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The Blackwell Encyclopedia of and Consumer Studies Wiley Blackwell Encyclopedias in Social Science Consulting Editor:

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Edited by Daniel Thomas Cook and J. Michael Ryan This edition first published 2015 © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd

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1 2015 Contents

Editors vi Contributors vii Lexicon xv Timeline xxi Introduction xxv Acknowledgments xxvii

Consumption and Consumer Studies A–Z 1

Index 579 Editors

Daniel Thomas Cook is Professor of Childhood Studies at Rutgers University– Camden,USA.Hehaspublishedwidelyonconsumerculture,childhood,andtheir intersections in culture and history. He is author of The of Childhood: The Children’s Clothing Industry and the Rise of the Child Consumer (2004), and editor of several books, including The Lived Experiences of Public Consumption (2008). He is co-editor of the journal Childhood. J. Michael Ryan isAssistantProfessorofSociologyatTheAmericanUniversityin Cairo, Egypt. He has previously taught at Facultad Latinoamericana de Ciencias Sociales(FLACSO)inQuito,Ecuador,andtheUniversityofMaryland,USA.Heisco- editor (with George Ritzer) of The Concise Encyclopedia of Sociology (Wiley-Blackwell, 2011) and the forthcoming Wiley-Blackwell Encyclopedia of Social Theory (with Bryan S. Turner et al.). Before returning to academia, he worked as a research methodologist at the National Center for Health Statistics (which is part of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention) in Washington, DC. His research interests include consumer culture, gender, sexualities, and globalization. Contributors

Sharad Agarwal, Indian Institute of Management Ranchi, India Melike Akta¸s Yamanoglu,˘ Ankara University, Turkey Veronika A. Andorfer, University of Kassel, Germany David L. Andrews, University of Maryland, USA Katsuki Aoki, Meiji University, Japan Janelle Applequist, Pennsylvania State University, USA Patricia Arend, Fitchburg State University, USA Denis G. Arnold, University of North Carolina, USA Søren Askegaard, University of Southern Denmark, Denmark Lucy Atkinson, University of Texas at Austin, USA Minna Autio, University of Helsinki, Finland Rob Beamish, Queen’s University, Canada Russell Belk, York University, Canada Michael M. Bell, University of Wisconsin–Madison, USA Yaara B enger, Max Planck Institute for Human Development, Germany Magdalena Bielenia-Grajewska, University of Gdansk, Poland David B. Bills, University of Iowa, USA Rebecca Bishop, Independent scholar David D. Blouin, Indiana University South Bend, USA Whitney Erin Boesel, University of California, Santa Cruz, USA Michele Bonazzi, University of Bologna, Italy Michael Ian Borer, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, USA Jacqueline Botterill, Brock University, Canada Gaspar Brändle, Universidad de Murcia, Spain viii CONTRIBUTORS

Clair Brown, University of California, Berkeley, USA Nicole Brown, University of Illinois at Urbana, Champaign, USA Annechen Bahr Bugge, National Institute for Consumer Research, Norway Thomas C. Burr, Illinois State University, USA John Edward Campbell, Temple University, USA Jessica Carbino, University of California, Los Angeles, USA Vince Carducci, College for Creative Studies, USA Vander Casaqui, Escola Superior de Propaganda e Marketing, Brazil Emma Casey, Kingston University, UK Christopher Chávez, University of , USA KatherineK.Chen,; Graduate Center, City University of New York, USA Chih-Chin Chen, University of Maryland, USA Hélène Cherrier, Griffith University, Australia Elizabeth Chin, Art Center College of Design, USA Sung-Chang Chun, Mercy College of Ohio, USA Hannah Clarke, University of Arizona, USA Bryan C. Clift, University of Maryland, USA I. Glenn Cohen, Harvard Law School, USA Daniel Thomas Cook, Rutgers University–Camden, USA Matteo Corciolani, University of Pisa, Italy Patricia Cormack, St. Francis Xavier University, Canada Natalie Coulter, York University, Canada Patrick Cox, Rutgers University, USA Linden Dalecki, Kelce College of Business at Pittsburg State University, USA Adel Daoud, University of Gothenburg, Sweden Andrea Dassopoulos, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, USA Piergiorgio Degli Esposti, University of Bologna, Italy Tim Delaney, State University of New York at Oswego, USA CONTRIBUTORS ix

