Vol. 25, No. 49 December 6, 1982

A CHINESE WEEKTY OF NEWS AND VIEWS

o Notionol People's Congress in Session o Correct Hondling of Closs Struggle in Chino

o Buildtng Hydropower Generation Centres

u.r$f leaders reiterated China's firm HIGHLIGHTS OF THE WEEK support for the Kampuchean people's struggle against Viet- NPC in Session JieJangjun Bao, a national namese aggression (p. 9). newspaper of the armed forces The 5th National People's (p. r6). Retuting Viet Nam's lllegal Congress, the highest organ of Claim state power in China, began its Tapping China's Water 5th session with a report by A Chinese Foreign Ministry Peng Zhen and panel discus- Resources spokesman reaffirmed China's sions on a revised Constitution China plans to build 10 hydro- sovereignty over the Xisha and which had been drafted to con- power generation centres to in- Nansha Islands, refuting the form to China's present realities crease energy supply so as to Vietnamese Government's as- and meet the needs of its mod- ensure that the nation's total sertion concerning the so-called ernization drive. industrial and agricultural out- boundary line in the Beibu Gulf put quadrupJ.ed (p. 1o). The second mgjor item on the value will be by (p. agenda was a report on the 6th the end of this century 7), Five-Year Plan by Premier Zhao Ziyang (p. 5). Changes in a Tibetan City In his third of a series of five Correct Handling of Cur- articles on Tibet, our correspon- rent Crass Struggle dent gives a detailed report on the changes in Gyangze, one of After correcting serious the largest cities in this autono- "Left" errors, the Party has set (p. forth fundamental policies for mous region 21). the scientific handling of the Support Kampuchea current forms of class struggle lor A hydropower station is under in China. An in-depth analysis During Prime Minister Son construction. of this topic by Commentator of Sann's visit to Beijing, Chinese Woodcut by F eng Zhongtie

Scientific Accomplishments ARTICIES & DOCUMENIS Leoders Kompu- Chinese on Porty Congress: BEIJIiIG REVIEW cheon Situotion On the 12th Scientificolly Understond Chino Reoff irms Support for ond Horidle Closs Struggle Published every Mondoy by Polestinions' Struggle in Chino "Jiefongjun - 16 BEIJING REVIEW Xisho ond Nonsho lslonds Are Boo" Commentotor 24 Boiwonzhuong Rood, Beijing Chino's Territory Tibet: An lnside View (lll) The People's. Republic of Chino - Sino-Omoni Relotions Grow Chonges in Gyongze-Our Correspondent Jing Wei 21 Vol, 25, No, December 49 6,1982 Chinese Studying Abrood INTERNATIONAL I 1.15 Our Stoff Writer Gong Yuon- 25 Jopon's New Cobinet-Chen CONTENTS Bowei ond Sun Dongmin CUTIURE A SCIENCE 28.30 Obstocles to Mideost Peoce ARI PAGE 31 NOTES FROM THE EDITORS 3.4 Yi Ming, "Beijing Review"- news onolyst About lntellectuols Culturol CARICOM Summit-Zhong Toi Editor Xin Xiongrong- Omon ond Democrotic Yemen Agree to Normolize Relo- LETTERS 4 tions Zhu Mengkui - BElJlt[G REVIEW (USFS IIo. 658-110] is EYENTS & TRENDS 5.10 US Vice-President Finds Afri- published wookly lor US$ I 3.50 pcr year by con Tour Unsuccesslul Beiwanrftuang Road. - Beiiing Faviow, 2tl Notionol People's Congress Ren Yon Boiiing, Ghina. Socond-class postagr e.id Opens IMF's Un just Treotment of at San Francisco, GA. Postmaster: Send Ten Hydropower Generotion Zombio Xinhuo commen- cddrcss dtangos to China Books & Centres to ry - Poriodicals, lnc., 2929 24th Slroot, San One-Fourth of the World ls Chino Internotionol Tourism trancisco, CA 94110. Lorge Enough Conference 1983 Notos }'rrlm thn Editors

prevalent in the previous years, About lntellectuals while repeatedly affirming that intellectuals are part of the How and why has China's reform and other movements to working class. policy tou,ards intellectuals transform the society, which changed? gave them the chance to educate This represented a major and steel themselves. policy change, which required China's current policy towards the society to rely on intellec- national on lntellectuals is quite different At a conference tuals and trust them as mem- intellectuals 1956, Premier from the policy during the 60s in bers of the revolutionary ranks and 70s. The major alterations Zhou.Enlai proclaimed on behalf and to give them full opportu- are: "Left" mistakes that gov- of the Party Central Committee nities to play positive roles. erned policy for a considerably that the overwhelming majority meantime, Party Iong time have been corrected, of intellectuals were employed In the the redressed large numbers of false intellectuals have regained their in government organizations and charges, frame-ups and wrong appropriate political and social enterprises and were serving the sentences of previous years, as- po and the nation has cause of socialism, and so they signed appropriate jobs and recognized the importance of had become part of the working promoted numerous cornpetent their role in the ongoing mod- class. The conference stressed posts. ernization drive. that in building socialism it was intellectuals to leading imperative to rely on the Whenever and wherever pos- To explain such changes. it is workers, peasants and in- sible, have been made to necessary to give a brief run- efforts tellectuals. This affirmed that improve inteliectuals' working down of history. policy the Party towards intel- and living conditions. The Iectuals had been successfully T'he old society left New China change in the Party's policy and implemented tremendous in.its infancy with about 2 mil- and a series of related measures changes had taken place among lion intellectuals. Most of them adopted in the last few years China's inteilectuals. were of exploiting class origins. have catalysed tremendous received a bourgeois education Unfortunately, in the ensuing changes in the mental outlook and served the olC Chinese years, especially in the 10-year of China's intellectuals. They rulers. As they s'ere attached to "cultural revolution," the Party have become full participants in the bourgeoisie. their political committed "Left" errors in its the modernization drive and the stand. ideologl' and sentiments guiding thought, which included mainstay in such fields as were different flom those of the discarding of its correct as- science and technology. culture the workers and peasants. sessment of intellectuals and and education, medical service correct policy towards them. and public heaith. After coming to porver. the The upshot was they were again Chinese Communist Party ac- China's renewed emphasis on labelled as "bourgeois intellec- tively lallied these inieilectuais the role and position of intellec- tuals." Many who had made in the service of New China and tuals worries some of our well- outstanding accomplishments adopted the policy of ''uniting. intentioned foreign friends who and contributions were discrim- educating and remoulding" in- fear that this could engender inated against and some were tellectuals. that is, unite them "intellectual aristocrats" in Chi- even attacked and persecuted by to carry out revolution and na- na and give rise to class polari- the gang of f'our. tional construction, educate and zation between the "blue col- help them to change their polit- Af ter the smashing of the lars" and the "rvhite collars." ical stand and world outlook, gang of four in 1976 and partic- Such worry is unnecessary. In In line with thi.s policy, intel- ularly after the Third Plenum fact, sustained efforts will be iectuals throughout the nation of the 1lth Party Central Com- necessary to ensure the imple- were organized to study mittee towards the end of 1978, mentation of the revamped Par- Marxism-Leninism and Mao the Party Central Commit- ty policy before intellectuals can Zedong Thought; they were tee reassessed the situation of really be confident of their role' given jobs. and proper arrange- China's intellectuals and devot- as a force the nation relies on ments were made for thern. ed major efforts to correcting and treated as equals by work- Many participated in the land the "Left" deviationist mistakes ers, peasants and soldiers. We

