DOCSLIB.ORG

Navigating the Urban-Rural Divide: the Agency of Rural Chinese Female Higher Education Students in China

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Navigating the Urban-Rural Divide: the Agency of Rural Chinese Female Higher Education Students in China Syracuse University SURFACE Dissertations - ALL SURFACE December 2015 Navigating the Urban-Rural Divide: The Agency of Rural Chinese Female Higher Education Students in China Lifang Wang Syracuse University Follow this and additional works at: https://surface.syr.edu/etd Part of the Education Commons Recommended Citation Wang, Lifang, "Navigating the Urban-Rural Divide: The Agency of Rural Chinese Female Higher Education Students in China" (2015). Dissertations - ALL. 410. https://surface.syr.edu/etd/410 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the SURFACE at SURFACE. It has been accepted for inclusion in Dissertations - ALL by an authorized administrator of SURFACE. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Abstract This dissertation explores how rural Chinese female students at urban Chinese higher education institutions conceptualize and negotiate the urban-rural divide that often interplays with gender and the discourse of quality (suzhi) to shape their lives. A substantial body of literature discusses the profound inequalities that rural Chinese people encounter due to the urban-rural divide and household registration system (Chan & Zhang, 1999; Wang & Zuo, 1999; Loong-Yu & Shan, 2007; Tang & Yang, 2008; Whyte, 2010; Han, 2010). An increasing amount of literature also addresses the experiences of rural Chinese migrant women working in urban China (Gaetano & Jacka, 2004; Jacka, 2006; Gaetano, 2004; Gaetano, 2005; Yan, 2008). However, little research has been done on rural Chinese university women. The few articles that do exist tend to blame them or their culture for their failure or struggles (Ren, 2008; Xu, 2007; Wan, 2007), or else focus on the unequal power structures that victimize them (Yu, 2006); but none of these studies incorporates the perspectives of these women. My dissertation fills the scholarly gap by focusing on the voices and perspectives of a group of rural female higher education students who talked about their experiences of negotiating multiple and intersecting power structures. Qualitative methodology and feminist methodology informed this dissertation. To collect data, I conducted open-ended, in-depth interviews with 66 rural female students (51 undergraduates and 15 graduate students) at five public universities and one public college in northern China. This research revealed the profound inequalities that these students experienced in attaining higher education, such as urban primary and secondary schools’ exclusion of rural students, overt and subtle forms of gender discrimination at home and school, regional discrimination reflected in higher education admission policies, and political control and punishment through the National Higher Education Entrance Examination. These had seldom been examined by previous studies. The students that I interviewed also encountered numerous obstacles to their integration into urban campuses; they felt marginalized from mainstream urban life because the dominant culture regarded urban life and people as superior to rural life and people. Despite all these barriers, these women did not allow themselves to be defeated; instead they became active agents by developing strategies to negotiate and resist the barriers when they could. Building upon the work of Daniel G. Solorzano and Dolores Delgano Bernal (2001) and of Tara J. Yosso (2006), I define such agency that my participants exhibited as the ability to navigate the institutional barriers and social norms that constrain their conditions of existence. Though my participants were constrained by the unequal structures of power, they were also aware of the inequalities. They responded by making decisions and devising strategies to become upwardly mobile through educational achievements. It may seem that by striving for educational success, they were merely conforming to the societal norm; but they were also in this way resisting marginalization arising from the dominant cultural capital and the discourse of quality that represents them as inferior or deficient. In response to the discourse of quality, they also exercised their agency by making meaning of their lived experiences with this discourse and/or developing counter-discourses to negotiate it. Furthermore, when they encountered different and sometimes contradictory forms of patriarchy across rural and urban contexts, they expressed their agency by shifting and reformulating their identities. NAVIGATING THE URBAN-RURAL DIVIDE: THE AGENCY OF RURAL CHINESE FEMALE HIGHER EDUCATION STUDENTS IN CHINA by Lifang Wang B.A., Hebei University, 2000 M.S., Syracuse University, 2007 Dissertation Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Cultural Foundations of Education Syracuse University December 2015 Copyright © Lifang Wang 2015 All Rights