Dominique Desjeux, Paris Descartes University, Sorbonne Paris Cité, France Sara Di Chiazza, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Portugal Randal Doane, Oberlin College, USA Paddy Dolan, Dublin Institute of , Ireland Paul Eisewicht, TU Dortmund University, Germany Karin M. Ekström, University of Borås, Sweden Susan Falls, Savannah College of Art and Design, USA Mark Featherstone, Keele University, UK Krisztina Fehérváry, , USA Mary Beth Finch, Northwestern University, USA Penelope Francks, University of Leeds, UK Peter N. Funke, University of South Florida, USA Dustin Garlitz, University of South Florida, USA John Germov, University of Newcastle, Australia Kevin Fox Gotham, , USA Maaike Gottfried, DePaul University, USA Ove Granstrand, Chalmers University of Technology, Sweden Kent Grayson, Northwestern University, USA David Grazian, University of Pennsylvania, USA Kjerstin Gruys, University of California, Los Angeles, USA Alya Guseva, Boston University, USA Clara Gustafsson, Lund University, Sweden Sejung Ham, University of Wisconsin–Madison, USA Markus Hadler, Macquarie University, Australia Michael A. Haedicke, Drake University, USA Hans Peter Hahn, Goethe-Universität, Germany Benjamin Halligan, University of Salford, UK Eugene Halton, University of Notre Dame, USA Christoph Henning, University of St. Gallen, Switzerland x CONTRIBUTORS

Aaron Hess, Arizona State University, USA Clare Hinrichs, Pennsylvania State University, USA Elizabeth C. Hirschman, Rutgers University, USA Morris B. Holbrook, Columbia University, USA Marcus Holgersson, University of Gothenburg, Sweden Kim Humphery, RMIT University, Australia Eva Illouz, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel Devon Johnson, Montclair State University, USA Josée Johnston, University of Toronto, Canada Ellis Jones, Holy Cross College, USA Annamma Joy, University of British Columbia, Canada Nathan Jurgenson, University of Maryland, USA Andreas M. Kaplan, ESCP Europe, France Douglas Kellner, University of California, Los Angeles, USA Martha W. King, Graduate Center, City University of New York, USA Andrzej Klimczuk, Warsaw School of Economics, Poland Karin Knorr Cetina, University of Chicago, USA Krzysztof Kubacki, Griffith University, Australia Kathleen Kuehn, Victoria University of Wellington, New Zealand Kalevi Kull, University of Tartu, Estonia Chenjerai Kumanyika, Clemson University, USA Klaus R. Kunzmann, Emeritus, TU Dortmund University, Germany Craig D. Lair, Gettysburg College, USA John T. Lang, Occidental College, USA Beryl Langer, La Trobe University, Australia Lauren Langman, Loyola University Chicago, USA Jörgen Larsson, Chalmers University of Technology, Sweden Stacey J. Lee, University of Wisconsin–Madison, USA Ming Lim, University of Leicester, UK CONTRIBUTORS xi

Yu-Wei Lin, University for the Creative Arts, UK Jan Logemann, University of Göttingen, Germany Janet A. Lorenzen, Williamette University, USA Paolo Magaudda, Università degli Studi di Padova, Italy Amias S. Maldonado, University of Texas at Austin, USA LidiaK.C.Manzo,University of Trento, Italy Stephen T. Margulis, Grand Valley State University, USA Martha A. Martinez, DePaul University, USA Gary T. Marx, Emeritus, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, USA Nita Mathur, Indira Gandhi National Open University, India Cynthia Maurer, Rutgers University, USA Christopher Mayes, University of Sydney, Australia Matthew P. McAllister, Pennsylvania State University, USA Matthew McDonald, Assumption University, Thailand Octavio Medina, The World Bank, USA Steven Miles, Manchester Metropolitan University, UK Candace N. Miller, University of Virginia, USA Toby Miller, Cardiff University, UK; Murdoch University, Australia Murray Milner Jr., University of Virginia, USA Ross Mouer, Meiji University, Japan Isaac I. Muñoz, University of Dallas, USA Rolland Munro, University of Leicester, UK Dhiraj Murthy, Goldsmiths, University of , UK Agnes Nairn, EM-Lyon Business School, France Stephanie O’Donohoe, University of Edinburgh Business School, UK Cele C. Otnes, University of Illinois, USA Yok-Fong Paat, University of Texas at El Paso, USA Madeleine Pape, University of Wisconsin–Madison, USA Aaron Passell, Furman University, USA xii CONTRIBUTORS

