Fact Sheet Introduction Conventional wisdom has it that it takes 10,000 hours of practice to master a given subject (Gladwell 2008). The majority of biologists who have recently begun using acoustic survey methods do not have a long history of field experience or the luxury of time to master identification of bats by their unique vocal signatures. The promise of automatic identification of bat calls with the plethora of acoustic identification software providing accurate identifications remains a work in progress (e.g., Lemen et al. 2015). This is especially true for Neotropical species where one of us (B. Miller) provided verified bat call files representing >100 species and five families to Wildlife Acoustics (Wildlife Acoustics 2018) for use in creating automatic classifiers for species. When these classifiers were challenged with new verified data that was not part of the training set correct identifications generally fell in the range of less than 40%. In the absence of freely available robust call libraries bat biologists have lacked resources to learn important details of identification of vocal signatures to both assist with their own manual identifications as well as vet the auto-ID algorithms. With more than 20 years of field experience of recording bats and teaching > 25 acoustic workshops from the U.S. to Bolivia and Cuba it became clear bat biologists needed resources to assist their own identifications. To this end, call fact sheets and interactive identification keys have been under development to be freely distributed to those who may need them. The Fact Sheets are being developed using the Fact Sheet Fusion (Identic Pty Ltd. 2018a) and the LucId identificatrion key (Identic Pty Ltd. 2018b) software platforms licensed to B. Miller. Call parmeters have been extracted from the master call database that includes > 1,886,000 call records recorded from the U.S. south to Argentina and Caribbean Islands. Call paramters from published sources are also included. Fact sheets are under development for U.S. states, Caribbean islands and New World countries. Belize fact sheets were released in May, 2018 (Miller 2018) and the draft Costa Rican fact sheets were presented at the 48th Annual conference of the North American Society for Bat Research, Puerto Vallarta, Mexico (Miller et al. 2018). The English version of the Peruvian fact sheets authored by Bruce W. Miller and Farah Carrasco Rueda are included here as a working draft. A Spanish version is also in draft format. The Fact Sheets have been created using the key vocal signature components determined to be useful for species identifications and discrimination. Each species fact sheet includes eleven topics and an interlinked glossary of relevant terms users may be unfamiliar with. The Fact Sheet topics are listed below with a brief description of the content. • Scientific name with author. Currently recognized name. • Common names and synonyms. Local common names and relevant synonyms • Family. The family the species belongs to. • Database species code. A six-letter code used in the master database and frequently used in the metadata for bat call files in the varied call software viewing and analyses packages. This is comprised of the first three letters of the genus and first three letters of the species. • Call shape. Call shapes are diagnostic for species identification and frequently includes genera and familial attributers. Graphics are provided showing the call shapes and examples of potential confusing overlaps and or similarity with other taxa. • Vocal signature parameters. These include 10 key call parameters useful for species identification. Each call parameter includes values for the number of call pulses measured: N with Min, Max, Mean, St.Dev, and percentage bins showing the values for 10%, 25%, 75% and 90% of the call values. Additionally two harmonic values of the characteristic frequency (Fc) are provided for the fundamental (H1) and third harmonic (H3) are also provided. • The parameters include: ! Dur – duration of each call pulse measured in milliseconds ! TBC – the time between call pulses also known as the interpulse time measured in milliseconds ! Fmin – the minimum frequency recorded measured in kHz ! Fmax – the maximum frequency recorded measured in kHz ! BW – bandwidth of the call pulses measured in kHz ! Fmean – the mean frequency measured call sequence measured in kHz ! Fk – the frequency of the knee of the call pulse measured in kHz ! Fc – the characteristic frequency of the calls measured in kHz ! Sc – the characteristic slope of the call pulses measured as octave per second ! Pmc – a calculated parameter defined as the Proportion of Maximum frequency to Characteristic frequency. Pmc = 100 * (Fmax - Fc) / Fc. Published call parameters with citations are included when available • Source of acoustic data. Listing of data