Fact Sheet Introduction Conventional Wisdom Has

Home , Aeorestes, Black mastiff bat, Black myotis, Centronycteris, Cynomops, Cynomops milleri

Fact Sheet Introduction

Conventional wisdom has it that it takes 10,000 hours of practice to master a given subject (Gladwell 2008). The majority of biologists who have recently begun using acoustic survey methods do not have a long history of field experience or the luxury of time to master identification of bats by their unique vocal signatures. The promise of automatic identification of bat calls with the plethora of acoustic identification software providing accurate identifications remains a work in progress (e.g., Lemen et al. 2015). This is especially true for Neotropical species where one of us (B. Miller) provided verified bat call files representing >100 species and five families to Wildlife Acoustics (Wildlife Acoustics 2018) for use in creating automatic classifiers for species. When these classifiers were challenged with new verified data that was not part of the training set correct identifications generally fell in the range of less than 40%.

In the absence of freely available robust call libraries bat biologists have lacked resources to learn important details of identification of vocal signatures to both assist with their own manual identifications as well as vet the auto-ID algorithms. With more than 20 years of field experience of recording bats and teaching > 25 acoustic workshops from the U.S. to Bolivia and Cuba it became clear bat biologists needed resources to assist their own identifications. To this end, call fact sheets and interactive identification keys have been under development to be freely distributed to those who may need them.

The Fact Sheets are being developed using the Fact Sheet Fusion (Identic Pty Ltd. 2018a) and the LucId identificatrion key (Identic Pty Ltd. 2018b) software platforms licensed to B. Miller. Call parmeters have been extracted from the master call database that includes > 1,886,000 call records recorded from the U.S. south to Argentina and Caribbean Islands. Call paramters from published sources are also included.

Fact sheets are under development for U.S. states, Caribbean islands and New World countries. Belize fact sheets were released in May, 2018 (Miller 2018) and the draft Costa Rican fact sheets were presented at the 48th Annual conference of the North American Society for Bat Research, Puerto Vallarta, Mexico (Miller et al. 2018). The English version of the Peruvian fact sheets authored by Bruce W. Miller and Farah Carrasco Rueda are included here as a working draft. A Spanish version is also in draft format.

The Fact Sheets have been created using the key vocal signature components determined to be useful for species identifications and discrimination. Each species fact sheet includes eleven topics and an interlinked glossary of relevant terms users may be unfamiliar with.

The Fact Sheet topics are listed below with a brief description of the content.

• Scientific name with author. Currently recognized name. • Common names and synonyms. Local common names and relevant synonyms • Family. The family the species belongs to. • Database species code. A six-letter code used in the master database and frequently used in the metadata for bat call files in the varied call software viewing and analyses packages. This is comprised of the first three letters of the genus and first three letters of the species. • Call shape. Call shapes are diagnostic for species identification and frequently includes genera and familial attributers. Graphics are provided showing the call shapes and examples of potential confusing overlaps and or similarity with other taxa. • Vocal signature parameters. These include 10 key call parameters useful for species identification. Each call parameter includes values for the number of call pulses measured: N with Min, Max, Mean, St.Dev, and percentage bins showing the values for 10%, 25%, 75% and 90% of the call values. Additionally two harmonic values of the characteristic frequency (Fc) are provided for the fundamental (H1) and third harmonic (H3) are also provided. • The parameters include: ! Dur – duration of each call pulse measured in milliseconds ! TBC – the time between call pulses also known as the interpulse time measured in milliseconds ! Fmin – the minimum frequency recorded measured in kHz ! Fmax – the maximum frequency recorded measured in kHz ! BW – bandwidth of the call pulses measured in kHz ! Fmean – the mean frequency measured call sequence measured in kHz ! Fk – the frequency of the knee of the call pulse measured in kHz ! Fc – the characteristic frequency of the calls measured in kHz ! Sc – the characteristic slope of the call pulses measured as octave per second ! Pmc – a calculated parameter defined as the Proportion of Maximum frequency to Characteristic frequency. Pmc = 100 * (Fmax - Fc) / Fc. Published call parameters with citations are included when available • Source of acoustic data. Listing of data sources of acoustic data • Known distribution. This includes the known distributions by each country’s administrative regions, such as state, district of province and has been extracted from eh I.U.C.N. Global Mammal Assessment G.I.S. spatial data. • Conservation status is provided and include both I.U.C.N categories and national categories when available • Notes – this section includes relevant notes when appropriate on a given taxa that may realty to taxonomy, confusing calls of other species etc. • Citations – this includes citations for all published sources • Authors – these are the authors and collaborators of the specific country fact sheets. Auto Id not yet reliable

Lemen et al (2015) compared 4 programs designed to identify species of bats based on their echolocation calls (Bat Call ID, EchoClass, Kaleidoscope Pro, and SonoBat). They used >29,000 call files recorded in Nebraska, USA. The initial assumption was there would be agreement between software packages when identifying the same call sequences. They found that identification agreement only averaged approximately 40% and varied by software package, species, and data set. They demonstrated that results of the auto identifications were not consistent with the high accuracy often claimed by some software packages (Lemen et al. 2015).

References

Arias-Aguilar, A., Hintze, F., Aguiar, L. M. S., Rufray, V., Bernard, E., & Pereira, M. J. R. (2018). Who’s calling? Acoustic identification of Brazilian bats. Mammal Research, 63, 231- 253.

Gladwell, M. (2008). Outliers: the story of success. Little, Brown and Co., New York. Pp. 309

Lemen, C., Freeman, P. W., White, J. A., & Andersen, B. R. (2015). The Problem of Low Agreement among Automated Identification Programs for Acoustical Surveys of Bats. Western North American Naturalist, 75, 218-225.

Miller, B. W., LaVal, R. K., Gutierrez, B. L., & Broadbent, E. (2018). Developing Freely Available Neotropical Bat Call Fact Sheets with a Costa Rican Focus. Page 1 in 48th Annual conference of the North American Society for Bat Research, Puerto Vallarta, Mexico.

Miller, B. W. (2018). Fact Sheets for the vocal signatures of the bats of Belize. Download link: https://www.dropbox.com/sh/7zize1reqnz7gv2/AAC0LTmm56aD98AOnDsyp3-Za?dl=0

Wildlife Acoustics. (2018). Kaleidoscope Pro Kaleidoscope ProUser Guide. http://www.wildlifeacoustics.com/support/documentation

Bat Call Fact Sheets

Amorphochilus schnablii

Common names and synonyms Amorphochilus osgoodi Smoky Bat Scientific name Amorphochilus schnablii Peters, 1877 Family Furipteridae Database species code Amosch Call shape Call shape is very broad band decreasing FM pulses. Shown in both full spectum (Kaleidoscop 4.3.2) and zero-crossing format (AnalookW v 4.2.n).

Kaleidoscope full spectrum display Search phase AnalookW zero crossing display Vocal signature parameters Parameters N Min Max Mean St.Dev 10% 25% 75% 90% Dur 18 2.06 4.65 3.65 0.62 3.11 3.34 4.01 4.39 TBC 16 23.07 85.32 48.14 15.95 28.89 37.19 59.20 60.17 Fmin 18 65.04 111.11 76.53 9.51 70.69 72.73 78.43 79.69 Fmax 18 131.15 156.86 145.56 6.16 137.93 142.86 148.15 151.81 BW 18 26.82 84.13 69.03 12.68 61.69 64.96 76.40 79.36 Fmean 18 102.29 124.39 113.64 4.80 109.39 111.03 115.82 118.62 Fk 18 114.29 156.86 134.55 9.20 125.81 131.15 137.93 143.64 Fc 18 112.68 150.94 130.58 9.20 119.13 126.98 135.59 139.41 Sc 18 -139.80 265.53 135.79 106.62 0.00 78.29 211.10 247.05 Pmc 18 3.40 32.10 11.89 7.86 3.57 4.23 16.63 19.61 Source of acoustic data Call file couresty of Joaquín Ugarte, Asociación para la Conservación y el Desarrollo SostEnible Sallqa, Peru Conservation status Conservation status Vulnerable; Ver.3.1 A2c; Population trend - stable; evaluated 2015. (I.U.C.N. 2017.) Known distribution Known distributions are based on I.U.C.N. Mammterr and relevant papers on range extensions noted in citations. Chile Ecuador Peru

Notes Species in this family appear to emit very quiet echolocation calls. It is unlikely, based on present knowledge that they will be readily detected as free flying bats in the field. Citations The IUCN 2017. Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2017-1. . Downloaded on 06 August 2017. Authors The following collaborators have contributed to these Peruvian Fact Sheets: Bruce W. Miller Farah Carrasco Rueda

Others who have contributed call data to the master New World bat call database used to derive call parameters and graphics are cited in the Source of acoustic data topic.

Centronycteris centralis

Common names and synonyms Murciélago peludo de Centroamérica Thomas's Shaggy Bat Scientific name Centronycteris centralis Thomas, 1912 Family Emballonuridae Database species code Cencen Call shape Single QCF inverted "U" pulses, shown in zero-crossing format (AnalookW v 4.2.n). Search phase

Search phase Feeding buzz Vocal signature parameters Parameters N Min Max Mean St.Dev 10% 25% 75% 90% Dur 5226 2.50 7.59 4.15 0.90 2.94 3.46 4.79 5.31 TBC 4771 4.23 11219.3 407.2 744.9 110.1 120.6 342.2 842.3 Fmin 5226 38.00 41.34 39.32 0.71 38.37 38.83 39.80 40.30 Fmax 5226 38.93 42.67 40.78 0.62 39.80 40.40 41.24 41.56 BW 5226 0.20 3.62 1.46 0.54 0.81 1.10 1.75 2.20 Fmean 5226 38.75 41.99 40.43 0.60 39.55 40.05 40.84 41.21 Fk 5226 38.00 42.11 40.15 0.69 39.22 39.70 40.61 41.03 Fc 5226 38.74 42.67 40.62 0.63 39.70 40.20 41.03 41.34 Sc 5226 -19.00 2.00 -6.21 4.55 -12.98 -8.85 -2.87 -1.02 Pmc 5226 0.00 1.30 0.39 0.32 0.00 0.00 0.50 0.80 Source of acoustic data Bruce Miller Conservation status Least concern; Ver.3.1 ; Population trend - unknown; evaluated 2015. (I.U.C.N. 2017.) Known distribution Belize Honduras Bolivia Mexico Brazil Nicaragua Colombia Panama Costa Rica Peru Ecuador Venezuela Guatemala

Citations The IUCN 2017. Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2017-1. . Downloaded on 06 August 2017. O'Farrell, M. J., and B. W. Miller. 1997. A New Examination of Echolocation Calls of Some Neotropical Bats (Emballonuridae and Mormoopidae). Journal of Mammalogy. 87: 954-963. O’Farrell, M. J., and B. W. Miller. 2003. Application of Acoustic Survey Methods for Inventorying Free-flying, Non- phyllostomid Bats in Belize. Journal of Belizean Affairs. 5: 46-59. Authors The following collaborators have contributed to these Peruvian Fact Sheets: Bruce W. Miller Farah Carrasco Rueda

Others who have contributed call data to the master New World bat call database used to derive call parameters and graphics are cited in the Source of acoustic data topic.

Centronycteris maximiliani

Common names and synonyms Shaggy Bat Scientific name Centronycteris maximiliani (J. Fischer, 1829) Family Emballonuridae Database species code Cenmax Call shape Single QCF inverted "U" pulses, shown in zero-crossing format (AnalookW v 4.2.n). Feeding buzz Search phase Vocal signature parameters Parameters N Min Max Mean St.Dev 10% 25% 75% 90% Dur 2778 2.18 7.87 5.07 1.31 3.23 4.04 6.17 6.74 TBC 2595 2.79 12201.7 275.2 708.1 67.4 82.4 200.1 424.2 Fmin 2778 49.08 53.87 52.20 1.07 50.79 51.45 52.98 53.51 Fmax 2778 50.31 56.74 54.29 1.19 52.46 53.33 55.17 55.75 BW 2778 0.18 6.60 2.09 0.95 1.11 1.45 2.54 3.43 Fmean 2778 49.87 56.00 53.78 1.13 52.03 52.88 54.59 55.05 Fk 2778 49.23 55.94 53.32 1.16 51.61 52.29 54.24 54.61 Fc 2778 50.00 56.74 54.20 1.19 52.46 53.33 54.98 55.56 Sc 2778 -18.87 4.55 -6.50 3.38 -11.24 -8.38 -4.02 -2.96 Pmc 2778 0.00 3.80 0.16 0.24 0.00 0.00 0.30 0.33 Source of acoustic data Bruce Miller, Jose Ochoa, Michael O'Farrell Conservation status Least concern; Ver.3.1 ; Population trend - unknown; evaluated 2016. (I.U.C.N. 2017.) Known distribution

Brazil Peru Colombia Suriname French Guiana Venezuela Guyana

Citations The IUCN 2017. Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2017-1. . Downloaded on 06 August 2017. Ochoa, J., M. J. O'Farrell, and B. W. Miller. 2000. Contribution of acoustic methods to the study of insectivorous bat diversity in protected areas from northern Venezuela Acta Chiropterologica. 2: 171-183. Authors The following collaborators have contributed to these Peruvian Fact Sheets: Bruce W. Miller Farah Carrasco Rueda

Others who have contributed call data to the master New World bat call database used to derive call parameters and graphics are cited in the Source of acoustic data topic.

Cormura brevirostris

Common names and synonyms Chestnut Sac-winged Bat Murciélago castaño de sacos alares Scientific name Cormura brevirostris (Wagner, 1843) Family Emballonuridae Database species code Corbre Call shape 2-3 QCF inverted "U" pulses with higher frequency pulses following the lower frequency pulses. An example from a full spectrum WAV file (displayed with Kaleidoscope 4.3.2). While the calls superficially appear similar to species in the genus Molossus (Molossidae) note the black dots super imposed over the full spectrum view to indicated the zero crossing view that show the subtle curving "inverted U" shape of typical of Emballonurid the call pulses. The zero-crossing format images (AnalookW 4.2.2) show both paired pulses followed by groups of 3 pulses.

Full spectrum serach phase - H1,dominant harmonic (H2) and H3 can bee seen Search phase zero crossing display

Search phase zero crossing display Vocal signature parameters Parameters N Min Max Mean St.Dev 10% 25% 75% 90% Dur 492 5.01 13.23 8.12 2.23 5.58 6.24 9.81 11.47 TBC 470 8.91 7153.8 284.8 654.3 76.7 94.2 214.9 336.3 Fmin 492 22.10 33.61 27.69 2.86 23.92 24.54 30.59 31.36 Fmax 492 24.7 36.3 29.8 3.01 25.6 26.3 32.7 33.4 BW 492 1.07 8.31 2.12 0.98 1.33 1.55 2.33 3.05 Fmean 492 24.16 34.83 29.04 2.87 25.01 25.83 31.95 32.65 Fk 492 23.39 35.79 28.45 2.87 24.32 25.36 31.07 32.06 Fc 492 24.32 34.41 29.53 2.96 25.40 26.23 32.59 33.33 Sc 492 -97.78 30.16 -10.83 6.92 -15.37 -12.97 -8.99 -7.46 Pmc 492 0.00 15.50 0.94 1.72 0.00 0.00 1.20 2.60 Source of acoustic data Courtesy Michel Barataud as FS wav file Conservation status Least concern; Ver.3.1 ; Population trend - unknown; evaluated 2016. (I.U.C.N. 2017.) Known distribution

Bolivia Guyana Nicaragua Brazil Colombia Panama Costa Rica Peru Ecuador Suriname French Guiana Venezuela

Notes Several full spectrum WAV files were converted to ZC to extract call parameters. Citations The IUCN 2017. Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2017-1. . Downloaded on 06 August 2017. Authors The following collaborators have contributed to these Peruvian Fact Sheets: Bruce W. Miller Farah Carrasco Rueda

Others who have contributed call data to the master New World bat call database used to derive call parameters and graphics are cited in the Source of acoustic data topic.