Georgios Patsiaouras, University of Leicester, UK Lisa Peñaloza, Kedge Business School, France Mark Allen Peterson, Miami University, USA Simone Polillo, University of Virginia, USA Ethan Prall, Harvard Law School Harland Prechel, Texas A&M University, USA Allison J. Pugh, University of Virginia, USA P. S . R aju , University of Louisville, USA Silver Rattasepp, University of Tartu, Estonia David Redmon, University of Kent at Canterbury, UK Jacqueline Reid-Walsh, Pennsylvania State University, USA Lucia A. Reisch, Copenhagen Business School, Denmark Raquel Barbosa Ribeiro, University of Lisbon, Portugal Petra Riefler, University of Vienna, Austria Viviane Riegel, Goldsmiths, University of London, UK George Ritzer, University of Maryland, USA Alexandra Rodney, University of Toronto, Canada Chris Rojek, City University, London, UK Jörg Rössel, University of Zurich, Switzerland Mark Rubinfeld, Westminster College, Salt Lake City, USA Joe Rumbo, Texas State University, USA JulieA.Ruth,Rutgers University–Camden, USA J. Michael Ryan, The American University in Cairo, Egypt Michael T. Ryan, Dodge City Community College, USA Robert W. Rydell, Montana State University, USA Ethan D. Schoolman, University of Michigan, USA Juliet B. Schor, Boston College, USA Jonathan E. Schroeder, Rochester Institute of Technology, USA Justin L. Schupp, Kenyon College, USA CONTRIBUTORS xiii

Rachel Schwartz, St. Joseph’s College, USA Richard Sharpley, University of Central Lancashire, UK Michael Siciliano, University of California, Los Angeles, USA Régine Sirota, Université Paris Descartes, France Leslie Sklair, London School of Economics and Political Science, UK Don Slater, London School of Economics and Political Science, UK Alexandra Nutter Smith, University of Washington–Tacoma, USA Jennifer Smith Maguire, University of Leicester, UK Isabel Soares, University of Lisbon, Portugal Anna Sparrman, Linköping University, Sweden Andre Spicer, City University London, UK Keith Spiller, Open University, UK Michael K. Stein, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, USA Joel Stillerman, Grand Valley State University, USA Inger L. Stole, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, USA Per Strömberg, Telemark University College, Norway Anthony Sullivan, University of the Arts, London, UK Cass R. Sunstein, Harvard University, USA Yvette Taylor, London South Bank University, UK Jacob Thomas, University of California, Los Angeles, USA Deborah Thorne, Ohio University, USA Joseph J. Tohill, York University, Canada Keila Tyner, Texas State University, USA Koen Van Bommel, Vrije Universiteit, Netherlands Joeri Van den Bergh, InSites Consulting, Netherlands Jacquelien van Stekelenburg, VU University Amsterdam, Netherlands Alladi Venkatesh, University of California, Irvine, USA Luca M. Visconti, ESCP Europe, France Faye Linda Wachs, California State Polytechnic University, Pomona, USA xiv CONTRIBUTORS

