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Transformational Tourism: the Example of Backpackers in Tibet

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Transformational Tourism: the Example of Backpackers in Tibet Transformational Tourism: The Example of Backpackers in Tibet by Sishi Zhou A thesis presented to the University of Waterloo in the fulfillment of the thesis requirement for the degree of Master of Arts in Recreation and Leisure Studies (Tourism) Waterloo, Ontario, Canada, 2014 © Sishi Zhou 2014 Author’s Declaration I hereby declare that I am the sole author of this thesis. This is a true copy of the thesis, including any required final revisions, as accepted by my examiners. I understand that my thesis may be electronically available to the public. ii Abstract Hannam (2009) stated that travel played an important role in helping people, especially young people, to develop their inner self. Experiences, relationships and memories continue to influence ongoing journeys, including future physical travels, work lives, raising children, coping with illness, falling in love and dealing with loss. However, few studies have been done in investigating individuals’ changes during certain travel experience. The purpose of this study is to explore the general themes of transformation travel based on narrative analysis of individuals’ stories about their trips to Tibet. To reach the main goal, this study is focused on investigating three sub-questions: (1) How do travellers describe their experience in Tibet? (2) How do they narrate their personal change when they return home? (3) How do they story the relationship of personal change and the experience in Tibet? Data collection is based on in-depth interviews with eight participants. In the follow-up interviews, participants are interviewed online when they have finished their trip and returned home for four to six months. iii Acknowledgements First and foremost, I would like to thank my advisor, Professor Steve L. J Smith. He introduced me to the study of tourism policy and planning and for that I will always be grateful. I would also like to thank Professor Sue Arai. She introduced me the beauty of qualitative studies, not only as a methodology of research, but also as a way of thinking. It has a very deep meaning for me. Furthermore, I would like to thank the incredible participants. Without their time and support, this research project would not have been possible. I would also like to thank my friends and classmates for all the fun, inspiring, and motivating discussions. Thank you for all the laughs and memories. Finally, I would like to thank my family for their unconditional love and support. iv Dedication To my parents v Table of Contents 1.0$ INTRODUCTION)........................................................................................................................)1$ 1.1$ PURPOSE$OF$STUDY$...................................................................................................................................$2$ 1.2$ RESEARCH$QUESTIONS$..............................................................................................................................$2$ 1.3$SIGNIFICANCE$OF$THE$STUDY$.......................................................................................................................$2$ 2.0$ LITERATURE)REVIEW)............................................................................................................)4$ 2.1$TOURISM$IN$TIBET$.........................................................................................................................................$4$ 2.2$TRANSFORMATION$IN$PILGRIMAGE$.............................................................................................................$5$ 2.3$TRANSFORMATION$IN$PLACES$......................................................................................................................$9$ 2.4$TRANSFORMATION$IN$BACKPACKING$AMONG$YOUTH$FROM$CHINA$...................................................$10$ 3.0$ METHODOLOGY).....................................................................................................................)16$ 3.1$ NARRATIVE$INQUIRY$..............................................................................................................................$16$ 3.2$ METHOD$...................................................................................................................................................$17$ i.$ Participants+..............................................................................................................................................+17$ ii.$ Participant+recruitment+.....................................................................................................................+19$ iii.$ Data+collection+......................................................................................................................................+19$ iv.$ Data+analysis+..........................................................................................................................................+21$ 3.3$ LIMITATIONS$OF$THE$STUDY$.................................................................................................................$22$ 3.4$ ASSESSING$THE$QUALITY$OF$NARRATIVE$............................................................................................$22$ 3.5$ REFLEXIVITY$AND$MY$STORY$................................................................................................................$23$ 4.0$ NARRATIVE)ANALYSIS).........................................................................................................)34$ i.$ Participant:+Dan+.....................................................................................................................................+34$ ii.$ Participant:+Jane+...................................................................................................................................+39$ iii.$ Participant:+Guo+...................................................................................................................................+42$ iv.$ Participant:+Cun+...................................................................................................................................+48$ v.$ Participant:+Nana+..................................................................................................................................+56$ vi vi.$ Participant:+Han+...................................................................................................................................+66$ vii.$ Participant:+Ai+......................................................................................................................................+71$ viii.$ Participant:+Hao+................................................................................................................................+77$ 5.0$ ANALYSIS)OF)NARRATIVE)..................................................................................................)84$ 5.1$ WHEN$A$YOUNG$SOUL$DECIDE$TO$JOURNEY$TO$TIBET$......................................................................$85$ 5.2$ OPENING$AWARENESS$AND$EXPANDING$.............................................................................................$91$ i.$ Opening+to+environmentF+experiencing+awe+..............................................................................+91$ ii.$ MindfulnessF+opening+awareness+...................................................................................................+93$ iii.$ Opening+to+illness+and+deathF+feeling+limits+............................................................................+94$ iv.$ Experience+of+the+sacred—a+close+look+at+religion+...............................................................+95$ v.$ Openness+to+the+Stories+of+Others+...................................................................................................+97$ 5.3$ CONFRONTING$PARADOX$ON$THE$RETURN$HOME$.............................................................................$99$ 5.4$ IMPLICATION$OF$THE$STUDY$..............................................................................................................$102$ 5.5$ SUGGESTIONS$FOR$FUTURE$RESEARCH$............................................................................................$103$ 6.0$ THE END)...............................................................................................................................)105$ REFERENCES)...................................................................................................................................)106$ APPENDIX$A:$INFORMATION$LETTER$(ENGLISH))..................................................................)114$ APPENDIX$B:$INFORMATION$LETTER$(CHINESE))..................................................................)115$ APPENDIX$C:$FEEDBACK$LETTER$(ENGLISH))..........................................................................)116$ APPENDIX$D:$FEEDBACK$LETTER$(CHINESE)).........................................................................)117$ APPENDIX$E:$PARTICIPANT$RECRUITMENT$POSTER$(CHINESE)).......................................)118$ vii 1.0 INTRODUCTION Hannam (2009) stated that travel plays an important role in helping people to develop their inner selves. As Lean described, tourism is a powerful vehicle for changing people's thinking and behavior, not only during travel, but also upon their return home (Lean, 2009). Experiences, relationships, and memories continue to influence people’s lives, including future physical travels, work lives, raising children, coping with illness, falling in love and dealing with loss. No matter how huge
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