Cynomops abrasus

Common names and synonyms Cinnamon Dog-faced Bat Molossops abrasus Scientific name Cynomops abrasus (Temminck, 1827) Family Molossidae Database species code Cynabr Call shape No call data available. A large majority of New World Molossids do not have vocal signatures verified. Primarily, as they are often high flying and may be difficult to capture for confirmation. When sufficient data exists for confirmed species within a genus call parameters may be estimated based on size Fc regression or other methods. Presumed to be similar to known species in the genus: QCF paired high and low pulses both decreasing in frequency. Vocal signature parameters No verified calls for this species

Predicted by Collen (2012) Parameters Imputed values Dur 10.67 Fmin 16.68 Fmax 23.03 BW 7.05 Fmean 19.855 Fc 18.84 Peak Freq 20.31 DomSlope 0.45 Total Slope 0.11 Source of acoustic data NA Conservation status Data deficient; Ver.3.1 ; Population trend - unknown; evaluated 2016. (I.U.C.N. 2017.) Known distribution

Argentina Guyana Bolivia Panama Brazil Paraguay Colombia Ecuador Peru French Guiana Suriname Venezuela

Citations Collen, A. 2012.The evolution of echolocation in bats: a comparative approach. PhD. Dissertation.:1-432: University College London, London. The IUCN 2017. Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2017-1. . Downloaded on 06 August 2017. Authors The following collaborators have contributed to these Peruvian Fact Sheets: Bruce W. Miller Farah Carrasco Rueda

Others who have contributed call data to the master New World bat call database used to derive call parameters and graphics are cited in the Source of acoustic data topic.

Cynomops greenhalli

Common names and synonyms Greenhall's Dog-faced Bat Molossops greenhalli Scientific name Cynomops greenhalli (Goodwin, 1958) Family Molossidae Database species code Cyngre Call shape No call data available. A large majority of New World Molossids do not have vocal signatures verified. Primarily, as they are often high flying and may be difficult to capture for confirmation. When sufficient data exists for confirmed species within a genus call parameters may be estimated based on size Fc regression or other methods. Presumed to be similar to known species in the genus: QCF paired high and low pulses both decreasing in frequency. Vocal signature parameters No verified calls for this species Predicted by Collen (2012)

Parameters Imputed values Dur 8.99 Fmin 20.55 Fmax 31.11 BW 8.94 Fmean 25.83 Fc 23.2 Peak Freq 24.78 DomSlope 0.15 Total Slope 0.34 Conservation status Least concern; Ver.3.1 ; Population trend - unknown; evaluated 2015. (I.U.C.N. 2017.) Known distribution

Brazil Panama Colombia Peru Ecuador Suriname French Guiana Trinidad & Tobago Guyana Venezuela Notes Initial recordings made by Bruce Miller in northern Central America presumed to be Molossops greenhalli then with a subsequent taxonomic changes suggesting revised distribution for M. greenhalli and assigned to C. mexicanus, were later verified as those of Promops centralis. Citations Collen, A. 2012.The evolution of echolocation in bats: a comparative approach. PhD. Dissertation.:1-432: University College London, London. The IUCN 2017. Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2017-1. . Downloaded on 06 August 2017. Authors The following collaborators have contributed to these Peruvian Fact Sheets: Bruce W. Miller Farah Carrasco Rueda

Others who have contributed call data to the master New World bat call database used to derive call parameters and graphics are cited in the Source of acoustic data topic.

Cynomops milleri

Common names and synonyms Cynomops paranus (Thomas, 1901

Cynomops planirostris

Common names and synonyms Molossops planirostris Southern Dog-faced Bat Scientific name Cynomops planirostris (Peters, 1866) Family Molossidae Database species code Cynpla Call shape No call data available. A large majority of New World Molossids do not have vocal signatures verified. Primarily, as they are often high flying and may be difficult to capture for confirmation. When sufficient data exists for confirmed species within a genus call parameters may be estimated based on size Fc regression or other methods. Presumed to be similar to known species in the genus: QCF paired high and low pulses both decreasing in frequency. Vocal signature parameters No verified calls for this species

Predicted by Collen (2012) Parameters Imputed values Dur 8.51 Fmin 23.1 Fmax 36.17 BW 10.08 Fmean 29.635 Fc 26.05 Peak Freq 27.69 DomSlope 0.05 Total Slope 0.63 Source of acoustic data NA Conservation status Least concern; Ver.3.1 ; Population trend - unknown; evaluated 2015. (I.U.C.N. 2017.) Known distribution

Argentina Guyana Bolivia Panama Brazil Paraguay Colombia Peru Ecuador Suriname French Guiana Venezuela

Others who have contributed call data to the master New World bat call database used to derive call parameters and graphics are cited in the Source of acoustic data topic.

Cyttarops alecto

Common names and synonyms Murciélago gris Short-eared Bat. Thomas's Shaggy Bat Scientific name Cyttarops alecto Thomas, 1913 Family Emballonuridae Database species code Cytale Call shape Single QCF inverted "U" pulses Approach to feeding buzz Search phase Search phase Vocal signature parameters Parameters N Min Max Mean St.Dev 10% 25% 75% 90% Dur 51 2.15 7.45 4.48 1.33 2.85 3.34 5.55 6.17 TBC 46 79.9 3214.1 465.6 880.2 93.3 109.1 149.4 2387.8 Fmin 51 29.91 36.87 35.50 1.42 34.33 35.52 36.20 36.45 Fmax 51 36.53 37.74 37.11 0.32 36.61 36.87 37.38 37.47 BW 51 0.60 7.56 1.62 1.36 0.86 1.02 1.59 2.28 Fmean 51 35.94 37.32 36.67 0.38 36.23 36.42 37.02 37.12 Fk 51 35.56 37.04 36.19 0.40 35.71 35.83 36.53 36.70 Fc 51 36.53 37.74 37.09 0.31 36.61 36.87 37.30 37.47 Sc 51 -18.23 -3.47 -10.10 3.20 -14.77 -12.12 -7.95 -6.69 Pmc 51 0.00 0.70 0.07 0.16 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.20 Source of acoustic data Richard LaVal Conservation status Least concern; Ver.3.1 ; Population trend - unknown; evaluated 2016. (I.U.C.N. 2017.) Known distribution

Brazil Nicaragua Colombia Panama Costa Rica Peru French Guiana Suriname Guyana Venezuela Citations The IUCN 2017. Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2017-1. . Downloaded on 06 August 2017. Authors The following collaborators have contributed to these Peruvian Fact Sheets: Bruce W. Miller Farah Carrasco Rueda

Others who have contributed call data to the master New World bat call database used to derive call parameters and graphics are cited in the Source of acoustic data topic.

Dasypterus ega

Common names and synonyms Lasiuro amarillo Lasiurus ega (Gervais, 1856) Southern Yellow Bat Scientific name Dasypterus ega (Gervais, 1856) Family Vespertilionidae Database species code Dasega Call shape FM reversed J broadband short duration The Lasiurines have a distinctive Fc, Fmin that irregularly changes frequency up and down. Note that Lasiurine commute calls are flat looking pulses of longer duration and narrow band. All zero-crossing images are displayed in AnalookW as a compressed view with empty space removed to display the call sequence pattern. The X-axis is in milliseconds and the Y-axis is a logarithmic scale in kHz. Search phase Search phase

Full spectrum search phase Vocal signature parameters Parameters N Min Max Mean St.Dev 10% 25% 75% 90% Dur 2367 3.50 11.39 5.86 1.63 3.89 4.59 6.86 8.14 TBC 2176 5.3 10297.2 471.1 937.8 102.3 126.2 356.8 844.5 Fmin 2367 29.04 33.97 31.13 1.13 29.66 30.25 31.94 32.72 Fmax 2367 31.13 59.48 39.49 5.24 33.68 35.63 42.22 46.92 BW 2367 0.88 27.98 8.37 4.83 3.25 4.82 10.63 15.36 Fmean 2367 29.72 37.97 33.18 1.64 31.16 31.92 34.24 35.45 Fk 2367 31.01 38.65 33.76 1.42 31.94 32.72 34.71 35.71 FcH1 2367 14.52 17.66 15.71 0.59 14.98 15.24 16.10 16.53 Fc 2367 29.04 35.32 31.43 1.18 29.96 30.48 32.19 33.06 FcH3 2367 43.56 52.98 47.14 1.77 44.94 45.72 48.29 49.59 Sc 2367 3.82 103.16 35.37 13.73 20.76 25.77 42.77 53.41 Pmc 2367 1.00 89.80 25.56 15.14 9.60 14.50 32.50 47.14 Source of acoustic data Bruce Miller Brock Fenton: full spectrum file Conservation status Least concern; Ver.3.1 ; Population trend - unknown; evaluated 2016. (I.U.C.N. 2017.) Known distribution Loreto Amazonas Madre de Dios Ancash Pasco Cajamarca Piura Cusco Puno Huánuco San Martín Junín Tumbes La Libertad Ucayali Lambayeque

The IUCN 2017. Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2017-1. . Downloaded on 06 August 2017. Authors The following collaborators have contributed to these Peruvian Fact Sheets: Bruce W. Miller Farah Carrasco Rueda

Others who have contributed call data to the master New World bat call database used to derive call parameters and graphics are cited in the Source of acoustic data topic.

Diclidurus albus

Common names and synonyms Diclidurus virgo Murciélago fantasma/Murciélago blanco común Northern Ghost Bat Family Emballonuridae Database species code Dicalb Call shape Narrow band QCF sloping single pulses Clutter calls - often mistaken as Molossid calls Feeding buzz

Feeding buzz Search phase Vocal signature parameters Parameters N Min Max Mean St.Dev 10% 25% 75% 90% Dur 2836 1.50 10.00 5.99 2.13 2.94 4.41 7.67 8.88 TBC 2408 2.17 11934.9 770.5 1222.1 180.9 299.7 692.4 1476.1 Fmin 2836 20.03 23.99 21.91 0.91 20.83 21.19 22.57 23.31 Fmax 2836 20.33 25.97 22.69 0.98 21.59 21.95 23.29 24.13 BW 2836 0.03 3.30 0.78 0.37 0.36 0.53 0.97 1.21 Fmean 2836 20.25 24.96 22.26 0.93 21.22 21.55 22.86 23.68 Fk 2836 20.30 25.81 22.63 0.96 21.56 21.92 23.19 24.06 Fc 2836 20.15 25.24 22.15 0.93 21.11 21.42 22.73 23.56 Sc 2836 0.00 10.00 6.94 1.98 4.32 5.63 8.58 9.43 Pmc 2836 0.00 5.80 2.41 1.08 1.10 1.60 3.20 3.90

Reported by Kalko (1995) BF = Best frequency of QCF or CF component Parameters N Min Max Mean +/- Dur 17 7.20 16.20 11.30 2.40 TBC 17 69.9 365.7 183.3 96.1 BF 20 22.50 26.70 24.30 1.20 Conservation status Least concern; Ver.3.1 ; Population trend - unknown; evaluated 2016. (I.U.C.N. 2017.) Known distribution

Belize Honduras Bolivia Mexico Brazil Nicaragua Colombia Panama Costa Rica Paraguay Ecuador Peru El Salvador Suriname French Guiana Trinidad & Tobago Guatemala Venezuela Guyana

Notes The "flat" (narrow band width) commuting call pulses are frequently mistaken for low frequency Molossid calls by those with limited experience in real time recording. Citations IUCN 2017. Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2017-1. . Downloaded on 06 August 2017. Kalko, E. K. V. 1995. Echolocation signal design, foraging habitats and guild structure in six Neotropical sheath-tailed bats (Emballonuridae) Pp. 259-273 in Ecology, Evolution and Behaviour of Bats (P. A. Racey and S. M. Swift, eds.). The Zoological Society of London, Oxford. Zorpette, G. 1999. Chasing the Ghost Bat. Scientific American. 280: 82-89. Authors The following collaborators have contributed to these Peruvian Fact Sheets: Bruce W. Miller Farah Carrasco Rueda

Others who have contributed call data to the master New World bat call database used to derive call parameters and graphics are cited in the Source of acoustic data topic.

Diclidurus scutatus

Common names and synonyms Lesser Ghost Bat Murciélago blanco menor Scientific name Diclidurus scutatus Peters, 1869 Family Emballonuridae Database species code Dicscu Call shape Not yet verified. Presumed narrow band QCF sloping single pulses as other spcies in the genus Vocal signature parameters No verified calls, not yet known. Predicted values are based an averge FA size of 54 mm and compared to acoustically known speceis within the genus.

Parameters Predicted values Dur 7.5 Fmin 23.2 Fmax 23.8 BW 0.6 Fmean 23.5 Fc 23.7 Peak Freq. 25.4 Predicted by Collen (2012) Parameters Imputed values measurement Dur 9.59 milliseconds Fmin 23.59 kHz Fmax 23.62 kHz Bandw 1.82 kHz Fmean 23.605 (Fmax+Fmin) *.5 Fc 25.61 kHz Peak Freq 25.82 kHz DomSlope 0.85 kHz/ms Total Slope 0.72 kHz/ms Conservation status Least concern; Ver.3.1 ; Population trend - unknown; evaluated 2016. (I.U.C.N. 2017.) Known distribution Brazil Peru Colombia Suriname French Guiana Venezuela Guyana

Citations

Collen, A. 2012.The evolution of echolocation in bats: a comparative approach. PhD. Dissertation :1-432: University College London, London. The IUCN 2017. Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2017-1. . Downloaded on 06 August 2017. Authors The following collaborators have contributed to these Peruvian Fact Sheets: Bruce W. Miller Farah Carrasco Rueda

Others who have contributed call data to the master New World bat call database used to derive call parameters and graphics are cited in the Source of acoustic data topic.

Eptesicus andinus

Common names and synonyms Little Black Serotine Scientific name Eptesicus andinus J. A. Allen, 1914 Family Vespertilionidae Database species code Eptand Call shape FM reversed J broadband short duration

Predicted call sequence with red frequency lines differentiating from verified call files with blue lines. Vocal signature parameters No verified calls Predicted by Collen (2012) Parameters Imputed values measurement Dur 6.28 milliseconds Fmin 32.17 kHz Fmax 56.18 kHz BW 22.60 kHz Fmean 44.18 (Fmax+Fmin) *.5 Fc 32.92 kHz Peak Freq 36.31 kHz DomSlope 2.28 kHz/ms Total Slope 4.47 kHz/ms Conservation status Least concern; Ver.3.1 ; Population trend - unknown; evaluated 2016. (I.U.C.N. 2017.) Known distribution

Colombia Peru Ecuador Venezuela Panama

Notes No known verified calls; however calls may be identified in the future from the archive of unknown/unidentified Vespertilionid calls. Citations Collen, A. 2012.The evolution of echolocation in bats: a comparative approach. PhD. Dissertation.:1-432: University College London, London. The IUCN 2017. Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2017-1. . Downloaded on 06 August 2017. Authors The following collaborators have contributed to these Peruvian Fact Sheets: Bruce W. Miller Farah Carrasco Rueda

Others who have contributed call data to the master New World bat call database used to derive call parameters and graphics are cited in the Source of acoustic data topic.