Randi Wærdahl, Agder Research, Norway Chris Warhurst, University of Warwick, UK Stephen L. Wearing, University of Technology, Sydney, Australia Christine A. Wernet, University of South Carolina, USA Frederick F. Wherry, Yale University, USA Jennifer M. Whitmer, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, USA Wendy A. Wiedenhoft-Murphy, John Carroll University, USA Lauren T. Williams, Griffith University, Australia Todd Wolfson, Rutgers University, USA Newman Chun Wai Wong, Midwestern State University, USA M .J. Xavier, Indian Institute of Management Ranchi, India Jane Zavisca, University of Arizona, USA Dennis Zuev, CIES-ISCTE, Portugal Sharon Zukin, City University of New York, USA Lexicon

Technology and New Media Apple 19 Mass Culture 407 Beauty Industry 38 Mass Marketing 410 Credit Cards 206 Mass Media 411 Digital-Mobile Consumption and Methods of Consumer Research 422 Marketing 244 Music and Consumer Experience 435 eBay 251 Obsolescence: Planned, Progressive, Stylistic Edutainment 260 451 Facebook 277 Open Source and Consumption 455 Generation Y 321 Outsourcing 457 Hollywood 353 Peer-to-peer File Sharing 461 Infomercial 363 Popular Culture 467 Infotainment 364 Prosumption 476 Intellectual Property 366 Simulations 516 , The, and Consumption 368 Social Media 519 Las Vegas 377 Visual Consumption 556 Marketing/Marketing Science 389 YouTube 576

Globalization 12 Movement 328 67 Global Markets 331 Coca-Colonization 89 Globalization and Consumption 333 Commodification 90 /Grobalization 338 Commodity Chains 95 346 Consumer 110 Homogenization and Heterogenization Consumer Society 145 356 Culture-Ideology of Locavorism 387 220 Mass Culture 407 Culture Industries 222 Mass Marketing 410 Disneyization 246 Mass Media 411 Ecotourism 255 Material Culture Studies 414 280 McDonaldization 416 Finance/Financial Markets 293 Medical Tourism 418 Zones/Export Processing Zones 428 310 Nike 445 xvi LEXICON

Occupy Movement 453 534 Outsourcing 457 Tourism 549 Movement 517 World’s Fairs and International Expositions Starbuckization 524 571

Identities African Americans and Consumption 10 248 Asian Americans and Consumption 23 Education and Consumption 257 Beauty Industry 38 Emotions, Consumption and 263 Behavioral Economics and Consumption Fashion 286 41 Femininities 290 Body and Consumer Culture 49 Flâneur/Flânerie 295 Brand Loyalty 57 Gay and Lesbian/Queer Markets/Marketing Brand Mascots 58 313 Brands and Branding 59 Gender and Consumer Culture 316 Burning Man 65 Generation Y 321 Celebrity 71 Girl Culture 326 Children’s Consumer Culture 75 Latinos and Consumption 379 Citizenship and Consumption 81 Lifestyle 383 Class 86 Locavorism 387 Commodities 93 Masculinity 403 Commodity Racism 99 Metrosexual 427 101 Mothers/Motherhood 433 Consumer Activism 103 Narcissism 439 Consumer Behavior 105 Niche Marketing 443 Consumer Socialization 144 Nostalgia 447 Consumer Society 145 Pets 462 Consumers, Flawed 154 Politics and Consumer Culture 463 Consumption and Identity 162 Popular Culture 467 Consumption, Postmodern 183 Privacy 473 Consumption Rituals 187 Prosumption 476 Consumption and Sport 191 Quality of Life, Measurements of 481 Cosmetic Surgery 202 Sexualities and Consumption 501 Cultural Capital 209 Teens 543 Dandyism 229 Tweens 551 Diderot Effect 243 Youth Culture(s) 573 Do-It-Yourself (DIY) 247

Inequalities Bankruptcy 28 Commodity Racism 99 Capitalism 67 Conspicuous Consumption 101 Citizenship and Consumption 81 Consumer Activism 103 Class 86 Consumer Protection Agency 137 Coca-Colonization 89 Consumer Society 145 Commodity Chains 95 Consumers in Emerging Economies 150 LEXICON xvii

