2 elongate arms. Stigmatic Fruit 4 nutlets. Eglandular hairs on leaves present. lobes equal. Fruit 4 nutlets. Eglandular hairs on Sessile glandular hairs on leaves absent. Stalked leaves present. Sessile glandular hairs on leaves glandular hairs on leaves present. Branched hairs absent. Stalked glandular hairs on leaves present. on leaves absent. Sessile glandular hairs on calyx Branched hairs on leaves absent. Sessile glandular present. Stalked glandular hairs on calyx absent. hairs on calyx absent. Stalked glandular hairs on Branched hairs on calyx present. calyx absent. Branched hairs on calyx absent.

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Otostegia fruticosa (Forssk.) Penzig ssp. hairy. Stem square. Stem erect. Stolons absent. schimperi (Benth.) Sebald Plant woody. Stem Leaves petioled. Leaves simple. Leaf blade hairy. Stem square. Stem erect. Stolons absent. oblong-ovate. Leaf blade 7–9cm long. Leaf Leaves petioled. Leaves simple. Leaf blade blade 2.5–3cm broad. Leaf veins prominent. oblong-ovate. Leaf blade 3–3.5cm long. Leaf Leaf veins not black. Leaf margin denticulate- blade 2–2.3cm broad. Leaf veins prominent. serrate. Leaf margin flat. Leaf apex obtuse. Leaf Leaf veins not black. Leaf margin sinuate. Leaf surface rugose. Leaves not white-tomentose. Leaf margin flat. Leaf apex obtuse. Leaf surface venation palmate. Inflorescence lax verticillasters. smooth. Leaves white-tomentose. Leaf venation Flowers pedicelled. Calyx nearly regular. Calyx palmate. Inflorescence lax verticillasters. Flowers funnel-shaped. Calyx veins prominent. Calyx pedicelled. Calyx bilabiate. Calyx funnel-shaped. teeth 8–10. Calyx teeth hooked. Calyx teeth not Calyx veins prominent. Calyx teeth 5 or less. Calyx spiny-tipped. Posterior sepal 14–18 mm long. teeth not hooked. Calyx teeth not spiny-tipped. Veins in calyx tube 10. Outer surface of petal Posterior sepal 4–10 mm long. Veins in calyx tube lobes hairy. Upper lip of corolla vaulted. Corolla 10. Outer surface of petal lobes glabrous. Upper lip tube included in calyx. Stamens 4. Stamens of corolla vaulted. Corolla tube included in calyx. included. Staminal filaments glabrous. Filament- Stamens 4. Stamens included. Staminal filaments connective attachment not lever-like. Ovary glabrous. Filament-connective attachment not glabrous. Style hairy. Style gynobasic. Stigma lever-like. Ovary glabrous. Style glabrous. Style 2 elongate arms. Stigmatic lobes unequal. Fruit gynobasic. Stigma 2 elongate arms. Stigmatic 4 nutlets. Eglandular hairs on leaves present. lobes equal. Fruit 4 nutlets. Eglandular hairs on Sessile glandular hairs on leaves absent. Stalked leaves present. Sessile glandular hairs on leaves glandular hairs on leaves absent. Branched hairs absent. Stalked glandular hairs on leaves absent. on leaves present. Sessile glandular hairs on calyx Branched hairs on leaves absent. Sessile glandular absent. Stalked glandular hairs on calyx absent. hairs on calyx absent. Stalked glandular hairs on Branched hairs on calyx present. calyx absent. Branched hairs on calyx absent. Prasium majus L. Plant herbaceous. Stem Phlomis aurea Decne. Plant woody. Stem hairy. glabrous. Stem square. Stem erect. Stolons absent. Stem square. Stem erect. Stolons absent. Leaves Leaves petioled. Leaves simple. Leaf blade petioled. Leaves simple. Leaf blade oblong-ovate. oblong-ovate. Leaf blade 2.5–3cm long. Leaf Leaf blade 6.7cm long. Leaf blade 2.6cm broad. blade 1.7–1.9cm broad. Leaf veins prominent. Leaf veins prominent. Leaf veins not black. Leaf veins not black. Leaf margin denticulate- Leaf margin entire. Leaf margin flat. Leaf apex serrate. Leaf margin flat. Leaf apex acute. Leaf obtuse. Leaf surface rugose. Leaves not white- surface smooth. Leaves not white-tomentose. tomentose. Leaf venation pinnate. Inflorescence Leaf venation pinnate. Inflorescence dense spike- lax verticillasters. Flowers pedicelled. Calyx like. Flowers pedicelled. Calyx bilabiate. Calyx nearly regular. Calyx funnel-shaped. Calyx veins funnel-shaped. Calyx veins not prominent. Calyx prominent. Calyx teeth 8–10. Calyx teeth not teeth 5 or less. Calyx teeth not hooked. Calyx hooked. Calyx teeth not spiny-tipped. Posterior teeth not spiny-tipped. Posterior sepal 10–12 sepal 9–16 mm long. Veins in calyx tube 10. Outer mm long. Veins in calyx tube 13. Outer surface surface of petal lobes hairy. Upper lip of corolla of petal lobes glabrous. Upper lip of corolla flat- vaulted. Corolla tube included in calyx. Stamens deflexed. Corolla tube included in calyx. Stamens 4. Stamens included. Staminal filaments glabrous. 4. Stamens included. Staminal filaments glabrous. Filament-connective attachment not lever-like. Filament-connective attachment not lever-like. Ovary glabrous. Style glabrous. Style gynobasic. Ovary glabrous. Style hairy. Style gynobasic. Stigma 2 elongate arms. Stigmatic lobes unequal. Stigma 2 elongate arms. Stigmatic lobes unequal. Fruit 4 nutlets. Eglandular hairs on leaves absent. Fruit 4 nutlets. Eglandular hairs on leaves absent. Sessile glandular hairs on leaves absent. Stalked Sessile glandular hairs on leaves absent. Stalked glandular hairs on leaves absent. Branched hairs glandular hairs on leaves absent. Branched hairs on leaves present. Sessile glandular hairs on calyx on leaves absent. Sessile glandular hairs on calyx absent. Stalked glandular hairs on calyx absent. absent. Stalked glandular hairs on calyx absent. Branched hairs on calyx present. Branched hairs on calyx absent.