Eptesicus brasiliensis

Common names and synonyms Brazilian Brown Bat Eptésico de Brasil Eptesicus argentinus Eptesicus melanopterus Eptesicus thomasi Scientific name Eptesicus brasiliensis (Demarest, 1819) Family Vespertilionidae Database species code Eptbra Call shape FM reversed J broadband short duration

Searh phase Search phase Vocal signature parameters Parameters N Min Max Mean St.Dev 10% 25% 75% 90% Dur 1062 1.52 9.86 5.28 1.84 2.79 3.96 6.47 7.76 TBC 1032 4.45 7466.8 323.6 739.5 81.71 102.0 199.6 378.1 Fmin 1062 27.40 35.96 33.07 1.20 31.81 32.59 33.76 34.33 Fmax 1062 35.24 75.83 47.94 8.50 38.65 40.30 54.79 59.93 BW 1062 1.92 42.55 14.87 8.63 5.39 7.41 21.74 26.65 Fmean 1062 33.05 44.27 36.94 2.14 34.38 35.23 38.38 39.98 Fk 1062 30.42 53.51 36.58 1.88 34.48 35.48 37.65 38.74 Fc 1062 28.37 51.61 33.76 1.61 32.19 32.99 34.41 35.32 Sc 1062 9.23 242.64 60.92 26.96 29.44 42.15 75.38 93.62 Pmc 1062 4.60 128.40 42.25 25.90 14.10 20.30 62.30 78.30 Source of acoustic data Ricahrd LaVal Conservation status Least concern; Ver.3.1 ; Population trend - unknown; evaluated 2016. (I.U.C.N. 2017.) Known distribution

Argentina Guyana Bolivia Mexico Brazil Nicaragua Colombia Panama Costa Rica Paraguay Ecuador Peru French Guiana Suriname Guatemala Venezuela

Citations Citations The IUCN 2017. Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2017-1. . Downloaded on 06 August 2017. Authors The following collaborators have contributed to these Peruvian Fact Sheets: Bruce W. Miller Farah Carrasco Rueda

Others who have contributed call data to the master New World bat call database used to derive call parameters and graphics are cited in the Source of acoustic data topic.

Eptesicus chiriquinus

Common names and synonyms Chiriquinan Serotine Call shape FM reversed J broadband short duration

Search phase Search phase

Eptesicus furinalis

Common names and synonyms Argentinian Brown Bat Eptésico furioso Eptesicus carteri Eptesicus findleyi Eptesicus gaumeri Scientific name Eptesicus furinalis (D'Orbigny, 1847) Family Vespertilionidae Database species code Eptfur Call shape FM reversed J broadband short duration Search phase Search phase Vocal signature parameters Parameters N Min Max Mean St.Dev 10% 25% 75% 90% Dur 5638 2.00 10.19 4.44 1.65 2.40 3.08 5.58 6.80 TBC 5348 2.7 10887.5 378.0 807.2 95.5 113.3 272.1 632.3 Fmin 5638 34.04 41.99 37.22 1.18 35.71 36.45 38.00 38.65 Fmax 5638 36.04 55.56 43.90 3.40 39.70 41.24 46.38 48.63 BW 5638 0.26 19.13 6.67 3.36 2.39 3.92 9.18 11.44 Fmean 5638 34.87 43.84 39.13 1.31 37.48 38.23 40.01 40.85 Fk 5638 36.04 42.90 40.10 1.40 38.28 39.12 41.13 41.99 Fc 5638 34.04 41.99 37.38 1.11 36.04 36.61 38.10 38.74 Sc 5638 -54.21 109.82 37.31 15.72 19.32 26.53 46.52 58.52 Pmc 5638 0.00 53.90 17.49 9.09 6.10 10.00 24.30 30.50 Source of acoustic data Bruce Miller Conservation status Conservation status Least concern; Ver.3.1 ; Population trend - unknown; evaluated 2016. (I.U.C.N. 2017.) Known distribution

Argentina Guyana Belize Honduras Bolivia Mexico Brazil Nicaragua Colombia Panama Costa Rica Paraguay Curaçao Peru Ecuador Suriname El Salvador Uruguay French Guiana Venezuela Guatemala

Citations The IUCN 2017. Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2017-1. . Downloaded on 06 August 2017. Authors The following collaborators have contributed to these Peruvian Fact Sheets: Bruce W. Miller Farah Carrasco Rueda

Others who have contributed call data to the master New World bat call database used to derive call parameters and graphics are cited in the Source of acoustic data topic.

Eptesicus innoxius

Common names and synonyms Harmless Serotine Scientific name Eptesicus innoxius Gervais, 1841 Family Vespertilionidae Database species code Eptinn Call shape FM reversed J broadband short duration

Predicted call sequence with red frequency lines differentiating from verified call files with blue lines. Vocal signature parameters No verifed vocal sigantures Predicted by Collen (2012) Parameters Imputed values measurement Dur 5.76 milliseconds Fmin 36.49 kHz Fmax 63.43 kHz BW 24.48 kHz Fmean 49.96 (Fmax+Fmin) *.5 Fc 37.30 kHz Peak Freq 40.89 kHz DomSlope 2.68 kHz/ms Total Slope 5.08 kHz/ms Conservation status Near threatened; Ver.3.1 ; Population trend - unknown; evaluated 2016. (I.U.C.N. 2017.) Known distribution Ecuador Peru Notes No known verified calls; however calls may be identified in the future from the archive of unknown/unidentified Vespertilionid calls. Citations Collen, A. 2012.The evolution of echolocation in bats: a comparative approach. PhD. Dissertation.:1-432: University College London, London. The IUCN 2017. Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2017-1. . Downloaded on 06 August 2017. Authors The following collaborators have contributed to these Peruvian Fact Sheets: Bruce W. Miller Farah Carrasco Rueda

Others who have contributed call data to the master New World bat call database used to derive call parameters and graphics are cited in the Source of acoustic data topic.

Eumops auripendulus

Common names and synonyms Black bonneted bat Eumopo oscuro Scientific name Eumops auripendulus (Shaw, 1800) Family Molossidae Database species code Eumaur Call shape QCF single decreasing frequency pulses. Search phase calls are generally longer duration and narrow bandwidth. Calls while arriving at and departing roosts are clutter type calls and are not diagnostic. These are generally wide bandwidth and considerably shorter duration pulses. Eumops commuting call pulses have a very narrow bandwidth and long duration, generally lower in frequency than search phase calls. Vocal signature parameters Parameters N Min Max Mean St.Dev 10% 25% 75% 90% Dur 45 5.53 19.75 14.17 4.11 6.80 12.32 17.45 18.57 TBC 44 35.69 1164.38 313.86 253.42 116.29 166.09 353.35 637.01 Fmin 45 15.04 17.78 16.55 0.78 15.57 15.84 17.20 17.55 Fmax 45 17.86 22.73 20.49 1.08 19.02 19.66 21.11 21.80 BW 45 1.43 5.64 3.95 1.18 1.95 3.57 4.85 5.26 Fmean 45 16.67 19.63 18.34 0.66 17.48 17.93 18.84 19.10 Fk 45 17.43 21.28 19.45 0.83 18.44 18.96 20.00 20.44 Fc 45 15.63 18.82 17.31 0.81 16.11 16.88 17.98 18.26 Sc 45 11.32 33.71 18.83 3.61 15.51 17.15 20.67 22.20 Pmc 45 5.30 28.70 18.49 6.07 8.12 15.00 22.30 24.76 Conservation status Least concern; Ver.3.1 ; Population trend - unknown; evaluated 2015. (I.U.C.N. 2017.) Known distribution

Argentina Jamaica Bolivia Mexico Brazil Nicaragua Colombia Panama Costa Rica Paraguay Ecuador Peru El Salvador Suriname French Guiana Trinidad & Tobago Guatemala Uruguay Guyana Venezuela Honduras

Others who have contributed call data to the master New World bat call database used to derive call parameters and graphics are cited in the Source of acoustic data topic.

Eumops chiribaya

Common names and synonyms Chiribaya's bonneted bat Call shape Assumed to be QCF paired high and low pulses both decreasing in frequency

Eumops delticus

Common names and synonyms Delta Bonneted Bat Call shape Assumed to be QCF paired high and low pulses both decreasing in frequency

Eumops hansae

Common names and synonyms Eumopo alemán Hansa bonneted bat Sanborn's bonneted bat Scientific name Eumops hansae Sanborn, 1932 Family Molossidae Database species code Eumhan Call shape Presumed to be QCF paired high and low pulses both decreasing in frequency Vocal signature parameters

Predicted or imputed values reported by Collen (2012) Parameters Imputed values Dur 10.5 Fmin 19.99 Fmax 30.34 BW 8.39 Fmean 25.165 Fc 22.69 Peak Freq 24.22 DomSlope 0.57 Total Slope 0.18 Conservation status Least concern; Ver.3.1 ; Population trend - unknown; evaluated 2015. (I.U.C.N. 2017.) Known distribution

Bolivia Guyana Brazil Honduras Colombia Mexico Costa Rica Panama Ecuador Peru French Guiana Suriname Guatemala Venezuela

Citations Citations Collen, A. 2012.The evolution of echolocation in bats: a comparative approach. PhD. Dissertation.:1-432: University College London, London. The IUCN 2017. Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2017-1. . Downloaded on 06 August 2017. Authors The following collaborators have contributed to these Peruvian Fact Sheets: Bruce W. Miller Farah Carrasco Rueda

Others who have contributed call data to the master New World bat call database used to derive call parameters and graphics are cited in the Source of acoustic data topic.

Eumops maurus

Common names and synonyms Guianan bonneted bat Call shape QCF paired high and low pulses both decreasing in frequency

Eumops nanus

Common names and synonyms Dwarf bonneted bat Call shape QCF paired high and low pulses both decreasing in frequency

Eumops patagonicus

Common names and synonyms Eumops beckeri Patagonian bonneted bat Patagonian Dwarf Bonneted Bat Scientific name Eumops patagonicus Thomas, 1924 Family Molossidae Database species code Eumpat Call shape QCF single pulses decreasing in frequency Vocal signature parameters Predicted or imputed values reported by Collen (2012) Parameters Imputed values measurement Dur 12.52 milliseconds Fmin 16.09 kHz Fmax 22.16 kHz Bandw 6.44 kHz Fmean 19.13 (Fmax+Fmin) *.5 Fc 18.28 kHz Peak Freq 19.71 kHz DomSlope 0.84 kHz/ms Total Slope 0.6 kHz/ms

Measured values Parameters N Min Max Mean St.Dev 10% 25% 75% 90% Dur 6 9.54 14.26 12.08 1.68 10.29 11.21 13.02 13.67 TBC 5 612.08 2436.47 1120.61 797.01 612.50 613.12 1323.05 1991.10 Fmin 6 19.42 20.25 19.77 0.29 19.52 19.62 19.90 20.10 Fmax 6 25.08 27.49 26.11 0.90 25.16 25.45 26.54 27.08 BW 6 5.29 7.24 6.34 0.80 5.38 5.70 6.92 7.13 Fmean 6 21.32 22.38 21.74 0.38 21.36 21.48 21.82 22.11 Fk 6 20.10 22.66 21.67 0.97 20.55 21.17 22.35 22.54 Fc 6 19.95 20.67 20.27 0.28 20.00 20.06 20.41 20.54 Sc 6 4.54 26.93 17.65 8.48 8.96 14.07 24.53 26.77 Pmc 6 23.70 33.00 28.87 4.02 24.25 25.63 32.40 33.00 Source of acoustic data Miranda Collett - Collett Trust for Endangered Species Imputed values from Allana Collen, 2012 Conservation status Least concern; Ver.3.1 ; Population trend - stable; evaluated 2015. (I.U.C.N. 2017.) Known distribution

Argentina Paraguay Bolivia Uruguay Brazil Peru

Notes The only verified calls as of Oct. 17, 2017 are from hand released light tagged bats in Argentina. Most of the call fliles were typical high clutter calls seen with hand releases that are similar to bats leaving or entering a roost. The examples shown in the call shape section include the clutter calls between search phase pulses. Citations Collen, A. 2012.The evolution of echolocation in bats: a comparative approach. PhD. Dissertation :1-432: University College London, London. The IUCN 2017. Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2017-1. . Downloaded on 06 August 2017. Authors The following collaborators have contributed to these Peruvian Fact Sheets: Bruce W. Miller Farah Carrasco Rueda

Others who have contributed call data to the master New World bat call database used to derive call parameters and graphics are cited in the Source of acoustic data topic.

Eumops perotis

Common names and synonyms Greater bonneted bat Scientific name Eumops perotis (Schniz, 1821) Family Molossidae Database species code Eumper Call shape QCF single decreasing frequency pulses. Search phase calls are generally longer duration and narrow bandwidth. Calls while arriving at and departing roosts are clutter type calls and are not diagnostic. These are generally wide bandwidth and considerably shorter duration pulses. Eumops commuting call pulses have a very narrow bandwidth and long duration, generally lower in frequency than search phase calls. Vocal signature parameters Parameters N Min Max Mean St.Dev 10% 25% 75% 90% Dur 4387 2.0 46.7 11.5 8.5 2.3 3.7 17.6 23.3 TBC 4183 2.7 6896 431 513 9 38 619 990 Fmin 4387 1.7 22.1 9.8 1.9 7.5 8.5 10.9 12.1 Fmax 4387 5.0 26.6 13.4 3.8 8.6 10.2 16.7 18.9 BW 4387 0.0 18.0 3.6 2.8 0.6 1.2 5.8 8.0 Fmean 4387 2.9 23.4 10.9 2.5 7.8 9.2 12.8 14.2 Fk 4387 1.7 26.6 11.4 2.8 8.4 9.6 13.0 14.9 Fc 4387 5.1 24.8 10.5 2.6 7.7 8.7 12.0 13.8 Sc 4387 -1234 817.3 42.0 84.4 3.8 10.9 62.7 101.9 Pmc 4387 -32.2 257.1 27.8 26.2 3.3 8.6 41.2 66.0 Source of acoustic data Chirs Corben recordings Conservation status Least concern; Ver.3.1 ; Population trend - decreasing; evaluated 2015. (I.U.C.N. 2017.) Known distribution

Argentina Mexico Bolivia Paraguay Brazil Peru Colombia United States Citations The IUCN 2017. Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2017-1. . Downloaded on 06 August 2017. Authors The following collaborators have contributed to these Peruvian Fact Sheets: Bruce W. Miller Farah Carrasco Rueda

Others who have contributed call data to the master New World bat call database used to derive call parameters and graphics are cited in the Source of acoustic data topic.

