The Blackwell Companion to Globalization The Blackwell Companion to Globalization Edited by George Ritzer © 2007 by Blackwell Publishing Ltd BLACKWELL PUBLISHING 350 Main Street, Malden, MA 02148-5020, USA 9600 Garsington Road, Oxford OX4 2DQ, UK 550 Swanston Street, Carlton, Victoria 3053, Australia The right of George Ritzer to be identifi ed as the Author of the Editorial Material in this Work has been asserted in accordance with the UK Copyright, Designs, and Patents Act 1988. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, except as permitted by the UK Copyright, Designs, and Patents Act 1988, without the prior permission of the publisher. First published 2007 by Blackwell Publishing Ltd 1 2007 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data The Blackwell companion to globalization / edited by George Ritzer. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-1-4051-3274-9 (hardback : alk. paper) 1. Globalization. I. Ritzer, George. JZ1318.B615 2007 303.48′2–dc22 2007001203 A catalogue record for this title is available from the British Library. Set in 10/12.5pt Sabon by SNP Best-set Typesetter Ltd, Hong Kong Printed and bound in Singapore by COS Printers Ltd The publisher’s policy is to use permanent paper from mills that operate a sustainable forestry policy, and which has been manufactured from pulp processed using acid-free and elementary chlorine-free practices. Furthermore, the publisher ensures that the text paper and cover board used have met acceptable environmental accreditation standards. For further information on Blackwell Publishing, visit our website: www.blackwellpublishing.com Contents List of Illustrations viii Notes on Contributors x Introduction George Ritzer 1 PART I: INTRODUCTION 15 Introduction to Part I George Ritzer 16 1. Globalization in Hard Times: Contention in the Academy and Beyond Anthony McGrew 29 2. What Is Globalization? Roland Robertson and Kathleen E. White 54 3. The Cultural Construction of Neoliberal Globalization Robert J. Antonio 67 4. Globalization: The Major Players George M. Thomas 84 5. Globalization Today John Boli and Velina Petrova 103 6. Theories of Globalization William I. Robinson 125 7. Studying Globalization: Methodological Issues Salvatore Babones 144 vi contents 8. Cosmopolitanism: A Critical Theory for the Twenty-fi rst Century Ulrich Beck 162 PART II: THE MAJOR DOMAINS 177 Introduction to Part II George Ritzer 178 9. The End of Globalization? The Implications of Migration for State, Society and Economy Subhrajit Guhathakurta, David Jacobson and Nicholas C. DelSordi 201 10. Globalization and the Agrarian World Philip McMichael 216 11. Globalization and the Environment Steve Yearley 239 12. Cities and Globalization Michael Timberlake and Xiulian Ma 254 13. The Sociology of Global Organizations Stewart Clegg and Chris Carter 272 14. Economic Globalization: Corporations Peter Dicken 291 15. Outsourcing: Globalization and Beyond George Ritzer and Craig Lair 307 16. Globalization and Consumer Culture Douglas J. Goodman 330 17. Cultural Globalization John Tomlinson 352 18. Globalization and Ideology Manfred B. Steger 367 19. Media and Globalization Douglas Kellner and Clayton Pierce 383 20. Globalization and Information and Communications Technologies: The Case of War Howard Tumber and Frank Webster 396 21. Political Globalization Gerard Delanty and Chris Rumford 414 22. Globalization and Public Policy Tim Blackman 429 contents vii 23. Religion and Globalization Peter Beyer 444 24. Globalization and Higher Education Peter Manicas 461 25. Sport and Globalization David L. Andrews and Andrew D. Grainger 478 26. The Fate of the Local Melissa L. Caldwell and Eriberto P. Lozada Jr 498 27. Public Health in a Globalizing World: Challenges and Opportunities Farnoosh Hashemian and Derek Yach 516 PART III: MAJOR ISSUES AND CONCLUSIONS 539 Introduction to Part III George Ritzer 540 28. Globalization and Global Inequalities: Recent Trends Glenn Firebaugh and Brian Goesling 549 29. World Inequality in the Twenty-fi rst Century: Patterns and Tendencies Roberto Patricio Korzeniewicz and Timothy Patrick Moran 565 30. Globalization and Corruption Carolyn Warner 593 31. Globalization and Sexuality Kathryn Farr 610 32. War in the Era of Economic Globalization Gerald Schneider 630 33. Globalization and International Terrorism Gus Martin 644 34. Resisting Globalization Richard Kahn and Douglas Kellner 662 35. The Futures of Globalization Bryan S. Turner 675 Index 693 Illustrations FIGURES 1.1 Debating globalization 32 1.2 Modes of analysis 34 1.3 Normative spaces 46 1.4 Contentious politics: the remaking of globalization 47 9.1 Immigration to the United States, 1820–2001 203 22.1 The relationship between