December 6, 1982 forth by the Goneral Secretary of mean that the people enjoy too the Cbrrnmunist Party of China. As many consumer goods. It is caused a countrywith 1,000 million people, by contradictions in commerce. In China has the right to design its the third world countries, though future in accord with its immense the people's needs are generally On thc 12th Porty Congrcss potential. If the achievements are far from being satisfied, they more than expected, nobody will know more about the market. It I've read carefully "A Chronicle say there was no need for the is not because of its great popula- of Majot Events of the Party and Chinese Communist Party leaders tion, but because of the superiority State (Aug. 1977-Aug. 1982)" in your to stimulate the people's enthu- in its organization that China has issue No. 35 and Hu Yao- siasm for fulfilling these noble soh,ed the problem orl sales better bang's report to the 12th National and reasonable tasks. than other countries. As to theory, Congress of the CPC (issue No. 37). China should continue to study These articles reveal the concrete I personally believe that China such problems as those raised in contents of the grand prospects d,ces not lack economic ability to of great goals, A Contribution to the Critique and major policies in the coming realize the rather, it Political Economg. years. To set.up fresh structures can achieve more. If there is any it is necessa.ry simultaneously to obstacle, it is man-made. i.e., poiit- I}[andrara Eesdegs open up social and political roads ical and organizational problems. Andanarii'o. Madagascar and step up economic construction. particularly New structures necessary in Here, I would like Prizc-Winning "Crob City" are mention Muqiao's opinion order to achieve greater economic to Xue results and raise the people's liv- on capitalist countries (see p. 16. I have recently read the article ing standard. issue No. 40). In capitalist coun- in the composition section of your tries, the growth crf production magazine, that being the essay Jose Luis Diaz Mira depends on the market. This written by Miss Fu Jie (issue No. Madrid, Spain problem can be solved in China. 36). The market problem takes other her Hu Yaobang's report 12th I thought that the essay by to the forms in China under-utilization good National Congress of the CPC, the - called "Crab City" was a im- of human and material resources, pression of what a city on another new Party Constitution and the unemployment in disguised form, planet resume of the new members of may be constructed out surplus labour force in agriculture, of, I also found that the children CPC central organs were carried a huge rural population All these in issues No. 37 and 38. I appre- involved in her essay were from your publishing potentials shouid be fully utilized different backgrounds, races and ciate of these to develop mining, road building. they documents fol readers abroad. leligions but in "Crab City" house construction. metallurgical aII lived in harmony. This is an The reports are concrete, infor- and machine-building industries. adult idea coming from a young mative and thought-provoking. fishing. service and lepailing schoolgirl, which should be en- The layout is adequate; style, trades as well as scientif ic couraged. I hope that aII young- pleasant; and print. clear, research. sters have such good ideas as Miss Fu Jie. page If these potentials cannot be Perhaps if we took a It will be interesting to read 'not from her essay, we could all live excerpts press tapped, it is because of lack from the Chinese in harmony too. once a month. of materials but an organizational problem. If the mobilization of I send my best wishes to Miss Devincenti Jean labcrur results in an insufficiency Fu Jie and hope that she will con- Geneva, Switzerland of funds, there must be problems tinue to write such good essays in the organizing vu'ork. such as at the.school in which she studies. Chino's Economic Gools improper planning and financial errors. Graham Freestone Those who love China sincerely Rushden, England should be pleased to see the grand The problems of sales existing goals of economic construction set in capitalist countries do not I enjoy your column "Culture and Science." I read "Child's Science Fiction" (issue No. 36) and congratulate Fu winning combating deavour get wages and Jie for are still the erro- low first prize in the essay contest. neous tendency to discriminate live in crampd- rooms. It has present against and look down upon in- come national attention that In our times shrouded to in darkness, in which wars, mur- tellectuals. It takes time to com- many must stretch their meagre ders and brutalities are frequent, pletely stamp out the remnant means to support their parents it is important for children to have influences of the "Left" mistakes and children, as they are obli- visions of a beautiful future, in- cluding fantasies. that were there for so long. gated by law and custom. This is problem be grad- It dawns upon me that Begin as On the economic side, our a that will ually solved. Socialist China a Zionist is also dreaming about current wage and housing sys- a brighter future of an everlasting tems do not provide any pre- has never engendered "intellec- Jerusalem, but it is people like Fu aristocrats" aqd is unlikely ideals, not peo- rogatives for intellectuals. Many tual Jie with Iofty to do so in the future. ple like Begin with bloody hands, of China's intellectuals between who will realize their goals. 36 and 50 years of age a Cultural Editor Xin - - Gert Weiershaus staunch force in all fields of en- Xiangrong Biedenkopf, FRG

4 Beijing Reoiero, No. 49 CHINA EVENIIS & 'IRENDS

The four cardinal principles POLITICAL adherence to the socialist -road, the people's democratic dictatorship, the leadership of the Communist Party of China, National People's Congress Opens and Marxism-Leninism and Mao Zedong Thought - constituted The 5th session of the Sth {ous changes have taken place the overall guidelines for National People's Congress in the country's political. drafting the revised Constitu- (NPC) of the People's Republic economic and cultural life. The tion. These cardinal principles of China, currently meeting in Constitution as it stands does form the common political basis Beijing's Great Hall of the Peo- not conform in many respects to for the united advance of the ple, began its agenda with present realities, nor does it suit people of all nationalities in our discussion of the new draft the needs of the life of the state. country and are the - basic Constitution. Thus, an all-round revision is guarantee for the smooth pro- necessary. gress of our socialist moderniza- Ye Jianying, executive chair- tion, Peng Zhen said. man of the session and Peng Zhen said that two years Chairman of the NPC Standing had treen spent discussing He pointed out that the Committee, declared the session and revising the Constitution present draft has carried open on the afternoon of conscientiously, carefully and forward and developed the meticulously. unprece- November 26. The basic principles of the 1954 dented scale of the discussion of Peng Zhen, Vice-Chairman of Constitution while incorporat- the revised Constitution, the ing a careful summary of the the Committee for the Revision people partic- large number of rich experience of China's of the Constitution, delivered a ipating in the discussions and report on the draft of the socialist development and the far-reaching influence so drawing on international ex- revised Constitution on behalf engendered all demonstrate the of the committee. perience. It also takes into soaring political enthusiasm of account both the current situa- He said that the Constitution the workers, peasants, intel- tion and the prospects for devel- currently in force was adopted lectuals and people from other opment. It is distinctiveiy by the 5th NPC at its first circles in managing state Chinese, suits the needs of affairs. session in March 1978. Since China's socialist modernization the Third Plenaty Session of the The discussions gave scope to in the new historical period and llth Party Central Committee democracy, thereby pooling the will remain valid for a con- held at the end of 1978. tremen- wisdom of the people. siderable pedod of time.

On the rostrum from left to right: Vice-Chairman Deng Yingchao, Chairman Ye Jianying, Vice-Chairmen Peng Zhen and Yang Shangkun of the NPC Standing Committee.

December 6, 1982 The conference hall in the Great Hall of the People.

Peng Zhen then explained the that efforts must be made to armed forces of the whole basic contents of the draft of the popularize education and at the country; revised Constitution in light of same time improve its standard Putting overall responsibi- the opinions gathered during so as to raise the educational lity- for the State Council on the nationwide discussions. level of the workers, peasants premier; People's Democratic and cadres, broaden the ranks On the Strengthening the local Dictatorship. Peng Zhen pointed of intellectuals and train all - types professionals. Modern- organs of state power under the out that democracy is practised of unified leadership of the central among overwhelming ma- ization of science and tech- the authorities; jority of the people and that the nology is the key link in the country's modernization pro- target of dictatorship is only a Changing the system of the gramme, - very small number of people. he said. Speaking rural people's commune which The task of the state power about ideological lvork. Peng now combines government ad- Zhen under the people's democratic said that Marxism-Lenin- ministration with economic ism and dictatorship is mainly to defend Mao Zedong Thought is management, and establishing principles the socialist system and to lead the fundamental organs of political power at the guiding and organize socialist construc- ideological construction. township level. The people's Efforts should be made to imbue tion. China's state system and comraune will become solely an social system provide de jure a greater number of citizens organizational form of the rural and de facto guarantees that with high ideals, integrity, collective economy; and general Chinese citizens enjoy extensive education and a sense of discipline. Stipulating that state and genuine freedoms and leaders,- including the chairman rights. On the Structure of the State. and vice-chairman of the state, On China's Socialist Economic Peng Zhen said that a number the chairman and vice-chairmen System. Peng Zhen said that of new and important provisions of the NPC Standing Committee the draft reaffirms socialist about the state structure have and the premier and vice- public ownership of the means been incorporated into the premiers of the State Council, of production as the foundation draft. They are mainly the shall not serve more than two of China's economic system. following: consecutive terms. While upholding the leading Strengttrening the system On Unification of the Country position of the state sectors of - of people's congresses; and Unity of All Nationalities. the economy, he noted, diverse Peng Zhen said that the draft economic forms must be devel- Restoring the posts of points out the accomplishment oped so that the whole national chairman- and vice-chairman of of the great cause of reunifYing economy flourish. the state; will the motherland is the sacred On Socialist Spiritual Civiliza- Establishing a state central duty of all the Chinese people. tion. Peng Zhen pointed out military- commission to lead the including the compatriots in

6 Beijing Reuieu, No. 49 cil lNlF\ EVENI'TS & 'IRENDS

Taiwan. The Communist Party transformation of existing en- of China and government fol- terprises; the total amount of ECONOMTC Iow the basic pringiple of import and export trade will working for the equality, unity increase at an annual progres- Ten Hydropower Generalion and common prosperity of all sive rate of 8.7 per cent. nationalities in the country. The His 30,000-character report is Gentres system of autonomy in regions divided into three parts: China building 20 inhabited by minority nation- is now The fundamental tasks of hydropower stations with a to- alities is a correct system - the 6th Five-Year Plan; generating capacity 10 which has proved in practice to tal of The implementation of the miliion kilowatts. be suited to China's conditions: - 6th Five-Year Plan during the The iargest are the 2.71 mil- On China's Independent Foreign first two years; and lion-kilowatt Gezhouba station Policy. The draft stipulates that the basic principle for Chief measures for the all- on the middle reaches of the round- implementation the (Yangtze) China's foreign policy is inde- of Changjiang River and 6th Five-Year Plan. (See our 1.3 Long- pendence, Peng Zhen said. No the million-kilowatt next issue account yang matter what happens outside ot for a brief Gorge station on the upper of the report.) reaches (Yellow) China, China will adhere to an of the Huanghe independent foreign policy. He In accordance rvith practice, River. The smaller ones will be generate also said that with the policy of the 5th session of the 5th Na- able to between 400,000 independence as the premise, tional Committee of the Chinese and 900.000 kilowatts. China will follow the policy of People's Political Ctrnsultative The Ministry oI Water Con- opening to the outside lvorld. a Conference (CPPCC), a united servancy and Power plans to poiicy u,hich has been ptrt into front organization of the Chi- speed up the construction of prac:ice and u,i1l be continued nese people, was held at the hydropower stations in order to in the fuiilre same time. Members of the 5th provide sufficient electricity for Peng Zi:en's report drerv National Committee of the the economic push that is ex- warm applause. CPPCC attended the NPC n-reet- pected to quadruple China's to- ing as observers. tal industrial and agricultural The 5th \PC has 3.121 dep- uties and 3.055 of ih€n a:iended the November 26 n:r=::::. Panel discussions beqan on