Cooperatives 200 Leisure and Consumption 381 Cultural Capital 209 Marketplace Trust 393 Debt 235 Markets, Moral Aspects of 395 Diderot Effect 243 Marx, Karl 397 Economy, Informal 252 Medical Tourism 418 Elias, Norbert 261 Modernization Theory 428 Ethical Consumption 268 Needs, True and False 440 Fair Trade 280 Needs and Wants 442 Farmers’ Markets 284 Obesity 449 Finance/Financial Markets 293 453 Flea Markets 296 Open Source and Consumption 455 Food Deserts 300 Outsourcing 457 Frankfurt School 305 Politics and Consumer Culture 463 Free Trade Zones/Export Processing Zones Quality of Life, Measurements of 481 310 Scarcity and Artificial Scarcity 489 Gay and Lesbian/Queer Markets/Marketing Slow Food Movement 517 313 Socially Responsible Marketing (SRM) Gender and Consumer Culture 316 523 Gifts 324 530 Global Justice Movement 328 Sweatshops 534 Green Consumerism 342 Taxes 541 Green Consumption 346 Veblen, Thorstein 555 Housing/Housing Markets 357 Wal-Mart 559

Key Figures Adorno, Theodor 1 Consumer Resistance Movements 139 Barthes, Roland 32 200 Baudrillard, Jean 33 de Certeau, Michel 230 Benjamin, Walter 42 Debord, Guy 233 Birmingham School 47 Elias, Norbert 261 Bourdieu, Pierre 51 Frankfurt School 305 Consumer Activism 103 Marx, Karl 397 Consumer Movements, Contemporary Veblen, Thorstein 555 128 Warhol, Andy 561 Consumer Protection Agency 137 Williams, Raymond 569

Movements Anti-Consumption Tactics 15 Do-It-Yourself (DIY) 247 55 Downshifting 248 Burning Man 65 Ecotourism 255 Consumer Movements, Contemporary Ethical Consumption 268 128 Fair Trade 280 Consumer Resistance Movements 139 Farmers’ Markets 284 Cooperatives 200 Gentrification 322 226 Global Justice Movement 328 xviii LEXICON

Marx, Karl 397 Slow Food Movement 517 Occupy Movement 453 Socially Responsible Marketing (SRM) Open Source and Consumption 455 523 Politics and Consumer Culture 463 Sustainable Consumption 530 Recycling 485

Practices 2 Flea Markets 296 Anti-Consumption Tactics 15 Food 297 Arcades 21 Fordism/Post-Fordism 301 B2B Marketing 27 Franchising 304 Body and Consumer Culture 49 Gentrification 322 Boycotts 55 Gifts 324 Character Licensing 74 Hyperconsumption 360 Christmas 77 Leisure and Consumption 381 Consumer Activism 103 Lifestyle 383 Consumer Behavior 105 Locavorism 387 Consumer Resistance Movements 139 Marketing/Marketing Science 389 Consumer Socialization 144 Medical Tourism 418 Consumption and Identity 162 Merchandising 421 Consumption Rituals 187 Metrosexual 427 Cosmetic Surgery 202 Money 430 Counterfeiting/Piracy 204 Music and Consumer Experience 435 Cultural Omnivores 214 Open Source and Consumption 455 Culture Jamming 226 Outsourcing 457 Dandyism 229 Peer-to-Peer File Sharing 461 Death and Consumption 231 Prosumption 476 Decluttering 238 Public Relations 477 Department Stores 240 Recycling 485 Diderot Effect 243 Servicescapes 499 Do-It-Yourself (DIY) 247 Shopping 505 Downshifting 248 Socially Responsible Marketing (SRM) Economy, Informal 252 523 Ethical Consumption 268 Stealth Marketing 526 Experiential Consumption 273 Sustainable Consumption 530 Fair Trade 280 Sweatshops 534 Farmers’ Markets 284 Waste 563 Fashion 286 Weddings 566 Flâneur/Flânerie 295

Race,Gender,Body,andSexuality African Americans and Consumption 10 Behavioral Economics and Consumption Asian Americans and Consumption 23 41 Barbie 30 Body and Consumer Culture 49 Beauty Industry 38 Citizenship and Consumption 81 LEXICON xix