Phlomis floccosa D. Don Plant woody. Stem Salvia aegyptiaca L. Plant woody. Stem

Egypt. J. Bot. 59, No.1 (2019)‎ 225 Computer-Generated Keys To The Flora of Egypt. 8. The Lamiaceae hairy. Stem square. Stem erect. Stolons absent. Stem square. Stem erect. Stolons absent. Leaves Leaves petioled. Leaves simple. Leaf blade petioled. Leaves simple. Leaf blade oblong-ovate. linear-lanceolate. Leaf blade 2.5–3.2cm long. Leaf blade 3–6.3cm long. Leaf blade 1.5–2.9cm Leaf blade 0.5cm broad. Leaf veins prominent. broad. Leaf veins prominent. Leaf veins not Leaf veins not black. Leaf margin sinuate. Leaf black. Leaf margin denticulate-serrate. Leaf margin revolute. Leaf apex acute. Leaf surface margin flat. Leaf apex acute. Leaf surface rugose. rugose. Leaves not white-tomentose. Leaf Leaves white-tomentose. Leaf venation pinnate. venation pinnate. Inflorescence lax verticillasters. Inflorescence lax verticillasters. Flowers sessile. Flowers pedicelled. Calyx bilabiate. Calyx not Calyx bilabiate. Calyx funnel-shaped. Calyx funnel-shaped. Calyx veins prominent. Calyx veins prominent. Calyx teeth 5 or less. Calyx teeth 5 or less. Calyx teeth not hooked. Calyx teeth not hooked. Calyx teeth not spiny-tipped. teeth not spiny-tipped. Posterior sepal 3–5 mm Posterior sepal 7–10 mm long. Veins in calyx tube long. Veins in calyx tube 15. Outer surface 10. Outer surface of petal lobes hairy. Upper lip of petal lobes hairy. Upper lip of corolla flat- of corolla vaulted. Corolla tube included in calyx. deflexed. Corolla tube included in calyx. Stamens Stamens 2. Stamens included. Staminal filaments 2. Stamens exserted. Staminal filaments glabrous. hairy. Filament-connective attachment lever-like. Filament-connective attachment lever-like. Ovary Ovary glabrous. Style hairy. Style gynobasic. hairy. Style glabrous. Style gynobasic. Stigma Stigma 2 elongate arms. Stigmatic lobes unequal. 2 elongate arms. Stigmatic lobes unequal. Fruit Fruit 4 nutlets. Eglandular hairs on leaves present. 4 nutlets. Eglandular hairs on leaves present. Sessile glandular hairs on leaves present. Stalked Sessile glandular hairs on leaves absent. Stalked glandular hairs on leaves present. Branched hairs glandular hairs on leaves absent. Branched hairs on leaves absent. Sessile glandular hairs on calyx on leaves absent. Sessile glandular hairs on calyx present. Stalked glandular hairs on calyx present. absent. Stalked glandular hairs on calyx present. Branched hairs on calyx absent. Branched hairs on calyx absent. Salvia lanigera Poir. in Lam. Plant woody. Salvia deserti Decne. Plant woody. Stem Stem hairy. Stem square. Stem erect. Stolons hairy. Stem square. Stem erect. Stolons absent. absent. Leaves petioled. Leaves simple. Leaf Leaves petioled. Leaves simple. Leaf blade linear- blade oblong-ovate. Leaf blade 3.5cm long. Leaf lanceolate. Leaf blade 1.6–1.9cm long. Leaf blade blade 1.5cm broad. Leaf veins not prominent. 0.4cm broad. Leaf veins not prominent. Leaf Leaf veins not black. Leaf margin denticulate- veins not black. Leaf margin sinuate. Leaf margin serrate. Leaf margin revolute. Leaf apex obtuse. revolute. Leaf apex obtuse. Leaf surface rugose. Leaf surface rugose. Leaves not white-tomentose. Leaves not white-tomentose. Leaf venation Leaf venation pinnate. Inflorescence lax pinnate. Inflorescence lax verticillasters. Flowers verticillasters. Flowers sessile. Calyx bilabiate. pedicelled. Calyx bilabiate. Calyx not funnel- Calyx funnel-shaped. Calyx veins not prominent. shaped. Calyx veins not prominent. Calyx teeth Calyx teeth 5 or less. Calyx teeth not hooked. 5 or less. Calyx teeth not hooked. Calyx teeth Calyx teeth not spiny-tipped. Posterior sepal 3–5 not spiny-tipped. Posterior sepal 2–4 mm long. mm long. Veins in calyx tube 13. Outer surface Veins in calyx tube 10. Outer surface of petal of petal lobes hairy. Upper lip of corolla vaulted. lobes hairy. Upper lip of corolla flat-deflexed. Corolla tube much longer than calyx. Stamens 2. Corolla tube included in calyx. Stamens 2. Stamens included. Staminal filaments glabrous. Stamens exserted. Staminal filaments glabrous. Filament-connective attachment lever-like. Ovary Filament-connective attachment lever-like. Ovary glabrous. Style glabrous. Style gynobasic. Stigma glabrous. Style glabrous. Style gynobasic. Stigma 2 elongate arms. Stigmatic lobes unequal. Fruit 2 elongate arms. Stigmatic lobes unequal. Fruit 4 nutlets. Eglandular hairs on leaves present. 4 nutlets. Eglandular hairs on leaves present. Sessile glandular hairs on leaves absent. Stalked Sessile glandular hairs on leaves absent. Stalked glandular hairs on leaves absent. Branched hairs glandular hairs on leaves present. Branched hairs on leaves absent. Sessile glandular hairs on calyx on leaves absent. Sessile glandular hairs on calyx present. Stalked glandular hairs on calyx absent. absent. Stalked glandular hairs on calyx absent. Branched hairs on calyx absent. Branched hairs on calyx present. Salvia multicaulis Vahl Plant woody. Stem Salvia dominica L. Plant woody. Stem hairy. hairy. Stem square. Stem erect. Stolons absent.