November 27 oh the drai: oi the U pper and m idd le revised Constitution and Peng of the Huanghe R Zhen's report. At a meeting on November 30 Premier Zhao made a report on the 6th Five-Year Plan (1981- 85). He announced the major targets for this five-year plan: Total output value of in- dustry and agriculture will in- crease at an annual progressive rate of 4-5 per cent; the per- capita consumption level of the urban and rural people will increase at an annual progres- sive rate of 4.1 per cent; the total amount of investment rn Hydropower stations each with a the nation's capital construction generating capacity of over 100,000 kw now under construction: will be 230,000 million yuan, and 130,000 million yuan will be l. Hongshi 2. Baishan 3. Laohushao 4. Shuifeng 5. Taipingwan the 6. Longyang Gorge 7, Yuzixi 8. Ankang 9. Gezhouba 10. Nanyahe allocated for updating 11, Tongjiezi 12. Wujiang Ferry 13, Dongjiang 14, Shaxikou equipment and for the technical 15. Wanan 16. Dahua 17. Tianshengqiao 18. Lubuge

December 6, 7982 output value by the end of this growth rate, accordirrg to a were first borns. An average century. family planning leader. of 70 per cent of the births were first borns in provinces with When all the projected dams Xinzhong, Minister Qian in Iarge populations such as are completed, some rivers will rural Charge of the Family Planning Liaoning, Shandong, Hei- be "staircases" of reservoirs Jilin, Commission, also told reporterc longjiang and Jiangsu. the forming 10 centres of hydro- If that a "family planning month" 15 provinces that have more power generation. These centres year. is slated for early next than 30 million residents each are located on the upper and can achieve the 70 per cent rate, middle reaches of the Chang- The country's population now pointed out, the national jiang River and the Huanghe exceeds 1,000 million. and a Qian population can be kept within River, some tributaries of the baby boom is expected to con- 1,200 million by the end of the Changjiang, the Hongshui River tinue for over a dozen years as century. (a section of upper Pearl River) 22 million young people will get 'married and the middle reaches of the each year before the Qian also discussed the pop- Lancang River in southwest year 2000. That date is the ulation's rate of aging. A large China. Plans are on the drawing target for limiting the popula- proportion of China's population board for hydropower stations tion to 1,200 million. a goal that is young. The recent census in- with a total capacity of over 100 cannot be achieved if the nat- dicates that only 6 per cent of million kilowatts. ural growth rate (calculated by the population is over 65. By the subtracting deaths from births) China has rich energy re- year 2000, this age group is ex- exceeds 11 million per year. sources. Its known coal deposits pected to grow to around 9 per come to 600,000 million tons, Given this, administrative cent. The aging of China's pop- pose providing favourable conditions measures as well as economic ulation does not a serious problem, for thermal power generation. means are required to encour- he asserted. Its water resources rank first age family planning and control in the world. It is estimated that anarchism in chiid-bea,ring. SCIENTIFIC 380 million kilowatts of water Ideologicd education is crucial. power reserves can be utilized. Qian said. Scientific Accomplishments Yet only 3.4 per cent of this has been used to generate electric- The rural population. 79.4 per Satellite Telecommunications the major ity. Past failures to maximize cent of the nation. is Ground Stations. For the first family planning energy and particularly water focus of the time in its history, China used programme. Because about 100 r.esource utilization have made a telecommunications satellite the energy industry a weak link million women of child-bearing for communications services and in China's national economy. In age live in the countryside, it is television transmission. essential to show the peasants recent years, the state has in- Ten ground stations partici- that birth control will helP creased its investments in the pated in the experiment, con- them raise their standard of povr'er industry, and China's ducted between June 5 and living. Many production teams energy supply can be expected October . 5, with the service have introduced pension sys- to expand gradually to meet the rented from the InteLsat's Satel- tems and have set up retire- needs of industry and agricul- Iite No. 5 located above the In- ture. ment homes to offset the tradi- dian Ocean. tional belief that "sons are old age insurance," Qian said. As Intelsat requires that a coun- SOCIAL a matter of course, the quality lry's satellite telecommunica- and supply of contraceptives tions ground stations pass rigid 0ne-Fourlh of the llorld must also be improved, he examinations bef ore being added. admitted to the organization's ls Large Enough telecommunications satellite ser- planning pro- As China's population is The family vice network. already one-fourth of humanity gramme is most successful in and still growing, the country Beijing, Tianjin and Shanghai All five stations. which were is determined to curb its where 90 per cent of the births designed, manufactured and in-

8 Bei,jing Retsiew, No. 49 CH lNlA ii;-wr "',i)',.r.ir.i+'rr.r ..\rlbt r.i'r1"1,'ltrl:'j.:1t)r;:llsr EVENI'IS & TRTNIDS stalled through exclusively Premier Zhao Ziyang pointed Chinese efforts, easily passed FOREIGN out that for more than three the examinations for technical RELATIONS years, the Vietnamese authori- standards. Located in Shanghai, ties, backed by the Soviet Union, Nanjing and Inner Mongolia have harboured the ambition to with two in Shijiazhuang, they annex Kampuchea by armed Ghinese leaders on were approved for entrance into force and realize the sinister the Intelsat network together I(ampuchean Situation goal of occupying Kampuchea with four other stations out- for ever. But their aggression fitted with imported equipment. General Secretary Hu Yao- has met with the valiant resis- bang said that the Kampuchean tance of the Kampuchean armed New Nuclear Accelerators. New people are now engaged in an forces and people. The Vietna- nuclear accelerators are being arduous but great struggle on mese aggressors are now bogged built in Beijing, Shanghai and the outcome of which hinges down in a quagmire. He said Lanzhou, according to the Vice- the destiny of the Kampuchean that the Vietnamese authorities President of the Chinese Society nation, the future of the coming have not changed their policY of of Nuclear Research. Yang generations, and the peace and aggression and expansion and Chengzhong told correspondents stability of Southeast Asia. He continue to refuse to carrY out in a recent intervierv that this reiterated that the Chinese peo- the UN resolutions calling for would substantially increase ple would stand unswervingly the withdrawal of Vietnamese the nation's nuclear physics re- on the side of the Kampuchean troops from KamPuchea. In- search capabilities. The past people. stead, they are preparing for a ferv years have seen an expan- new offensive on the KamPu- was made by sion of accelerator design and This statement chean battlefield. construction unprecedented Hu Yaobang during his meeting Zhao Ziyang noted that the since 1949, he said. The new with Son Sann, Prime Minister ac- 'peoPle have won include heavy of the Coalition Government of Kampuchean celerators a ion victories in their cyclotron system and electron Democratic Kampuchea. Son tremendous struggle against Vietnamese ag- Iinear and proton accelerators. Sann paid an official and friend- gression. However, the struggle Research findings will promote ship visit to China from Novem- is a protracted and arduous one, the application of nuclear tech- ber 20 to 26. During his staY in and calls for vigilance. To devel- nology to industry, agriculture, Beijing, Premier Zhao ZrYang op the excellent situation in medicine and other fields. held talks with him. the Kampuchean PeoPle's strug- Chinese scientists have made Zhao Ziyang said that China gle against Viet Nam, Zhao said, notable achievements in the supports the three Patriotic it is imPortant to consolidate theoretical study and applica- forces of Kampuchea now fight- the alliance of the three Patri- tion of nuclear physics in the ing against Vietnamese aggres- otic forces of KamPuchea and last few years. Nuclear technol- sion, and will not favour one strengthen their role in the anti- ogy has already been applied to against another. He added that Vietnamese struggle. economic construction projects, China has no intention to estab- especially in nuclear power gen- lish its sphere of influence in Ghina Reaflirms SuPPorl He said: "We hoPe eration and in research such Kampuchea. For Palestinians' as the effects of radiation, that the three forces of Kam- nuclear analysis, and isotope puchea will place the national Struggle use. interests and their united Premier Zhao ZiYang sent a Nam above struggle against Viet message on November 28 to the Chinese scientists also have and everything else, and cherish New York meeting marking the made advances theoretical We in strengthen their alliance. International DaY of SolidaritY work (for example, the study of wish to see an indePendent, With the Palestinian PeoPle. the theory of nucleus, heavy ion peaceful, neutral and non- nuclear physics and medium aligned Kampuchea and a na- The message said: "On the and high energy nuclear tional union government which occasion of the International the PaI- physics) and have established a unites with all the Patriotic Day of SolidaritY With nuclear data processing centre. forces of Kampuchea." estinian PeoPIe, I wish to ex-

