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Duckeola) Ghilianii (With 3 Text-Figures and 2 Tables Title Oviposition behavior of an Amazonic Stingless Bee, Trigona (Duckeola) ghilianii (With 3 Text-figures and 2 Tables) Author(s) SAKAGAMI, Shôichi F.; ZUCCHI, Ronaldo Citation 北海道大學理學部紀要, 16(4), 564-581 Issue Date 1968-12 Doc URL http://hdl.handle.net/2115/27466 Type bulletin (article) File Information 16(4)_P564-581.pdf Instructions for use Hokkaido University Collection of Scholarly and Academic Papers : HUSCAP Oviposition behavior of an Amazonic Stingless Bee, Trigona (Duckeola) ghilianie)2) By Shoichi F. Sakagami and Ronaldo Zucchi Zoological Institute, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan and Departamento de Genetica, Faculdade de Filosofia, Ci€mcias e Letras de Ribeirao Preto, Brasil (With 3 Text-figures and 2 Table.s) As the seventh report of our serial work on the oviposition behavior of the stingless bees, the present paper deals with Trigona (Duckeola) ghilianii Spinola, 1853, an aberrant species representing a monospecific offshoot within the Trigona­ Tetragona Oomplex. An enormous nest of this species was discovered and taken at Ponta Negra near Manaus, Amazonas, on January 28, 1963, by the members of the Faculdade de Filosofia, Oiencias e Letras de Rio Olaro Expedition to Amazonas. The colony was transported by air to Rio Claro, State of Sao Paulo, and introduced on Feburary 15, into an observation hive of the type used in our previous work (Sakagami, 1966). The colony lost a considerable part of the original population in the course of extraction and transport, but the remaining inhabitants well adapted themselves to the artificial conditions. The first oviposition was observed on February 19 and the observations described below were made intermittently until June 30, 1963. Hitherto the oviposition behavior of several forms has been described in detail (Beig and Sakagami, 1964; Buschinelli e Stort, 1965; Sakagami, Beig and Akahira, 1964; 1) Behavior studies of the stingless bees, with special reference to the oviposition process. VII. 2) Contribution No. 835 from the Zoological Institute, Faculty of Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan. The work was undertaken at the Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciencias e Letras de Rio Claro, aided by grants from Funda~ao de Amparo it Pesquisas de Estado de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Rockefeller Foundation, New York, Conselho Nacional de Pesqiusas, Rio de Janeiro, Campanha Nacional de Ap3rfei<;,oamento de Pessoal de Nlvel Superior, Rio de Janeiro and United States Department of Agriculture, Washington, DC, under Public Law 480. In particular our thanks are due to Prof. Warwick E. Kerr for his stimulations to the work and generous allowance for the use of facilities in Departamento de Biologia Geral, Rio Claro, to Prof. Pe. J.S. Moure, CMF, for identification of the species observed, to Dr. Djalma Batista and other members of the staff of Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas de Amazonia, Manaus, for the aids in field excursions. Jour. Far;. Sci. Hokkaido Univ. Ser. VI, Zool. 16, 1968. 564 Oviposition Behavior of a Stingless Bee, Trigona ghilianii 565 Sakagami, Beig and Kyan, 1964; Sakagami, Montenegro and Kerr, 1965; Sakagami and Oniki, 1963; Sakagami and Zucchi, 1963, 1967. (The scientific names of the forms observed are given in the references), and a preliminary comparison among various groups was given (Sakagami e Zucchi, 1966). In the following descriptions, the species or forms so far studied are cited for the comparison, unless necessary, only with their generic or subgeneric names. 1. Behavior in inter-oviposition periods As in the other species so far studied, the ovipositions of Duckeola appear rhythmically with definite intervals. Because our attentions were focussed to the oviposition behavior, no systematic records were taken as to the behavior seen between oviposition processes, except the following notes. 1.1. Nest architecture: The peculiar nest architecture (Kerr et al., 1967) was retained in the observation hive, notably, 1) Absence of involucrum, 2) Forma­ tion of an incomplete comb system, with irregular expansions both in horizontal and vertical directions, 3) Construction of thick pillars and thick and rough cell walls, and 4) Abundant use of resins. On the other hand, the following two records seem to suggest adjustive tendencies: 1) Decreased size of storage pots (3", 4 em high and 2",4 em wide under natural condition whereas 1.5",2.0 em hand 1.2",1.5 em w in the hive), 2) Temporary use of the broken brood cellR for honey storage. 