A History of Globalization 1750-2050
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Chapter 1 Cosmopolitanism in the Age of Globalization
Chapter 1 Cosmopolitanism in the Age of Globalization On the morning of February 24, 2006, the Japanese archipelago resounded with excitement, joy, and pride. At the Turin Winter Olympics, Arakawa Shizuka, representing Japan, won a gold medal in the women’s figure skating singles. More than 40 percent of Japanese households with televisions turned into the live-broadcasting to witness the moment Arakawa received a gold medal and sang the national anthem.1 I was watching the broadcast myself and, I admit, was moved by Arakawa’s outstanding performance that made her, as the broadcaster put it, “the first Asian woman who won a gold medal in the history of Olympic figure skating!”2 The event also excited me for a totally different reason: I realized that I could use it as a kind of “natural experiment” to probe Japanese youth’s national identities and understandings of national groups—what I was studying in Japan at the time. On the morning after, I went to Ms. Kojima’s second-grade classroom at Ueoka Elementary School. While I was setting up a portable chair in the back of the classroom, several students came up to me and, as usual, surrounded my chair. Since I began participant observation in Ms. Kojima’s classroom in June 2005 as a part of my fieldwork, 1 Nihon Keizai Shinbun on 28 February 2006. 2 Nihon Hōsō Kyōkai, Turin Olympics live-broadcasting on 24 February 2006. 1 it had become my routine to chat with students before asanokai, a morning homeroom meeting. On that morning there was a set of questions that I wanted to explore with second graders. -
Globalization and Financial Development
Globalization and Financial Development Frederic S. Mishkin Member, Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System October 2007 This paper is based on a speech at the New Perspectives on Financial Globalization Conference at the International Monetary Fund in Washington, D.C. on April 26, 2007. I thank Steve Kamin and Shaghil Ahmed for their comments and assistance on this paper. Note that the opinions expressed here are my own and not necessarily those of my colleagues on the Federal Open Market Committee (FOMC). - 1 - ABSTRACT This paper argues that globalization is a key factor in stimulating institutional reforms in developing countries that promote financial development and economic growth. Advanced countries can help in this process by supporting the opening of their markets to goods and services from emerging market countries. By encouraging these countries to increase their participation in global markets, advanced countries can create exactly the right incentives for developing countries to implement the reforms that will enable them to have high economic growth. Our parents drill into us that the key to success is hard work. Yet when we look at many developing countries, we see people who work extremely hard for long hours. Their wages are low, and so they remain poor. And as a whole, their countries remain poor. If hard work does not make a country rich, what does? The right institutions are essential. Nobel laureate Douglass North defines institutions as the “rules of the game in a society, or, more formally, humanly devised constraints that shape human intervention.” (North, 1990, p. 3). Among the institutions that are most crucial to economic growth are those that enable a country to allocate capital to its most productive uses. -
Trade Globalization and Political Liberalization: a Gravity Approach
A Service of Leibniz-Informationszentrum econstor Wirtschaft Leibniz Information Centre Make Your Publications Visible. zbw for Economics Yu, Miaojie Working Paper Trade globalization and political liberalization: A gravity approach TIGER Working Paper Series, No. 104 Provided in Cooperation with: TIGER - Transformation, Integration and Globalization Economic Research, Warsaw Suggested Citation: Yu, Miaojie (2007) : Trade globalization and political liberalization: A gravity approach, TIGER Working Paper Series, No. 104, Transformation, Integration and Globalization Economic Research (TIGER), Warsaw This Version is available at: http://hdl.handle.net/10419/140756 Standard-Nutzungsbedingungen: Terms of use: Die Dokumente auf EconStor dürfen zu eigenen wissenschaftlichen Documents in EconStor may be saved and copied for your Zwecken und zum Privatgebrauch gespeichert und kopiert werden. personal and scholarly purposes. Sie dürfen die Dokumente nicht für öffentliche oder kommerzielle You are not to copy documents for public or commercial Zwecke vervielfältigen, öffentlich ausstellen, öffentlich zugänglich purposes, to exhibit the documents publicly, to make them machen, vertreiben oder anderweitig nutzen. publicly available on the internet, or to distribute or otherwise use the documents in public. Sofern die Verfasser die Dokumente unter Open-Content-Lizenzen (insbesondere CC-Lizenzen) zur Verfügung gestellt haben sollten, If the documents have been made available under an Open gelten abweichend von diesen Nutzungsbedingungen die in der -
Globalization: a Short History
