US Forest Service Technical Assistance Trip Federal Democratic Republic of

In Support to USAID-Ethiopia for Assistance in Rangeland Management Support to the Pastoralist Livelihoods Initiative for USAID-Ethiopia Office of Business Environment Agriculture & Trade

Vascular of Negelle-Borona Kallos

Mission dates: November 19 to December 21, 2011

Report submitted June 6, 2012 by

Karen L. Dillman, Ecologist USDA Forest Service, Tongass National Forest [email protected] Vascular Plants of Negelle-Borona, Ethiopia, USFS IP

Introduction

This report provides supplemental information to the Inventory and Assessment of Biodiversity report prepared for the US Agency for International Development (USAID) following the 2011 mission to Negelle- Borona region in southern Ethiopia (Dillman 2012). As part of the USAID supported Pastoralist Livelihood Initiative (PLI), this work focused on the biodiversity of the kallos (pastoral reserves). This report documents the vascular species collected and identified from in and around two kallos near Negelle (Oda Yabi and Kare Gutu). This information can be utilized to develop a comprehensive plant species list for the kallos which will be helpful in future vegetation monitoring and biodiversity estimates in other locations of the PLI project. This list also identifies plants that are endemic to Ethiopia and East growing in the kallos as well as plants that are non-native and could be considered invasive in the rangelands.

Methods

Field work was conducted between November 28 and December 9, 2011 (the end of the short rainy season). The rangeland habitats visited are dominated by Acacia and Commifera trees, shrubby Acacia or dwarf shrub grasslands. Vascular plants were collected from the gently undulating rangeland terrain in and around the kallos of Oda Yabi and Kare Gutu communities (at approximately 5°1’N and 39 ° 6’ E). Elevations averaged between 1000 and 1100 m. The survey methods incorporated were random transverses between permanent plot locations established for biomass and soil carbon estimation and biodiversity measurements within the kallos. Plants were also collected within the permanent plots. Plants were mainly selected for collection if abundant flowering parts or fruiting structures were present for proper identification. Many more grasses, forbs, shrubs and trees were not collected due to the lack of flowering or fruiting structures on the species, or insufficient dry pressing materials for proper drying of specimens in the field.

When possible, duplicate vouchers of plants were collected if sufficient material was present. Plants were laid between layers of newspaper and cotton blotter paper and then pressed in the traditional botanical plant press. The plant press was continually rotated in the sun each day at the Save the Children office, as a dehydrator was not available. Additionally, each day wet blotters were changed between the plants to hasten the drying process. Wet blotters were then air dried as much as possible and reused. The collecting materials ( blotters, paper, plant press, field carrying case for plant press and clippers )were left with range technicians from Yabello Research Station.

At the end of the field work period, the dried plant samples were transported to Wendo Genet College of Forestry. At the herbarium with the support of Wendo Genet botanist Alemnedga Degafa, the plant sample information was entered into an Excel spreadsheet. Plants were separated to make duplicate samples if sufficient material existed; one set for the Wendo Genet Vascular Plants of Negelle-Borona, Ethiopia, USFS IP

College herbarium and a duplicate set to Addis Abeba University. Thirteen plants had just one voucher (unicates) that were sent to Addis Abeba with no duplicate in Wendo Genet herbarium.. Plants were identified by botanist Melaku Wondafrash at the Addis Abeba University herbarium. He also provided habitat descriptions, known range and other facts about some of the plants. Results

Vascular plants representing 21 families and 101 species were identified by Melaku Wondafras to and species from the kallos (2 plants to genus only) (Table 1.). One additional shrub in the family has not been identified due to lack of proper flowering structures (Sample #19 from Kare Gutu). Four species are known to be endemic to Ethiopia (Justicia schoensis Lindau , Leucas abyssinica (Benth.) Briq. (Fig 2), Thunbergia mauginii Fiori (Fig 3), and Tinnea somalensis Giirke ex Chiov (Fig 4). Three are endemic to (Asystasia excellens Lindau, Conyza pedunculata (Oliv.) Wild., and Ocimum cufodontii (Lanza) A.J. Paton). Many more are endemic to the African continent. At least are eight species are considered to be non-native and introduced to the area, possibly via agriculture practices, road building and livestock (Table 1; Figures 5 & 6).

Table 1. List of plants collected from two kallos near Negelle-Borona, Ethiopia 2011. Additional information includes ethnobotanical or other plant information if available, the name of the kallo, and the treatment of the rangeland where the plant was collected or observed (b=burned, un=unburned).