1.2. Worker behavior: In general the worker behavior is characterized by a marked sluggish disposition. Although mild defensive attacks were noticed when the nest was taken near Manaus, guard bees at the entrance of the observa­ tion hive were timid, showing no positive defense, apparently in part caused by the diminished population size. The ventilating posture is as in other species: Head lowered, directing against nest entrance, antennae hung down, meta soma con­ spicuously raised, often up to 40~ 45° to the substratum, with the tip slightly curved down. This fanning posture also appeared when the hive was artificially disturbed, nevertheless raise of hive temperature was not recorded. At walking, workers often vibrate their wings briefly but strongly, with irregular intervals, probably representing the pattern homologous to the wing fluttering in Tetragona. Another peculiar behavior is the momentaneous stop of the walk, followed by raise of forebody together with fore legs (Fig. 1, A). Further a characteristic behavior pattern appears in a worker sitting on an already operculated cell. She suddenly makes a short but very sharp dashing movement, through which she turns about the half to two thirds of the contour of the cell. This movement is often repeated two to three times successively, resulting in a complete revolution around the cell. The behavior sequence is rapid and abruptly ends by sharp opening and closing of wings. The performer seems to be very alert, as if taking a warning posture, although the behavior appears without noticeable disturbance. 566 S. F. Sakagami and R. Zucchi 1.3. Queen behavior: The queen of this species is seemingly still unknown. A brief morphological note taken besides observations of behavior is given as follows: Physogastric; not too conspicuously larger than worker as in Trigona or Tetragonisca, with mesosoma distinctly but not remarkably wider than in workers. Head conspicuously elongate (Fig. 3, A and C), narrower than, but distinctly longer than in workers. Head pale yellowish brown; stematicum, surroundings of antennal sockets, and ill-defined obliquely longitudinal patches along upper margin of clypeus darker. Antennae dark brown, with scape pale yellowish brown. Mesosoma and legs yellowish brown; mesoscutum, except lateral margins, and metanotum blackish; pleura and hind tibiae with ill-defined transverse stripes. Terga dark brown, paler pregladularly; sterna paler, each with ill-defined trans­ verse band. Further morphological detail could not be obtained because the unique specimen was alive. The elongate head is the most characteristic feature among those described above. The queen is also very sluggish. At walking antennae are shaken constantly but not so violently as in, for instance, Meliponula bocandei (Spinola) (unpubl.). As in Tetragona the queen is characterized by continuous vibration of wings, instead of making rhythmical wing stroking. In Tetragona vibration continues 4-5 sec., but in Duckeola, separated by momentaneous pauses, 5-15 sec. or more, not rarely more than 30 sec., though more intermittent at walking. Another peculiarity is the geopositive orientation frequently taken at resting. At prolonged resting on lateral walls of peripheral brood cells or on storage pots, she always directs downwards, with prolonged wing vibration (Fig. 1, B). During an inter-oviposition period, the queen alternates moving to and fro and resting. No particular resting place occurs. A 30 min. continuous observation taken at an inter­ oviposition period is summarized below (R. Resting without wing vibration; Rv. Resting with wing vibration; Rg. Resting with geopositive posture and wing vibration; W. Walking without wing vibration; Wv. Walking with wing vibration; C. Cell inspection; "?". The queen under combs, and her behavior not traced. Figures parenthetically given are durations in min. Hyphens mean the continuation of the same behavior pattern): Min. Behavior Min. Behavior 1. -R(29),W (5), R(12),W(4),R(1O)-- 19. -Rg(6), Wv(37), Rg(17) ---- 2. -R(4), Rg(56)----,,----- --~------ 20.-21. ~~-Rg~------ 3.-5. ------ -Rg---" ------ 22. -Rg(5S), Wv(2) ------- 6. -Rg(49), Wv(5),Rg(6)---- 23. -Wv(S), W(3), Wv(25), ?(24)--- 7.-S. ---Rg------------ 24. --- ? --~~----- 9. -Rg(40), R (20) 25. -?(6), W(4), Rg(50) ------- 10. -R (19), W(4), Rg (37)------- 26. ----Rg 11.-16. --Rg~-------- 27. -Rg(4),?(9),Wv(4),W(24), Wv(19)- 17. -Rg(S),Wv(52)~----­ 2S. -Wv(4), Rv(56) IS. -Wv(6),C (4), Wv(S),C(3), Wv(2S), 29.-30. ~~-Rv--------- C(3),Rg(S) ---- Oviposition Behavior of a Stingless Bee, Trigona ghilianii 567 1.4. Queen-Worker £nteractions: The behavioral interactions between queen and workers are relatively simple as in Tetragona. Four patterns basic to all stingless bees are recognized also in Dtlckeola: 1) Gradual formation of a royal court around the resting queen. 2) Repetition of rapid advance followed by retreat by attendants in front of the queen. 3) Escape by workers at sudden encounter with the queen. 4) Gradual retreat by workers perceiving the apporaching queen. All liIJ-I: I ~ c D Fig. 1. A.Raise of forebodYLby~a::worker. B. Continuous wing vibration by the queen with g90positive orientation. C .•Cell construction in stingless bees with typical combs. D. Ditto in Duckeola, Both in C and D, the process of cell construction is shown from top to bottom by the lighthand c~ll. these responses are less exaggerated than in the other species studied, probably in part in connection with the sluggish disposition of both castes.
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