Egypt. J. Bot. 59, No.1 (2019)‎ 226 A. El-Gazzar et al.

Leaves petioled. Leaves simple. Leaf blade petioled. Leaves simple. Leaf blade oblong-ovate. oblong-ovate. Leaf blade 11cm long. Leaf Leaf blade 6–10.5cm long. Leaf blade 6–11cm blade 7cm broad. Leaf veins not prominent. broad. Leaf veins prominent. Leaf veins not black. Leaf veins not black. Leaf margin entire. Leaf Leaf margin sinuate. Leaf margin flat. Leaf apex margin flat. Leaf apex obtuse. Leaf surface acute. Leaf surface rugose. Leaves not white- smooth. Leaves white-tomentose. Leaf venation tomentose. Leaf venation pinnate. Inflorescence pinnate. Inflorescence lax verticillasters. Flowers dense spike-like. Flowers pedicelled. Calyx pedicelled. Calyx bilabiate. Calyx not funnel- bilabiate. Calyx not funnel-shaped. Calyx veins shaped. Calyx veins not prominent. Calyx teeth prominent. Calyx teeth 5 or less. Calyx teeth 5 or less. Calyx teeth not hooked. Calyx teeth not hooked. Calyx teeth spiny-tipped. Posterior not spiny-tipped. Posterior sepal 7–10 mm long. sepal 10 mm long. Veins in calyx tube 10. Outer Veins in calyx tube 13. Outer surface of petal surface of petal lobes hairy. Upper lip of corolla lobes glabrous. Upper lip of corolla vaulted. vaulted. Corolla tube included in calyx. Stamens Corolla tube much longer than calyx. Stamens 2. 2. Stamens included. Staminal filaments glabrous. Stamens included. Staminal filaments glabrous. Filament-connective attachment lever-like. Ovary Filament-connective attachment lever-like. Ovary glabrous. Style glabrous. Style gynobasic. Stigma glabrous. Style glabrous. Style gynobasic. Stigma 2 elongate arms. Stigmatic lobes unequal. Fruit 2 elongate arms. Stigmatic lobes unequal. Fruit 4 nutlets. Eglandular hairs on leaves present. 4 nutlets. Eglandular hairs on leaves present. Sessile glandular hairs on leaves present. Stalked Sessile glandular hairs on leaves absent. Stalked glandular hairs on leaves absent. Branched hairs glandular hairs on leaves absent. Branched hairs on leaves absent. Sessile glandular hairs on calyx on leaves absent. Sessile glandular hairs on calyx absent. Stalked glandular hairs on calyx absent. present. Stalked glandular hairs on calyx present. Branched hairs on calyx present. Branched hairs on calyx absent. Salvia spinosa L. Plant woody. Stem hairy. Salvia palaestina Benth. Plant woody. Stem Stem square. Stem erect. Stolons absent. Leaves hairy. Stem square. Stem erect. Stolons absent. petioled. Leaves simple. Leaf blade cordate. Leaf Leaves petioled. Leaves partially pinnate. Leaf blade 14.5cm long. Leaf blade 9.5cm broad. Leaf blade oblong-ovate. Leaf blade 9.5cm long. Leaf veins not prominent. Leaf veins not black. Leaf blade 5cm broad. Leaf veins not prominent. margin denticulate-serrate. Leaf margin flat. Leaf Leaf veins not black. Leaf margin sinuate. Leaf apex acute. Leaf surface rugose. Leaves not white- margin flat. Leaf apex acute. Leaf surface rugose. tomentose. Leaf venation pinnate. Inflorescence Leaves not white-tomentose. Leaf venation lax verticillasters. Flowers pedicelled. Calyx pinnate. Inflorescence lax verticillasters. Flowers bilabiate. Calyx not funnel-shaped. Calyx veins pedicelled. Calyx bilabiate. Calyx not funnel- prominent. Calyx teeth 5 or less. Calyx teeth not shaped. Calyx veins prominent. Calyx teeth hooked. Calyx teeth spiny-tipped. Posterior sepal 5 or less. Calyx teeth not hooked. Calyx teeth 15–20 mm long. Veins in calyx tube 10. Outer spiny-tipped. Posterior sepal 15–20 mm long. surface of petal lobes hairy. Upper lip of corolla Veins in calyx tube 13. Outer surface of petal vaulted. Corolla tube included in calyx. Stamens lobes glabrous. Upper lip of corolla vaulted. 2. Stamens exserted. Staminal filaments glabrous. Corolla tube much longer than calyx. Stamens 2. Filament-connective attachment lever-like. Ovary Stamens included. Staminal filaments glabrous. glabrous. Style glabrous. Style gynobasic. Stigma Filament-connective attachment lever-like. Ovary 2 elongate arms. Stigmatic lobes unequal. Fruit glabrous. Style glabrous. Style gynobasic. Stigma 4 nutlets. Eglandular hairs on leaves present. 2 elongate arms. Stigmatic lobes unequal. Fruit Sessile glandular hairs on leaves absent. Stalked 4 nutlets. Eglandular hairs on leaves present. glandular hairs on leaves present. Branched hairs Sessile glandular hairs on leaves present. Stalked on leaves present. Sessile glandular hairs on calyx glandular hairs on leaves absent. Branched hairs absent. Stalked glandular hairs on calyx absent. on leaves absent. Sessile glandular hairs on calyx Branched hairs on calyx present. present. Stalked glandular hairs on calyx absent. Branched hairs on calyx absent. Salvia verbenaca L. Plant woody. Stem hairy. Salvia sclarea L. Plant herbaceous. Stem hairy. Stem square. Stem erect. Stolons absent. Leaves Stem square. Stem erect. Stolons absent. Leaves petioled. Leaves partially pinnate. Leaf blade