CHAPTER 5 GLOBALIZATIONS )URGEN OSTERHAMMEL TI-IE revival of world history towards the end of the twentieth century was intimately connected with the rise of a new master concept in the social sciences: 'globalization.' Historians and social scientists responded to the same generational experience·---·the impression, shared by intellectuals and many other people round the world, that the interconnectedness of social life on the planet had arrived at a new level of intensity. The world seemed to be a 'smaller' place in the 1990s than it had been a quarter century before. The conclusions drawn from this insight in the various academic disciplines, however, diverged considerably. The early theorists of globalization in sociology, political science, and economics disdained a historical perspective. The new concept seemed ideally suited to grasp the characteristic features of contemporary society. It helped to pinpoint the very essence of present-day modernity. Historians, on their part, were less reluctant to envisage a new kind of conceptual partnership. An earlier meeting of world history and sociology had taken place under the auspices of 'world-system theory.' Since that theory came along with a good deal of formalisms and strong assumptions, few historians went so far as to embrace it wholeheartedly. The idiom of 'globalization,' by contrast, made fewer specific demands, left more room for individuality and innovation and seemed to avoid the dogmatic pitfalls that surrounded world-system theory. 'Globalization' looked like a godsend for world historians. It opened up a way towards the social science mainstream, provided elements of a fresh terminology to a field that had sutlcred for a long time from an excess of descriptive simplicity, and even spawned the emergence of a special and up""ttHlate variant of world history-'global history.' Yet this story sounds too good to be true. -
TIMELINES Newsletter of the ASA History of Sociology Section July 2013, No
HISTORY OF SOCIOLOGY SECTION, AMERICAN SOCIOLOGICAL ASSOCIATION JULY 2013, NO. 21 TIMELINES Newsletter of the ASA History of Sociology Section July 2013, No. 21 , Richard Swedberg INSIDE Message from the Chair History of Sociology as a Working Memory (Part 2) ESSAYS Message from the Chair 1 In the last issue of this news- study of good quality. Wilner Figures 3 letter I suggested that one way of My suggestion is that members of looking at the history of sociology is HOS may want to devote attention to to see it as the working memory of both of these tasks. While having EVENTS AT ASA sociology. In this brief follow-up ar- access to a high quality history of HoS Events at ASA 4-5 ticle I want to continue with this ar- sociology is important and valuable New Symposium 6 gument and spell out some of its im- to all sociologists (Task 1), it may Doctoral Students & plications. not engage their direct interest and Early Career Sociologists The history of sociology, I argue, more than, say, historians of sociolo- has two main functions. One is to gy are directly concerned with what NEWS produce the history of sociology in a is going on in one and every subfield Report: Award Panel 12 narrow sense, a bit like the task of of sociology. What immediately con- Recent publications 14 historians is to carefully write and cerns all sociologists, however, is the Book Spotlight 15 Announcement 16 analyze the history of the past. This kind of knowledge of the past that Section Awards 19 is a task that typically only experts in they need to have in order to carry Awards and Honors 19 the history of sociology will engage out their own research in a compe- in. -
Globalization in Historical Perspective - David Northrup
WORLD SYSTEM HISTORY – Globalization in Historical Perspective - David Northrup GLOBALIZATION IN HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE David Northrup Department of History, Boston College, USA Keywords: Age of Divergence, globalization, Great Convergence, Great Divergence Contents 1. What is Globalization? 2. When did Globalization Begin? 2.1. The Industrial Revolution 2.2. The rise of the West 2.3. The Riches of the East 3. Turning Points 3.1. The Great Divergence of East and West 3.2 The Rise of the East 4. Conclusion Glossary Bibliography Biographical Sketch Summary It is generally recognized that a phenomenon known as “globalization” is rapidly altering lives in every corner of the planet. However, here is little scholarly agreement about how to define globalization and when it began. This essay argues that it is necessary to define globalization broadly, including the interactions of political, cultural, social, and biological aspects, as well as the more obvious economic ones, in order to trace its historical development. After reviewing various starting points that researchers in different disciplines have proposed, the essay distinguishes remote “beginnings” from critical “tipping points” and identifies three major tipping points that led to the present process of global convergence: the consolidation of Asian and Indian Ocean networks beginning about a millennium ago, the new sea routes opened by European expansion about five centuries ago, and the Industrial Revolution of two centuries ago. It suggests that the past millennium during which societies came closer togetherUNESCO may be distinguished from the –rest ofEOLSS human history which was dominated by divergent forces that divided human communities from each other. 1. -
Appendix: a Short Note on Karl Marx, Max Weber and Arnold Toynbee