Eumops trumbulli

Common names and synonyms Colombian bonneted bat Trumbull's bonneted bat Scientific name Eumops trumbulli (Thomas, 1901) Family Molossidae Database species code Eumtru Call shape QCF single decreasing frequency pulses. Search phase calls are generally longer duration and narrow bandwidth. Calls while arriving at and departing roosts are clutter type calls and are not diagnostic. These are generally wide bandwidth and considerably shorter duration pulses. Eumops commuting call pulses have a very narrow bandwidth and long duration, generally lower in frequency than search phase calls. Vocal signature parameters Parameters Imputed values measurement Dur 12.52 milliseconds Fmin 16.09 kHz Fmax 22.16 kHz Bandw 6.44 kHz Fmean 19.13 (Fmax+Fmin) *.5 Fc 18.28 kHz Peak Freq 19.71 kHz DomSlope 0.84 kHz/ms Total Slope 0.6 kHz/ms Conservation status Least concern; Ver.3.1 ; Population trend - unknown; evaluated 2008. (I.U.C.N. 2017.) Known distribution

Bolivia Guyana Brazil Peru Colombia Suriname French Guiana Venezuela

Citations Collen, A. 2012.The evolution of echolocation in bats: a comparative approach. PhD. Dissertation :1-432: University College London, London. The IUCN 2017. Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2017-1. . Downloaded on 06 August 2017. Authors The following collaborators have contributed to these Peruvian Fact Sheets: Bruce W. Miller Farah Carrasco Rueda

Others who have contributed call data to the master New World bat call database used to derive call parameters and graphics are cited in the Source of acoustic data topic.

Eumops wilsoni

Common names and synonyms Wilson's bonneted bat Call shape QCF paired high and low pulses both decreasing in frequency

Furipterus horrens

Common names and synonyms Furipterus coerulescens Murciélago sin pulgar Thumbless Bat Scientific name Furipterus horrens (F. Cuvier, 1828) Family Furipteridae Database species code Furhor Call shape Calls are very high frequency, low amplitude, realtivley narrow band and short duration.

Vocal signature parameters Parameters N Min Max Mean St.Dev 10% 25% 75% 90% Dur 117 1.00 2.72 1.64 0.43 1.14 1.25 1.91 2.28 TBC 112 2.00 3580.17 162.38 510.33 8.52 14.10 68.13 327.00 Fmin 117 121.21 153.85 132.76 8.83 123.08 125.00 137.93 143.90 Fmax 117 170.21 190.48 177.47 6.00 170.21 170.21 181.82 181.82 BW 117 16.36 67.40 44.71 11.50 29.86 36.88 54.70 58.74 Fmean 117 147.98 166.39 156.89 4.21 150.93 154.15 159.30 162.70 Fk 117 135.59 170.21 152.35 7.20 145.45 148.15 153.85 163.27 Fc 117 131.15 166.67 148.21 7.95 139.38 142.86 153.85 158.12 Sc 117 -306.67 928.60 241.17 179.53 0.00 131.95 376.20 424.27 Pmc 117 2.10 39.50 20.06 7.30 10.60 15.20 25.00 29.50 Conservation status Least Concern; Ver.3.1 ; Population trend - unknown; evaluated . (I.U.C.N. 2017.) Known distribution

Brazil Panama Colombia Peru Costa Rica Suriname French Guiana Trinidad & Tobago Guyana Venezuela

Others who have contributed call data to the master New World bat call database used to derive call parameters and graphics are cited in the Source of acoustic data topic.

Histiotus macrotus

Common names and synonyms Big-eared Brown Bat Scientific name Histiotus macrotus (Poeppig, 1835) Family Vespertilionidae Database species code Hismac Call shape FM reversed J broadband short duration Vocal signature parameters Predicted or imputed values reported by Collen (2012) Parameters Imputed values measurement Dur 6.41 milliseconds Fmin 31.72 kHz Fmax 55.65 kHz BW 22.72 kHz Fmean 43.69 (Fmax+Fmin) *.5 Fc 32.43 kHz Peak Freq 35.84 kHz DomSlope 2.25 kHz/ms Total Slope 4.46 kHz/ms Conservation status Least concern; Ver.3.1 ; Population trend - unknown; evaluated 2016. (I.U.C.N. 2017.) Known distribution

Argentina Chile Bolivia Peru

Others who have contributed call data to the master New World bat call database used to derive call parameters and graphics are cited in the Source of acoustic data topic.

Histiotus montanus

Common names and synonyms Small Big-eared Brown Bat Scientific name Histiotus montanus (Philippi and Landbeck, 1861) Family Vespertilionidae Database species code Hismon Call shape FM reversed J broadband short duration Vocal signature parameters Paramaters N Min Max Mean St.Dev 10% 25% 75% 90% Dur 30 1.64 5.67 3.33 1.20 1.87 2.29 4.45 4.79 Fmin 30 35.09 42.11 37.11 1.43 36.04 36.36 37.38 38.91 Fmax 30 41.67 81.63 57.20 10.40 47.62 48.93 66.40 71.43 Fmean 30 40.37 50.10 43.94 2.89 40.68 41.27 46.12 47.72 Fk 30 38.10 44.94 40.79 2.03 38.79 39.22 41.67 44.01 Fc 30 37.04 44.44 39.02 2.02 37.38 37.74 39.12 41.51 Sc 30 -115.94 178.02 94.95 61.99 40.34 68.29 140.58 154.96 Pmc 30 2.10 98.00 47.21 28.82 20.98 25.30 74.50 91.10 Predicted or imputed values reported by Collen (2012) Parameters Imputed values measurement Dur 6.93 milliseconds Fmin 28.36 kHz Fmax 49.59 kHz BW 21.1 kHz Fmean 38.98 (Fmax+Fmin) *.5 Fc 28.99 kHz Peak Freq 32.2 kHz DomSlope 1.92 kHz/ms Total Slope 3.94 kHz/ms Conservation status Least concern; Ver.3.1 ; Population trend - unknown; evaluated 2016. (I.U.C.N. 2017.) Known distribution

Argentina Ecuador Bolivia Panama Brazil Peru Chile Uruguay Colombia Venezuela

Citations Collen, A. 2012.The evolution of echolocation in bats: a comparative approach. PhD. Dissertation.:1-432: University College London, London. The IUCN 2017. Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2017-1. . Downloaded on 06 August 2017. Ossa, G., F. Diaz, O. O'hrens, J. Laker, and C. Bonacic. 2010. Conociendo los murciélagos a través de sus ultrasonidos. La Chiricoca. 11: 26-31. Authors The following collaborators have contributed to these Peruvian Fact Sheets: Bruce W. Miller Farah Carrasco Rueda

Others who have contributed call data to the master New World bat call database used to derive call parameters and graphics are cited in the Source of acoustic data topic.

Histiotus velatus

Common names and synonyms Tropical Big-eared Brown Bat Call shape FM reversed J broadband short duration

Lasiurus blossevillii

Common names and synonyms Lasiuro de Blosseville Lasiurus Lasiurus Lasiurus frantzii Red Bat Vespertilio blossevillii Western Red Bat Scientific name Lasiurus blossevillii (Lesson, 1826) Family Vespertilionidae Database species code Lasblo Call shape FM reversed J broadband short duration - Fmin moving up and down

Feeding buzz Search phase Vocal signature parameters Parameters N Min Max Mean St.Dev 10% 25% 75% 90% Dur 1142 2.01 14.59 6.32 2.68 2.67 4.19 8.33 9.90 TBC 1044 2.4 9421.8 185.6 378.8 58.5 91.9 196.1 275.7 Fmin 1142 25.52 55.36 42.42 4.32 37.04 39.51 45.45 48.19 Fmax 1142 28.57 90.91 54.63 10.67 42.33 46.38 61.30 69.57 BW 1142 0.45 45.82 12.21 8.30 3.57 5.81 16.88 24.53 Fmean 1142 27.86 63.47 45.78 5.31 38.96 42.19 49.41 52.87 Fk 1142 28.57 62.50 45.91 4.92 39.80 42.55 49.23 52.46 Fc 1142 27.21 55.94 43.11 4.32 37.57 40.20 45.98 48.78 Sc 1142 -25.48 328.07 32.60 30.11 10.82 16.62 37.64 59.10 Pmc 1142 0.00 93.40 26.24 18.08 6.41 12.20 36.60 53.48 Source of acoustic data Bruce Miller, Chris Corben Conservation status Least concern; Ver.3.1 ; Population trend - unknown; evaluated 2016. (I.U.C.N. 2017.) Known distribution

Argentina Guyana Belize Honduras Bolivia Mexico Brazil Nicaragua Canada Panama Colombia Paraguay Costa Rica Peru Ecuador Suriname El Salvador United States French Guiana Uruguay Guatemala Venezuela

Notes Baird, et al. (2015) make a strong case for elevating the subgenera of Lasiurus to full genera. This change results in the "yellow bats" being elevated to the genus Dasypterus, hoary bats being elevated to the genus Aeorestes and red bats remaining in the genus Lasiurus. The Mexican and Central American subspecies of L. blossevillii (L. b. teliotis and L. b. frantzii) are genetically quite divergent from the remaining L. blossevillii from South America (Baird et al., 2012) Citations The IUCN 2017. Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2017-1. . Downloaded on 06 August 2017. Authors The following collaborators have contributed to these Peruvian Fact Sheets: Bruce W. Miller Farah Carrasco Rueda

Others who have contributed call data to the master New World bat call database used to derive call parameters and graphics are cited in the Source of acoustic data topic.

Molossops neglectus

Common names and synonyms Rufous Dog-faced Bat Scientific name Molossops neglectus Williams and Genoways, 1980 Family Molossidae Database species code Molneg Call shape Molossops QCF pulses with decreasing frequency and higher frequncy pulses increasing FM to QCF Search phase call with fragment of the higher frequency descending FM pulse typical of the genus Search phase call Vocal signature parameters Predicted by Collen (2012) Parameters Imputed values Dur 7.46 Fmin 38.24 Fmax 53 BW 10.08 Fmean 45.62 Fc 43.82 Peak Freq 43.25 DomSlope 0.32 Total Slope 0.36 Conservation status Data deficient; Ver.3.1 ; Population trend - unknown; evaluated 2016. (I.U.C.N. 2017.) Known distribution

Argentina Guyana Bolivia Paraguay Brazil Peru Colombia Suriname Ecuador Venezuela French Guiana

Others who have contributed call data to the master New World bat call database used to derive call parameters and graphics are cited in the Source of acoustic data topic.

Molossops temminckii

Common names and synonyms Dwarf Dog-faced Bat Molossops griseiventer Molossops sylvia Scientific name Molossops temminckii (Burmeister, 1854) Family Molossidae Database species code Moltem Call shape Molossops QCF pulses with decreasing frequency and higher frequncy pulses increasing FM to QCF

Typical Molossops with deceasing frequency FM pulses above increasing FM pulses Typical Molossops with deceasing frequency FM pulses above increasing FM pulses Feeding buzz Transition from feeding buzz to search phase Vocal signature parameters Parameters N Min Max Mean St.Dev 10% 25% 75% 90% Dur 193 2.01 8.77 5.48 1.91 2.78 3.64 7.14 7.74 TBC 169 70.89 2011.3 248.0 306.6 86.9 96.6 254.7 455.1 Fmin 193 45.07 50.00 47.35 1.33 45.45 46.24 48.34 49.08 Fmax 193 48.05 54.79 51.54 1.49 49.54 50.47 52.63 53.33 BW 193 1.08 7.73 4.19 1.14 2.80 3.42 4.92 5.71 Fmean 193 47.45 52.88 50.32 1.32 48.40 49.31 51.33 51.94 Fk 193 45.07 52.12 49.07 1.49 47.20 48.05 50.16 50.93 Fc 193 47.90 54.79 51.51 1.51 49.54 50.47 52.63 53.33 Sc 193 -63.97 -1.31 -19.19 11.81 -35.52 -26.58 -10.33 -7.12 Pmc 193 0.00 1.30 0.06 0.18 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.30 Source of acoustic data Ochoa, O'Farrell, andMiller (2000) Conservation status Least concern; Ver.3.1 ; Population trend - unknown; evaluated 2015. (I.U.C.N. 2017.) Known distribution

Argentina Guyana Bolivia Paraguay Brazil Peru Colombia Uruguay Ecuador Venezuela

Others who have contributed call data to the master New World bat call database used to derive call parameters and graphics are cited in the Source of acoustic data topic.

Molossus coibensis

Common names and synonyms Coiban Mastiff Bat Moloso de Coiban Scientific name Molossus coibensis J. A. Allen, 1904 Family Molossidae Database species code Molcoi Call shape QCF paired high and low pulses both decreasing in frequency Vocal signature parameters Predicted by Collen (2012) Parameters Imputed values Dur 7.06 Fmin 26.74 Fmax 37.3 BW 8.43 Fmean 32.02 Fc 30.88 Peak Freq 31.66 DomSlope 0.95 Total Slope 1.25 Source of acoustic data Recorded in the village of Gamboa in Panama. Individuals confrimed by DNA. Gager, Y. et al, 2016. Conservation status Least concern; Ver.3.1 ; Population trend - unknown; evaluated 2008. (I.U.C.N. 2017.) Known distribution

Brazil Mexico Colombia Nicaragua Costa Rica Panama El Salvador Peru Guatemala Suriname Guyana Venezuela Honduras Citations Collen, A. 2012.The evolution of echolocation in bats: a comparative approach. PhD. Dissertation.:1-432: University College London, London. The IUCN 2017. Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2017-1. . Downloaded on 06 August 2017. Authors The following collaborators have contributed to these Peruvian Fact Sheets: Bruce W. Miller Farah Carrasco Rueda

Others who have contributed call data to the master New World bat call database used to derive call parameters and graphics are cited in the Source of acoustic data topic.

Molossus molossus

Common names and synonyms Moloso moloso Pallas's Mastiff Bat Scientific name Molossus molossus (Pallas, 1766) Family Molossidae Database species code Molmol Call shape QCF paired high and low pulses both decreasing in frequency Search phase Search phase Clutter calls Transitioning from approach to search phase Feeding buzz Feeding buzz

Feeding buzz overlapping with Dasypterus ega Vocal signature parameters Upper pulses Parameters N Min Max Mean St.Dev 10% 25% 75% 90% Dur 1604 5.00 19.96 8.07 2.63 5.43 6.10 9.09 11.44 Fmin 1604 35.01 43.36 37.97 1.71 35.87 36.70 39.02 40.40 Fmax 1604 36.61 44.94 41.02 1.98 38.46 39.41 42.55 43.84 Fmean 1604 36.07 44.41 39.55 1.64 37.52 38.32 40.68 41.95 Fk 1604 35.71 44.94 40.46 1.81 38.28 39.02 41.67 43.01 Fc 1604 36.04 43.96 38.69 1.69 36.61 37.30 39.83 41.03 Sc 1604 -80.69 59.29 11.47 7.27 4.68 7.16 14.79 20.32 Pmc 1604 0.00 22.70 6.06 4.12 2.30 3.40 7.10 12.77

Lower pulses Parameters N Min Max Mean St.Dev 10% 25% 75% 90% Dur 1048 5.00 19.86 8.90 3.03 5.68 6.56 10.39 12.97 Fmin 1048 31.01 34.93 32.88 0.97 31.50 32.19 33.61 34.21 Fmax 1048 34.04 36.95 35.35 0.80 34.26 34.69 35.96 36.53 Fmean 1048 32.28 35.98 34.20 0.75 33.24 33.63 34.77 35.24 Fk 1048 34.04 36.95 35.18 0.78 34.19 34.48 35.79 36.28 Fc 1048 31.13 34.93 33.35 0.84 32.26 32.72 33.90 34.56 Sc 1048 0.00 43.68 11.53 4.26 7.29 8.75 13.52 16.76 Pmc 1048 0.70 16.60 6.03 2.20 3.60 4.50 7.23 9.20 Conservation status Least concern; Ver.3.1 ; Population trend - unknown; evaluated 2015. (I.U.C.N. 2017.) Known distribution

Anguilla Haiti Antigua & Barbuda Honduras Argentina Jamaica Barbados Martinique Belize Mexico Bolivia Montserrat Bonaire Nicaragua Brazil Panama Cayman Is. Paraguay Colombia Peru Costa Rica Puerto Rico Cuba Saint Martin Curaçao Sint Maarten Dominica St. Kitts & Nevis Dominican Republic St. Lucia Ecuador St. Vincent & the Grenadines El Salvador Suriname French Guiana Trinidad & Tobago Grenada Uruguay Guadeloupe Venezuela Guatemala Virgin Islands Guyana

Others who have contributed call data to the master New World bat call database used to derive call parameters and graphics are cited in the Source of acoustic data topic.