December 6, 1982 tend. on behalf of the Chinese their just fight to regain their far not been delimited between Gor.ternment and people, our national rights." the two countries.' This clearly high respects and cordial greet- indicated that originally the ings to the Palestinian people. Vietnamese Government also Xisha and llansha lslands recognized the fact that China "The situation in the Middle and Viet Nam had not delimited East has become increasingly Are China's lerritory the Beibu Gulf. turbulent over the past year. In A spokesman of the Chinese particular, beginning from June The statement stressed: "The Foreign Ministry said in a state- 4 this year, Israel,i troops Vietnamese Government's'dec- ment issued on November 28 unscrupulous and laration on base line of Viet launched an that the so-called boundary line massive invasion of Lebanon Nam's territorial waters' has in the Beibu Gulf as asserted by massacred in cold blood fully revealed the expansionist and the Vietnamese Government is large numbers of innocent designs of the Vietnamese au- illegal and null and void, and Palestinian and Lebanese civil- thorities to appropriate ar vast reiterated that the "Xisha ians in an attempt to eliminate sea area of the Beibu Gulf and Islands and Nansha Islands are encroach China's ter- Palestinian armed f orces to upon fhe an inalienable part of Ctlina's and deny the Palestinian people ritory. It is also a deliberate sacred territory." their national rights. This has new step to further aggravate aroused strong condemnation The statement said: "In its Sino-Vietnamese relations. The by the just opinion of the world. 'declaration on base line of Viet Vietnamese authorities must The heroic Palestinian fighters, Nam's territorial waters' issued bear full responsibility for all in defiance of brute force. have on 12 November 1982. the Viet- the serious consequencds that waged a valiant struggle, fu1ly namese Government groundless- may arise therefrom." demonstrating the Palestinian ly declared that the boundar5,- people's spirit of dedication delimitation convention signed $ino-0malli fielations Gnow and theil convict on that they between China and France in u,ill win vicLoly. Their just 188? 'had defined' the maritime "Sultan Qabus an,d the Omani cause has gained increasing boundary line in the Beibr,r Government follow a peaceful, sympathy and support from the Gulf, and even described Chi- neufa] and non-aligned policy. international community. na's Xisha Islands and Nansha They oppose hegemonism and Islands as Viet Nam's islands har e developed rvise policies to ''The Chinese Government announcing that base Iines enhance the unity and strength and people have always sympa- would be drawn for their ter- of the Gulf countries and the thized with and supported the ritorial sea. This is a u'ilful dis- unitl' among Arab countries. Palestinian and other Arab peo- tortion of the historrcal Sinc- We always regard unity among ples in their just struggle. Our Vietnamese boundarl'-delin-rita- the Arab countries as the crux f rm position is that Israel must tion convcntion and a gross vin- in solving the Middle East ques- withdraw from the Arab ter'- lation of China's sovereignty tion." Premier Zhao Ziyang ritories occupied since 1967, in- and territorial integritl'." cluding Jerusalem. that the said this to Fahr bin Taimur. Palestinian people must regain The statement added: "It Deputy Prime \1[inister for De- their national rights. including must be pointed out that the fence and Security of the Sulta- who paid visit the right to returri to their Sino-Vietnamese boundary nate of Oman, a November 2l-26 homeland, the right of self- delimitation convention signed to China on qetermination and the right to between China and France in Zhao Ziyang also said that establish a state. I am convinced 1887 did not in any way delimit Sino-Omani diplomatic reiations that under the leadership of the the maritime area in the Beibu have since their estabiishment Palestine Liber.ation Organiza- Gulf. Therefore. no maritime developed satisfactorily. Premi- tion headed by Chairman Yas- boundary line has ever existed er Zhao expressed the hope ser Arafat, the Palestinian peo- in the sea of the Beibu Gulf. that the relations between the ple who have stood the test of On 26 December. 1973, the two countries would develop arduous struggle will close their Vietnamese Government for- further. He added that the ranks, strengthen their unity mally stated to the Chinese Chinese people rejoice at the vrith Arab countries and all the Government that 'owing to the great success the Omani people other justice-upholding coun- fact that V,iet Nam has been in have achieved in defending their tries and peoples in the world a state of war, the maritime national independence and dq- and continue to win victories in area of the Beibu Gulf has so veloping their national economY.

10 Beijing Reoiew, No. 49 INIERNAIIONAI REPORIS & COXII'NENTS

When questioned about tapan's New Cabinet foreign policy, Nakasone said he would attach the greatest composition of Prime Speaking on November 25 at mHE importance to Japan-US ties. I Minister Yasuhiro Naka- his first press conference after He said his government would sone's cabinet, formed on No- becoming LDP President. Na- give priority to strengthening vember 26. indicates that the kasone said he would strive to relations of mutual trust to ruling Liberal-Democratic Party develop new politics a type of overcome frictions over trade (LDP) is in a transition period. that would facilitate dialogue and security issues. With u,ith the citizenry. Nakasone, who '*'as elected Japan-US ties as an axis, Na- government head at u .p"ti"l He spoke highly of the kasone pledged that his cabinet meeting of Japan's 97th Diet present constitution, praising its would work to reduce East- after his landslide victory in the historical significance and some West tensions, improve North- LDP's presidential primary, ap- South relations, seek Parentl;, feels he needs suPPort greater co-operation be- from elder statesmen and, at the tween Japan and the As- same time. that he cannot sociation of Southeast afford to ignore the strength of Asian Nations as well as the politicians of a new genera- with neighbouring states, tion. and contribute to world disarmament and peace. Cobinet Composition The Nakasone cabinet in- Reoctions cludes representatives of all Reactions Nakasone's LDP factions. Among the 21 to cabinet members. six belong to cabinet appointments Tanaka's faction. four to varied among Japanese Suzuki's, three to Nakasone's, economic circles, the op- three to Fukuda's. two to Ko- p

December 6, 1982 71 fare programmes in the name of reforms. The press called on rejection of these demands is reconstructing the country's fi- the cabinet to improve Japan's both reasonable and proper. nances. The chairman of the relations with the United States It is clear that .Israel not only New Liberal CIub, Seiichi Ta- and European countries. wishes to, control its northern gawa, said he was concerned The Nakasone government neighbour, but has broader he- that Nakasone's cabinet might cannot hope to avoid the moun- gemonist designs in the Middle amend the constitution so that tain of unsolved problems it in- East generally. increases military strength. it herited from the Suzuki cab- The Japanese press hoped inet, particularly in the areas US Shuttle Mission that the new prime minister of financial reconstruction and Peace in the Middle East is would establish new political administrative reform. unattainable so long as Isra,el ethics and that his cabinet - Chen Bowei and Sun maintains its hegemonist pos- would institute administrative Dongmin ture. US special envoy Philip Habib's shuttle diplomacy is re- Peoce portedly authorized by Presi- Obstocles to Mideost dent Reagan to negotiate a withdrawal of all foreign troops rf.t elapsed Recently, seven new condi- HREE months have from Lebanon before the end I renewed Middle withdrawal since. the tions for Israeli of the year. If true. the dead- peace been proposed, including: East rinitiatives of the suc- have line is drawing near. cessful Arab Fez summit and of . supervision over Lebanon's Reagan's proposal The Arab nations are gradual- eight-point air and sea space, appeared in September. The ly losing confidence in US me- current deadlock in the negotia- e retention of Israelri radar diation because of the continu- tions is the result of Israeli re- stations on Mt. Barouk in south ed Israeli occupation of Leba- fusal to withdraw its forces Beirut. and non. Washington has always supported Israel. If the United from war-torn Lebanon. o opening Lebanese mar- all States continues to maintain its Israeli goods. .kets to pro-Israel bias and capitulates lsroeli Demonds The presence of Palestinian to Begin's demands, Habib and fighters provided the pretext the US will lose all credibility Unless Israel agrees to with- for the Israeli invasion of as mediators on the Lebanon draw from Lebanon the peace Lebanon. Now that the Palesti- question. This would also gr.eat- negotiations cannot progress. nian fighters have left Beirut, ly weaken the US ability to me- The Begin authorities have the Israeli authorities are de- diate negotiations on a wider shown little interest in further- manding a form of reparations solution to the Middle East ing the peace process. On the that would seriously compro- problem as a whole. contrary, they continue to de- mise Lebanese sovereignty over Ming, "Beijing Retsieus" mand new concessions for their -Yi its own lands. The Lebanese neros analyst withdrawal.

o Israel insists that all re- maining Palestinian fighters CARICOM Summit and all Syrian troops must leave north and east Lebanon simul- ,Tt HE Ocho Rios Declaration Heads of government from 12 taneously with any Israeli with- I adopted at the third summit member nations attended the drawal. meeting of the Caribbean Com- third CARICOM summit on munity (CARICOM) said that Nov. 16-18, in Ocho Rios, Ja- o Israel demands that the maica. They discussed economic Lebanese Government guar- the integration movement was the only viable option available problems facing the region, the antee a 40- to 50-kilometre se- the current global situation and curity zone in south Lebanon. for the development of region under current economic regional security. Reports that Israel wants its and political conditions, and puppet Haddad to move his that it was the only way to Common Agreement troops as far north as the city of guarantee the independence, The summit's final com- Sur suggest further attempts to freedom and development of munique stressed the principles dismember the country. the CARICOM member states. of non-use of force for settling

12 Beijing Reuieto, No. 49 IN'IERNI}\ tION+\!. REPORIS & COIAIAEI\'IS international disputes and non- supporting regional national in- necessary for regional integra- interference in the internal dependence movements and in tion are sometimes resisted bY affairs of other countries. It co-ordinating the stand of member states concerned with emphasized the need to seek member states on the questions their own immediate interests. peaceful soLutions to interna- of the international law of the As superpower rivalry in the tional conflicts on the basis of sea and on South Africa. Caribbean gets more acute, mutual respect for sovereignty, Economically, CARICOM also this region is becoming one of promotes and independence and territorial in- regional trade the world's trouble spots. The tegrity. economic integration. The total Western economic recession has value of CARICOM member Leaders at the summit had an impact on the Caribbean states' imports and exports meeting shared a concern for region and the CARICOM increased from US$235 million peace and security in the region member states have many in 1973 to $1 billion in 1981. and. in partieular, for external economic problems. Co-operation in such fields as threats to some member states. culture, education, news, medi- CARICOM's third annual They are worried about big cine also has developed. summit meeting was postponed powers' military activities in for six years. The last summit political the Caribbean. However, and ideo- was held in 1975. As Prime Iogical differences still exist. The Caribbean leaders also Minister Edward Seaga of The CARICOM states have not expressed their deep concern Jamaica noted, the third reached full co-ordination of over the current worLd economic CARICOM summit meeting is a their foreign policies. Most of crisis which they attributed to good start of a new era, and these countries are economically the economic policies and shows that serious differences backward. Their old economic protectionism of the industrial- can be settled in really dem- structures and traditional pro- ized countries. They agreed to ocratic ways. duction methods are difficult to expand intra-regional trade and change. Economic adjustments Tai called for the establishment of -Zhong a ministerial body to deal with econcnnic issues. such as the trade imbalances and interna- Omon ond Democrotic Yemen tional credit pavments defaults. Agree Normolize Relotions On the US-proposed Carib- to bean basin initiative. the heads m HE Sultanate of Oman and late in October by the foreign of government agreed that I the People's Democratib Re- ministers of the two countries while member states have an public of Yemen announced after mediation by Kuwait and urgent need external for their intention to normalize re- the United Arab Emirates. economic assistance, such as- lations in a declaration of prin- sistance should be "given in The main points of the de- ciples issued on November 15. consultation with fullest respect claration are: to halt mutual for the sovereign wishes of the The declaration was signed hostilities; to normalize rela- recipient countries." tions on the basis of non-interference in each Prospects other's internal affairs, Established in 1973, the respect for each other's Caribbean Community now con- sovereignty, good- sists of Jamaica. Barbados. neighbourliness and co- Trinidad and Tobago, Guyana. oper,ation; to not allow Antigua, Belize, Grenada, St any foreign power to Lucia, St. Vincent, the Com- use either countrY's monwealth of Dominica, Mont- territory for aggression serrat and St. Kittes-Nevis. or provocation against Since its founding, CARICOM the other, and to estab- has achieved some success in lish diplomatic relations.