Commodity Racism 99 Girl Culture 326 Consumption and Identity 162 Global Justice Movement 328 Consumption and Sport 191 Latinos and Consumption 379 Cosmetic Surgery 202 Lifestyle 383 Cultural Capital 209 Masculinity 403 Emotions and Consumption 263 Metrosexual 427 Fashion 286 Mothers/Motherhood 433 Femininities 290 Nike 445 Gay and Lesbian/Queer Markets/Marketing Sexualities and Consumption 501 313 Warhol, Andy 561 Gender and Consumer Culture 316 Weddings 566

Situated Consumption Americanization 12 Dandyism 229 Arcades 21 Department Stores 240 Authenticity 25 Economy, Informal 252 Big-Box Stores 45 Ecotourism 255 Bricolage 63 Farmers’ Markets 284 Burning Man 65 Flea Markets 296 Carnivals/Carnivalesque 69 Food Deserts 300 Children’s Consumer Culture 75 Free Trade Zones/Export Processing Zones Cities, Visual Consumption of 79 310 Commodities 93 Global Markets 331 97 Las Vegas 377 Consumers in Emerging Economies 150 Locavorism 387 Consumption in Africa 157 Medical Tourism 418 Consumption in China 159 Occupy Movement 453 Consumption in India 167 Servicescapes 499 Consumption in Japan 170 Shopping Malls 509 Consumption, Landscapes of 173 Supermarkets 528 Consumption in the Middle East/Arab World Tourism 549 174 Wal-Mart 559 Consumption in Postcommunist Countries Whole Foods Market 567 179 World’s Fairs and International Expositions Consumption in the United States 195 571

Theories Adorno, Theodor 1 Bourdieu, Pierre 51 Authenticity 25 Commodification 90 Barthes, Roland 32 Commodity Fetishism 97 Baudrillard, Jean 33 Commodity Racism 99 Behavioral Economics and Consumption Conspicuous Consumption 101 41 Consumer Culture, History of 118 Benjamin, Walter 42 Consumer Culture Theory (CCT) 124 Birmingham School 47 Consumer Movements, History of 133 xx LEXICON

Consumer Socialization 144 Gender and Consumer Culture 316 Consumer Society 145 Gifts 324 Consumers, Flawed 154 Glocalization/Grobalization 338 Consumption and Identity 162 Governmentality and Consumer Culture Consumption, Postmodern 183 339 Consumption, Spectacles of 189 Homogenization and Heterogenization Coolhunting 199 356 Cultural Capital 209 Hyperconsumption 360 Cultural Studies 216 Just-in-Time Production 373 Culture Jamming 226 Marx, Karl 397 Culture-Ideology of Consumerism 220 Material Culture Studies 414 de Certeau, Michel 230 McDonaldization 416 Debord, Guy 233 Methods of Consumer Research 422 Disneyization 246 Modernization Theory 428 Elias, Norbert 261 Needs and Wants 442 Ethical Consumption 268 Needs, True and False 440 Experiential Consumption 273 Semiotics 492 Failing Consumption 279 Starbuckization 524 Fashion 286 Symbolic Exchange 536 Fordism/Post-Fordism 301 Symbolic Value 538 Frankfurt School 305 Timeline

YEAR EVENT 4000 bc Bartering is common method of trade 500 bc – ad 400 Greek agoras dominate Mediterranean commercial life 210 bc – ad 1450s The Silk Road is an important trade route between Europe, Africa,theMiddleEast,andAsia 100 bc – ad 476 Roman Forums are leading centers of commercial activity ad 600s Paper money becomes common in China during the Tang Dynasty 1400s Markets become centerplace of trading, including a number of prominent souks in the Middle East 1602 The Dutch East India Corporation was founded, progenitor of the modern corporation 1760s – 1840s The height of the Industrial Revolution 1780s Palais-Royal opens in Paris as first arcade 1786 First advertising agency – William Taylor – opens 1844 French Industrial Exposition of 1844 is predecessor to World’s Fairs 1851 The Crystal Palace is constructed as part of the Great Exhibition of 1851 1852 Bon Marché opens in Paris as world’s first department store 1859 A&P opens in the United States as first chain store 1867 First industrial assembly line is used by the meatpacking industry in Chicago 1893 World Columbian Exposition held in Chicago, making use of a “midway” and “anchor” exhibits as forerunners of shopping malls and amusement parks 1911 Hollywood produces its first film shot by Nestor Motion Picture Company 1913 First Bollywood film produced – Raja Harishchandra by Dadasaheb Phalke 1916 Market Square opens in Chicago xxii TIMELINE