Molossus rufus

Common names and synonyms Black Mastiff Bat Moloso negro Molossus ater Molossus castaneus Molossus nigricans Scientific name Molossus rufus E. Geoffroy, 1805 Family Molossidae Database species code Molruf Call shape QCF paired high and low pulses both decreasing in frequency Calls with mix of clutter pulses

Feeding buzz transition Commute calls

Feeding buzz Typical search phase Vocal signature parameters Parameters N Min Max Mean St.Dev 10% 25% 75% 90% Dur 72748 2.50 39.42 8.62 4.39 3.16 4.59 12.13 14.79 TBC 65187 2.7 23732.7 471.3 937.6 19.1 128.4 377.5 803.6 Fmin 72748 19.00 30.95 26.33 2.49 22.99 24.54 28.32 29.68 Fmax 72748 23.02 33.97 29.17 2.25 26.14 27.54 30.95 32.06 BW 72748 0.07 14.90 2.84 1.69 0.97 1.53 3.81 4.96 Fmean 72748 22.00 32.00 27.87 2.20 24.89 26.25 29.66 30.78 Fk 72748 19.51 33.97 28.88 2.26 25.81 27.26 30.65 31.75 FcH1 72748 10.51 15.49 13.60 1.11 12.07 12.76 14.52 15.10 Fc 72748 21.02 30.98 27.20 2.21 24.13 25.52 29.04 30.19 FcH3 72748 31.53 46.47 40.80 3.32 36.20 38.28 43.56 45.29 Sc 72748 -308.92 415.66 13.98 15.85 7.19 10.08 16.02 20.86 Pmc 72748 0.00 57.10 7.36 4.46 2.50 4.10 9.80 12.60 Source of acoustic data Bruce Miller Conservation status Least concern; Ver.3.1 ; Population trend - stable; evaluated 2015. (I.U.C.N. 2017.) Known distribution

Argentina Honduras Belize Mexico Bolivia Nicaragua Brazil Panama Colombia Paraguay Costa Rica Ecuador Peru El Salvador Suriname French Guiana United States Guatemala Uruguay Guyana Venezuela

Notes taxonomic note: "Called ater by many authors, but see Carter and Dolan (1978) and Dolan (1989), who argued, based on descriptions of head and ear shape of both taxa, and examination of the specimens labeled as types of rufus in the Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle in Paris, that Molossus ater Geoffroy, 1805, is really an Eumops, and that rufus is really the correct name for the large Molossus often incorrectly called ater." Simmons, N. 2005. in Wilson and Reeder. 2005. Citations Don E. Wilson & DeeAnn M. Reeder (editors). 2005. Mammal Species of the World. A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed) Johns Hopkins University Press, 2,142 pp. The IUCN 2017. Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2017-1. . Downloaded on 06 August 2017.

Authors The following collaborators have contributed to these Peruvian Fact Sheets: Bruce W. Miller Farah Carrasco Rueda

Others who have contributed call data to the master New World bat call database used to derive call parameters and graphics are cited in the Source of acoustic data topic.

Molossus sinaloae

Common names and synonyms Moloso de Sinaloa Sinaloan Mastiff Bat Call shape QCF paired high and low pulses both decreasing in frequency

Mormoops megalophylla

Common names and synonyms Peters's Ghost-faced Bat Scientific name Mormoops megalophylla (Peters, 1864) Family Mormoopidae Database species code Mormeg Call shape FM narrowband long dur single pulses

Clutter calls at cave roost Clutter and social calls at cave roost Typical feeding buzz

Approach phase Search phase with typical pulse shape for genus Search phase with simple pulse shape Search phase Vocal signature parameters Parameters N Min Max Mean St.Dev 10% 25% 75% 90% Dur 301 2.03 8.57 3.61 1.28 2.25 2.57 4.15 5.38 TBC 204 27.73 9723.53 314.14 790.75 58.51 85.51 271.76 496.12 Fmin 301 43.36 51.12 46.93 1.77 44.57 45.58 48.34 49.23 Fmax 301 48.63 55.56 51.72 1.17 50.31 50.96 52.29 53.16 BW 301 2.02 9.91 4.80 1.71 2.70 3.27 5.95 7.09 Fmean 301 47.62 53.20 50.15 0.96 49.03 49.48 50.71 51.41 Fk 301 48.34 54.98 51.60 1.10 50.16 50.79 52.29 53.16 Fc 301 47.48 53.51 50.32 1.04 49.08 49.69 50.96 51.61 Sc 301 2.46 36.92 17.17 7.72 8.56 11.21 22.33 28.68 Pmc 301 0.60 8.00 2.79 1.17 1.60 2.00 3.30 4.20 Source of acoustic data Conservation status Least concern; Ver.3.1 ; Population trend - decreasing; evaluated 2008. (I.U.C.N. 2017.) Known distribution Aruba Honduras Belize Mexico Bonaire Nicaragua Colombia Panama Curaçao Peru Ecuador Trinidad & Tobago El Salvador United States Guatemala Venezuela Guyana

Others who have contributed call data to the master New World bat call database used to derive call parameters and graphics are cited in the Source of acoustic data topic.

Mormopterus kalinowskii

Common names and synonyms Kalinowski's Mastiff Bat Scientific name Mormopterus kalinowskii (Thomas, 1893) Family Molossidae Database species code Morkal Call shape Search phase calls are narrow band FM pulses Full spectrum above and zero crossing below. Displayed with Analook Insight Feeding buzz: full spectrum above and zero crossing below. Displayed with Analook Insight Vocal signature parameters Parameters N Min Max Mean St.Dev 10% 25% 75% 90% Dur 933 1.02 20.28 6.42 3.28 1.96 3.43 9.00 10.39 TBC 875 1.0 3399.0 228.8 257.2 48.5 117.4 270.9 435.9 Fmin 933 21.86 35.40 32.20 2.06 30.53 31.50 33.61 34.19 Fmax 933 28.17 35.71 33.82 1.37 32.00 33.06 34.78 35.40 BW 933 0.23 13.24 1.62 1.59 0.55 0.84 1.82 2.48 Fmean 933 19.06 35.56 30.51 3.35 25.81 28.85 32.96 34.09 Fk 923 24.10 35.71 33.51 1.57 31.75 32.52 34.78 35.40 FcH1 923 5.82 17.86 16.32 1.14 15.39 16.00 16.95 17.24 Fc 923 11.63 35.71 32.64 2.28 30.77 32.00 33.90 34.48 FcH3 923 17.45 53.57 48.96 3.41 46.16 48.00 50.85 51.72 Sc 923 -47.23 2708.61 15.72 128.04 0.00 2.35 10.28 18.81 Pmc 923 -2.00 201.00 3.73 11.26 0.00 1.00 4.00 6.00 Source of acoustic data Joaquín Ugarte, recorded in Peru Conservation status Least concern; Ver.3.1 ; Population trend - unknown; evaluated 2017-2. (I.U.C.N. 2017.) Known distribution

Amazonas Ica Ancash Junín Apurímac Lima Arequipa La Libertad Ayacucho Lambayeque Callao Moquegua Cajamarca Pasco Huancavelica San Martín Huánuco Tacna

Others who have contributed call data to the master New World bat call database used to derive call parameters and graphics are cited in the Source of acoustic data topic.

Mormopterus phrudus

Common names and synonyms Incan Little Mastiff Bat Scientific name Mormopterus phrudus (Handley, 1956) Family Molossidae Database species code Morphr Call shape Calls shapes are not yet verified; unknown Conservation status Vulnerable; Ver.3.1 D2; Population trend - unknown; evaluated 2017-2. (I.U.C.N. 2017.) Known distribution Peru Citations The IUCN 2017. Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2017-1. . Downloaded on 06 August 2017. Authors The following collaborators have contributed to these Peruvian Fact Sheets: Bruce W. Miller Farah Carrasco Rueda

Others who have contributed call data to the master New World bat call database used to derive call parameters and graphics are cited in the Source of acoustic data topic.

Myotis albescens

Common names and synonyms Mioto blanquecino Silver-tipped Myotis Scientific name Myotis albescens (E. Geoffroy, 1806) Family Vespertilionidae Database species code Myoalb Call shape FM reversed J broadband short duration Vocal signature parameters Parameters N Min Max Mean StDev 10% 25% 75% 90% Dur 149 1.83 7.75 5.34 1.32 3.32 4.45 6.31 6.80 Fmin 149 43.13 47.90 46.60 1.07 44.94 46.11 47.34 47.62 Fmax 149 47.90 80.81 58.72 7.67 51.75 53.16 62.75 70.61 Fmean 149 46.33 51.93 48.89 1.00 47.77 48.21 49.47 50.37 Fk 149 46.78 51.61 48.74 0.87 47.59 48.19 49.23 49.69 Fc 149 45.71 48.63 47.40 0.64 46.51 46.92 47.90 48.19 Sc 149 -21.07 39.73 12.74 9.21 3.89 7.06 16.54 26.51 Pmc 149 1.50 75.30 23.93 16.54 8.36 12.00 31.80 49.44 Source of acoustic data Richrd LaVal recordings from Costa Rica Conservation status Least concern; Ver.3.1 ; Population trend - stable; evaluated 2016. (I.U.C.N. 2017.) Known distribution

Argentina Mexico Bolivia Nicaragua Brazil Panama Colombia Peru Costa Rica Paraguay Ecuador El Salvador Guatemala Suriname French Guiana Uruguay Guyana Venezuela Honduras Citations The IUCN 2017. Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2017-1. . Downloaded on 06 August 2017. Authors The following collaborators have contributed to these Peruvian Fact Sheets: Bruce W. Miller Farah Carrasco Rueda

Others who have contributed call data to the master New World bat call database used to derive call parameters and graphics are cited in the Source of acoustic data topic.

Myotis atacamensis

Common names and synonyms Atacaman Myotis Family Vespertilionidae Database species code Myoata Call shape FM reversed J broadband short duration

Vocal signature parameters Calls are not yet known. Predicted or imputed values reported by Collen (2012)

Parameters Imputed values measurement Dur 2.73 milliseconds Fmin 38.63 kHz Fmax 77.21 kHz Bandw 37.46 kHz Fmean 57.92 (Fmax+Fmin) *.5 Fc 39.57 kHz Peak Freq 47.32 kHz DomSlope 13.37 kHz/ms Total Slope 15.97 kHz/ms Conservation status Endangered; Ver.3.1 B2ab(ii,iii); Population trend - unknown; evaluated 2016. (I.U.C.N. 2017.) Citations The IUCN 2017. Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2017-1. . Downloaded on 06 August 2017. Authors The following collaborators have contributed to these Peruvian Fact Sheets: Bruce W. Miller Farah Carrasco Rueda

Others who have contributed call data to the master New World bat call database used to derive call parameters and graphics are cited in the Source of acoustic data topic.

Myotis caucensis

Call shape FM reversed J broadband short duration

Myotis keaysi

Common names and synonyms Hairy-legged Myotis Myotis pilosotibialis Scientific name Myotis keaysi J. A. Allen, 1914 Family Vespertilionidae Database species code Myokea Call shape FM reversed J broadband short duration Conservation status Least concern; Ver.3.1 ; Population trend - unknown; evaluated 2016. (I.U.C.N. 2017.) Known distribution

Argentina Ecuador Bolivia Peru Brazil Trinidad & Tobago Chile Venezuela Colombia

Others who have contributed call data to the master New World bat call database used to derive call parameters and graphics are cited in the Source of acoustic data topic.

Myotis nigricans

Common names and synonyms Black Myotis Mioto negruzco Scientific name Myotis nigricans (Schinz, 1821) Family Vespertilionidae Database species code Myonig Call shape FM reversed J broadband short duration Vocal signature parameters Parameter N Min Max Mean St.Dev 10% 25% 75% 90% Dur 57 3.00 6.92 4.74 0.82 3.71 4.15 5.17 5.92 Fmin 57 51.28 53.87 52.66 0.59 51.95 52.29 52.98 53.58 Fmax 57 56.14 72.07 63.03 4.06 57.55 60.61 65.31 68.79 Fmean 57 53.55 57.34 55.22 0.95 53.98 54.32 55.92 56.43 Fk 57 53.69 57.97 55.84 0.91 54.98 55.17 56.34 56.94 Fc 57 51.61 55.75 53.32 0.91 52.46 52.63 53.87 54.31 Sc 57 4.59 47.42 22.07 8.54 12.44 16.83 26.90 32.59 Pmc 57 3.20 35.60 18.22 7.59 8.48 11.70 22.30 29.70 Conservation status Least concern; Ver.3.1 ; Population trend - stable; evaluated 2008. (I.U.C.N. 2017.) Known distribution

Argentina Honduras Bolivia Mexico Brazil Nicaragua Colombia Panama Costa Rica Paraguay Ecuador Peru El Salvador Suriname French Guiana Uruguay Guatemala Venezuela Guyana

Notes Lasrsen et al. (2012) note that the expansive geographic distribution of M. nigricans is likely a result of failing to distinguish unrecognized species. DNA sequence data (Lasrsen et al., 2012)indicated that M. nigricans likely has a more restricted distribution than previously thought. Myonig may only be found in a small region of South America (i.e., south-eastern Brazil). They state that “If this hypothesis is accurate, then the identification of all little brown Myotis as ‘M. nigricans’ (although convenient) does not accurately reflect the diversity of small, brown, and morphologically similar Neotropical Myotis” (Lasrsen et al., 2012). Citations The IUCN 2017. Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2017-1. . Downloaded on 06 August 2017. Authors The following collaborators have contributed to these Peruvian Fact Sheets: Bruce W. Miller Farah Carrasco Rueda

Others who have contributed call data to the master New World bat call database used to derive call parameters and graphics are cited in the Source of acoustic data topic.