Family Plant name and author Plant information Kallo Treatment Acanthaceae Asystasia excellens Lindau Small shrub; E. Kare Gutu b African endemic Acanthaceae Barleria argentea Balff Perennial herb Kare Gutu b Acanthaceae Blepharis maderaspatensis (L.) Perennial herb; Kare Gutu b Rot widespread in tropical Africa and Acanthaceae Crabbea velutina S. Moore Perennial herb; Oda Yabi b African endemic Acanthaceae Crossandra spinosa Beck Perennial herb Outside Kare un Gutu Acanthaceae forskaolii (Vahl) R. Br. Sprawling perennial Outside Kare un herb Gutu

Acanthaceae Justicia ladanoides Lam. Perennial herb Oda Yabi b Acanthaceae Justicia schoensis Lindau Ethiopian endemic 9 Oda Yabi un Acanthaceae fruticosa Lindau Vining shrub; native Kare Gutu b to tropical east Africa Acanthaceae Thunbergia mauginii Fiori Ethiopian endemic 9 Kare Gutu un Apiaceae Heteromorpha arborescens Small tree; African Oda Yabi un (Spreng.) Cham. & Schlecht. endemic; poor quality fuelwood, medicinal8 Vascular Plants of Negelle-Borona, Ethiopia, USFS IP

Apocynaceae schimperi (A. DC.) Small tree; medicinal Kare Gutu b Schwein and also poisonous2, 10 Asparagaceae Asparagus africanus Lam. Perennial herb Kare Gutu un Asparagaceae Asparagus racemosus Willd. Perennial herb Kare Gutu un saltii (Baker) Oberm. Tufted perennial Oda Yabi un herb; endemic to Africa mossambicensis (Oliv.) Shrubby perennial Kare Gutu b Wild Asteraceae Bidens prestinaria (Sch. Bip.) Perennial herb Oda Yabi un Cufod. Asteraceae Conyza pedunculata (Oliv.) Wild. E. African endemic Oda Yabi un Asteraceae Felicia abyssinica Sch. Bip. ex A. Perennial herb Outside Kare un Rich. Gutu Asteraceae Guizotia scabra (Vis.) Chiov. Annual herb Oda Yabi b Asteraceae Kleinia abyssinica (A. Rich.) A. Succulent herb Oda Yabi b Berger Asteraceae inermis Forssk. Perennial herb Outside Oda un Yabi Asteraceae Osteospermum vailliantii (Decne) Perennial herb Kare Gutu b T Norl. Asteraceae Schkuhria pinnata (Lam.) Theil. Non-native annual Kare Gutu b herb; introduced from S. America 11 Asteraceae Tagetes minuta L. Non-native annual Kare Gutu b herb; introduced from S. America 11 Asteraceae Vernonia cinerascens Sch. Bip. in Subshrub; Native of Kare Gutu un Schweinf & Asch Africa and 11 Asteraceae Vernonia popeana C. Jejfrey Annual herb Kare Gutu b Asteraceae Volutaria boranensis (Cujod.) Annual herb Kare Gutu b Wagenitz Asteraceae Xanthium strumarium L. Annual herb; Non- Outside Kare un native, introduced 11 Gutu Asteraceae peruviana (L.) L. Annual herb; Non- native, introduced11 Boraginaceae Heliotropium simile Vatke Perennial herb Oda Yabi b Combretaceae Combretum collinum Fresen. Small to medium Kare Gutu b tree; endemic to Africa 11 Commelinaceae Commelina albescens Hassk. Annual herb Outside Kare un, b Gutu Commelinaceae Commelina stephaniniana Chiov. Annual herb Kare Gutu b Commelinaceae Commelina forskaolii Vahl. Annual herb; Oda Yabi b Widespread in Africa, Socotra, Madagascar and Vascular Plants of Negelle-Borona, Ethiopia, USFS IP