sources of acoustic data • Known distribution. This includes the known distributions by each country’s administrative regions, such as state, district of province and has been extracted from eh I.U.C.N. Global Mammal Assessment G.I.S. spatial data. • Conservation status is provided and include both I.U.C.N categories and national categories when available • Notes – this section includes relevant notes when appropriate on a given taxa that may realty to taxonomy, confusing calls of other species etc. • Citations – this includes citations for all published sources • Authors – these are the authors and collaborators of the specific country fact sheets. Auto Id not yet reliable Lemen et al (2015) compared 4 programs designed to identify species of bats based on their echolocation calls (Bat Call ID, EchoClass, Kaleidoscope Pro, and SonoBat). They used >29,000 call files recorded in Nebraska, USA. The initial assumption was there would be agreement between software packages when identifying the same call sequences. They found that identification agreement only averaged approximately 40% and varied by software package, species, and data set. They demonstrated that results of the auto identifications were not consistent with the high accuracy often claimed by some software packages (Lemen et al. 2015). References Arias-Aguilar, A., Hintze, F., Aguiar, L. M. S., Rufray, V., Bernard, E., & Pereira, M. J. R. (2018). Who’s calling? Acoustic identification of Brazilian bats. Mammal Research, 63, 231- 253. Gladwell, M. (2008). Outliers: the story of success. Little, Brown and Co., New York. Pp. 309 Lemen, C., Freeman, P. W., White, J. A., & Andersen, B. R. (2015). The Problem of Low Agreement among Automated Identification Programs for Acoustical Surveys of Bats. Western North American Naturalist, 75, 218-225. Miller, B. W., LaVal, R. K., Gutierrez, B. L., & Broadbent, E. (2018). Developing Freely Available Neotropical Bat Call Fact Sheets with a Costa Rican Focus. Page 1 in 48th Annual conference of the North American Society for Bat Research, Puerto Vallarta, Mexico. Miller, B. W. (2018). Fact Sheets for the vocal signatures of the bats of Belize. Download link: https://www.dropbox.com/sh/7zize1reqnz7gv2/AAC0LTmm56aD98AOnDsyp3-Za?dl=0 Wildlife Acoustics. (2018). Kaleidoscope Pro Kaleidoscope ProUser Guide. http://www.wildlifeacoustics.com/support/documentation Bat Call Fact Sheets Amorphochilus schnablii Common names and synonyms Amorphochilus osgoodi Smoky Bat Scientific name Amorphochilus schnablii Peters, 1877 Family Furipteridae Database species code Amosch Call shape Call shape is very broad band decreasing FM pulses. Shown in both full spectum (Kaleidoscop 4.3.2) and zero-crossing format (AnalookW v 4.2.n). Kaleidoscope full spectrum display Search phase AnalookW zero crossing display Vocal signature parameters Parameters N Min Max Mean St.Dev 10% 25% 75% 90% Dur 18 2.06 4.65 3.65 0.62 3.11 3.34 4.01 4.39 TBC 16 23.07 85.32 48.14 15.95 28.89 37.19 59.20 60.17 Fmin 18 65.04 111.11 76.53 9.51 70.69 72.73 78.43 79.69 Fmax 18 131.15 156.86 145.56 6.16 137.93 142.86 148.15 151.81 BW 18 26.82 84.13 69.03 12.68 61.69 64.96 76.40 79.36 Fmean 18 102.29 124.39 113.64 4.80 109.39 111.03 115.82 118.62 Fk 18 114.29 156.86 134.55 9.20 125.81 131.15 137.93 143.64 Fc 18 112.68 150.94 130.58 9.20 119.13 126.98 135.59 139.41 Sc 18 -139.80 265.53 135.79 106.62 0.00 78.29 211.10 247.05 Pmc 18 3.40 32.10 11.89 7.86 3.57 4.23 16.63 19.61 Source of acoustic data Call file couresty of Joaquín Ugarte, Asociación para la Conservación y el Desarrollo SostEnible Sallqa, Peru Conservation status Conservation status Vulnerable; Ver.3.1 A2c; Population trend - stable; evaluated 2015. (I.U.C.N. 2017.) Known distribution Known distributions are based on I.U.C.N. Mammterr and relevant papers on range extensions noted in citations. Chile Ecuador Peru Notes Species in this family appear to emit very quiet echolocation calls. It is unlikely, based on present knowledge that they will be readily detected as free flying bats in the field. Citations The IUCN 2017. Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2017-1. <www.iucnredlist.org>. Downloaded on 06 August 2017. Authors The following collaborators have contributed to these Peruvian Fact Sheets: Bruce W. Miller Farah Carrasco Rueda Others who have contributed call data to the master New World bat call database used to derive call parameters and graphics are cited in the Source of acoustic data topic. Copyright © 2018. Bruce Miller and Farah Carrasco Rueda All rights reserved. Bat Call Fact Sheets Centronycteris centralis Common names and synonyms Murciélago peludo de Centroamérica Thomas's Shaggy Bat Scientific name Centronycteris centralis Thomas, 1912 Family Emballonuridae Database species code Cencen Call shape Single QCF inverted "U" pulses, shown in zero-crossing format (AnalookW v 4.2.n).