Reserved Acknowledgments I could not have completed this dissertation without the help and support of many people, including my research participants, professors, mentors, colleagues, friends, and family members. I owe them a huge debt of gratitude. My desire to show my appreciation for them is one of the most important reasons that I have been motivated to carry out this work to the best of my ability. First and foremost, I would like to thank my research participants, 66 rural female students at five universities and one college in northern China, for being willing to share their experiences with me. In order to protect their identities, I cannot list their real names. I want to express my heartfelt gratitude to them. They are the soul of this study. Without them, this dissertation would not have been possible. My deepest gratitude goes to my advisor Professor Susan S. Wadley, who took over my dissertation and provided me with strong support during the most difficult time of my academic life after my first advisor Dr. Sari K. Biklen passed away. Prof. Wadley’s strong support, insightful comments, and inspiring advice for deeper data analysis, development of richer and broader ideas, greater clarity of arguments and writing, and organization of chapters and sections were crucial for the completion of this dissertation. Prof. Wadley’s guidance and mentorship also helped me find confidence in being a scholar. I also thank my committee members Professors Barbara Applebaum and Jing Lei. Prof. Applebaum, to whom I am profoundly indebted, has been supporting and encouraging me ever since I joined the graduate program in the Department of Cultural Foundations of Education. I appreciate her continuous guidance and provocative comments to revise the dissertation. Prof. Lei gave me vi timely help and support whenever I needed them, including contacting faculty in China to help me recruit my participants. I also thank Prof. Lei for her valuable comments and constant encouragement. My gratitude also goes to my two external readers, Professors Louise C. Wilkinson and Julia Maxine White, for their careful reading, thought-provoking questions, and comments on my dissertation. Without a doubt, I am deeply appreciative of my first advisor, Dr. Sari K. Biklen, for her intellectual guidance, energetic encouragement, and unwavering support for me to tap my academic potential. Dr. Biklen was crucial in mentoring me with the development of my dissertation topic and methodology, data collection, and initial data analysis until the time of her critical illness. My sincere appreciation also goes to Professor Dalia Rodriguez for providing me with informative and insightful comments to revise my dissertation chapters and advise me with my research apprenticeship paper which is part of this dissertation. With heartfelt gratitude, I thank American Association of University Women (AAUW) for granting me the 2011-2012 International Fellowship to conduct this research in China. I am also appreciative of Gerald Paul Grant for providing positive and productive comments about my research apprenticeship paper. And, I am grateful to Ms. Maryann E. Barker who has always been there to patiently help and assist me with the administrative procedures. Special thanks go to my Graduate Assistantship supervisors, Ms. Sharon W. Alestalo and Ms. Sandy Trento, the two great women who inspired me to bravely and wisely wrestle with the challenges in life. I am also grateful to Professor Yingyi Ma for co-writing an article with me about how rural Chinese female students navigated the higher education application process in China, which inspired me to develop more specific interview questions and to vii generate ideas for the dissertation. I also thank many professors, mentors, and friends who supported and/or guided me through my doctoral journey: Dr. Feng Cao, Dr. Zhaoyang Chi, Ms. Xin Cui, Ms. Yuan Zhang Dickerson, Ms. Jianhong Dong, Dr. Charles Gao, Ms. Florence A. Di Gennaro, Ms. Mengjun Liang, Dr. Qing Liu, Dr. Kun Lu, Dr. Liangyue Lu, Prof. Chandra Mohanty, Dr. Daniel William Olson-Bang, Dr. Melissa Smith, Dr. Ashley S. Taylor, Dr. Dan Wang, Dr. He Wang, Prof. Hongying Wang, Dr. Li Wang, Mr. Quanfu Wang, Dr. Xiuli Wang, Ms. Yan Wang, Dr. Chung Wan Woo, Ms. Jianping Xu, Dr. Li Yang, Ms. Lily Yu, Ms. Lu Yu, Ms. Jing Zhang, Mr. Jingbin Zhang, Ms. Hongyan Zheng, Dr. Nanzhao Zhou, and Ms. Chunfeng Zou. I want to especially thank my writing group at Syracuse University that comprises three professors: Gesa Kirsch, Brice A. Nordquist, and Patrick W. Berry as well as doctoral fellows: Romeo Garcia, Tamara Bassam Issak, and Katie MacDonald, for reading part of my dissertation and providing constructive
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Shanghai, China's Capital of Modernity