education spending and patents 433 22.2 Income inequality and prison population rate, OECD countries 440 27.1 Detailed conceptual framework for globalization and health designed by Woodward et al. (1999) 517 27.2 Projected deaths by major cause and World Bank income group, all ages, 2005 524 29.1 Historical trends in between-country inequality: 1820–2004 566 29.2 Inequality trends for selected high-income countries 573 29.3 Inequality trends in India and China 574 29.4 Inequality trends for selected East Asian and Latin American countries 578 TABLES 8.1 Paradigmatic change from a national perspective to a cosmopolitan social science 166 8.2 Sociology of social inequalities in the tension between the national and the cosmopolitan perspectives 168 14.1 Some ideal-types of TNC organization: basic characteristics 301 29.1 Economic measures in China by selected regions, 2003 576 29.2 Education and health measures in India by selected states, 1998–1999 577 illustrations ix BOXES 12.1 Friedmann’s ‘World Cities’, 1986 and 1995 261 12.2 Rankings of 23 of Friedmann’s 30 world cities (from highest to lowest ‘interconnectivity’), 1991 267 12.3 Recent empirically based estimates of the top world cities 268 27.1 Our Common Interest: Report for the Commission for Africa (2005) 532 Contributors David L. Andrews is an Associate Professor of Sport Commerce and Culture in the Department of Kinesiology at the University of Maryland at College Park, USA, and an affi liate faculty member of the Departments of American Studies and Sociol- ogy. He is assistant editor of the Journal of Sport and Social Issues, and an editorial board member of the Sociology of Sport Journal, Leisure Studies, and Quest. He has published on a variety of topics related to the critical analysis of sport as an aspect of contemporary commercial culture. His recent publications include Sport– Commerce–Culture: Essays on Sport in Late Capitalist America (2006), Sport, Culture, and Advertising: Identities, Commodities, and the Politics of Representa- tion (with S.J. Jackson, 2005), Sport and Corporate Nationalisms (with M.L. Silk and C.L. Cole, 2005), and Manchester United: A Thematic Study (2004). He has also guest edited special issues of the Journal of Sport and Social Issues, the Sociol- ogy of Sport Journal, Cultural Studies–Critical Methodologies and South Atlantic Quarterly. Robert J. Antonio teaches sociology at the University of Kansas, USA. He is the editor of Marx and Modernity: Key Readings and Commentary (Blackwell, 2003). He has written widely on classical, contemporary and critical theory. He also has done work on various facets of globalization, frequently collaborating on that topic with Alessandro Bonanno. Salvatore Babones is Assistant Professor of Sociology at the University of Pittsburgh, USA, with secondary appointments in Pitt’s Graduate Schools of Public Health and Public and International Affairs. He is co-editor with Christopher Chase-Dunn of the forthcoming volume Global Social Change: Historical and Comparative Per- spectives. His research focuses on the causes and consequences of social stratifi ca- tion in broad cross-national perspective. He is currently studying the relationship between economic globalization and domestic income inequality at the country level. contributors xi Ulrich Beck is Professor for Sociology at the University of Munich, Germany; British Journal of Sociology Visiting Centennial Professor of the London School of Economics and Political Science, UK; and director of a research centre ‘Refl exive Modernization’ (Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft). His numerous books include Risk Society (1992) and Power in the Global Age (2005). Peter Beyer is Professor of Religious Studies in the Department of Classics and Religious Studies at the University of Ottawa, Canada. His publications include Religion and Globalization (1994), Religion in the Process of Globalization (2001), Religions in Global Society (2006) and numerous articles in diverse journals and collected volumes. His current research focuses on religion among second gen- eration Hindu, Muslim and Buddhist youth in Canada. Tim Blackman is Professor of Sociology and Social Policy at Durham University, UK and Head of the University’s School of Applied Social Sciences. He is an adviser to the UK Offi ce of the Deputy Prime Minister on neighbourhood renewal. Among his publications are books on urban planning, urban policy, com- parative social policy and health inequalities. He is currently working on a major project looking at the role of performance management in public health across England, Wales and Scotland. His previous posts include Dean of the School of Social Sciences and