Egypt. J. Bot. 59, No.1 (2019)‎ 227 Computer-Generated Keys To The Flora of Egypt. 8. The Lamiaceae oblong-ovate. Leaf blade 7.5–11.5cm long. Leaf simple. Leaf blade linear-lanceolate. Leaf blade blade 5.8–7.5cm broad. Leaf veins prominent. 0.7–0.8cm long. Leaf blade 0.15cm broad. Leaf Leaf veins not black. Leaf margin denticulate- veins prominent. Leaf veins not black. Leaf serrate. Leaf margin flat. Leaf apex acute. Leaf margin entire. Leaf margin flat. Leaf apex obtuse. surface rugose. Leaves not white-tomentose. Leaf Leaf surface smooth. Leaves white-tomentose. venation pinnate. Inflorescence lax verticillasters. Leaf uninerved. Inflorescence terminal globose Flowers sessile. Calyx bilabiate. Calyx not aggregate. Flowers sessile. Calyx nearly regular. funnel-shaped. Calyx veins not prominent. Calyx Calyx not funnel-shaped. Calyx veins not teeth 5 or less. Calyx teeth not hooked. Calyx prominent. Calyx teeth 5 or less. Calyx teeth not teeth not spiny-tipped. Posterior sepal 5–8 mm hooked. Calyx teeth not spiny-tipped. Posterior long. Veins in calyx tube 13. Outer surface of sepal 3–5 mm long. Veins in calyx tube 10. Outer petal lobes glabrous. Upper lip of corolla vaulted. surface of petal lobes glabrous. Upper lip of Corolla tube included in calyx. Stamens 2. corolla reduced. Corolla tube included in calyx. Stamens included. Staminal filaments glabrous. Stamens 4. Stamens exserted. Staminal filaments Filament-connective attachment not lever-like. glabrous. Filament-connective attachment not Ovary glabrous. Style glabrous. Style gynobasic. lever-like. Ovary glabrous. Style glabrous. Style Stigma 2 elongate arms. Stigmatic lobes unequal. terminal. Stigma 2 elongate arms. Stigmatic Fruit 4 nutlets. Eglandular hairs on leaves present. lobes unequal. Fruit drupe. Eglandular hairs on Sessile glandular hairs on leaves absent. Stalked leaves present. Sessile glandular hairs on leaves glandular hairs on leaves absent. Branched hairs absent. Stalked glandular hairs on leaves absent. on leaves absent. Sessile glandular hairs on calyx Branched hairs on leaves absent. Sessile glandular absent. Stalked glandular hairs on calyx absent. hairs on calyx absent. Stalked glandular hairs on Branched hairs on calyx absent. calyx absent. Branched hairs on calyx absent.

Stachys aegyptiaca Pers. Plant woody. Stem Teucrium decaisnei C. Presl Plant woody. hairy. Stem square. Stem erect. Stolons absent. Stem hairy. Stem terete. Stem erect. Stolons Leaves sessile-subsessile. Leaves simple. Leaf absent. Leaves sessile-subsessile. Leaves simple. blade linear-lanceolate. Leaf blade 2.5–3cm Leaf blade linear-lanceolate. Leaf blade 0.5– long. Leaf blade 0.5–0.7cm broad. Leaf veins 1.2cm long. Leaf blade 0.2–0.3cm broad. Leaf not prominent. Leaf veins not black. Leaf margin veins not prominent. Leaf veins not black. Leaf entire. Leaf margin flat. Leaf apex obtuse. Leaf margin denticulate-serrate. Leaf margin flat. Leaf surface smooth. Leaves white-tomentose. Leaf apex obtuse. Leaf surface smooth. Leaves white- venation pinnate. Inflorescence lax verticillasters. tomentose. Leaf venation pinnate. Inflorescence Flowers pedicelled. Calyx nearly regular. Calyx terminal globose aggregate. Flowers sessile. Calyx not funnel-shaped. Calyx veins not prominent. nearly regular. Calyx not funnel-shaped. Calyx Calyx teeth 5 or less. Calyx teeth not hooked. veins not prominent. Calyx teeth 5 or less. Calyx Calyx teeth not spiny-tipped. Posterior sepal 5–8 teeth not hooked. Calyx teeth not spiny-tipped. mm long. Veins in calyx tube 15. Outer surface Posterior sepal 1.5–3 mm long. Veins in calyx of petal lobes hairy. Upper lip of corolla flat- tube 10. Outer surface of petal lobes glabrous. deflexed. Corolla tube included in calyx. Stamens Upper lip of corolla reduced. Corolla tube 4. Stamens included. Staminal filaments hairy. included in calyx. Stamens 4. Stamens exserted. Filament-connective attachment not lever-like. Staminal filaments glabrous. Filament-connective Ovary glabrous. Style glabrous. Style gynobasic. attachment not lever-like. Ovary glabrous. Style Stigma 2 elongate arms. Stigmatic lobes equal. glabrous. Style terminal. Stigma 2 elongate arms. Fruit 4 nutlets. Eglandular hairs on leaves absent. Stigmatic lobes unequal. Fruit drupe. Eglandular Sessile glandular hairs on leaves absent. Stalked hairs on leaves present. Sessile glandular hairs on glandular hairs on leaves absent. Branched hairs leaves present. Stalked glandular hairs on leaves on leaves present. Sessile glandular hairs on calyx absent. Branched hairs on leaves absent. Sessile present. Stalked glandular hairs on calyx absent. glandular hairs on calyx absent. Stalked glandular Branched hairs on calyx present. hairs on calyx absent. Branched hairs on calyx absent. Teucrium brevifolium Schreb. Plant woody. Stem hairy. Stem terete. Stem prostrate. Stolons absent. Leaves sessile-subsessile. Leaves Teucrium leucocladum Boiss. Plant woody.