    SHANGHAI, CHINA’S CAPITAL OF MODERNITY: THE PRODUCTION OF SPACE AND URBAN EXPERIENCE OF WORLD EXPO 2010 by GARY PUI FUNG WONG A thesis submitted to The University of Birmingham for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOHPY School of Government and Society Department of Political Science and International Studies The University of Birmingham February 2014 University of Birmingham Research Archive e-theses repository This unpublished thesis/dissertation is copyright of the author and/or third parties. The intellectual property rights of the author or third parties in respect of this work are as defined by The Copyright Designs and Patents Act 1988 or as modified by any successor legislation. Any use made of information contained in this thesis/dissertation must be in accordance with that legislation and must be properly acknowledged. Further distribution or reproduction in any format is prohibited without the permission of the copyright holder. ABSTRACT This thesis examines Shanghai’s urbanisation by applying Henri Lefebvre’s theories of the production of space and everyday life. A review of Lefebvre’s theories indicates that each mode of production produces its own space. Capitalism is perpetuated by producing new space and commodifying everyday life. Applying Lefebvre’s regressive-progressive method as a methodological framework, this thesis periodises Shanghai’s history to the ‘semi-feudal, semi-colonial era’, ‘socialist reform era’ and ‘post-socialist reform era’. The Shanghai World Exposition 2010 was chosen as a case study to exemplify how urbanisation shaped urban experience. Empirical data was collected through semi-structured interviews. This thesis argues that Shanghai developed a ‘state-led/-participation mode of production’.
    [Show full text]
  • EDUCATION in CHINA a Snapshot This Work Is Published Under the Responsibility of the Secretary-General of the OECD
    EDUCATION IN CHINA A Snapshot This work is published under the responsibility of the Secretary-General of the OECD. The opinions expressed and arguments employed herein do not necessarily reflect the official views of OECD member countries. This document and any map included herein are without prejudice to the status of or sovereignty over any territory, to the delimitation of international frontiers and boundaries and to the name of any territory, city or area. Photo credits: Cover: © EQRoy / Shutterstock.com; © iStock.com/iPandastudio; © astudio / Shutterstock.com Inside: © iStock.com/iPandastudio; © li jianbing / Shutterstock.com; © tangxn / Shutterstock.com; © chuyuss / Shutterstock.com; © astudio / Shutterstock.com; © Frame China / Shutterstock.com © OECD 2016 You can copy, download or print OECD content for your own use, and you can include excerpts from OECD publications, databases and multimedia products in your own documents, presentations, blogs, websites and teaching materials, provided that suitable acknowledgement of OECD as source and copyright owner is given. All requests for public or commercial use and translation rights should be submitted to [email protected]. Requests for permission to photocopy portions of this material for public or commercial use shall be addressed directly to the Copyright Clearance Center (CCC) at [email protected] or the Centre français d’exploitation du droit de copie (CFC) at [email protected]. Education in China A SNAPSHOT Foreword In 2015, three economies in China participated in the OECD Programme for International Student Assessment, or PISA, for the first time: Beijing, a municipality, Jiangsu, a province on the eastern coast of the country, and Guangdong, a southern coastal province.
    [Show full text]
  • Introduction
    Introduction uring the fall of the Ming dynasty (1368–1644), Huang Xiangjian (1609–73) Djourneyed on foot from his native Suzhou to far-distant Yunnan Province to rescue his father, who had been posted there as an official of the collapsing dynasty. Leaving home in early 1652 and returning in mid–1653, Huang trav- eled for 558 days over 2,800 miles, braving hostile armies, violent bandits, fierce minority tribes, man-eating tigers, disease-laden regions, earthquakes, and the freezing rain and snow of the “Little Ice Age” to find his parents amidst the vast mountainous borderland province. Despite nearly impossible odds, he brought them back home. Huang then began to paint pictures of his odyssey through the sublime landscape of the dangerous, “barbarian” southwest in an extraor- dinarily dramatic style, and he wrote vivid accounts of his travels that were published as The Travel Records of Filial Son Huang (Huang Xiaozi jicheng).1 Huang Xiangjian created pictorial and literary works with distinct functions for the multilayered social networks that surrounded him. Personally, his most pressing concern was to establish a socially valuable reputation regarding filial piety and loyalty for himself and for his father in the wake of their return home to disorder. The initial step in this process was the writing ofThe Travel Records of Filial Son Huang, here translated for the first time in their entirety. The next step was to create paintings that captured the Huang family odyssey. This book is the first comprehensive examination of Huang Xiangjian’s landscape paintings of the southwest edge of the Chinese empire.