YEAR EVENT 1923 Country Club opens in Kansas City, Missouri The Frankfurt School, associated with the Institute for Social Research, is established in Germany 1924 A&W opens first food service franchise 1936 First issue of Consumer Reports is published 1940s Hotel-casinos being to appear on “strip” in Las Vegas 1945 End of WWII 1946 Levittown founded on Long Island, New York 1947 Northgate opens in Seattle, Washington 1949 Diners Club issues first universal credit card 1954 Northland opens outside Detroit, Michigan 1955 McDonald’s begins franchising Disneyland Resort opens in Anaheim, California 1956 Southdale opens in Edina, Minnesota as world’s first enclosed 1957 First superstore opens as predecessor to Toys ’R Us 1959 First Barbie doll sold First free trade/export processing zone in the world established in Ireland 1962 Sam Walton opens Discount City in Rogers, Arkansas 1964 Center for Contemporary Culture Studies founded at University of Birmingham (UK) by Richard Hoggart 1964 Nike begins operations as Blue Ribbons Sports 1967 First international McDonald’s open in Canada and Costa Rica 1967 Journal of Consumer Affairs launched 1970 First outlet mall opens outside Reading, Pennsylvania 1971 First opens in Seattle, Washington 1974 Journal of Consumer Research launched 1976 Apple founded 1980 Whole Foods Market opens first store in Austin, Texas 1981 West Edmonton Mall opens in Canada 1985 Home Shopping Network is launched 1986 First Burning Man event held in Black Rock desert of Northern Nevada 1986 Slow Food Movement founded by Carlo Petrini to promote traditional and regional cuisine 1988 First Wal-Mart Supercenter opens 1989 Adbusters is founded as an anti-consumerist organization in , Canada 1992 Mall of America opens in Bloomington, Minnesota TIMELINE xxiii

YEAR EVENT 1992 First is held in Canada as an international day of protest against consumerism 1993 Consumer Research Network of European Sociological Association begins 1995 amazon.com begins operations 1995 eBay begins operations 1996 Wal-Mart opens first cybermall 1996 Celebration, Florida opens as example of new urbanism 1997 Ericsson introduces the first device known as a "smartphone" 1997 Consumption, Markets, and Culture (journal) launched 1998 Google founded 1998 PayPal founded as online payment processing and money transfer service 1999 Easton Lifestyle Center opens phase I in Columbus, Ohio 1999 Battle for Seattle protests break out over WTO in Seattle, Washington 1999 Napster begins operating as a peer-to-peer file sharing service 2001 The first iPod is released by Apple, Inc. 2001 Journal of Consumer Culture launched 2003 iTunes store opens 2004 Child and Teen Consumption biennial international conference launched 2004 Facebook begins operations 2005 YouTube begins operations 2006 Consumer Culture Theory annual conference and consortium launched 2006 begins operations 2009 The Dubai Mall, currently the largest shopping mall in the world by total area, opens in the United Arab Emirates 2011 Occupy Movement takes off 2012 Sociology of Consumers and Consumption Section of the American Sociological Association launched 2015 Wiley Blackwell Encyclopedia of Consumption and Consumer Studies published J. Michael Ryan

