Computer-Generated Keys to the Flora of Egypt. 8. the Lamiaceae A

16 Egypt. J. Bot. Vol. 59, No.1, pp. 209 - 232 (2019) Computer-Generated Keys to the Flora of Egypt. 8. The Lamiaceae A. El-Gazzar(1)#, A. El-Ghamery(2), A.H. Khattab(3), B.S. El-Saeid(2), A.A. El-Kady(2) (1)Botany and Microbiology Department, Faculty of Science, El-Arish University, El- Arish, N. Sinai, Egypt; (2)Botany and Microbiology Department, Faculty of Science, Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt; (3)The Herbarium, Botany Department, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt. ANUALLY-constructed keys to many groups of the Egyptian flora are in urgent Mneed of improvement and updating. To construct a conventional substitute of the key to representatives of the Lamiaceae, a data matrix was compiled to include 48 characters recorded for each of the 52 species (with three subspecies and one variety) belonging to 24 genera which represent this family in the flora of Egypt. The 48 characters were accurately defined to cover as much of the easily observable aspects of vegetative and floral variation in the plants as possible. The data matrix was analyzed using the key-generating package of programs DELTA. The analysis produced a conventional key with a detailed description of every species in terms of the 48 characters. The key is decidedly a marked improvement over its predecessors in that it is strictly comparative. Updating the nomenclature of the plants led to the first recording of the genusThymbra in the flora of Egypt. Keywords: Conventional key, DELTA, Egypt, Flora, Lamiaceae, Thymbra. Introduction verticillasters in acropetal succession where the number of flowers per bract axil varies from 1 to The Lamiaceae Lindl. (nom.altern. Labiatae Juss.) many. Bracts are usually broad and leafy; bracteols is a relatively large family with 240-255 genera are often absent. The flower is hermaphrodite, encompassing 6900-7200 species (Bergianska, pentamerous, hypogynous and strongly 2014 and Chase et al., 2016). The plants are zygomorphic. Calyx of 5 united persistent sepals, predominantly annual or perennial herbs, but may usually 2-lipped, with 2-5 teeth, or with 10 teeth be shrubs or small trees (e.g., most Hyptis spp.). in some Leucas and Marrubium species; teeth The stem is usually erect but may be prostrate are rarely equal and the calyx is regular (e.g., in or rhizomatous (e.g., some Mentha spp.); young Mentha). Corolla of 5 united petals, often showy, stems are quadrangular in cross-section; pith solid 2-lipped, configuration is often characteristic of or hollow; nodes are consistently unilacunar with most genera; upper lip of two lobes, commonly 1-2 traces per leaf gap. The density of indumentum vaulted (e.g., Lamium, Salvia), glabrous or with on vegetative organs ranges from entirely a thick tuft of hairs on its outer surface (e.g., in glabrous to thickly pilose or white-tomentose. Lamium, Phlomis), but may be short or absent Epidermal trichomes frequently found in various (e.g., in Teucrium and Ajuga). Lower lip consists combinations on vegetative and floral parts are of 3 unequal and variously shaped lobes. Stamens uni- or multicellular, glandular or eglandular, 2 or 4, epipetalous, the posterior stamen is usually simple, branched, stellate, or ‘dendroid’. The absent or present as a minute staminode (e.g., leaves are usually opposite decussate, whorled in Rosmarinus), exserted or included in corolla; only in Dysophylla (El-Gazzar & Watson, 1967), filaments hairy or glabrous, straight or curved and consistently ex-stipulate, petiolate or sessile, included in the vault of the upper or lower corolla simple to variously dissected, flat or ericoid with lip; anthers usually dithecous or monothecous, recurved margins as in some Lavandula spp. and thecae divaricated or parallel. In Salvia, filaments Rosmarinus officinalis (El-Gazzar & Watson, of the two stamens are short and the two lobes of 1970). The inflorescence is a terminal spike, each anther are widely separated by a long filiform a globose aggregate of cymes or a lax-dense connective which forms a lever-like structure #Corresponding author email: [email protected] DOI: 10.21608/ejbo.2018.4861.1201 Edited by: Prof. Dr. Monier M. Abd El-Ghani, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt. ©2019 National Information and Documentation Center (NIDOC) 210 A. EL-GAZZAR et al. with the staminal filament thus giving the stamen of Egypt by 23 genera and 54 species (Boulos, a high degree of versatility suited for pollination 2002), including Clerodendrum acerbianum by insects (El-Gazzar et al., 1968 and Walker which traditionally belonged in the Verbenaceae & Sytsma, 2007). Gynoecium is 2-carpellate, but was among the taxa transferred to Lamiaceae usually 4-locular by intrusion of carpel wall by Cantino (1992). Manually constructed keys forming ‘false septum’. Ovary is often 4-locular to these taxa were provided by Muschler (1912), with 1 ovule per locule, glabrous or hairy, with Montasir & Hassib (1956), Täckholm (1956, a gynobasic style, or entire and 4-ovuled (e.g., 