    [Show full text]
  • The Educational Thought of Confucius
    Loyola University Chicago Loyola eCommons Dissertations Theses and Dissertations 1980 The Educational Thought of Confucius Helena Wan Loyola University Chicago Follow this and additional works at: https://ecommons.luc.edu/luc_diss Part of the Education Commons Recommended Citation Wan, Helena, "The Educational Thought of Confucius" (1980). Dissertations. 1875. https://ecommons.luc.edu/luc_diss/1875 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Theses and Dissertations at Loyola eCommons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Dissertations by an authorized administrator of Loyola eCommons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-No Derivative Works 3.0 License. Copyright © 1980 Helena Wan THE EDUCATIONAL THOUGHT OF CONFUCIUS by Helena Wan A Dissertation Submitted to the Faculty of the Graduate School of Loyola University of Chicago in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy May 1980 Helena Wan Loyola University of Chicago THE EDUCATIONAL THOUGHT OF CONFUCIUS The purpose of this study is to investigate the humanistic educational ideas of Confucius as they truly were, and to examine their role in the history of tradi- tional Chinese education. It is the contention of this study that the process of transformation from idea into practice has led to mutilation, adaptation or deliberate reinterpretation of the original set of ideas. The ex­ ample of the evolution of the humanistic educational ideas of Confucius into a system of education seems to support this contention. It is hoped that this study will help separate that which is genuinely Confucius' from that which tradition has attributed to him; and to understand how this has happened and what consequences have resulted.
    [Show full text]
  • World Bank Document
    E289 Volume 3 PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA CHONGQING MUNICIPAL GOVERNMENT I HE WORLD BANK Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized CHONGQING URBAN ENVIRONMENT PROJECT NEW COMPONENTS DESIGN REVIEW AND ADVISORY SERVICES Public Disclosure Authorized ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT VOLUME 1: WASTE WATER CONS L!DATEDEA AUGUST 2004 No. 23500321.R3.1 Public Disclosure Authorized TT IN COLLABORATION 0 INWITH ( SOGREAH I I i I I I I I I PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA CHONGQING MUNICIPAL MANAGEMENT OFFICE OF THE ROGREAH WORLD BANK'S CAPITAL 1 __ ____ __ __ ___-_ CCONS0 N5 U L I A\NN I S UTILIZATION CHONGQING URBAN ENVIRONMENT PROJECT NEW COMPONENTS CONSOLIDATED EA FOR WASTEWATER COMPONENTS IDENTIFICATION N°: 23500321.R3.1 DATE: AUGUST 2004 World Bank financed This document has been produced by SOGREAH Consultants as part of the Management Office Chongqing Urban Environment Project (CUEP 1) to the Chongqing Municipal of the World Bank's capital utilization. the Project Director This document has been prepared by the project team under the supervision of foilowing Quality Assurance Procedures of SOGREAH in compliance with IS09001. APPROVED BY DATE AUTHCP CHECKED Y (PROJECT INDEY PURPOSE OFMODIFICATION DIRECTOR) CISDI / GDM GDM B Second Issue 12/08/04 BYN Chongqing Project Management zli()cqdoc:P=v.cn 1 Office iiahui(cta.co.cn cmgpmo(dcta.cg.cn 2 The World Bank tzearlev(.worldbank.org 3 SOGREAH (SOGREAH France, alain.gueguen(.soqreah.fr, SOGREAH China) qmoysc!soQreah.com.cn CHONGQING MUNICIPALITY - THE WORLD BANK CHONGQING URBAN ENVIRONMENT PROJECT - NEW COMPONENTS CONSOLIDATED EA FOR WASTEWATER COMPONENTS CONTENTS INTRODUCTION ............. .. I 1.1.