December 6, 1982 13 Oman and Democratic Yemen relations are essential. Improv- dence and for the settlement of are neighbouring countries on ed relations with Oman will conllicts in southern Africa. the strategic southern tip of the contribute directly to itS eco- The United States further Arabian Peninsula. This agree- nomic development. Oman, too, pledged to promote mutual ment opens a new page in the is stressing national construc- understanding with the African history of the relations between tion and peace rin the Gulf re- countries on major bilateral and these two countries, ending 15 gion. In a broad sense, better regional problems. years of enmity and contributes relations between Oman and lssue to peace and stability in the re- Democratic Yemen will have a Dispute OYer Nomibion gion. positive effect on strengthening Bush held talks with African unity among the Arab nations. leaders on issues ranging from general assessment of the si- Mutuol Understonding The US and Soviet miUtary a tuation in the continent to in- presence in Oman and Demo- Following soon after Israel's ternational issues emerging from cratic Yemen is a major cause invasion of Lebanon, this agree- the North-South dialogue and of their long-standing hostility. ment indicates that the two from the Middle East conflicts. This presence will continue for statcs share common views on some time to come, but Oman They also disctrssed the Na- current Middle East and the and Democratic Yemen have mibian issue. Despite wide- Gulf region issues, and on the agreed that this should not be spread criticism from African pressing need to maintain peace an obstacle to the normaliza- leaders, Bush reiterated to ea.ch and security in the region. Both tion of their relations. the United States' insistence on cotrntries had indicated their the withdrawal of Cuban troopd A good start has been made willingness to improve rela- from Angola as a prerequisite rin improving relations between tions. independence of Na- the two states. Omani Foreign for the mibia. In recent years, Democrat- Minister al-Alawi said that the ic Yemen has devoted its ef- two governments look for'*'ard Zimbabwean Prime Minister forts to national construction, to expanded bilateral contacts. Robert Mugabe criticized the lor which peaceful international Zhu lylenqkui United States. saying that it - \ras wrong to link the Namibian question rvith the presence of US Vice-President Finds Cuban troops in Angola. be' cause Namibia's right to inde- African Tour Unsuccessful pendence and selfdetermination is inherent and inalienable. THE visit of US Vice-Presi- vanced technology and equip- Kenyan President Daniei r dent George Bush to Cape ment, as well as nuclear fuel. Arap Moi said, "This clearlY Verde, Senegal, Nigeria, Zim- Washington's assistance in get- should be seen as a deiaying ,babwe, Zambia, Kenya and ting the International Nlonetary tactics to the eventual realiza- Zaire, November 10-23, as Presi- Fund to award South Africa a tion of independence for Nami- dent Reagan's private represen- US$1.07 billion loan. in partic- bia." tative was unsuccessful. ular, has exacerbated the situa- The leaders of Nigeria, CaPe tion. Verde and Senegal also strong- Uneosy Relotions support for the The Reagan administration's ly opposed US regime South Africa. Bush's tour was conducted purposes for the Bush tour were racist in They described the US roie as amid increasing uneasiness be- to preserve US interests there obstacle progress of tween the United States and and to prevent another super- an to the Namibian and to the African countries. Recent US power from expanding and im- the talks segregation in decisions have soured its rela- proving its relations with the end of racial South Africa. tions with African states. These African muntries. Before Bush included reducing restrictions embarked, he said that the Bush's long journey did not on admitting Pretoria's military United States planned to help solve the Namibian issue personnel to the United States, provide aid to African countries or help improve US-African on exporting electronic equip- and forge a "new partnership" relations. It left in its wake ment to South Africa for with them. He also said that it deep dissatisfaction and criti- police and military use, and on was determined to "persevere" cism towards the United States providing Pretoria with ad- efforts for Namibian indepen- among African countrie$.

14 Beijing Reuieu, No. 49 IFITERFI}\TIONAI REPOR tS & COMIAENTS

So long as the United States be solved. Thus it is impossible ed the cost of South Africa's continues to support the racist to fundamentally improve US- export of war to its neighbours, regime in South A-frica, the Na- African relations' especially its aggressive cam- mibian question cannot easily Ren Yan paign in Angola, as "substan- - tial." The South African de- fence budget rose 30 per cent to fl#lF's Unjust Treatment of Zambio the record level of over US$3 billion in 1981-82, it said. rFHE International Monetary Africa on "purely technical and Zambian Minister of State for I Fund's differing loan pol- economic grounds, without Foreign Affairs Musuka correct- icies for Zambia and South political considerations." The ly called the IMF loan to South Africa have mei worldwide dis- South African regime said that Africa "tantamount to it needed IMF loans to "com- Providing approvai. racist regime with carte pensate for the drop in the price the During negotiations with the terrorize frontline of gold" in the world market blanche to Zambian Government, the IMF states. " which had brought it economic demanded as a loan condition difficulties. Such statements The IMF's loan to South that the country close some of are hard to believe. Africa despite strong oPPosition its money-Iosing copper mines from the majority of the UN and that it devalue its currency South Africa is an impor[ant member states suggests that it by more 30 per cent, ac- economic power in Africa. Its than was indeed granted out of cording to press reports. Zam- exports of manufactured goods considerations" under bian Finance Minister K.S. and farm products to other "political the pressure of a suPerPower. Musokotwane said the loan con- African states have increased ditions were "tough." annually. Its economic prob- The IMF should change its lems do not derive from lowered favouritism towards the South Lasi- year the IMF agreed to gold prices but from its increas- African regime and make a just loan Zambia 800 million kwa- ing military budget. decision to give the second-Year chas (one kwacha equals ap- loan to Zambia. proximately US$1.22) over a The Strategic Suruey (1981- period of three I'ears. beginning 82) published in London describ - Xinhua comnlentarY with 300 million krvachas in 1981. However. this year the organization has balked at delivering the second portion of tour management and hotel ad- the loan, another 200 million China lnternational ministration will be held. An ex- kwachas. hibition of 3,00O sq' metres will Tourism Conference familiarize ParticiPants with Talks between the Zambian China's diverse historic and scenic 1983 Government and the IMF in spots. both Washington and Lusaka know- In the later daYs of the con- Many tourists visit China be pro- since last May have yielded no ing little about the country except ference, opportunities wiII travel vided for foreign tour operators to results. the Great Wall. Foreign Interna- asked advice may be negotiate with China agencies for Service and China However. in dcfiance of unfamiliar with Chinese travel ar- tional Travel for 1984 travel ar- .strong international opposition, rangements and tourist attractions. Travel Service rangements. the IMF agreeci to loan US$I.07 Thus the Chinese tourism organi- zations will hold a conference on biliion on favourable terms to Sightseeing in the Beijing area travel in China in order to im- amanged during the con- the racist South African regime prove foreign will be co-operation with ference. After the conference con- iast month. The organization tour operators. cludes on March 4 the ParticiPants did not require South Africa to The conference will begin on may visit other locations in China devalue its currency nor to February 28, 1983 in Beijing. Both to familiarize themselves with A 50 per cent close down its money-losing Chinese and foreigners will de- travel opportunities. Iiver presentations on tourism and discount will be offered on air gold mines. its prospects in Asia and the tickets, accommodatisn5 2nd other The IMF claimed that it world. In addition, lectures on servlces. decided to give loans to South