Myotis oxyotus

Common names and synonyms Mioto de oreja roja Montane Myotis Scientific name Myotis oxyotus (Peters, 1867) Family Vespertilionidae Database species code Myooxy Call shape FM reversed J broadband short duration Vocal signature parameters Parameters N Min Max Mean St.Dev 10% 25% 75% 90% Dur 320 2.01 6.00 4.22 0.91 3.01 3.55 4.97 5.43 TBC 320 0.00 4523.67 191.35 480.24 9.60 69.02 148.07 278.58 Fmin 320 43.01 47.34 45.75 0.79 45.07 45.45 46.24 46.51 Fmax 320 48.34 73.73 55.02 4.94 50.16 51.45 57.35 61.78 Fmean 320 46.08 51.82 47.61 0.90 46.61 47.05 48.05 48.65 Fk 320 45.45 49.69 47.68 0.74 46.65 47.20 48.19 48.50 Fc 320 45.07 47.62 46.08 0.52 45.45 45.71 46.51 46.78 Sc 320 0.00 37.97 19.60 8.45 8.68 14.15 25.57 31.26 Pmc 320 4.00 58.50 19.40 10.65 8.77 11.98 24.63 34.11 BW 320 2.12 27.22 9.27 4.91 4.36 5.84 11.59 16.03 Source of acoustic data Richard LaVal recordings from Costa Rica Conservation status Least concern; Ver.3.1 ; Population trend - unknown; evaluated 2008. (I.U.C.N. 2017.) Known distribution

Bolivia Ecuador Brazil Guyana Chile Panama Colombia Peru Costa Rica Venezuela

Others who have contributed call data to the master New World bat call database used to derive call parameters and graphics are cited in the Source of acoustic data topic.

Myotis riparius

Common names and synonyms Mioto riberino Riparian Myotis Scientific name Myotis riparius Handley 1960 Family Vespertilionidae Database species code Myorip Call shape FM reversed J broadband short duration Vocal signature parameters Parameters N Min Max Mean St.Dev 10% 25% 75% 90% Dur 145 2.08 6.70 3.77 1.12 2.46 2.93 4.54 5.36 Fmin 145 52.12 57.55 54.58 0.99 53.33 54.05 55.17 55.86 Fmax 145 58.39 108.11 74.20 13.41 60.47 64.00 80.81 96.39 Fmean 145 55.15 64.83 58.86 2.42 56.28 57.23 60.16 62.89 Fk 145 53.33 59.93 57.57 1.74 54.79 56.34 58.82 59.48 Fc 145 54.05 57.76 55.65 0.85 54.42 55.17 56.34 56.74 Sc 145 -34.19 104.91 31.26 28.11 -10.12 16.10 50.21 62.91 Pmc 145 4.80 91.90 33.33 23.97 9.58 14.90 46.50 75.90 Source of acoustic data Richard LaVal recorded in Costa Rica Baratraud recorded in French Guiana Conservation status Least concern; Ver.3.1 ; Population trend - stable; evaluated 2016. (I.U.C.N. 2017.) Known distribution

Argentina Honduras Bolivia Nicaragua Brazil Panama Colombia Paraguay Costa Rica Peru Ecuador Suriname French Guiana Uruguay Guyana Venezuela Notes Small sample size, more calls are necessary for a more robust set of parameters Citations The IUCN 2017. Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2017-1. . Downloaded on 06 August 2017. Authors The following collaborators have contributed to these Peruvian Fact Sheets: Bruce W. Miller Farah Carrasco Rueda

Others who have contributed call data to the master New World bat call database used to derive call parameters and graphics are cited in the Source of acoustic data topic.

Myotis simus

Common names and synonyms Velvety Myotis Scientific name Myotis simus Thomas, 1901 Family Vespertilionidae Database species code Myosim Call shape FM reversed J broadband short duration Vocal signature parameters Parameters N Min Max Mean St.Dev 10% 25% 75% 90% Dur 47 0.00 5.87 1.93 1.55 0.36 0.88 2.66 4.47 TBC 47 0.00 212.03 47.07 50.69 1.34 2.03 67.11 92.79 Fmin 47 47.90 66.12 54.37 4.00 50.31 51.61 56.94 58.74 Fmax 47 53.33 82.47 62.46 7.28 54.79 56.34 66.68 73.66 Fmean 44 51.28 63.75 56.92 3.63 52.65 53.35 59.81 61.51 Fk 47 52.98 66.12 58.51 3.80 53.33 55.37 61.31 64.21 Fc 47 50.00 62.99 55.60 3.46 52.15 52.46 58.39 60.15 Sc 47 9.00 1625.94 175.33 336.61 28.70 51.67 131.41 222.69 Pmc 47 1.30 53.60 12.37 11.54 3.24 4.60 16.80 28.38 BW 44 1.04 30.86 8.65 6.95 2.73 4.11 10.88 19.55 Imputed values from Collen 2012 Dur 3.1 ms Fmin 49.55 kHz Fmax 89.08 kHz Fc 51.11 kHz Peak Freq. 57.74 kHz Dominant slope 10.38 kHz/ms Total slope 13.85 kHz/ms BW 38.61 kHz

Source of acoustic data Single recorded file inthe Department of Loereto in Peru and iumputed values extracted from Collen 2012. Conservation status Data deficient; Ver.3.1 ; Population trend - unknown; evaluated 2016. (I.U.C.N. 2017.) Known distribution

Argentina Ecuador Bolivia Paraguay Brazil Peru Colombia

Others who have contributed call data to the master New World bat call database used to derive call parameters and graphics are cited in the Source of acoustic data topic.

Noctilio albiventris

Common names and synonyms Lesser Bulldog Bat Noctilio minor Family Noctilionidae Database species code Nocalb Call shape QCF continuing as broad band decreasing FM pulse Frequently recorded incomplete pulses

Seach sequence Search phase Vocal signature parameters Parameters N Min Max Mean St.Dev 10% 25% 75% 90% Dur 1248 1.00 14.20 4.12 2.41 1.36 2.04 5.66 7.30 TBC 1218 1.2 2665.7 110.7 225.0 6.8 24.3 110.3 201.7 Fmin 1248 30.02 69.26 40.94 6.40 33.47 37.21 43.60 48.38 Fmax 1248 40.00 72.73 50.77 8.25 41.88 44.44 55.41 64.78 BW 1248 0.21 39.04 9.83 7.05 2.65 4.37 13.56 20.08 Fmean 1248 35.65 69.57 46.18 6.39 40.07 41.86 48.74 53.31 Fk 1248 40.00 69.87 48.50 6.91 41.56 43.72 51.28 56.54 Fc 1248 38.00 70.18 45.13 6.69 39.28 40.92 46.51 51.61 Sc 1248 -677.38 815.04 75.19 102.01 9.14 15.56 112.23 182.23 Pmc 1248 0.00 72.70 12.82 12.76 2.20 4.30 17.10 30.56 Conservation status Least concern; Ver.3.1 ; Population trend - stable; evaluated 2015. (I.U.C.N. 2017.) Known distribution

Argentina Guyana Bolivia Honduras Brazil Mexico Colombia Nicaragua Costa Rica Panama Ecuador Paraguay El Salvador Peru Suriname French Guiana Venezuela Guatemala

Others who have contributed call data to the master New World bat call database used to derive call parameters and graphics are cited in the Source of acoustic data topic.

Noctilio leporinus

Common names and synonyms Greater Bulldog Bat Family Noctilionidae Database species code Noclep Call shape QCF continuing as broad band decreasing FM pulse

Search phase Frequently recorded incomplete calls Vocal signature parameters Parameters N Min Max Mean St.Dev 10% 25% 75% 90% Dur 278 5.06 14.14 9.36 2.40 6.06 7.20 11.24 12.30 TBC 236 30.5 8386.4 285.3 629.0 48.6 61.5 275.1 481.2 Fmin 278 30.08 54.79 48.83 5.42 41.18 47.76 52.25 53.33 Fmax 278 52.12 56.34 54.54 0.85 53.33 54.05 55.17 55.56 BW 278 0.36 25.48 5.71 5.52 1.18 2.09 6.84 13.14 Fmean 278 47.36 55.36 53.41 1.36 51.86 53.07 54.27 54.71 Fk 278 51.28 56.14 54.11 0.92 52.98 53.51 54.79 55.17 Fc 278 50.96 56.14 54.03 0.91 52.81 53.51 54.79 54.98 Sc 278 -15.60 19.67 0.30 3.94 -2.90 -1.30 1.32 2.76 Pmc 278 0.00 7.30 0.95 1.04 0.00 0.30 1.00 2.00 Conservation status Least concern; Ver.3.1 ; Population trend - unknown; evaluated 2015. (I.U.C.N. 2017.) Known distribution

Antigua & Barbuda Haiti Argentina Honduras Barbados Jamaica Belize Martinique Bolivia Mexico Brazil Montserrat British Virgin Is. Nicaragua Colombia Panama Costa Rica Paraguay Cuba Peru Curaçao Puerto Rico Dominica Saint Martin Dominican Republic Sint Maarten Ecuador St. Kitts & Nevis El Salvador St. Lucia French Guiana St. Vincent & the Grenadines Grenada Suriname Guadeloupe Trinidad & Tobago Guatemala Venezuela Guyana Virgin Islands

Others who have contributed call data to the master New World bat call database used to derive call parameters and graphics are cited in the Source of acoustic data topic.

Nyctinomops aurispinosus

Common names and synonyms Incan Little Mastiff Bat Peale's Free-tailed Bat Scientific name Nyctinomops aurispinosus (Peale, 1848) Family Molossidae Database species code Nycaur Call shape QCF paired high and low pulses both decreasing in frequency Conservation status Least concern; Ver.3.1 ; Population trend - unknown; evaluated 2008. (I.U.C.N. 2017.) Known distribution

Brazil Panama Colombia Peru Ecuador Venezuela Mexico

Others who have contributed call data to the master New World bat call database used to derive call parameters and graphics are cited in the Source of acoustic data topic.

Nyctinomops laticaudatus

Common names and synonyms Broad-eared Free-tailed Bat Murciélago de cola libre labipartido Call shape Pulses generally are low frequency FM to QCF decreasing in frequency Search phase calls are only slightly variable, although approach and feeding buzz sequecnees may be confused with other Molossids. Also note search phase calls of Embalonurids in the genus Diclidurus are a shorter duration but may be confused.

Searhc phase Search phase

Search phase Clutter calls near roost

Hand release Approach

Feeding buzz Diclidurus albus may be confusing w/o experience

Nyctinomops macrotis

Common names and synonyms Big Free-tailed Bat Nyctinomops aequatoralis J. A. Allen, 1914 Scientific name Nyctinomops macrotis (Gray, 1840) Family Molossidae Database species code Nycmac Call shape QCF paired high and low pulses both decreasing in frequency Vocal signature parameters Parameters N Min Max Mean St.Dev 10% 25% 75% 90% Dur 2909 4.00 24.08 8.75 3.55 4.66 5.78 10.91 13.59 TBC 2294 4.7 12165.3 960.9 1058.7 17.8 355.2 1233.4 2052.0 Fmin 2909 10.46 21.86 13.37 1.98 11.48 11.89 14.31 15.90 Fmax 2909 12.01 25.97 16.63 3.98 12.48 13.18 19.18 23.26 BW 2909 0.15 13.54 3.27 2.63 0.77 1.21 4.68 7.43 Fmean 2909 11.51 23.58 14.56 2.54 11.96 12.45 16.11 18.17 Fk 2909 11.20 25.72 14.98 2.69 12.18 12.78 16.56 18.82 Fc 2909 11.00 23.67 14.15 2.39 11.82 12.27 15.41 17.54 Sc 2909 -144.71 138.51 27.50 21.57 5.43 12.76 39.57 53.98 Pmc 2909 0.00 81.60 16.80 14.76 3.60 6.10 23.10 38.10 Conservation status Least concern; Ver.3.1 ; Population trend - unknown; evaluated 2015. (I.U.C.N. 2017.) Known distribution

Argentina Haiti Bolivia Jamaica Brazil Mexico Colombia Panama Cuba Paraguay Dominican Republic Peru Ecuador Suriname French Guiana United States Guyana Venezuela

Others who have contributed call data to the master New World bat call database used to derive call parameters and graphics are cited in the Source of acoustic data topic.

Peropteryx kappleri

Common names and synonyms Greater Dog-like Bat Murciélago de Kappler Murciélago grande cara de perro Scientific name Peropteryx kappleri Peters, 1867 Family Emballonuridae Database species code Perkap Call shape Narrow band FM sloping single pulses

Typical search phase

Search phase transitioning into a feeding buzz Multiple feeding buzzes Vocal signature parameters Parameters N Min Max Mean St.Dev 10% 25% 75% 90% Dur 4549 3.00 15.67 7.77 2.47 3.96 5.75 9.81 10.71 TBC 3875 4.8 8952.5 652.7 854.1 213.2 254.7 672.5 1146.4 Fmin 4549 22.01 33.33 29.63 1.39 27.97 29.04 30.42 30.89 Fmax 4549 30.02 33.97 31.33 0.75 30.59 30.83 31.62 32.59 BW 4549 0.19 9.37 1.70 1.38 0.56 0.75 2.42 3.62 Fmean 4549 28.06 33.62 30.77 0.68 30.10 30.33 31.02 31.90 Fk 4549 30.02 33.97 31.28 0.74 30.53 30.77 31.56 32.52 Fc 4549 28.12 33.76 30.66 0.67 29.96 30.19 30.95 31.75 Sc 4549 -7.87 172.15 5.14 5.97 2.94 3.48 5.55 7.48 Pmc 4549 0.00 14.40 2.18 1.04 1.10 1.50 2.60 3.30 Conservation status Least concern; Ver.3.1 ; Population trend - unknown; evaluated 2008. (I.U.C.N. 2017.) Known distribution

Belize Guyana Bolivia Honduras Brazil Mexico Colombia Nicaragua Costa Rica Panama Ecuador Peru El Salvador Suriname French Guiana Venezuela Guatemala

Others who have contributed call data to the master New World bat call database used to derive call parameters and graphics are cited in the Source of acoustic data topic.

Peropteryx leucoptera

Common names and synonyms Murciélago cara de perro de alas blancas White-winged Dog-like Bat Scientific name Peropteryx leucoptera Peters, 1867 Family Emballonuridae Database species code Perleu Call shape Presumed narrow band FM sloping single pulses as in other species in the genus Vocal signature parameters Parameters N Mean Dur Estimated 8.00 Fmin Estimated 29.46 Fmax Estimated 32.74 Fmean Estimated 32.20 Fc Estimated 32.23

Predicted by Collen (2012) Parameters Imputed values Dur 8 Fmin 29.46 Fmax 32.74 Bandw 3.37 Fmean 31.1 Fc 32.2 Peak Freq 32.23 DomSlope 0.42 Total Slope 0.22 Conservation status Least concern; Ver.3.1 ; Population trend - unknown; evaluated 2015. (I.U.C.N. 2017.) Known distribution

Bolivia Guyana Brazil Peru Colombia Suriname Ecuador Venezuela French Guiana

Others who have contributed call data to the master New World bat call database used to derive call parameters and graphics are cited in the Source of acoustic data topic.