    [Show full text]
  • Thomas David Dubois
    East Asian History NUMBER 36 . DECEMBER 2008 Institute of Advanced Studies The Australian National University ii Editor Benjamin Penny Editorial Assistants Lindy Shultz and Dane Alston Editorial Board B0rge Bakken John Clark Helen Dunstan Louise Edwards Mark Elvin Colin Jeffcott Li Tana Kam Louie Lewis Mayo Gavan McCormack David Marr Tessa Morris-Suzuki Kenneth Wells Design and Production Oanh Collins and Lindy Shultz Printed by Goanna Print, Fyshwick, ACT This is the thilty-sixth issue of East Asian History, printed in July 2010. It continues the series previously entitled Papers on Far Eastern History. This externally refereed journal is published twice per year. Contributions to The Editor, East Asian Hist01Y College of Asia and the Pacific The Australian National University Canberra ACT 0200, Australia Phone +61 2 6125 2346 Fax +61 2 6125 5525 Email [email protected] Website http://rspas.anu.edu.au/eah/ ISSN 1036-D008 iii CONTENTS 1 Editor's note Benjamin Penny 3 Manchukuo's Filial Sons: States, Sects and the Adaptation of Graveside Piety Thomas David DuBois 29 New Symbolism and Retail Therapy: Advertising Novelties in Korea's Colonial Period Roald Maliangkay 55 Landscape's Mediation Between History and Memory: A Revisualization of Japan's (War-Time) Past julia Adeney Thomas 73 The Big Red Dragon and Indigenizations of Christianity in China Emily Dunn Cover calligraphy Yan Zhenqing ��g�p, Tang calligrapher and statesman Cover image 0 Chi-ho ?ZmJ, South-Facing House (Minamimuki no ie F¥iIoJO)�O, 1939. Oil on canvas, 79 x 64 cm. Collection of the National Museum of Modern Art, Korea MANCHUKUO'S FILIAL SONS: STATES, SECTS AND THE ADAPTATION OF GRAVESIDE PIETY � ThomasDavid DuBois On October 23, 1938, Li Zhongsan *9='=, known better as Filial Son Li This paper was presented at the Research (Li Xiaozi *$':r), emerged from the hut in which he had lived fo r three Seminar Series at Hong Kong University, 4 October, 2007 and again at the <'Religious years while keeping watch over his mother's grave.
    [Show full text]
  • The Liberal Arts Curriculum in China's Christian
    THE LIBERAL ARTS CURRICULUM IN CHINA’S CHRISTIAN UNIVERSITIES AND ITS RELEVANCE TO CHINA’S UNIVERSITIES TODAY by Leping Mou A thesis submitted in conformity with the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts Department of Leadership, Higher and Adult Education Ontario Institute for Studies in Education University of Toronto © Copyright by Leping Mou 2018 The Liberal Arts Curriculum in China’s Christian Universities and Its Relevance to China’s Universities Today Leping Mou Master of Arts Department of Leadership, Higher and Adult Education Ontario Institute for Studies in Education University of Toronto 2018 Abstract This thesis considers the historical background, the development, and the characteristics of China’s Christian universities, with a special focus on their curriculum design. Through the lens of postmodern theory, the thesis explores the concept and essence of liberal arts education as reflected in the curriculum of the Christian universities through a qualitative methodology, focusing on the analysis of historical archival material. The purpose is to find insights for today’s trend towards reviving liberal arts education in China’s elite universities as a way of countering the influence of utilitarianism and neo-liberalism in an era of economic globalization. ii Acknowledgements The completion of this Master thesis marks the accomplishment of two years’ academic study at the Ontario Institute for Studies in Education (OISE). Along with my hard work, it is made possible because of the insightful suggestions and guidance from OISE's erudite professors and the help and support from family and friends. It is also an encouragement for me to proceed to further doctoral study.