Egypt. J. Bot. 59, No.1 (2019)‎ 228 A. El-Gazzar et al.

Stem hairy. Stem terete. Stem erect. Stolons hairy. Stem square. Stem erect. Stolons absent. absent. Leaves sessile-subsessile. Leaves Leaves sessile-subsessile. Leaves simple. Leaf simple. Leaf blade linear-lanceolate. Leaf blade blade linear-lanceolate. Leaf blade 0.4–0.8cm 0.9–1.1cm long. Leaf blade 0.2–0.4cm broad. long. Leaf blade 0.1–0.2cm broad. Leaf veins Leaf veins not prominent. Leaf veins not black. not prominent. Leaf veins not black. Leaf margin Leaf margin sinuate. Leaf margin flat. Leaf apex entire. Leaf margin flat. Leaf apex obtuse. Leaf obtuse. Leaf surface rugose. Leaves not white- surface smooth. Leaves white-tomentose. Leaf tomentose. Leaf uninerved. Inflorescence terminal venation pinnate. Inflorescence terminal globose globose aggregate. Flowers sessile. Calyx nearly aggregate. Flowers sessile. Calyx bilabiate. regular. Calyx not funnel-shaped. Calyx veins not Calyx funnel-shaped. Calyx veins not prominent. prominent. Calyx teeth 5 or less. Calyx teeth not Calyx teeth 5 or less. Calyx teeth not hooked. hooked. Calyx teeth not spiny-tipped. Posterior Calyx teeth not spiny-tipped. Posterior sepal 3–5 sepal 2–4 mm long. Veins in calyx tube 10. Outer mm long. Veins in calyx tube 10. Outer surface surface of petal lobes hairy. Upper lip of corolla of petal lobes hairy. Upper lip of corolla flat- reduced. Corolla tube included in calyx. Stamens deflexed. Corolla tube included in calyx. Stamens 4. Stamens exserted. Staminal filaments glabrous. 4. Stamens exserted. Staminal filaments glabrous. Filament-connective attachment not lever-like. Filament-connective attachment not lever-like. Ovary glabrous. Style glabrous. Style terminal. Ovary glabrous. Style glabrous. Style gynobasic. Stigma 2 elongate arms. Stigmatic lobes unequal. Stigma 2 elongate arms. Stigmatic lobes unequal. Fruit drupe. Eglandular hairs on leaves present. Fruit 4 nutlets. Eglandular hairs on leaves present. Sessile glandular hairs on leaves absent. Stalked Sessile glandular hairs on leaves present. Stalked glandular hairs on leaves absent. Branched hairs glandular hairs on leaves absent. Branched hairs on leaves absent. Sessile glandular hairs on calyx on leaves absent. Sessile glandular hairs on calyx absent. Stalked glandular hairs on calyx absent. present. Stalked glandular hairs on calyx absent. Branched hairs on calyx absent. Branched hairs on calyx present.

Teucrium polium L. Plant herbaceous. Stem Thymus bovei Benth. Plant woody. Stem hairy. Stem terete. Stem erect. Stolons absent. hairy. Stem square. Stem erect. Stolons absent. Leaves sessile-subsessile. Leaves simple. Leaf Leaves sessile-subsessile. Leaves simple. Leaf blade linear-lanceolate. Leaf blade 1.8cm long. blade linear-lanceolate. Leaf blade 1–1.2cm Leaf blade 0.4–0.5cm broad. Leaf veins not long. Leaf blade 0.2–0.3cm broad. Leaf veins prominent. Leaf veins not black. Leaf margin not prominent. Leaf veins not black. Leaf margin sinuate. Leaf margin flat. Leaf apex obtuse. Leaf entire. Leaf margin flat. Leaf apex acute. Leaf surface rugose. Leaves not white-tomentose. surface smooth. Leaves not white-tomentose. Leaf Leaf uninerved. Inflorescence terminal globose venation pinnate. Inflorescence terminal globose aggregate. Flowers sessile. Calyx nearly regular. aggregate. Flowers sessile. Calyx bilabiate. Calyx Calyx not funnel-shaped. Calyx veins not not funnel-shaped. Calyx veins not prominent. prominent. Calyx teeth 5 or less. Calyx teeth not Calyx teeth 5 or less. Calyx teeth not hooked. hooked. Calyx teeth not spiny-tipped. Posterior Calyx teeth not spiny-tipped. Posterior sepal 2–4 sepal 2–4 mm long. Veins in calyx tube 10. Outer mm long. Veins in calyx tube 10. Outer surface surface of petal lobes glabrous. Upper lip of corolla of petal lobes hairy. Upper lip of corolla flat- reduced. Corolla tube included in calyx. Stamens deflexed. Corolla tube included in calyx. Stamens 4. Stamens included. Staminal filaments glabrous. 4. Stamens included. Staminal filaments glabrous. Filament-connective attachment not lever-like. Filament-connective attachment not lever-like. Ovary glabrous. Style glabrous. Style terminal. Ovary glabrous. Style glabrous. Style gynobasic. Stigma 2 elongate arms. Stigmatic lobes unequal. Stigma capitate. Stigmatic lobes equal. Fruit Fruit drupe. Eglandular hairs on leaves present. 4 nutlets. Eglandular hairs on leaves absent. Sessile glandular hairs on leaves absent. Stalked Sessile glandular hairs on leaves absent. Stalked glandular hairs on leaves absent. Branched hairs glandular hairs on leaves absent. Branched hairs on leaves present. Sessile glandular hairs on calyx on leaves absent. Sessile glandular hairs on calyx absent. Stalked glandular hairs on calyx absent. present. Stalked glandular hairs on calyx absent. Branched hairs on calyx present. Branched hairs on calyx absent.