Decem,ber 6, 1982 15 Artieles & I)oeuments

On the l2th Party Congress

Scientifically Understand and Handle Class Struggle in China

by "Jiefangjun Bao" Commentator

Serzous "Left" errors lDere comrLitted. i'n tween the demand of the people. for rapid eco- understanding and, handling closs struggle nomic and cultural development and the exist- oJter the social,ist,transformation uas basically ing state of China's economy and culture, which accomplished in China. On the basis of sum- fell short of the needs of the people. The chief ming up historical lessons, Comrade Hu Yao- task confronting the nation at that time was to bang's report to the 12th Party Congress scien- concentrate all efforts on developing the pro- tificallA elucidated the Party's lundamenlal ductive forces, industrializing the country and uierapoints and poli,cies regarding the closs gradually meeting the people's incessantly grow- struggle in China at the presetut stage of histori- ing material and cultural needs. The large-scale cal deuelopment. The author probes further in- and turbulent class struggle of the masses has to this issue in the f ollotaing article. Ed. in the main come to an end. Although class - struggle still existed and the people's democratic rnHE correct understanding and handling of dictatorship has to be further strengthened, the r class struggle in our socialist society is basic task of the dictatorship was to protect and an important condition for the stability of the develop the productive forces in the context of state and society. the development of socialist the new relations of production. Comrade Mao democratic politics. the consolidation of the Zedong, for his part, also unequivocally called people's democratic dictatorship and the on all Party members to correctly understand strengthening of the army's political construc- and handle the two essentially different social tion. It is also an important political guarantee contradictions, and to shift the emphasis of the for the modernization drive and the socialist Party's work to economic construction. How- road. ever, owing to complex social and political causes, the Party's guiding ideology rapidly "Taking Class Struggle as the Key drifted away from the policies and principles laid Link" Proves Wrong down by the Eighth Party Congress, while the principle of "taking class struggte as the key Fundamental changes have taken place in link" was subjectively set forth and given China's social classes and class struggle as a increasing emphasis. of the socialist result of the overall establishment The basic implication of the principle of system and the fundamental elimination of the "taking class struggle as the key link" was clear. bourgeoisie and other exploiters as classes It denied that the principal contradiction in the basic completion of the socialist following society had changed after the socialist trans- transformation of the means of production in formation was basically accomplished but eon- 1956. tinued to regard the contradiction between the The Eighth Party Congress correctly pointed proletariat and the bourgeoisie as society's prin- out: The socialist system had been basically cipal contradiction and held that the class established in China; the principal contradiction struggle between the proletariat and the bour- within the country was no longer that between geoisie would exist throughout the historical the working class and the bourgeoisie, but be- period of socialism. Therefore, all economic and

16 Beijing Retsieus, No. 49 social work should centre on a4d serve the class Questions in the Histoty of Our Party Since struggle. the Founding of the People's Republic of Under this theory, outdated viewpoints on China, adopted at the Sixth Plenum of the Party 1981, past stormy class struggle were dredged up to llth Central Comrhittee in June pointed out, i'Class struggle longer con- observe and explain all social phenomena and no principal contradictions, and one after another political stitutes the contradiction after the have classes. campaigns were launched in the Party and exploiters been eliminated as However, domestic factors and society. The result was that the scope of the owing to certain influences from abroad, class struggle will con- class struggle was enlarged, and many social tinue exist within certain Iimits long contradictions that had nothing to do with the to for a time to come and may even grow acute under class struggle were treated as manifestations of certain conditions. is necessary oppose the class struggle. Many contradictions among It to both the view that the scope of class struggle the people were handled as if they were between must be enlarged and the view that it has the enemy and ourselves. This led to a drive to died statement Party's ferret out the so-called bourgeoisie from within out." This is our ,fundamental' conclusion class struggle in the Party, culminating in the "cultural revolu- on China's socialist society, drawn scientifically tion," in which "one class overthrows another," a tragedy which dragged the political life of the on the basis of summing up historical ex- periences Party and state and the entire social life into and lessons. Iong years of turmoil and inflicted colossal losses The contradictions that are class struggle and disaster on the socialist cause and the peo- in nature account for only a small part of the ple's interests. History has fully proved that the miscellaneous contradictions in our socialist theory and practice of ''taking clasS struggle as society. Most of the economic, political, the key link" under the socialist conditions went- ideological, cultural and other social con- totally against the reality of the class struggle tradictions clo not fall into the category of in the Chinese society. the objective Iaws of the class struggle. They can roughly be divided development of the socialist society, the strong into tu'o groups: The first group is mani- desire of the people of all nationalities to build fested as contradictions among_ the people in China into a modern socialist country. their different specific interests on lhe pasis of their identical fundamental interests. These include contradictions between individuals and Contradictions in Chinese Society the state and society; between enterprises and the state; between enterprises; between the ad- History has taught the Party and the people vanced and less advanced areas; between people a bitter ]esson. After the Third Plenum of the of dif ferent nationalities; between workers. 11th Party Central Committee convened in December 1978, the Party Central Committee res- olutely liquidated the principle of "taking class struggle as the key link" and shifted the em- phasis of the work of the Party and state to the socialist mod- ernization drive. In the mean- time, it adopted a series of im- portant measures and did a huge amount of arduous work to correct the "Left" mistakes committed under the guidance of "taking class struggle as the key link." These actions help- ed correctly resolve many con- tradictions within the Party and among the people and vastly improved the social and polit- ical stability and unity. Slaff members of this frontier inspection station in Yunnan Prov- ince carefully checklng transit artlcles as an important anti-smuggling The Resolution on Certain measure.

December 6, 1982 17 peasants and intellectuals; between cadres and. with the abolition of the system of expl.oitation the masses; between leaders and those under and the elimination of the exploiting classes. them: between the army and the civitans: This undoubtedly represented a major step of between the well-to-do and the relatively decisive significance towards accomplishing the poor; between buyers and sellers; between ser- historical task of eliminating class struggle vants and those served; between the specific in- from our social life. terests of producers and of consumers. These But this dbes not in the least mean that we contradictions abound and are ubiquitous in have already fulfilled this task. The people day-teday social life. rrust continue to struggle relentlessly against The second group embraces contradietions hostile elements that are still very active and between the advanced and the backward and closely linked with the system of exploitation between right and wrong in ideological under- and with the exploiting classes. standing based on the general goal. These enemies mainly fall under the fol- The emergence and existence of these two lou'ing five categories: First, counter-revolu- groups of contradictions are Iinked to the tionaries and enemy agents, including various forms of China's s

18 Beiiing Reuiew, No. 49 sembly and association, bourgeois ultra-individ- ualism and anarchism, money worship and the idea of putting profit- making first, as well as decadent bourgeois ways of life, bourgeois ethics and aesthetic standards. These kinds of ideo- logical tendencies and actions contradict the socialist system, the Party's leadership of the socialist cause and + the interests of the pee ple as a whole. Contra- dictions thus formed ob- viously carry the nature i Lin Chunguan (centre), Party braneh secretary of a production brigade in Fuiian Province, telling fishermen the need to con- of class struggle. But, sciously guard against corrosive bourgeois intluence. generally speaking, they still belong to contradic- oI the socialist legal system. $'ithin the frame- tions among the people, and their resolutions u/ork of state law and following legal pro- are different from the method by which we cedures so that we can administer a telling struggle against hostile elements. Instead, blow at these hostile elements with the full criticism and active ideologicaL struggle are force of the law. Of course. s'hen we say We employed in order to overcome these mistaken arq nnt eoins to launch politica'l and-mass-cam- ideas and actions and thus resolve these con- paigns. U-e q-o lrqt me{n that rv-e rtill not--fery tradictions correctly and effectively. the grqsses.fol-lqrv $e mass line,and-c-qnducll eB The struggle oppose overcome the cducation among the massgs. to and influence of the exploiting classes' ideology is very complicated. We must distinguish be- ls There Class Struggle tween different circumstances and different Among the People? natures. We must not indiscriminately include all contradictions in the category of class The elimination of the national bourgeoisie struggle. Exploitative ideology continues to as an e,xploiting class on the mainland ended exert infh-tence among the people in the form the class struggle between the exploited of incorrect views and activities such as super- and the exploiters the labouring people and stitions, concepts about patriarchal clans, the national bourgeoisie.- But, social contradic- patriarchal behaviour, bureaucracy and male tions characterized by class struggle remained. chauvinism. These can only be overcome through persistent and patient education and Some of the current struggles against the help. influences of feudal remnant ideas and decadent bourgeois ideology are, to different degrees, characterized by class struggle. For instance, Characteristics of Hostile over [he Jast ferv years, because of the corrosive Elements' Activities inflrretrce of bourgeois ideology, the tendency iolvards bourgeois Iiberalism has developed Since struggle by the people against hostile among some of our comrades. These people envy elements is the main content of our countryls pursue and the freedoms of the bourgeoisie. present class struggle, we rnust familiarize our- They consciously or unconsciously propagate selves with these forces' activities. bourgeois views in an attempt to introduce into our society Western parliamentarism, the capi- First, compared with the past class struggle, taiist two-party system and election procedures, the disruptive activities of these hostile elements the bourgeois freedoms of speech, the press, as- are a mere remnant of class struggle. On the