    [Show full text]
  • Innovative and Inclusive Internationalization: Proceedings of the WES–CIHE Summer Institute 2020 Boston College
    CIHE Perspectives No.18 Innovative and Inclusive Internationalization: Proceedings of the WES–CIHE Summer Institute 2020 Boston College Hans de Wit and Tessa DeLaquil Editors CIHE Perspectives No.18 Innovative and Inclusive Internationalization Proceedings of the WES-CIHE Summer Institute 2020 Boston College Hans de Wit Tessa DeLaquil (Editors) CIHE Perspectives This series of studies focuses on aspects of research and analysis undertaken at the Boston College Center for International Higher Education. The Center brings an international consciousness to the analysis of higher education. We believe that an international perspective will contribute to enlightened policy and practice. To serve this goal, the Center produces International Higher Education (a quarterly publication), books, and other publications; sponsors conferences; and welcomes visiting scholars. We have a special concern for academic institutions in the Jesuit tradition worldwide and, more broadly, with Catholic universities. The Center promotes dialogue and cooperation among academic institutions throughout the world. We believe that the future depends on effective collaboration and the creation of an international community focused on the improvement of higher education in the public interest. Center for International Higher Education Campion Hall Boston College Chestnut Hill, MA 02467 USA www.bc.edu/cihe ©2020 Boston College Center for International Higher Education. All Rights Reserved Table of Contents 1 WES/CIHE Foreword Esther Benjamin and Hans de Wit Benefits and
    [Show full text]
  • The Lives of Islaves
    The Lives of iSlaves: Report on Working Conditions at Apple’s Supplier Pegatron How the brand new bigger and better iPhone 6 are made? This report exposes the slavery working conditions at three factories of Pegatron Corporation, one of the major suppliers of Apple Inc. Pegatron, as reported by earlier news articles online, have been contracted to produce about 50 million units, which is equivalent to nearly half of Apple’s iPhone shipping in this autumn and winter. 1 The data presented in this report are drawn from our surveys conducted in three subsidies plants of Pegatron Corp., namely Maintek Computer (Suzhou) Co., Ltd (名碩電腦(蘇州)有限公 司), Cotek Electronics (Suzhou) Co. Ltd. (康碩電子(蘇州)有限公司) and Casetek Computer (Suzhou) Co. Ltd. (凱碩電腦(蘇州)有限公司). They are all located in No. 233, Jinfeng Rd., Suzhou, Jiangsu, China. It is found that the working conditions at these three factories are abhorringly poor, which again show how Apple Inc. is building its empire at the cost of blood, sweat, and tears of migrant workers in the Chinese mainland. 1 Phonearena.com, Taiwanese supplier Pegatron handed 50% of Apple's gargantuan 2014 iPhone 6 orders, retrieved at http://www.phonearena.com/news/Taiwanese-supplier-Pegatron-handed-50-of-Apples-gargantuan- 2014-iPhone-6-orders_id59369 Students & Scholars Against Corporate Misbehaviour Telephone: (852) 2392 5464 Fax: (852) 2392 5463 Email: [email protected] Website: www.sacom.hk Mailing Address: P.O.Box No. 79583, Mongkok Post Office, HONG KONG The Lives of iSlaves: 02 Report on Working Conditions at Apple’s Supplier Pegatron 1. Highlights of the Slavery Conditions at Pegatron Figure 1-1 Signage for welcoming new workers at the fourth gate of Pegatron Suzhou 1.1.