Introduction

The academic interest in consumption and consumer studies has its primary origins in the interwar period in Europe. The social importance of consumption to everyday life and politics, however, dates back to the beginnings of permanent settlements among humans. From the early days of bartering, to the Greek agoras, to the Roman Forums, to McDonald’s, Wal-Mart, and the internet, the exchange of goods and services and their relevance as markers of individual social identity and engines of large-scale has, in many ways, been at the heart of human sociality. Although consumption was once arguably more of a necessary practice to obtain needed goods and services (something it still is today), it has now also become a form of social diversion, entertainment, and lifestyle among those of us who are privileged enough to be able to take part in what some might see as its excesses. The appearance of shopping malls, the spread of local and international franchises, the appearance of the credit card, and, more recently, the internet have all pushed consumption from the mar- gins to the center in the everyday lives of many. This push to the center has also occurred within the academy, where a growing number of institutions now offer courses, majors, andevendepartmentsdevotedtothestudyofconsumerculture. The social-cultural study of consumers and consumption stands today as a robust area of scholarly inquiry, growing largely since the end of the last century and contin- uing apace as the landscapes of various consumer cultures arise and transform. Over the last two decades, scholars from around the world have produced influential the- ories and substantive empirical research on consumers and consumption that touch upon virtually all key aspects of social life and social thought. Recent scholarship draws upon and speaks to key questions and problems claimed within the social and cultural sciences, broadly speaking – for example, power, inequality, social differentiation and identity,ecologicalimpact,meaning,structureandagency,andtherelationsbetween micro-interactions and large-scale patterns. In this light, we have curated the Wiley Blackwell Encyclopedia of Consumption and Consumer Studies (ECCS) as an accessible and focused reference, suitable for instructors, seasoned researchers, and studentsalike.Itisatoolandresourceforthose who seek thoughtful yet to-the-point discussions of key concepts, issues, and figures in this growing, expansive field. The distinctive feature of the ECCS is the diversity of voices, , and disciplines it brings to bear on the study of consumers and consumption. Renowned and emergent scholars from sociology, communication, consumer behavior, marketing, psychology, and a variety of other fields offer a breadth of perspectives and approaches to the topics they address in their respective entries. This volume has benefited not only from the fresh perspectives of advanced graduate xxvi INTRODUCTION students and early-career scholars from a variety of disciplines, but also from the expertiseofwell-establishedexpertsinthefieldofconsumption.Aswell,weinclude authors from countries around the world, including Brazil, Canada, Egypt, France, Greece, Israel, Italy, the Netherlands, Norway, Peru, Sweden, the United Kingdom, and the United States, among others. Assembling such texts from such a wide range of fields and varying national contexts intoasinglecompactvolumehasprovenbothchallengingandrewarding,withgaps andomissionsofpeopleandconceptsunavoidable.We,asco-editors,havemadeno attempt to reconcile the perspectives and paradigms offered by the different authors, preferring to allow each to speak for her- or himself. As a reference text, the ECCS is not meant to be read cover to cover for ideological or theoretical consistency, but to offer perspectives on an open and dynamic area of inquiry. In that way, we hope to make the ECCS an open resource available for a plethora of uses and needs and another step in helping to coalesce this dynamic field of inquiry. We hope you find the Wiley Blackwell Encyclopedia of Consumption and Consumer Studies tobebothenjoyableaswellaspractical,atoncehandyandengaging.

Daniel Thomas Cook Rutgers University–Camden, USA J. Michael Ryan The American University in Cairo, Egypt Acknowledgments

This project is the result of the hard work of not only the editors but also the many contributors, the publishers, and the unnamedotherswhohavebeeninvolvedinits production. The primary thanks belong to the dedicated contributors who took the time and to write the outstanding entries that make up this work. We were truly impressed by the caliber of scholarship among them, a feature which certainly made ourjobsaseditorsmucheasier.Itistothemthatthequalityofthisprojectistruly attributable. WewouldalsoliketothanktheoutstandingteamatWileyBlackwellfortheir support and dedication to this project. Justin Vaughan, our publisher, has been a real source of encouragement in helping make the dream we had of producing this kind of resource into a reality. Ben Thatcher has also been an invaluable support through his attention to detail, his patience, and for being always willing to offer guidance and assistance.