Appendix: A Short Note on Karl Marx, Max Weber and Arnold Toynbee 1 Societies as Sequence of Modes of Production (Marx) In terms of historical events, the teaching of Karl Marx became most influential. Understood or misunderstood, it turned into (to use his own words) a material force in many parts of the world. Thus Marxism does not deserve our attention merely as an alternative perception but also as a social phenomenon, an object of our observation. Four basic assumptions distinguish the Marxist school from all others. First, that the main driving force in history is the class struggle between those who exploit and those who are exploited; this in turn presupposes that economic considerations combined with the division of labour are the most important type of motivation for human action. Second, that with the exception of the earliest (prehistorical) stage of development, which can be described as primitive communism, the whole history of mankind can be divided up according to the main positions and fronts in the class struggle, which in their turn alter with the changes in the main type of means of production and type of ownership, thus constituting the sequence of social formations. Third, that the above-mentioned mode of human relationships will be brought to an end and replaced by a more harmonious relationship in the future. Fourth, that this will happen as a result of conscious action by that class which bears the brunt of the most recent type of exploitation, and that it will happen under the ideological leadership of its vanguard, that is, of those who have got the ‘right understanding’ of the laws of history. -
1 Introduction: Concepts of Globalization There Have Been
Introduction to Luke Martell, The Sociology of Globalization, 2010, pre-publication version. Introduction: Concepts of Globalization There have been many trends in sociology in recent decades. These have varied from country to country. One was a concern with class and social mobility from the 1950s onwards, in part evident in debates between Marxists and Weberians. In the ‘60s and ‘70s feminists argued that such debates had marginalised another form of social division, gender inequalities. Feminism grew in influence, itself being criticised for failing to appreciate other divisions, for instance ethnic inequalities identified by those with postcolonial perspectives. In the 1980s this concern with differences was highlighted in postmodern ideas, and the power of knowledge was analysed by theorists like Michel Foucault. In the 1980s and ‘90s a more homogenising idea came to the fore, globalization. This also then went on to stress local difference and plurality. The themes of globalization were not new, but the word and the popularity of the idea really came to the fore in the 1980s (an early mention is in Modelski 1972). Why did globalization become a popular idea? One reason is the rise of global communications, especially the internet, which made people feel that connections across the world were flowing more strongly, speedily and becoming more democratic. With the end of the cold war it seemed that the bipolar world had become more unified, whether through cultural homogenisation or the spread of capitalism. People became more conscious of global problems, like climate change. Economic interdependency and instability were more visible. Money flowed more freely and national economies went into recession together in the 1970s and again 30 years later. -
The Hyperglobalization of Trade and Its Future
Working Paper Series WP 13-6 JULY 2013 The Hyperglobalization of Trade and Its Future Arvind Subramanian and Martin Kessler Abstract Th is paper describes seven salient features of trade integration in the 21st century: Trade integration has been more rapid than ever (hyperglobalization); it is dematerialized, with the growing importance of services trade; it is democratic, because openness has been embraced widely; it is criss-crossing because similar goods and investment fl ows now go from South to North as well as the reverse; it has witnessed the emergence of a mega-trader (China), the fi rst since Imperial Britain; it has involved the proliferation of regional and preferential trade agreements and is on the cusp of mega-region- alism as the world's largest traders pursue such agreements with each other; and it is impeded by the continued existence of high barriers to trade in services. Going forward, the trading system will have to tackle three fundamental challenges: In developed countries, the domestic support for globalization needs to be sustained in the face of economic weakness and the reduced ability to maintain social insurance mechanisms. Second, China has become the world’s largest trader and a major benefi ciary of the current rules of the game. It will be called upon to shoulder more of the responsibilities of maintaining an open system. Th e third challenge will be to prevent the rise of mega-regionalism from leading to discrimi- nation and becoming a source of trade confl icts. We suggest a way forward—including new areas of cooperation such as taxes—to maintain the open multilateral trading system and ensure that it benefi ts all countries. -
Globalization and Its Impacts on the World Economic Development