December 6, 1982 79 mainiand, because of the elimination of the ex- Fourth, these hostile elements often take ploiting system and exploiting classes and be- advantage of the shortcomings and weak links cause of the establishment of the socialist in our managerial systems, using these loop system, the hostile elements have lost the eco- hol.es as their basic channels and manoeuvring nomic. political and social basis on which the means. This is a prominent characteristic of the old exploiting elasses relied for their existence class struggle under socialism, particularly dur- as classes. Therefore, it is impossible for today's ing the early stage of socialism. Therefore, hostile elements to form a complete class. They reforming and improving the management exist only as economic and political fragments systems in our economic, political, cultural and of historical exploiting classes. Within the other social spheres constitute a major guaran- generaL trend towards development, their num- tee for advancing socialist modernization and bers are dwindling gradually and they are be- also an important condition for preventing the coming less influential. Nonetheless, under no disruptive effect of hostile elements. 'circumstances should we slacken our vigilance Fifth, is not possible to eradicate the dis- and struggle against their disruptive activities, it nor should we subjectively exaggerate them. ruptive activities of these hostile elements within a short period of time. They will exist in We should have this firm faith by relying on - our society for many years to come and, under development of our social productive forces the certain circumstances, may even grow. Several of the socialist system itself, and the strength factors support this conclusion: the remnant eventually be able to thoroughly we will influences left in various fields by the historical eliminate the phenomena of class struggle exploiting classes and their systems cannot be unremitting, correct and effective through eliminated at one stroke; our country has not struggles. accomplished the great cause of reunification and will continue to exist in a complicated in- Second, the social arena in which the hos- ternational environment for a long time to come; tile elements carry out their activities is exten- and capitalist and other forces that are hostile sive. When we say that class struggle still exists to our country's socialism will corrode and un- in our country to a certain extent, we mean that dermine our social life by every means they can has lost its dominant position in our social it muster. Furthermore, our country's economy life as a whole and is no longer the principal and culture are comparatively backward and contradiction. This, however, does not mean our young sociaList system is imperfect and im- that it is only confined to certain social spheres. mature in many respects. As a result. it is still Facts have proved that hostile elements are impossibl.e to prevent some members of society activities in all social conducting disruptive or of the Party from degenerating. Nor is it ranging from the economic field to the spheres, possible to obstruct the emergence of a small political, ideological and cultural spheres. number of exploiters and other hostile elements. mentally prepared a Third, the activities and social make-up of Therefore. we must be for prolonged struggle uphold the functions of these hostile elements are quite complicated. and people's democratic dictatorship. They are different from the exploiting classes the past society. that existed openly in the class Currently, the nationwide struggle is Their activities are always covert and they are growing against the newborn exploiting ele- so is good at disguising themselves, it difficult ments who smuggle, embezzle, corrupt, specu- and complex to discover them. In addition, their Iate, swindle and steal state and collective prop- social make-up and origins are very diverse - erty. This is a major manifestation of the class from families of workers, peasants, intellectuals struggle in the economic sphere under the new and cadres. They betray the people and the historical conditions in which China has intro- socialist cause because of their degeneration. duced the policy of opening to the outside and This requires us to improve our Marxist discern- stimulating the domestic economy. ment and analytical ability. In the course of struggling against these hostile elements, we The report to the 12th Party Congress should not only observe the surface phenomena stated: "In the new period of the development and their social origins, but see through appear- of our socialist cause, we must attend, both in ances to get at the essence, and strive to gather ideology and in action, to two aspects. On the evidence of their crimes in order to accurately one hand, we must persist in the policy of open- and effectively expose and strike at these ing to the outside, as well as in our policies for enemies. invigorating the ec.onomy domestically. On the

20 Bei,jing Review, No. 49 other, we must resolutely strike at the grave recognizing and handling the present class criminal activities in the economic, political and struggle existing within certain limits in our cultural spheres that endanger socialism. It country will clear the way for the construction would be wrong to attend only to the latter of a socialist material and spiritual civilization. aspect and be skeptical about the former, and Such a civilization, in turn, will provide condi- it would be dangerous to stress the former tions for the final elimination of class struggle aspect to the neglect of the latter." The Party in our country. Our socialist system will con- Central Committee put forward this important tinually move towards maturity and perfection guideline after summing up our experiences in in the course of these dialectical. advances. the modernization drive since the Third Plenary (An abridged translation of an Session of the 11th Party Central Committee. article in "Jiefangjun Bao," Octo- History advances dialectically. Scientifically ber 9. Subheads are ours.)

Tibet: An lnside View (ril) - Changes in Gyangze by Our Correspondent Jing Wei

This is the third part of a series on Tibet. citizens of this ancient county town plugged in Part one and part tuo appeared separately in their first electric appliances. Before 1977 oil 48. Ed. lamps or candles lit their homes. isszes No. 47 and - Running water was not available until last Gyangze?" I felt quite disappointed T S this year. Prior to obtaining this "luxury," people I when first saw the "city," one of the I collected water from the roadside ditches or the largest in Tibet. few nearby wells. In winter, when the ditch The difficulty of travelling more than 400 water turned to solid ice, they had to carry kilometres from Lhasa, winding over the 5,300- water more than 2 kilometres from the Nyang metre-high Xoggu La Mountain Pass and cross- River. Last year, the Gyangze county govern- ing the turbulent Yarlung Zangbu River, was ment spent 450,000 yuan in bpilding a water rewarded only by the sight of a rural town works which now pipes purified water to every s'ithout tall buildings, shopping centres or even corner of the town. a paved road I What met our eyes \\:ere fields dotted u,ith houses and s'ater rippling along in ditches Iining grarel roads. Several days later. hos'ever. my impression of Gyangze rvas totally changed. The achieve- ments of the less than 50,000 Gyangze people living on the plateau 4,000 metres above sea Ievel are remarkable.

Modern Conveniences Running water and electric lights are musts for modern cities. But it was not until the year after the gang of four was overthrown that the The Gyangze hydropower station.

December 6, 1982 21 -"e"^ t-;;i.;

w.i.-izf* " -;: -&&p"

! I L-:) 't..l

A nerv residential quarter and a resident's courtyard (lower right).

id.o

Three Big Projects between wide stone embankments. Although the old river bed is partially ptanted with high- In the past few years, Gyangze has under- land, barley or saplings, fol the most part it re- taken three capital construction projects-the mains blanketed with rocks and stones. Ac- building of a hydropower station and a canal cording tc.r the local senior citizens. in the' pasl and the utilization of the Nyang River. They the rivel often overfiowed. and the whole torvn might be ordinary projects to counties with a of Gyangze was almost washed away in 1954. large population and ample material conditions. Now thc: embankments have stabiiized the But. for this sparsely pt-rpulated, poorly funded river's coutse and not a single patch of field ot' plateau town. they are extrarirdinar-y. r,,illage has been fiooded in recent year-s. The hydropiower station project includes ir The 1O0-kilometre Nyang River is a tribu- lO-plus kilometre ditch u,hich diverts Nyang tary of the Yarlung Zangbu River'. Thr. county River water to the top of a mountain west of the planning commission expects to reclaim 3,300 town. The head of water thus formed is ex- hectales of land from the old liver bed wtrich ploited to generate electricity. With a total runs 39 kil<.rmetres through Gyangze County. installed capacity of 1,000 kw, the .station is not Once planted w'ith tlees and forage glass. it .'vril only able to supp).y electricity to residences but rapidly become the county's largest fole.st talm also to the county's factories and hospital and irnd a pastureland of a considerable acreage. ac- to its farmland irrigation system. It has eased t',,r'ding to the commission. the previous fuel shortage. With electricit_v, Gyangze's industry. handicrafts and sidelines have surged ahead. New Living Quarters

The 56-kilometre-long canal under con- Like other parts of Tibet, Gyangze has r:x- struction will divert the hydropower station's perienced a house-building boom since 1980. tail waters to ease the chronic drought of the During 1980 and 1981. a total of 8,168 new rooms mountainous areas, where one-third of the were built, an average of one for each r:t the county's population lives. A 31-kilometre sec- eounty's 8,149 households. This i.s unprecedenl-ed tion that winds through the precipitous moun- in Gyangze's history. tains has been eompleted. Ah Nan, 56, of the No. 2 production team The rolling water of the Nyang River is firm- of the Zongdui commune has a family of eight ly dlrected along a planned course. contained living in nerv quarters in the eastern section of

22 Beijing ReDieul, No- 49 the town. Their main cour.tyard is Iined w,ith The state has raised the purchasing price five spacious roorns with rows of glass win_ for grain. With increased output of grain, the dows Iooking out over a beautiful garden. The peasants tremendously boosted their income. secondary courtyard serves as an animal shed The government exempts Tibet from the agri- for the family's milch cows and goats. cultural tax. It also provides Tibet's peasants While his wife served highland barley wine. with free insecticides and low-priced chemical Ah Nan explained: "Our standard of living has fertilizer and diesel oil for agricultural purposes. improved a lot in the last few years, thanks to In 1981. the state spent 950,000 yuan on subsi- General Secretary Hu Yaobang,s inspection tour dies for these three items in Gyangze. of Tibet." "Now our county has more than enough Dawaciren, 66, of the No. B team built his grain and the peasanls actually Iined up to sell two-storied bungalow last year., with bedrooms their grain last year. But stock breeding has on the second floor and animal sheds and not grown as quickly. so we are still short of poultry coops on the ground floor and in the butter', meat and fur. Measures are being taken courtyard. Offering his visitors buttered tea, he to stimulate stock breeding," said head of the described his life as ''vastly improved." ,.Last county government's agriculture and livestock year the team paid me quite a sum for my wt>rk. depaltment. Even after deductions for gr.ain rations for the five of us and for the feed for two horses and Good Leadership three milch cows, I still made 200 yuan in cash. "Oul county Party committee is pretty And my sideline business earned me another 500 yuan." good," was a common sentiment among the peo- ple in connection with the improvement of the Rapid Changes in Two Vears county's living standards. Another sign of prosper.ity is that arr in, The neu, county Party committee headed by (Tibetan in creasing number of Gyangze people are buying Pingcuo nationality) was formed mem- new clothes and f urniture. Bicycles. wtist- 1980. Seven of its 10 standing committee watches, cassette recorders and other go<_rds con- bers are Tibetan, and the rest include one sidered luxuries in the pdst are sold out quickly deputy secretary and two members. alter they arrive in the county's department Party secretary Pingcuo, 40, is known as a store. "man of action." Before coming to Gyangze, he "The government's new policies have made was a district Party secretary of a mountainous people's lives easier and promoted the develop- area which was once one of the most serious ment oI production," explained Cidun, deputy drought-plagued areas in the Xigaze region. A ciirector oI the general office under the county Local saying describes it as a place where "rain Party committee. County planning commissiorr made it a granary while drought drove people figures indieate that Gyangze's rapid deveiop- to flee from famine." After he was appointed ment in the last two years is higher than the district secretary in 1973, Pingcuo tramped over average rate for' the Tibet Autonomous Region irlmost all the mountains in the district looking as a whole (see table). fol water resources. Eventually, having drawn up a plan for a water conser- Year Groroth vancy project, he worked and I98I tate lived writh the peasants for two Item (per cent) years to carry it out. They built -----t or expanded five reservoirs and Gross output value (yuan) 9,991,000 18.014,000 I 80.3 tapped 12 underground springs, Total grain and edible oil thus increasing the district's ir- output (ton) 2e,BB6 i 4e rigated area by 25 per cent. Average per-capita income i--= I After he was transferred to 127.2 :i{r I 89 Gyangze in 1976, he took charge of its three big projects. His outstanding management abili- 157 80.3 tdes raised his prestige among the people.