Peropteryx macrotis

Common names and synonyms Lesser Dog-like Bat Murciélago menor cara de perro Murciélago orejón Scientific name Peropteryx macrotis (Wagner, 1843) Family Emballonuridae Call shape Narrow band FM sloping single pulses

Search phase of female Search phase of male Hand release

Feeding buzz Vocal signature parameters Parameters N Min Max Mean St.Dev 10% 25% 75% 90% Dur 4549 3.00 15.67 7.77 2.47 3.96 5.75 9.81 10.71 TBC 3875 4.2 8952.5 652.7 854.1 213.2 254.8 672.5 1146.5 Fmin 4549 22.01 33.33 29.63 1.39 27.97 29.04 30.42 30.89 Fmax 4549 30.02 33.97 31.33 0.75 30.59 30.83 31.62 32.59 BW 4549 0.19 9.37 1.70 1.38 0.56 0.75 2.42 3.62 Fmean 4549 28.06 33.62 30.77 0.68 30.10 30.33 31.02 31.90 Fk 4549 30.02 33.97 31.28 0.74 30.53 30.77 31.56 32.52 Fc 4549 28.12 33.76 30.66 0.67 29.96 30.19 30.95 31.75 Sc 4549 -7.87 172.15 5.14 5.97 2.94 3.48 5.55 7.48 Pmc 4549 0.00 14.40 2.18 1.04 1.10 1.50 2.60 3.30 Conservation status Least concern; Ver.3.1 ; Population trend - stable; evaluated 2015. (I.U.C.N. 2017.) Known distribution

Belize Guyana Bolivia Honduras Brazil Mexico Colombia Nicaragua Costa Rica Panama Ecuador Paraguay El Salvador Peru French Guiana Suriname Grenada Trinidad & Tobago Guatemala Venezuela

Others who have contributed call data to the master New World bat call database used to derive call parameters and graphics are cited in the Source of acoustic data topic.

Peropteryx pallidoptera

Common names and synonyms Murciélago cara de perro de alas pálidas White-winged Dog-like Bat Scientific name Peropteryx pallidoptera Lim et al., 2010 Family Emballonuridae Database species code Perpal Call shape Presumed narrow band FM sloping single pulses as in other species in the genus Vocal signature parameters NA Predicted values based on Comparison of FA size with other species in genus

FA Predicted Dur Predicted Fc Predicted Fmax Predicted Fmin 40.8 4.94 35.16 43.93 41.99 Conservation status Data deficient; Ver.3.1 ; Population trend - unknown; evaluated 2017-2. (I.U.C.N. 2017.) Known distribution

Brazil Peru Ecuador

Others who have contributed call data to the master New World bat call database used to derive call parameters and graphics are cited in the Source of acoustic data topic. Copyright © 2018. Bruce Miller and Farah Carrasco Rueda All rights reserved. Bat Call Fact Sheets

Promops centralis

Common names and synonyms Big Crested Mastiff Bat Murciélago de cola libre Centroamericana Promops occultus Thomas, 1915 Scientific name Promops centralis Thomas, 1915 Family Molossidae Database species code Procen Call shape Frequently calls include paired pulses of increasing frequency low/fm up qcf pulses at one narrow range with higher frequency pulses well above the lower pulses that decrease from as a high fm down to a qcf pulses. Note that it is common to only record the only lower increasing frequency pulses during the search phase. The commute phase calls have a very distinctive long duration CF component followed by an increasing fm component at the end of each pulse. Feeding buzzes are typical of Molossids with a very short pulse duration and large band width.

Search phase with decreasing upper FM pulses Very long duration >75 ms commute calls

Feeding buzz

Long duration commute calls

Feediing buzz transitioning back to search phase Search phase: note upper FM pulses are not always present

Vocal signature parameters Parameters N Min Max Mean St.Dev 10% 25% 75% 90% Dur 483 1.11 20.12 2.71 2.86 1.21 1.48 2.40 5.00 TBC 457 1.91 8988.07 160.85 512.45 2.52 2.92 237.99 362.12 Fmin 483 24.02 28.73 26.23 0.73 25.28 25.66 26.76 27.07 BW 483 0.00 2.87 0.42 0.53 0.09 0.13 0.43 1.03 Fmax 483 25.16 28.93 26.65 0.71 25.68 26.19 27.03 27.44 Fmean 483 25.13 28.80 26.49 0.65 25.60 26.05 26.92 27.23 Fk 483 25.00 28.93 26.33 0.71 25.40 25.76 26.80 27.16 Fc 483 25.08 28.88 26.52 0.67 25.64 26.02 26.98 27.30 Sc 483 -14.81 7.88 -5.25 4.11 -10.09 -7.84 -2.99 0.00 Pmc 483 0.00 8.90 0.52 1.02 0.00 0.00 0.50 1.20

Source of acoustic data Bruce Miller recordings Conservation status Least concern; Ver.3.1 ; Population trend - unknown; evaluated 2008. (I.U.C.N. 2017.) Known distribution

Argentina Guyana Belize Honduras Bolivia Mexico Brazil Nicaragua Colombia Panama Costa Rica Paraguay Ecuador Peru El Salvador Suriname French Guiana Trinidad & Tobago Guatemala Venezuela

Citations Jung K, Molinari J, Kalko EK (2014) Driving factors for the evolution of species-specific echolocation call design in new world free-tailed bats (molossidae). PLoS One 9: e85279. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0085279 The IUCN 2017. Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2017-1. . Downloaded on 06 August 2017. Authors The following collaborators have contributed to these Peruvian Fact Sheets: Bruce W. Miller Farah Carrasco Rueda

Others who have contributed call data to the master New World bat call database used to derive call parameters and graphics are cited in the Source of acoustic data topic.

Promops davisoni

Common names and synonyms Promops centralis Thomas, 1915 Scientific name Promops davisoni Thomas, 1921 Family Molossidae Database species code Prodav Call shape Presumed to be Increasing frequency QCF pulses at one narrow range with higher frequency QCF pulses decreasing

Full spectrum Search and feeding buzz Vocal signature parameters NA Conservation status Data deficient; Ver.3.1 ; Population trend - unknown; evaluated 2017-2. (I.U.C.N. 2017.) Known distribution Ecuador Peru Citations The IUCN 2017. Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2017-1. . Downloaded on 06 August 2017. Authors The following collaborators have contributed to these Peruvian Fact Sheets: Bruce W. Miller Farah Carrasco Rueda

Others who have contributed call data to the master New World bat call database used to derive call parameters and graphics are cited in the Source of acoustic data topic.

Pteronotus davyi

Common names and synonyms Davy's Naked-backed Bat Murciélago de Davy Pteronotus davyi calvus Pteronotus davyi fulvus Pteronotus davyi incae Scientific name Pteronotus davyi Gray, 1838 Family Mormoopidae Database species code Ptedav Call shape QCF-FM-QCF broad band reversed S or lazy Z

Full spectrum search phase. The fundamental harmonic can be seen below the dominant harmonic Typical search phase

It is not uncommon to only record the lower frequencies As a very gregarious species jamming avoidance frequency shifts are frequently seen Calls of both P. davyi and P. gymnonotus Calls of both P. davyi and P. personatus Vocal signature parameters Parameters N Min Max Mean St.Dev 10% 25% 75% 90% Dur 1058 1.01 7.77 4.36 1.39 2.39 3.19 5.41 6.10 TBC 798 6.83 7068.09 412.31 933.78 59.93 64.64 204.02 786.02 Fmin 1058 52.29 67.80 58.79 3.41 56.14 56.94 60.15 64.60 Fmax 1058 59.04 69.26 67.76 1.27 67.23 67.51 68.38 68.67 BW 1058 0.26 15.51 8.97 3.67 2.20 6.63 11.15 11.83 Fmean 1058 58.02 68.31 64.30 1.94 62.52 63.00 66.08 67.17 Fk 1058 57.55 67.80 62.78 3.92 58.61 59.26 67.23 67.51 Fc 1058 54.42 68.97 61.87 4.93 57.14 57.55 67.51 67.80 Sc 1058 -404.37 369.56 16.92 33.19 -5.38 -2.54 30.34 48.67 Pmc 1058 0.00 24.40 10.18 8.91 0.00 0.40 18.50 19.10 Source of acoustic data Bruce Miller ZC files Brock Fenton full spectrum Conservation status Least concern; Ver.3.1 ; Population trend - stable; evaluated 2008. (I.U.C.N. 2017.) Known distribution

Belize Guyana Brazil Honduras Colombia Martinique Costa Rica Mexico Curaçao Nicaragua Dominica Panama El Salvador Peru French Guiana Suriname Grenada Trinidad & Tobago Guatemala Venezuela

Others who have contributed call data to the master New World bat call database used to derive call parameters and graphics are cited in the Source of acoustic data topic.

Pteronotus gymnonotus

Common names and synonyms Big Naked-backed Bat Murciélago de oído Pteronotus suapurensis Scientific name Pteronotus gymnonotus Natterer, 1843 Family Mormoopidae Database species code Ptegym Call shape QCF-FM-QCF broad band reversed S or lazy Z Calls of both P. gymnonotus and P. personatus Calls of both P. gymnonotus and P. davyi Typical feeding buzz Frequently only the upper portions of the calls are recorded Typical search phase Vocal signature parameters Parameters N Min Max Mean St.Dev 10% 25% 75% 90% Dur 3962 1.50 9.08 4.40 1.48 3.08 5.54 2.33 6.12 TBC 3317 3.27 8302.22 337.40 564.60 134.30 289.11 94.42 558.51 Fmin 3962 43.01 54.79 48.03 3.32 45.71 50.79 44.57 53.69 Fmax 3962 50.16 57.76 55.00 0.62 54.79 55.36 54.05 55.56 BW 3962 0.17 12.82 6.97 3.43 3.95 9.27 0.93 10.54 Fmean 3962 48.02 55.00 52.86 1.22 52.05 53.93 51.46 54.60 Fk 3962 48.34 56.54 54.42 0.63 54.24 54.79 53.69 54.98 Fc 3962 44.57 55.94 54.64 0.93 54.42 55.17 53.69 55.36 Sc 3962 -22.85 215.17 -1.76 12.05 -6.12 0.00 -8.60 2.32 Pmc 3962 0.00 14.00 0.66 1.26 0.00 0.70 0.00 1.00 Conservation status Least concern; Ver.3.1 ; Population trend - stable; evaluated 2008. (I.U.C.N. 2017.) Known distribution Belize Guatemala Bolivia Guyana Brazil Honduras Colombia Mexico Costa Rica Nicaragua Ecuador Panama El Salvador Peru French Guiana Venezuela

Others who have contributed call data to the master New World bat call database used to derive call parameters and graphics are cited in the Source of acoustic data topic.

Pteronotus personatus

Common names and synonyms Murciélago enmascarado Pteronotus personatus psilotis Wagner's Mustached Bat Scientific name Pteronotus personatus (Wagner, 1843) Family Mormoopidae Database species code Pteper Call shape QCF-FM-QCF broad band reversed S or lazy Z Calls of both P. personatus and P. davyi Search phase with fundamental harmonic Feeding buzz Typical search phase sequence Vocal signature parameters Parameters N Min Max Mean St.Dev 10% 25% 75% 90% Dur 12877 2.00 9.54 3.90 1.31 2.31 2.76 4.88 5.77 TBC 10361 2.3 13623.4 452.8 1205.9 47.4 58.3 240.2 752.1 Fmin 12877 64.00 80.81 67.50 1.90 65.57 66.39 68.38 69.26 Fmax 12877 72.07 85.56 78.67 2.90 74.42 76.56 80.81 82.05 BW 12877 1.30 19.72 11.17 3.55 5.98 8.42 13.86 15.22 Fmean 12877 69.00 82.78 72.12 2.54 69.32 69.89 73.91 75.69 Fk 12877 67.23 84.66 70.82 2.80 68.38 69.26 71.43 74.77 Fc 12877 66.67 82.90 69.07 2.63 67.23 67.80 69.26 72.07 Sc 12877 -97.22 149.99 29.61 30.76 0.00 9.61 41.17 69.79 Pmc 12877 0.00 28.30 14.05 5.91 5.00 9.80 18.80 20.20 Conservation status Least concern; Ver.3.1 ; Population trend - stable; evaluated 2016. (I.U.C.N. 2017.) Known distribution Known distribution

Belize Guyana Bolivia Honduras Brazil Mexico Colombia Nicaragua Costa Rica Panama Ecuador Peru El Salvador Suriname French Guiana Venezuela Guatemala

Others who have contributed call data to the master New World bat call database used to derive call parameters and graphics are cited in the Source of acoustic data topic.

Pteronotus rubiginosus

Common names and synonyms Mustached Bat 53 kHz Scientific name Pteronotus rubiginosus Wagner, 1843 Family Mormoopidae Database species code Pterub Call shape CF long duration horizontal calls at the same frequency Conservation status As Pteronotus parnellii - Least concern; Ver.3.1 ; Population trend - unknown; evaluated 2017-2. (I.U.C.N. 2017.) Known distribution

Brazil Honduras French Guiana Nicaragua Colombia Panama Costa Rica Peru French Guiana Suriname Guyana Venezuela

Citations Dávalos, L. M. 2006. The geography of diversification in the mormoopids Chiroptera: (Mormoopidae). Biological Journal of Linnean Society.88: 101-118. The IUCN 2017. Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2017-1. . Downloaded on 06 August 2017. Thoisy, B. D., Et al. 2014. Cryptic Diversity in Common Mustached Bats Pteronotus cf. parnellii (Mormoopidae) in French Guiana and Brazilian Amapa. Acta Chiropterologica.16: 1-13. Authors The following collaborators have contributed to these Peruvian Fact Sheets: Bruce W. Miller Farah Carrasco Rueda

Others who have contributed call data to the master New World bat call database used to derive call parameters and graphics are cited in the Source of acoustic data topic.

Rhogeessa hussoni

Common names and synonyms Husson's Yellow Bat Scientific name Rhogeessa hussoni Genoways and Baker, 1996 Family Vespertilionidae Database species code Rhohus Call shape Calls shapes are not yet verified;presummed to be FM reversed J broadband short duration Conservation status Data deficient; Ver.3.1 ; Population trend - unknown; evaluated 2016. (I.U.C.N. 2017.) Known distribution Brazil Peru Suriname Citations The IUCN 2017. Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2017-1. . Downloaded on 06 August 2017. Authors The following collaborators have contributed to these Peruvian Fact Sheets: Bruce W. Miller Farah Carrasco Rueda

Others who have contributed call data to the master New World bat call database used to derive call parameters and graphics are cited in the Source of acoustic data topic.

Rhogeessa io

Common names and synonyms Murciélago io Thomas's Yellow Bat Scientific name Rhogeessa io Thomas, 1903 Family Vespertilionidae Database species code Rhoio Call shape FM reversed J broadband short duration Conservation status Least concern; Ver.3.1 ; Population trend - unknown; evaluated 2016. (I.U.C.N. 2017.) Known distribution

Bolivia Honduras Brazil Nicaragua Colombia Panama Costa Rica Peru Ecuador Suriname French Guiana Trinidad & Tobago Guyana Venezuela

Others who have contributed call data to the master New World bat call database used to derive call parameters and graphics are cited in the Source of acoustic data topic.