India 11 Convolvulaceae Ipomoea oenotherae (Vatke) Hall.f Perennial herb; Outside Oda un Endemic to Africa 11 Yabi Cyperaceae Cyperus diurensis Bock Sedge Kare Gutu un Euphorbiaceae Euphorbia depauperata A. Rich. Perennial herb Outside Oda un Yabi Euphorbiaceae Euphorbia heterophylla L. Annual herb; Non- Oda Yabi b native introduced from Central America 11 Euphorbiaceae Euphorbia schimperiana Scheele Perennial herb Outside Oda un Yabi Euphorbiaceae Phyllanthus maderaspatensis L. Perennial herb Outside Oda un Yabi Fabaceae Acacia seyal Del. Tree: bark used for Kare Gutu b fodder in during drought; leaves are medicinal to humans 12 Fabaceae Crotalaria fascicularis Polhill Small shrub Oda Yabi un Fabaceae Crotalaria pycnostachya Benth. Oda Yabi un Fabaceae Indigofera brevicalyx Bak. Small shrub Kare Gutu b Fabaceae Indigofera volkensii Taub. Small shrub Kare Gutu b Fabaceae Indigofera schimperi Jaub. & Small shrub Kare Gutu & b Spach Oda Yabi Fabaceae Rhynchosia malacophylla Perennial trailing Oda Yabi b (Spreng.) Eoj. herb; Endemic to Africa 12 Fabaceae Rhynchosia minima (L.) DC. Sub-erect perennial Kare Gutu b herb Fabaceae Senna occidentalis (L.) Link Non-native, Outside Kare un introduced Gutu Fabaceae Vigna sp. Outside Oda un Yabi Geraniaceae Pelargonium quinquelobatum Perennial herb Kare Gutu b Hochst. ex A. Rich Geraniaceae Monsonia longipes Knuth Perennial herb Oda Yabi b Becium filamentosum (Forssk.) Shrubby perennial Kare Gutu b Chiov. herb Lamiaceae Clerodendrum myricoides Small shrub Oda Yabi b (Hochst.) Vatke Lamiaceae Endostemon tereticaulis (Poir.) M Perennial herb; Outside Kare un Ashby endemic to Africa 11 Gutu Lamiaceae Leucas abyssinica (Benth.) Briq. Shrub; Ethiopian Kare Gutu b endemic 9 Lamiaceae Ocimum basilicum L. Perennial herb Kare Gutu b Lamiaceae Ocimum cufodontii (Lanza) A.J. E. African endemic Kare Gutu b Paton Vascular Plants of Negelle-Borona, Ethiopia, USFS IP

Lamiaceae Ocimum forskolei Benth. Perennial herb Kare Gutu b Lamiaceae Otostegia erlangeri Giirke Oda Yabi un Lamiaceae Plectranthus caninus Roth Annual herb; Oda Yabi b reported to be toxic to cattle by locals, maybe invasive Lamiaceae Plectranthus barbatus Andrews Perennial herb Oda Yabi un Lamiaceae Premna oligotricha Baker Shrub Kare Gutu b

Lamiaceae Tinnea somalensis Giirke ex Shrub of open Oda Yabi un Chiov. woodlands; Ethiopian endemic 9 Malvaceae Hibiscus cannabinus L. Annual herb Kare Gutu b Malvaceae Hibiscus crassinervius Hochst. ex Perennial herb Oda Yabi b A. Rich. Malvaceae Hibiscus dongolensis Del. Shrub-like perennial Outside Oda un herb; Endemic to Yabi Africa 11 Hibiscus micranthus L.j. Perennial herb Oda Yabi b Malvaceae Pavonia arabica Hochst. & Steud. Perennial herb Kare Gutu un ex Boiss. Plantaginaceae Plantago albicans L. Perennial herb Kare Gutu b Bothriochloa insculpta (Hochst. ex Perennial grass; Kare Gutu b A. Rich.) A. Camus desirable 4, tolerant of drought and heavy grazing 7 Poaceae Brachiaria lachnantha (Hochst.) Perennial grass Kare Gutu b Stapf Poaceae Cenchrus ciliaris L. Perennial grass; Kare Gutu b highly desirable 4 Poaceae gayana Kunth Tufted perennial Kare Gutu b grass; young growth very palatable, tolerant of salt and heavy grazing 7 Poaceae Chrysopogon plurnulosus Hochst. Perennial Kare Gutu b Poaceae Dactyloctenium aegyptium (L.) Annual grass; less Kare Gutu un Willd. desirable 4 Poaceae Eragrostis cilianensis (All.) Vign. Annual grass; less Oda Yabi b ex Janchen desirable 4 Poaceae Heteropogon contortus (L.) Roem. Perennial grass; Kare Gutu b & Schult. desirable 4 adapted to low fertility soils 7 Poaceae Hyparrhenia hirta (L.) Stapf Perennial grass; Kare Gutu b desirable 4 Poaceae Leptothrium senegalense (Kunth) Perennial grass; Kare Gutu un Clayton desirable 4 Poaceae Panicum deustum Thunb. Perennial grass Kare Gutu b Vascular Plants of Negelle-Borona, Ethiopia, USFS IP