International Journal of Business and Social Science Vol. 2 No. 23 [Special Issue – December 2011] Globalization and its Impacts on the World Economic Development Muhammad Akram Ch. (1), Muhammad Asim Faheem (2) , Muhammad Khyzer Bin Dost (2), (3) Iqra Abdullah (1)Additional secretary higher Education Department, Punjab, Lahore (2)Lecturer, Hailey College of Commerce, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan (3)MS Scholar Department of Management Science COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Lahore Abstract The question whether the Globalization is beneficial for the World or harmful, is still unsolved and very controversial. Besides all of its disadvantages, it is an accepted reality that globalization is expanding very rapidly throughout the world. This paper is an attempt to find out what is the true sense of Globalization? How it is affecting the International Trade, FDI, and Economic Developments of overall word? This paper is mainly focusing on measuring how the Globalization is affecting the fastest growing industries of World. Key Words: Globalization, Economic Development of World, Fastest Growing Industries of World. Introduction Have you ever noticed that how close the different nations of the world are, in this era? If you visit a Super Store of Dubai, you will find all the commodities, imported from other countries. Only some commodities are there that are actually manufactured in United Arab Emirates. You will find the Electronic items made in Malaysia. Mobile phones made in India. Food items as fruits, rice etc are imported from Pakistan. This situation is not only limited to UAE, but the whole world is facing the same scenario. -
Chapter 2 Globalization: Past, Present and Future Chapter 1 Analyzed The
Chapter 2 Globalization: Past, Present and Future Chapter 1 analyzed the structure of the global economy that has been revealed by the novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19) crisis from the viewpoints of the movement of people, goods, funds, and ideas (technological know-how and data) while taking into consideration the restrictions imposed on face-to-face communication due to the COVID-19 pandemic. COVID-19 transmission through human-to-human interactions has largely spread due to the progress of globalization. However, until now, the world has achieved development thanks to globalization and the movement of people, goods and ideas (technological know-how and data). This chapter explains the conceptual framework of “unbundling” that was proposed by Baldwin (2016) to change the way of thinking about globalization, and discusses the past, present and future of globalization. In addition, the role of government, which has been changing amid globalization, is under the spotlight once again, raising expectations that government will play a role adapted to the ongoing globalization. Moreover, in the situation where the changing globalization and a network of economic partnership agreements (EPAs) showed combined effects, Japan has been transforming itself from a trading nation to an investment-oriented nation in recent years due to the development of supply chain networks, mainly in Asia, and an increase in outward foreign direct investment. On the other hand, the importance of dealing with the challenge of global sustainability has become clear. Looking toward the future of globalization, it is expected that the coming era will require more investments in digitalization and human resources. -
Economic Growth, Financial and Trade Globalization in the Philippines: a Vector Autoregressive Analysis
Munich Personal RePEc Archive Economic Growth, Financial and Trade Globalization in the Philippines: A Vector Autoregressive Analysis Deluna, Roperto Jr and Chelly, Antiquisa University of Southeastern Philippines, School of Applied Economics August 2014 Online at https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/60206/ MPRA Paper No. 60206, posted 26 Nov 2014 07:18 UTC ECONOMIC GROWTH, FINANCIAL AND TRADE GLOBALIZATION IN THE PHILIPPINES: A VECTOR AUTOREGRESSIVE ANALYSIS Chelly P. Antiquisa and Roperto Deluna Jr Abstract This study was conducted to examine the relationship among Economic Growth, Financial and trade Globalization in the Philippines from 1980 to 2011. The study used the Vector Autoregressive VAR (1) model and Granger Causality test. It was found out that the current value of GDP is positively affected by the previous value of itself and trade openness. The estimation results suggested that growth in trade volumes accelerate economic growth. However, financial openness has no significant effect on the current value of GDP. This implies that the level of openness of the Philippine economy is not sufficient to obtain the potential benefits of financial globalization in enhancing economic growth. INTRODUCTION Financial globalization refers to the integration of all financial markets in the world. There are three major forces that have contributed importantly to the process of financial globalization and these are the (i) liberalization of capital movements and deregulation of financial services, (ii) the opening of markets to trade and investment spurring the growth of international competition and (iii) the important role played by information and communication technologies (ICT) in the economy (www.oecd.com). In general, the concept of financial globalization is the creation of global money market, global financial market and global financial system that entails an intensification of financial capital flows and expansion in degree of openness of national financial markets (Hetes, 2011).