    [Show full text]
  • Of Cross-Strait Academic Exchange
    A Service of Leibniz-Informationszentrum econstor Wirtschaft Leibniz Information Centre Make Your Publications Visible. zbw for Economics Schucher, Günter Working Paper Where Minds Meet: The "Professionalization" of Cross-Strait Academic Exchange GIGA Working Papers, No. 106 Provided in Cooperation with: GIGA German Institute of Global and Area Studies Suggested Citation: Schucher, Günter (2009) : Where Minds Meet: The "Professionalization" of Cross-Strait Academic Exchange, GIGA Working Papers, No. 106, German Institute of Global and Area Studies (GIGA), Hamburg This Version is available at: http://hdl.handle.net/10419/47719 Standard-Nutzungsbedingungen: Terms of use: Die Dokumente auf EconStor dürfen zu eigenen wissenschaftlichen Documents in EconStor may be saved and copied for your Zwecken und zum Privatgebrauch gespeichert und kopiert werden. personal and scholarly purposes. Sie dürfen die Dokumente nicht für öffentliche oder kommerzielle You are not to copy documents for public or commercial Zwecke vervielfältigen, öffentlich ausstellen, öffentlich zugänglich purposes, to exhibit the documents publicly, to make them machen, vertreiben oder anderweitig nutzen. publicly available on the internet, or to distribute or otherwise use the documents in public. Sofern die Verfasser die Dokumente unter Open-Content-Lizenzen (insbesondere CC-Lizenzen) zur Verfügung gestellt haben sollten, If the documents have been made available under an Open gelten abweichend von diesen Nutzungsbedingungen die in der dort Content Licence (especially Creative Commons Licences), you genannten Lizenz gewährten Nutzungsrechte. may exercise further usage rights as specified in the indicated licence. www.econstor.eu Inclusion of a paper in the Working Papers series does not constitute publication and should not limit publication in any other venue.
    [Show full text]
  • Education in China Since Mao
    The Canadian Journal of Higher Education, Vol. X-l, 1980 Education in China Since Mao WILLIAM G. SAYWELL* ABSTRACT Policies in Chinese education, particularly higher education, have undergone major shifts since 1949 in response to general swings in Chinese policy, ideological debates and the political fortunes of different leaders and factions. These changes have involved shifts in emphasis between "redness"and "expertness", between education as a party device designed to inculcate and sustain revolutionary values and education as a governmental instrument used to promote modernization. In the most recent period since Mao's death and the "Gang of Four's" ouster in the fall of 1976, there has been a return to pragmatism with the radical policies and stress on political goals of the Cultural Revolution period giving way to a renewed emphasis on developing professional and technical skills. These objectives are being promoted by the reintroduction of earlier moderate policies governing curricula, admission standards and academic administration and by extraordinary measures, including international educational exchanges, designed to overcome the Cultural Revolution's disruptive impact. These new policies have provoked some criticism from those concerned about elitist aspects of the current system and a reduced commitment to socialist values. Since educational policy is highly sensitive to shifting political currents, future changes in this area will serve as a barometer of new political trends. RÉSUMÉ La politique de l'enseignement en Chine, particulièrement l'enseignement supérieur, a subi des changements majeurs depuis 1949 en réponse aux va-et-vient généraux de la politique chinoise, aux débats idéologiques et à la fortune politique des différents leaders et des dissensions.
    [Show full text]
  • The People's Liberation Army's 37 Academic Institutions the People's
    The People’s Liberation Army’s 37 Academic Institutions Kenneth Allen • Mingzhi Chen Printed in the United States of America by the China Aerospace Studies Institute ISBN: 9798635621417 To request additional copies, please direct inquiries to Director, China Aerospace Studies Institute, Air University, 55 Lemay Plaza, Montgomery, AL 36112 Design by Heisey-Grove Design All photos licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0 International license, or under the Fair Use Doctrine under Section 107 of the Copyright Act for nonprofit educational and noncommercial use. All other graphics created by or for China Aerospace Studies Institute E-mail: [email protected] Web: http://www.airuniversity.af.mil/CASI Twitter: https://twitter.com/CASI_Research | @CASI_Research Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/CASI.Research.Org LinkedIn: https://www.linkedin.com/company/11049011 Disclaimer The views expressed in this academic research paper are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the official policy or position of the U.S. Government or the Department of Defense. In accordance with Air Force Instruction 51-303, Intellectual Property, Patents, Patent Related Matters, Trademarks and Copyrights; this work is the property of the U.S. Government. Limited Print and Electronic Distribution Rights Reproduction and printing is subject to the Copyright Act of 1976 and applicable treaties of the United States. This document and trademark(s) contained herein are protected by law. This publication is provided for noncommercial use only. Unauthorized posting of this publication online is prohibited. Permission is given to duplicate this document for personal, academic, or governmental use only, as long as it is unaltered and complete however, it is requested that reproductions credit the author and China Aerospace Studies Institute (CASI).
    [Show full text]