Poaceae Panicum ruspolii Chiov. Perennial grass Kare Gutu b Poaceae Panicum sp. Grass Oda Yabi un Poaceae Setaria incrassata (Hochst.) Hack. Perennial grass; Kare Gutu b drought tolerant, palatability is questionable, intolerant of heavy grazing 7 Poaceae Setaria pumila (Poir.) Roem. & Annual grass Oda Yabi un Schult. Poaceae Setaria verticillata (L.) P. Beauv. Annual grass; less Oda Yabi un desirable 4 Poaceae Sorghum arundinaceum (Desv.) Annual or perennial Kare Gutu b Stapf grass Poaceae pyramidalis P. Beauv. Annual grass; less Kare Gutu b desirable 4 Poaceae Tetrapogon cenchriformis (A. Annual grass; less Kare Gutu b Rich.) Clayton desirable 4 Poaceae Tetrapogon tenellus (Roxb.) Perennial grass; less Kare Gutu b Chiov. desirable 4 Poaceae Themeda triandra Forssk. Perennial grass; Kare Gutu b highly desirable 4 quadrifida L. Perennial herb; Oda Yabi un introduced Pentanisia ouranogyne S. Moore Perennial herb; Outside Kare un Traditional use of Gutu leaves to treat malaria 6 Sapindaceae Dodonea angustifolia L. f. Shrub; Pantropical Kare Gutu b distribution, Flowers ideal for forage, good quality charcoal and firewood, termite resistant wood, foliage can be poisonous to cattle, root infusion cold remedy, leaves have anaesthetic properties, stimulating effect, for fevers, sore throats, chest complaints, also good for soil erosion 5 Sterculiaceae Melhania parviflora Chiov. Perennial herb Outside Kare un Gutu Thymelaeaceae Gnidia stenophylla Gilg. Perennial herb; Outside Oda un Reported as plant Yabi used for treating gonorrhea 3 Tiliaceae Triumfetta flavescens Hochst. Perennial herb Kare Gutu b Vascular Plants of Negelle-Borona, Ethiopia, USFS IP

Tiliaceae Corchorus trilocularis L. Annual herb; Young Outside Kare un tender leaves are Gutu cooked and used as a sauce or as relish. Cooking does not take much time and requires only small amounts of fuel. In Western people prefer the flowers to the leaves and cook them as a mucilaginous vegetable to be mixed with more coarse vegetables. Dried flowers are ground into a powder and kept for use in the dry season. The plants are grazed by animals including cattle. In the stem fibers are used for rope making.2 Verbenaceae Lippia javanica (Burm. f) Spreng. Shrub; Steam Outside Oda un distillation has Yabi yielded a useful essential oil; used in skin lotions and aqueous cream; leaf smoke used in treating coughs, bronchitis and asthma; leaves used to treat skin irritations, including those occurring in AIDS patients; a mosquito repellent1

1. Operation Wildflower http://www.operationwildflower.org.za 2. PROTA 2 Vegetables and legumes http://database.prota.org 3. Lulekal et al 2008. An ethnobotanical study of medicinal plants in Mana Angetu District, southeastern Ethiopia. 4. Rangeland paper 5. http://www.worldagroforestry.org/treedb2/AFTPDFS/Dodonaea_angustifolia.pdf 6. Nquta J.M. 2010 Traditional antimalarial phytotherapy remedies used by the South Coast community, Kenya. 7. Tropical forages http://www.tropicalforages.info/index.htm 8. http://www.plantzafrica.com/ 9. Awas, T : Institute of Biodiversity Conservation, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia 10. Getahun, A. 1976. Some common medicinal and poisonous plants used in Ethiopian folk medicine. Faculty of Science, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, 63p 11. Flora of http://www.zimbabweflora.co.zw/index.php 12. http://www.fao.org/ag/AGP/AGPC/doc/Gbase/Default.htm Vascular Plants of Negelle-Borona, Ethiopia, USFS IP

Figure 1. Justicia schoensis Figure 2. Leucas abyssinica

Photographs taken in Wendo Genet herbarium by Karen Dillman

Vascular Plants of Negelle-Borona, Ethiopia, USFS IP

Figure 3.Thunbergia maugini Figure 4.Tinnea somaliensis

Photographs taken in Wendo Genet herbarium by Karen Dillman

Vascular Plants of Negelle-Borona, Ethiopia, USFS IP

Figure 5. Zinnea peruviana (L.) L. Figure 6. Tagates minuata L.

Photographs taken in Wendo Genet herbarium and in the field by Karen Dillman