Thymbra capitata (L.) Cav. Plant woody. Stem Thymus decussatus Benth. Plant woody. Stem

Egypt. J. Bot. 59, No.1 (2019)‎ 229 Computer-Generated Keys To The Flora of Egypt. 8. The Lamiaceae hairy. Stem square. Stem erect. Stolons absent. hairy. Stem square. Stem erect. Stolons absent. Leaves sessile-subsessile. Leaves simple. Leaf Leaves sessile-subsessile. Leaves simple. Leaf blade linear-lanceolate. Leaf blade 0.2–0.6cm blade linear-lanceolate. Leaf blade 1.7–1.9cm long. Leaf blade 0.1cm broad. Leaf veins not long. Leaf blade 0.2–0.3cm broad. Leaf veins prominent. Leaf veins not black. Leaf margin not prominent. Leaf veins not black. Leaf margin entire. Leaf margin flat. Leaf apex acute. Leaf entire. Leaf margin flat. Leaf apex acute. Leaf surface smooth. Leaves white-tomentose. Leaf surface rugose. Leaves not white-tomentose. uninerved. Inflorescence terminal globose Leaf venation pinnate. Inflorescence dense spike- aggregate. Flowers sessile. Calyx nearly regular. like. Flowers sessile. Calyx bilabiate. Calyx not Calyx funnel-shaped. Calyx veins prominent. funnel-shaped. Calyx veins not prominent. Calyx Calyx teeth 5 or less. Calyx teeth not hooked. teeth 5 or less. Calyx teeth not hooked. Calyx Calyx teeth not spiny-tipped. Posterior sepal 3–4 teeth not spiny-tipped. Posterior sepal 5–8 mm mm long. Veins in calyx tube 10. Outer surface long. Veins in calyx tube 13. Outer surface of petal of petal lobes hairy. Upper lip of corolla flat- lobes glabrous. Upper lip of corolla flat-deflexed. deflexed. Corolla tube included in calyx. Stamens Corolla tube much longer than calyx. Stamens 2. 4. Stamens exserted. Staminal filaments glabrous. Stamens included. Staminal filaments glabrous. Filament-connective attachment not lever-like. Filament-connective attachment not lever-like. Ovary glabrous. Style glabrous. Style gynobasic. Ovary glabrous. Style glabrous. Style gynobasic. Stigma capitate. Stigmatic lobes equal. Fruit Stigma 2 elongate arms. Stigmatic lobes unequal. 4 nutlets. Eglandular hairs on leaves present. Fruit 4 nutlets. Eglandular hairs on leaves present. Sessile glandular hairs on leaves present. Stalked Sessile glandular hairs on leaves present. Stalked glandular hairs on leaves absent. Branched hairs glandular hairs on leaves absent. Branched hairs on leaves absent. Sessile glandular hairs on calyx on leaves absent. Sessile glandular hairs on calyx present. Stalked glandular hairs on calyx absent. present. Stalked glandular hairs on calyx absent. Branched hairs on calyx absent. Branched hairs on calyx absent.

Ziziphora capitata L. Plant herbaceous. Stem Discussion hairy. Stem square. Stem erect. Stolons absent. Leaves petioled. Leaves simple. Leaf blade The present key is based on a much wider oblong-ovate. Leaf blade 2.4–2.6cm long. Leaf range of characters from vegetative and floral blade 1–1.2cm broad. Leaf veins prominent. morphology than in any previous floristic Leaf veins not black. Leaf margin entire. Leaf treatment. The characters were recorded and used margin flat. Leaf apex acute. Leaf surface smooth. in key generation in a strictly comparative way, so Leaves white-tomentose. Leaf venation pinnate. that alternative entries of any couplet in the key Inflorescence terminal globose aggregate. Flowers are distinguished from each other by means of pedicelled. Calyx bilabiate. Calyx not funnel- contrasting character-states of the same character shaped. Calyx veins not prominent. Calyx teeth or set of characters. The prelude to the key shows 5 or less. Calyx teeth not hooked. Calyx teeth that of the 48 characters recorded for each of the not spiny-tipped. Posterior sepal 6–9 mm long. 54 taxa, only 37 were sufficient to generate the Veins in calyx tube 13. Outer surface of petal key successfully with a surplus of 11 characters. lobes glabrous. Upper lip of corolla flat-deflexed. All 48 characters are included in the detailed Corolla tube much longer than calyx. Stamens 2. description of every taxon, thus serving the all- Stamens included. Staminal filaments glabrous. important function of confirming the identity of Filament-connective attachment not lever-like. these taxa. Ovary glabrous. Style glabrous. Style gynobasic. Stigma 2 elongate arms. Stigmatic lobes unequal. Comparison between the DELTA-generated Fruit 4 nutlets. Eglandular hairs on leaves present. key to the Lamiaceae and its manually constructed Sessile glandular hairs on leaves absent. Stalked counterparts shows that the former is a clear glandular hairs on leaves present. Branched hairs improvement over the latter. Among the numerous on leaves absent. Sessile glandular hairs on calyx advantages of the key provided in the present absent. Stalked glandular hairs on calyx absent. study: (i) Instead of the user having to go through Branched hairs on calyx present. a manually constructed key to the genera of a given family and then through another key to the Ziziphora tenuior L. Plant herbaceous. Stem species and infra-specific taxa of a given genus,