Rhogeessa velilla

Common names and synonyms Ecuadorian Little Yellow Bat Call shape Calls shapes are not yet verified;presummed to be FM reversed J broadband short duration

Rhynchonycteris naso

Common names and synonyms Murciélago narigón Proboscis Bat Scientific name Rhynchonycteris naso (Wied-Neuwied, 1820) Family Emballonuridae Database species code Rhynas Call shape Broad band QCF pulse followed by steep FM sloping long or short dur Social calls recorded at a roost as bats took flight. Hand release showing both Fc at the second harmonic as well as at the third harmonic. Fc at the 2nd harmonic with two individual bats using jamming avoidance frequency shift. Fc at the third harmonic Vocal signature parameters Parameters N Min Max Mean St.Dev 10% 25% 75% 90% Dur 1369 0.17 7.75 1.96 2.19 0.19 0.30 3.25 5.88 TBC 1261 0.26 11732.9 436.1 1383.6 0.59 1.8 158.7 697.9 Fmin 1369 65.04 89.89 79.65 5.81 71.75 75.47 84.21 86.49 Fmax 1369 80.00 96.39 88.68 3.29 83.33 86.49 91.43 92.06 BW 1369 0.00 28.01 9.03 5.94 1.64 5.00 13.16 18.37 Fmean 1369 75.24 94.58 86.21 3.82 80.27 83.61 88.89 90.40 Fk 1369 65.04 95.24 85.86 6.05 76.92 83.33 89.89 91.43 Fc 1369 80.00 94.67 87.11 3.83 81.22 83.77 89.89 91.43 Sc 1369 -2711.40 1015.06 -151.60 505.59 -883.79 -128.19 46.18 196.62 Pmc 1369 0.00 15.00 1.87 2.71 0.00 0.00 2.20 6.30

Reported by Kalko, 1995. BF = Best frequency of QCF or CF component Parameters N Min Max Mean +/- Dur 31 3.20 6.70 5.00 0.80 TBC 82 27.5 107.4 53.8 19.8 BF 70 100.00 103.60 102.50 0.90 Conservation status Least concern; Ver.3.1 ; Population trend - unknown; evaluated 2016. (I.U.C.N. 2017.) Known distribution

Belize Guyana Bolivia Honduras Brazil Mexico Colombia Nicaragua Costa Rica Panama Ecuador Peru El Salvador Suriname French Guiana Trinidad & Tobago Guatemala Venezuela

Citations Kalko, E. K. V. 1995. Echolocation signal design, foraging habitats and guild structure in six Neotropical sheath-tailed bats (Emballonuridae) Pp. 259-273 in Ecology, Evolution and Behaviour of Bats (P. A. Racey and S. M. Swift, eds.). The Zoological Society of London, Oxford The IUCN 2017. Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2017-1. . Downloaded on 06 August 2017. Authors The following collaborators have contributed to these Peruvian Fact Sheets: Bruce W. Miller Farah Carrasco Rueda

Others who have contributed call data to the master New World bat call database used to derive call parameters and graphics are cited in the Source of acoustic data topic.

Saccopteryx bilineata

Common names and synonyms Greater Sac-winged Bat Greater White-lined Bat Murciélago listado Murciélago negro de listas Scientific name Saccopteryx bilineata (Temminck, 1838) Family Emballonuridae Database species code Sacbil Call shape Paired QCF inverted "U" ascending pulses higher freq. pulse follows lower pulse Feeding buzz, note the drop in frequencies

Search phase pulse shapes may be more exaggerated Typical paired search phase calls Vocal signature parameters Parameters N Min Max Mean St.Dev 10% 25% 75% 90% Dur 32802 3.00 8.50 6.05 1.35 4.05 5.10 7.09 7.79 TBC 30247 3.8 11772.9 301.2 699.6 61.5 81.8 230.3 489.8 Fmin 32802 42.11 48.63 45.09 1.44 43.13 43.96 46.24 46.92 Fmax 32802 43.24 50.00 46.93 1.30 45.20 45.98 47.90 48.63 BW 32802 0.24 7.56 1.84 0.89 0.99 1.24 2.21 3.10 Fmean 32802 42.83 49.00 46.45 1.29 44.68 45.53 47.42 48.12 Fk 32802 42.11 50.00 45.98 1.35 44.08 44.94 47.06 47.76 Fc 32802 43.01 50.00 46.86 1.31 45.07 45.98 47.76 48.63 Sc 32802 -309.78 13.76 -6.60 10.98 -10.31 -7.50 -3.91 -2.81 Pmc 32802 0.00 0.60 0.16 0.19 0.00 0.00 0.30 0.30

Reported by Kalko, 1995. BF = Best frequency of QCF or CF component Parameters N Min Max Mean +/- Dur 41 7.00 12.40 9.40 1.30 TBC 41 68.2 114.8 85.5 20.1 First BF 60 43.80 45.80 45.10 0.50

Parameters N Min Max Mean +/- Dur 38 5.30 11.60 9.00 1.70 TBC 38 27.7 65.3 52 9.1 Second BF 57 46.10 48.10 47.10 0.60

Source of acoustic data Bruce Miller recordings Parameters reported by Kalko (1995) Conservation status Least concern; Ver.3.1 ; Population trend - unknown; evaluated 2015. (I.U.C.N. 2017.) Known distribution

Belize Mexico Bolivia Nicaragua Brazil Panama Colombia Peru Costa Rica Paraguay Ecuador El Salvador Guatemala Suriname French Guiana Trinidad & Tobago Guyana Venezuela Honduras

Citations Kalko, E. K. V. 1995. Echolocation signal design, foraging habitats and guild structure in six Neotropical sheath-tailed bats (Emballonuridae) Pp. 259-273 in Ecology, Evolution and Behaviour of Bats (P. A. Racey and S. M. Swift, eds.). The Zoological Society of London, Oxford. The IUCN 2017. Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2017-1. . Downloaded on 06 August 2017.

Authors The following collaborators have contributed to these Peruvian Fact Sheets: Bruce W. Miller Farah Carrasco Rueda

Others who have contributed call data to the master New World bat call database used to derive call parameters and graphics are cited in the Source of acoustic data topic.

Saccopteryx canescens

Common names and synonyms Frosted Sac-winged Bat Saccopteryx pumila Thomas, 1914 Scientific name Saccopteryx canescens Thomas, 1901 Family Emballonuridae Database species code Saccan Call shape Wav file from French Guiana courtesy of Vincent Rufray, Directeur de l’Agence Amazonie, 30 Domaine de Montabo - 97300 Cayenne Single QCF inverted "U" pulses, shown in zero-crossing (AnalookW v 4.2.n) and WAV format (Kaleidoscope 4.5.1). The latter showing multiple harmonics with the maximum call energy being on the H2. These pulses are similar to both species of Centronycteris. This single pulse pattern is also occasionally seen in S. bilineata when hanging stationary on vegetation. When actively flying Sacbil reverts to the stepped alternating high/low two frequency pulses.

Vocal signature parameters Parameters N Min Max Mean St.Dev 10% 25% 75% 90% Dur 54 0.86 8.74 4.51 1.98 1.98 3.11 5.57 7.19 TBC 53 14.02 220.36 85.54 35.33 55.07 68.14 94.84 101.63 Fmin 54 39.80 50.63 45.92 2.38 43.48 44.02 47.27 49.60 Fmax 54 50.63 54.42 52.74 0.72 51.95 52.38 52.98 53.69 BW 54 0.98 13.18 6.83 2.48 3.32 5.49 8.78 9.58 Fmean 54 48.62 52.50 51.46 0.63 50.91 51.34 51.80 51.97 Fk 54 49.38 52.63 51.71 0.78 50.73 51.28 52.29 52.63 Fc 54 49.08 52.98 52.12 0.78 51.28 51.95 52.63 52.98 Sc 54 -98.10 96.34 -2.64 30.97 -25.17 -9.65 0.00 27.21 Pmc 54 0.00 9.50 1.21 1.69 0.00 0.00 1.98 3.27 Source of acoustic data Vincent Rufray, Directeur de l’Agence Amazonie Conservation status Least concern; Ver.3.1 ; Population trend - unknown; evaluated 2015. (I.U.C.N. 2017.) Known distribution

Brazil Peru Colombia Suriname Ecuador Trinidad & Tobago French Guiana Venezuela Guyana

Citations Barataud, M., Et al. 2013. Sonar signals and acoustic ecology of French Guiana bats. Rhinolophe. 19: 103-145. The IUCN 2017. Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2017-1. . Downloaded on 06 August 2017.

Authors The following collaborators have contributed to these Peruvian Fact Sheets: Bruce W. Miller Farah Carrasco Rueda

Others who have contributed call data to the master New World bat call database used to derive call parameters and graphics are cited in the Source of acoustic data topic.

Saccopteryx leptura

Common names and synonyms Lesser Sac-winged Bat Murciélago de ala delgada Murciélago marrón de listas Scientific name Saccopteryx leptura (Schreber, 1774) Family Emballonuridae Database species code Saclep Call shape QCF paired inverted U pulses low to high freq.

Feeding buzz, note drop in frequencies Typical paired search phase calls Vocal signature parameters Parameters N Min Max Mean St.Dev 0.10 0.25 0.75 0.90 Dur 12900 1.00 8.68 4.37 1.69 1.78 3.06 5.64 6.38 TBC 12329 1.4 11023.5 308.0 798.1 44.9 54.3 198.7 484.1 Fmin 12900 48.05 59.93 53.32 1.91 50.96 51.78 54.79 55.75 Fmax 12900 52.12 61.54 55.23 1.64 53.16 53.87 56.54 57.35 BW 12900 0.00 8.09 1.91 0.85 0.77 1.33 2.41 2.97 Fmean 12900 51.05 60.57 54.66 1.66 52.58 53.25 56.01 56.83 Fk 12900 50.00 59.93 54.07 1.74 51.78 52.63 55.56 56.34 Fc 12900 52.12 61.54 55.08 1.64 52.98 53.69 56.34 57.14 Sc 12900 -20.00 36.94 -8.63 4.66 -15.25 -11.47 -5.55 -3.66 Pmc 12900 0.00 3.40 0.26 0.34 0.00 0.00 0.40 0.70

Reported by Kalko, 1995. BF = Best frequency of QCF or CF component Parameters N Min Max Mean +/- Dur 31 3.50 6.50 5.30 1.00 TBC 25 25.4 107.1 60.1 20.5 First BF 41 51.10 53.70 52.70 0.60

Parameters N Min Max Mean +/- Dur 29 3.90 8.30 5.40 0.80 TBC 38 31.9 90.4 49.6 17.1 Second BF 57 46.10 48.10 47.10 0.60 Source of acoustic data Bruce Miller recordings Parameters reported by Kalko (1995) Conservation status Least concern; Ver.3.1 ; Population trend - unknown; evaluated 2015. (I.U.C.N. 2017.) Known distribution

Argentina Guyana Belize Honduras Bolivia Mexico Brazil Nicaragua Colombia Panama Costa Rica Paraguay Ecuador Peru El Salvador Suriname French Guiana Trinidad & Tobago Guatemala Venezuela

Citations Kalko, E. K. V. 1995. Echolocation signal design, foraging habitats and guild structure in six Neotropical sheath-tailed bats (Emballonuridae) Pp. 259-273 in Ecology, Evolution and Behaviour of Bats (P. A. Racey and S. M. Swift, eds.). The Zoological Society of London, Oxford. The IUCN 2017. Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2017-1. . Downloaded on 06 August 2017. Authors The following collaborators have contributed to these Peruvian Fact Sheets: Bruce W. Miller Farah Carrasco Rueda

Others who have contributed call data to the master New World bat call database used to derive call parameters and graphics are cited in the Source of acoustic data topic.

Tadarida brasiliensis

Common names and synonyms Brazilian Free-tailed Bat Mexican Free-tailed Bat Tadárida de Brasil Scientific name Tadarida brasiliensis (I. Geoffroy, 1824) Family Molossidae Database species code Tadbra Call shape QCF single pulses of decreasing frequency may include short FM pulses Vocal signature parameters Parameters N Min Max Mean St.Dev 10% 25% 75% 90% Dur 10624 2.00 31.53 9.88 4.13 3.38 6.53 13.01 14.51 TBC 10322 2.2 3469.1 236.8 159.4 71.4 156.0 302.8 369.6 Fmin 10624 10.94 56.34 23.39 2.43 20.62 21.86 24.84 26.40 Fmax 10624 18.41 66.67 29.79 7.06 22.99 24.84 33.20 40.20 BW 10624 0.11 40.42 6.40 6.33 1.10 2.03 8.66 15.62 Fmean 10624 15.51 59.90 25.78 3.26 22.07 23.49 27.67 30.17 Fk 10624 18.08 62.50 26.66 3.75 22.73 24.28 28.47 30.59 Fc 10625 16.74 56.34 24.71 3.26 21.51 22.70 26.19 27.87 Sc 10624 -212.27 499.75 33.76 58.14 3.88 8.13 28.68 80.07 Pmc 10624 0.00 152.40 19.95 20.11 3.20 6.50 26.50 46.70 Conservation status Least concern; Ver.3.1 ; Population trend - stable; evaluated 2015. (I.U.C.N. 2017.) Known distribution

Antigua & Barbuda Jamaica Argentina Martinique Bahamas Mexico Bolivia Montserrat Brazil Nicaragua Cayman Is. Panama Chile Paraguay Colombia Peru Costa Rica Puerto Rico Cuba Saint Martin Sint Maarten Dominica St. Kitts & Nevis Dominican Republic St. Lucia Ecuador St. Vincent & the Grenadines El Salvador Trinidad & Tobago Guadeloupe United States Guatemala Uruguay Haiti Venezuela Honduras

Others who have contributed call data to the master New World bat call database used to derive call parameters and graphics are cited in the Source of acoustic data topic.

Thyroptera discifera

Common names and synonyms Peters's Disk-winged Bat Call shape FM reversed J broadband short duration

Zero crossing Full spectrum

Thyroptera lavali

Common names and synonyms LaVal's Disk-winged Bat

Thyroptera tricolor

Common names and synonyms Spix's Disk-winged Bat Call shape FM short duration broadband reversed J. Full spectrum shows multiple harmonics. The harmonics are not evident in the compressed zero crossing display.

Zero crossing Full spectrum

Thyroptera wynneae

Common names and synonyms Patricia's Disk-winged Bat Scientific name Thyroptera wynneae Velazco, Gregorin, Voss and Simmons, 2014 Database species code Thywyn Conservation status Data Deficient; Ver.3.1 ; Population trend - unknown; evaluated 2016. (I.U.C.N. 2017.) Known distribution

Brazil Peru

Others who have contributed call data to the master New World bat call database used to derive call parameters and graphics are cited in the Source of acoustic data topic.

Tomopeas ravus

Common names and synonyms Blunt-eared Bat Scientific name Tomopeas ravus Miller, 1900 Family Molossidae Database species code Tomrav Call shape Calls shapes are not yet verified; unknown Conservation status Endangered; Ver.3.1 B2ab(ii,iii); Population trend - decreasing; evaluated 2016. (I.U.C.N. 2017.) Known distribution Peru Citations The IUCN 2017. Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2017-1. . Downloaded on 06 August 2017. Authors The following collaborators have contributed to these Peruvian Fact Sheets: Bruce W. Miller Farah Carrasco Rueda

Others who have contributed call data to the master New World bat call database used to derive call parameters and graphics are cited in the Source of acoustic data topic.