1974), El-Husseini (1986) and Boulos (2002). in Ajuga, Teucrium) with a terminal style. Ovary The same as all manually constructed keys, those usually on a fleshy, entire, irregularly or often of the Lamiaceae (and several other families with 4-lobed nectariferous disc, usually anterior lobe relatively large representation in the local flora) is longer than others. Style is glabrous or hairy, are in urgent need for updating and improvement. usually with 2 equal or unequal stigmatic arms, Hence, the ongoing work on benefiting from sometimes entire with 1 stigma-lobe vestigial, or the inherent versatility of the package of key- stigma capitate or very rarely 4-lobed. A 4-loculed generating computer programs DELTA in ovary develops into four 1-seeded mericarps constructing much improved identification keys (nutlets), sometimes fewer by abortion; mericarps to these groups. Previous studies in this series often with sculptured, tuberculate, hairy or rarely dealt with the Leguminosae (Mimosoideae winged pericarp, mucilage cells often present. An and Caesalpinioideae), Chenopodiaceae, entire ovary develops into a drupe. Pantaginaceae, Solanaceae, Leguminosae- Papilionoideae, Boraginaceae and Acanthaceae The Lamiaceae are cosmopolitan but with a s.l. (El-Gazzar et al., 2008 a, b; 2009 a, b; 2012 marked absence in areas with extremely harsh and 2015 a, b, respectively). environmental conditions in the Arctic Circle, the African Sahara, central Arabia and the expanses Materials and Methods of the Mongolian desert. Most genera and species show a marked preference for the temperate Specimens of 52 species (with three subspecies environment (Watson & Dallwitz, 1992 onwards). and one variety) belonging to 24 genera of the Lamiaceae were obtained from the herbarium Numerous members of Lamiaceae are rich of the Faculty of Science, Cairo University. in strongly aromatic essential oils in their shoot Identification of all taxa was accurately scrutinized system (Guenther, 1974 and Hegnauer, 1966), according to El-Gazzar (1969) and El-Husseini while others have copious amounts of fixed oils (1986), and updated according to the two major in their seeds (Hagemann et al., 1967). Species nomenclatural databases [http://www.theplantlist. of many genera (e.g., Lavandula, Mentha, org/] and [http://www.tropicos.org/]”. Origanum) derive their economic importance from their production of essential oils which are Available specimens of the 54 taxa (52 species, the main constituents of perfumes, toothpastes three subspecies and one variety) were examined and food and drink flavoring additives. Species in detail for any easily observable and seemingly of other genera (e.g., Rosmarinus officinalis, stable aspects of variation in vegetative and floral Salvia officinalis) are commonly used as culinary morphology. The 48 characters which met these herbs. Essential oils of many species have for two basic criteria were recorded comparatively for centuries been used worldwide to treat various every species in a data matrix which was subjected ailments (Balali et al., 2012 and Mikaili et al., to analysis under the program suit DELTA 2013), as antioxidants (Hussain et al., 2011 and (Dallwitz et al., 2000) to generate a conventional Delnavazi et al., 2014), antibacterial (Stefanakis identification key and detailed description of et al., 2013), antifungal (Medjahed et al., 2016), every taxon in terms of the recorded characters. insecticides (Mossa, 2016) and several medicinal applications (e.g., Caldas et al., 2014). A few Results herbaceous species (e.g., Salvia splendens, Salvia coccinea, Molucella laevis) are grown as garden The characters ornamentals. The 48 characters recorded comparatively for the 54 taxa belonging to 24 genera representing The Lamiaceae are represented in the flora the Lamiaceae in the flora of Egypt are listed in Egypt. J. Bot. 59, No.1 (2019) 211 COMPUTER-GENERATED KEYS TO THE FLORA OF EGYPT. 8. THE LAMIACEAE Table 1. The numbers of qualitative, multistate rotund to cuneate base (Figs. 2-4), and quantitative characters in that list are 38, 7 3- Cordate, similar to the preceding but with deep and 3, respectively. The wide range of variation in base (Fig. 5), and leaf morphology provided a wealth of potentially 4- Fan-shaped (Fig. 7). useful characters. Thus, leaf blades may be simple (Figs. 1-7), 3-lobed (Fig. 8), partially pinnate The leaves are sessile-subsessile (Figs. 1, (Fig. 9), pinnate (Fig. 10) or bi- to tri-pinnate 6) or conspicuously petioled (Figs. 2-5, 7-11), with filiform to broad pinnae and pinnules (Fig. uninerved (Fig. 1), or with palmate (Figs. 7 and 11). The following shapes of leaf blades were 8) or pinnate venation (Fig. 5). The leaf margin observed: ranges from entire (Figs. 1, 3, 6) to finely or coarsely denticulate-serrate (Figs. 2, 4), or 1- Linear-lanceolate, the blade is at least 6 times irregularly sinuate (Fig. 5). Leaf surface is either as long as broad (Fig. 1), smooth (Figs. 3, 4), white tomentose (Fig. 7) or 2- Oblong-ovate, with acute or obtuse apex and rugose (Figs.

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