Egypt. J. Bot. 59, No.1 (2019)‎ 230 A. El-Gazzar et al. the computer-generated key is compact and leads the data matrix and a re-run of the program directly to the full scientific names of plants and would update the present key. their respective author citations, (ii) Character definition can be manipulated easily to ensure References that they are clearly and accurately observable with the maximum contrast between states of Balali, P., Soodi, M. and Saeidnia, S. (2012) Protective the same character, (iii) The distinction between effects of some medicinal plants from Lamiaceae a pair of alternative entries in the same couplet against beta-amyloid induced toxicity in PC12 is strictly comparative, (iv) Most of the couplets cell. Tehran University Medical Journal, 70(7), in the key are diagnosed by combinations of 402-409. correlated characters instead of single characters, (v) Character-states separating alternative entries Bergianska (2014) [http://angio.bergianska.se/asterids/ of the same couplet are listed in the same order, Boraginales/Boraginales.html]. thus facilitating the user’s task of deciding which entry applies to the unknown plant specimen Boulos, L. (2002). "Flora of Egypt". Vol. 3. being identified, and (vi) The flora is so dynamic Verbenaceae-Compositae. Al Hadara Publishing, that some species may disappear and others may Cairo. 373p. invade the country and, unlike the manually- constructed fixed keys, the computer-generated Caldas, G.F.R., Oliviera, A.R.da S., Araújo, A.V., keys are equally flexible to cater for such changes. Quixabeira, D.C.A., Silva-Neto, J. da C., Costa- Silva, J.H., de Menezes, I.R.A., Ferreira, F., Leite, There are some discrepancies between the A.C.L., da Costa, J.G.M. and Wanderley, A.G. taxa representing the Lamiaceae in the present (2014) Gastroprotective and ulcer healing effects study and those reported by Boulos (2002) in of essential oils of Hyptis martiusii Benth. PLOS. the latest comprehensive account of the flora of [https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0084400]. Egypt. Instances of these discrepancies are: Cantino, P.D. (1992) Evidence for a polyphyletic origin (i) Thymus capitatus (L.) Link was always of the Labiatae. Annals of the Missouri Botanical recorded in Egypt by this name (e.g., Garden, 79, 361-379. Täckholm, 1956, 1964 and Boulos, 2000), with Satureja capitata L. as basionym and Chase, M.W., Christenhusz, M.J.M., Fay, M.F., Byng, Coridothymus capitatus (L.) Rchb.f. as J.W., Judd, W.S., Soltis, D.E., Mabberley, D.J., synonym, thus omitting the other synonym Sennikov, A.N., Soltis, P.S., Stevens, P.F., Briggs, Thymbra capitata (L.) Cav. But this neglected Barbara, Brockington, S., Chautems, A., Clark, synonym is shown in the database of the J.C., Conran, J., Haston, Elspeth, Möller, M., Plant List [http://www.theplantlist.org/] to Moore, M., Olmstead, R. and Perret, M. (2016) be the accepted name of this species and we An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group used it in the present study. This is the first classification for the orders and families of representation of the genus Thymbra in Egypt flowering plants. (The angiosperm phylogeny and the number of genera of Lamiaceae group, APG IV). Botanical Journal of the Linnean reported by Boulos has been consequently Society, 181(1), 1-20. increased to 24. Dallwitz, M.J., Paine, T.A. and Zurcher, E.J. (2000) (ii) The three species Leucas urticifolia (Vahl) User’s guide to the DELTA system: A general R.Br. (from Gebel Elba), Micromeria system for processing taxonomic descriptions. serbaliana Danin & Hedge and Origanum 4.12 ed. CSIRO Division of Entomology, isthmicum Danin (both from Sinai) included Canberra, ACT, Australia. [also available at: in Boulos’ (2002) flora are not found in the http://delta-intkey.com]. present key to the labiates of Egypt because no specimens of them were located in any of Delnavazi, M.-R., Baba-ali, F., Soufiabadi, S., the local herbaria. Flexibility of the DELTA Sherafatmand, M., Ghahremani, F., Tavakoli, S. suite of key-generating programs is such that and Yassa, N. (2014) Essential oil composition, whenever any specimens of these species is antioxidant activity and total phenolic content of re-discovered, they can be added easily to some Lamiaceae taxa growing in Northwest of

Egypt. J. Bot. 59, No.1 (2019)‎ 231 Computer-Generated Keys To The Flora of Egypt. 8. The Lamiaceae

Iran. Pharmaceutical Sciences, 20(1), 22-28. Annals of Agricultural Science, 60(2), 257-277.

El-Gazzar, A.I.H. (1969) A taxonomic study of Labiatae El-Husseini, N. (1986) A taxonomic revision of Labiatae and related genera. Ph.D. Thesis, Southampton in Egypt. Ph.D. Thesis. Faculty of Science, Cairo University, England. 146p. University. 287p.

El-Gazzar, A. and Watson, L. (1967) Consequences of Guenther, E. (1974) "The Essential Oils, Individual an escape from floral minutiae and floristics in Essential Oils of the Plant Families Rutaceae certain Labiatae. Taxon, 16, 186-189. and Labiatae". Vol. III. R.E. Krieger Publishing Company, New York. El-Gazzar, A. and Watson, L. (1970) A taxonomic study of Labiatae and related genera. The New Hagemann, J.M., Earle, F.R., Wolff, I.A. and Barclay, Phytologist, 69, 451-486. A.S. (1967) Search for new industrial oils. XIV. Seed oils of Labiatae. Lipids, 2, 371-380. El-Gazzar, A., Watson, L., Williams, W.T. and Lance, G.N. (1968) The taxonomy of Salvia: a test of two Hegnauer, R. (1966) "Chemotaxonomie der radically different numerical methods. Journal of Pflanzenfamilien", Vol. 4. Stuttgart. the Linnaean Society of London (Bot.), 60, 237- 250. Hussain, A.I., Anwar, F., Iqbal, T. and Bhatti, I.A. (2011) Antioxidant attributes of four Lamiaceae El-Gazzar, A., El-Saied, A.S.M., Hammouda, A.A. essential oils. Pakistan Journal of Botany, 43(2), and Soliman, M.A. (2008 a) Computer-generated 1315-1321. keys to the flora of Egypt. 1. The Leguminosae (Mimosoideae and Caesalpinioideae). Medjahed, F., Merouane, A., Saadi, A., Bader, A., Taeckholmia, 28, 185-208. Cioni, P.L. and Flamini, G. (2016) Chemical profile and antifungal potential of essential oils El-Gazzar, A., Rabei, S.H., Aboel Atta, A.I., Kamel, from leaves and flowers of Salvia algeriensis E.A., Loutfy, M.H.A. and Shalabi, L.F. (2008 b) (Desf.): A comparative study. Chilean Journal of Computer-generated keys to the flora of Egypt. 2. Agricultural Research. [http://dx.doi.org/10.4067/ The Chenopodiaceae. Taeckholmia, 28, 209-225. S0718/].

El-Gazzar, A., Abdel-Ghani, M.M., Aboel Atta, A.I. Mikaili, P., Mojaverrostami, S., Moloudizargari, M. and Shalabi, L.F.A. (2009 a) Computer-generated and Aghajanshakeri, S. (2013) Pharmacological keys to the flora of Egypt. 4. The Plantaginaceae. and therapeutic effects of Mentha longifolia L. and Taeckholmia, 29, 115-131. its main constituent, menthol. Ancient Science of Life, 33(2), 131-138. El-Gazzar, A., El-Ghareeb, R. and Toto, S.M. (2009 b) Computer-generated Keys to the Flora of Egypt. 3. Montasir, A.H. and Hassib, M. (1956) "Illustrated The Solanaceae. Taeckholmia, 29, 47-73. Manual Flora of Egypt". Part 1. Dicotyledons. Imprimeri Misr, S.A.E., Cairo. 615p. El-Gazzar, A., Abdel-Ghani, M.M. and Khattab, A.A. (2012) Computer-generated keys to the flora of Mossa, A.H. (2016). Green pesticides: Essential oils as Egypt. 5. The Leguminosae-Papilionoideae. Assiut biopesticides in insect-pest management. Journal University Journal of Botany, 41(2), 129-181. of Environmental Science and Technology, 9(5), 354-378. El-Gazzar, A., El-Ghamery, A., El-Saied, A., Khattab, A.H. and El-Kady, A.A. (2015 a) Computer- Muschler, R. (1912) "A Manual Flora of Egypt". 2 Vols. generated keys to the flora of Egypt. 6. The R. Friedlaender & Sohn, Berlin. 1312p. Boraginaceae. Annals of Agricultural Science, 60(1), 67-85. Stefanakis, M.K., Touloupakis, E., Anastasopoulos, E., Ghanotakis, D., Katerinopoulos, H.E. and El-Gazzar, A., Khafagi, A.A., El-Husseini, N. and Makridis, P. (2013) Antibacterial activity of Mostafa, N.A.M. (2015 b) Computer-generated essential oils from plants of the genus Origanum. keys to the flora of Egypt. 7. The Acanthaceae. Food Control, 34, 539-546.

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بناء مفاتيح لتعريف نباتات الفلورة المصرية باستخدام الحاسب اآللي. ٨. الفصيلة الشفوية عادل الجزار)1(، عباس الغمري)2(، عادل خطاب)3(، البراء السعيد)2(، عالء القاضي)2( )1(قسم النبات والميكروبيولوجي - كلية العلوم - جامعة العريش - العريش - شمال سيناء - مصر، )2( قسم النبات والميكروبيولوجي - كلية العلوم )بنين( - جامعة األزهر - القاهرة - مصر، )3(المعشبة - قسم النبات - كلية العلوم- جامعة القاهرة - الجيزة - مصر.

مفاتيح تعريف النباتات في العديد من مجموعات الفلورة المصرية في حاجة ماسة إلى التحسين والتحديث. ومن أجل بناء مفتاح حديث لنباتات الفصيلة الشفوية في مصر تم تصميم مصفوفة بيانات تشتمل على 48 صفة ُس ّجلت لكل واحد من األنواع التي تمثل هذه الفصيلة في مصر وعددهم 52 نوع )وبهم ثالثة تحت أنواع وصنف واحد( وينتمون إلى 24 جنس. تم تحديد الصفات وحاالتها بكل دقة كي تعبر عن أكبر عدد ممكن من أوجه التباين في صفات األعضاء الخضرية والزهرية للنباتات بحيث تكون سهلة المشاهدة وال تتغير كثيرا ًبتغير الظروف البيئية ويكون الفارق بين حاالت كل صفة أكبر وأوضح ما يمكن. تم تحليل مصفوفة البيانات باستخدام إحدى أقوى حزم برامج الحاسب اآللي المتخصصة في بناء مفاتيح تعريف النباتات وهي حزمة برامج »دلتا«. أنتج التحليل العددي لمصفوفة البيانات مفتاح لتعريف النباتات مصحوباً بوصف تفصيلي لكل نوع وتحت نوع وصنف على أساس الصفات ّالمُسجلة لكل منهم. المفتاح الناتج من هذه الدراسة أفضل علمياً وعملياً بكثير من كل سابقيه من حيث أنه يشتمل على المقارنة الدقيقة بين كل مداخلة ومزدوجاته ُالمتضادة. وبتحديث األسماء العلمية للنباتات تمت إضافة جنس ثيمبرا ألول مرة إلى نباتات الفصيلة الشفوية في مصر.

Egypt. J. Bot. 59, No.1 (2019)‎