December 6, 1982 23 He'attributed Gyangze's fast development over the last two years mainly to the Party's policy "which, to the great satisfaction of the people, has mobilized their initiative." He also said, "The county Party committee has concen- trated on two issues over the last few years. One is to conscientiously carry out the Party's policies for Tibet and the other is to spread scientific-farming." o Functions of Policies. In the last two l. years, the county has introduced different forms of production responsibility system on the basis of experiments and investigations and in il ,f1 accordance with the conditions in different $t ; I communes and brigades. It also solicited opin- fl !a,;. F T i | 'ja, lh ions from the commune members. This has \i ' ,;1,q 't eliminated such absolute equalitarian practices ,b i\ l#" I as "everybody receiving the same remuneration 1"" lLi' \'&&, '{f irrespective of how much one does," and has l f thus effectively mobilized the peasants' and { '!i 31'. herdsmen's enthusiasm for production. r Secretary Pingcuo The county Party committee has carried out the Party Central Committee's policies on improving Tibetan people's living standards, present position to give scientific guidance to such as exempting the people of Tibet from all farming. taxes on agricultural production, stock breeding and handicrafts. "Based on geographical conditions and years of practical experiences, we have develop' In line rvith the Central Committee direc- ed eight guidelines for agricultural production tives. the courity authorities also abolished all which have already been spread throughout the forms of assignments to production teams, en- county," he Said. couraged the peasants to diversify their econ- omy and develop family sideline occupations. These were: Determine the best planting expanded private plots and increased the time for each different crop; choose good strains number of animals owned by individual house- suitable f or Gyangze; use chemical fertilizer holds. As a result. private plots now account rationally and replace topdressing with ground for 20 per cent of the county's cultivated land. fertilizer; weed regularly; encourage crop an B-fold increase over 1979 (up from 221 to rotation; make full use of farm machinery; 1,764 hectares). The number of privately owned prevent and control plant diseases and insect livestock increased from 17,321 to 50,544 head pests; and strengthen field management. and is now 15 per cent of the county's livestock. The scientific determination of planting o Scientific Farming. Gyangze is one of the times has helped prevent crop loss due to frost. principal grain producing areas in Tibet. But. Scientific farming has also increased the as it is 4,000 metres above sea level, its crops are amount of good strains in use from 30 per cent greatly influenced by cold weather. "Without in l9?9 to ?0 per cent today and raised the effi- scientific farming," said 48-year-old Wang Yu- ciency of chemical fertilizer. Regular weeding shan, head of the county agriculture and live- contributed to increasing the locality's grain stock department, "increasing agricultural output by 5,000 tons a year. production in this place would be out of the question." Representatives to the agricultural and stock breeding work conference of the Tibet Wang, a cadre of the Han nationality who Autonomous Region last June were impressed came to Tibet in 1960, worked for many years with Gyangze's experience. Many expre*sed at the Gyangze Agricultural Scientific Research interest in using Gyangze's findings in combina- Institute. He was later transferred to his tion with their local conditions. tr

24 Beijing Reuieu, No- 49 Chinese Study ing Abrood

by Our Staff Writer Gong Yuan

Ttoelue thousand Chinese harse studied application folm and legulations. He poiitely abroad at state erpense since 7978. They include refused their advice. .saying that he wanted to undergraduates, postgroiluates anil uisiting remain and join other Chinese people in their scholcrs usho have gone to 54 different countries efforts to build the country. and regions. The majority major in natural. sciences, bit some specialize in lnnguages cnd While on a lecture tour of the United States, social sciences. he stopped in San Francisct> to visit his sister and her family. His other sister happened to More than 3,500 ol them, haoe completeil be in the United States too. They again their courses and returned to China, includ- tried to persuade him to s1av. Ding Guang- ing 700 usho earned doctoral degrees in their gui described the tremendous changes the field. - Ed. China mainland has witnessed in recent years. The chaos of the "cultulal revolution" was over. he said. Fol instanc'e. his eldel brother'. who I-IING GUANGGUI. a 42-year.-old mathemari- r--l sisn of Hui nationalitl'. is an associate was un.justly Iabelled a "Rightist." has been professor at Nankai University in Tianjin. His exonerated and norv is tht, deputl' director of a count)' ol' f ield, f unctional analysis. is a new branch ol bultan e'iectlicilv, mathematics. In September 1979. he was senl "When national constluction is advancing to the Mittag-Leffler Insfitute of the Ro-"-a1 steam ahead. can .shirk to Swedish Acaden'ry ol Science-s for advanced full how I my duty studies. help in ehanging Chir-rer's backvu'rrrdntss?" hc, asked. The sisters rverc impre.ssed 'uvith his ded- He wrote his doctoral the,sis "Some Ques- ication and decided 1o ..;1,116 therr' .son.s and tions Concerning Functional Analysis" in just daughters 1o visit Chirr;r ovel' one year under the guidance oI Professol Enflo. an internationally known mathematician. Associal e Profe.s.sor l)ing Guanggui. no\r. 30().000 This thesis included the delineation of it back in China. hits attlhoted ir u'old problem that has .since the mid-50s attracted mathematical essav cntilled 'The Banach Space great interest in international mathematical Lemmas'' soon to be published b1' the Science circle. and remains unsolved, Ding's diligent Pt'ess. work towards its solution earned hin'r the institute'.q recommendation th:'rt he be Study Hard granted a doctoral degree f rom Uppsrrla University in Sweden. HL. was invited to give "Neither tration not stulr' lelt's backrvard- lectures at several Iamous universities in the u'r'otr' United States and Europe. ness as much as i i l'eat's ltru' spiltts.' Wei Qingding. a Bei.i ing Universitl' IectuI'er rvhrr rvas studying in ,Iapan. With Heart True to the Motherland The 43-year'-old Wei Qingding has crtnducted While he rvas abroad. Ding Guanggui r.e- lesearch in hydromechanics since his gradua- ceived letters from his two eldei' .sister-s in the tion from Bei,jing Univer.sity in 1964 He wenl United Statm and Taiwan lvhom he had not seen to Japan in 1979 to dtr fur'1her rescarch in an for more than 32 years. They both advised him aspect of the tield callc'd .'tulbulent flow" under' to emigrate to the United States. His sistel in guidance of Professor Hiroshi Sato oll thc space the United States even sent him an inrmigr:rtion research instilLtte of T<>kvo LInir.ersitv.

December 6, 1982 25 When he first arrived in Japan, the unfa- pursuing advanced studies at the Centre since miliar surroundings and language barrier made 1979, was recommended by the Centre to be the it very difficult for him to study effectively. first assistant. But he did not allow himself to be overwhelmed by circumstances. Instead, he reminded him- The trickiest part of the procedure was sutur[5rg artificial valve into the heart. self that every month the state was spending the the equivalent of 3,800 yuan in foreign exchange Professor Carpentier has developed a unique technique for the operation, which he required for supporting him to study abroad. This moriLey had been saved by the Chinese people, he rapid co+rdination of tiny movements. Ju Mingda's attentive assistance was a necessary thought, and no one had the right to waste it. His incentive to work hard grew. He wrote adjunct to the surgeon's efforts. Due to their close co-ordination, the rvhole operation was himself the motto, "If my achievement is ina- successfully compieted three dequate even when I work incessantly, how can in a little over hours. I take it easy?" Mingda repeatedly exhibited com- He threw himself into the work, utilizing Ju his petence. One day, during routine r.,,ard rounds, all the available instrurnents and. computers. Professor head the surgical sec, In summer, he did not participate in the Quijano, of tion, had the medical staff examine an old vacation activities arranged for the Chinese woman suffering from painful continuous hic- students abroad, but instead used the time to cuping caused by bloating after an operation. learn to make electric circuits, welding and But the doctors were unable cure the hic- debugging in the sultry laboratory. In winter, to cups despite repeated efforts. he sometimes conductecj wind tunnel experi- ments all night in an unheated laboratory. For Ju Mingda asked if he c{ould treat the two years he left his dormitory early each morn- patient using acupoint massage. Rotating the ing and p.m. returned at 11 thumb and folefinger of each hand, he knead- ed acupuncture points on the patient's ears. While investigating the turbulent flow, Wei Qingding developed and successfully trial- Her hiccups rvhich had lasted for a day were stopped in two minutes. manuf actured nine pieces of electron test equipment for use in experiments, incJ,udi.ng an Af ter observing Ju Nlingda's technique. electronic calculator, and then used the equip- doctors from various countlies studying at the ment in his own research.

His hard work and intense concentration allowed him to achieve great success within a short period of time. A paper he presented at Japan's annual meefing on turbulent flow in June 1980 was well received by Japanese academic circles. At the end of last year, he earnd a doctorate from Tokyo's College of Tech- nology with a thesis entitled "The Detailed Structure of Separation Regions in the Tur- bulent Boundary Layer."

First Assistant

In January 1981, Mexico's National Re- search Centre on Heart Disease performed an operation to replace two faulty heart valves. The surgeon-in-charge was Professor Carpen- tier, a French heart specialist and one of the pioneers in the use of artificial valves. Ju Mingda, a Chinese surgeon who had been Ju Mingda.

26 Beiiing Reuiew, No. 49 Gueniher Schoedel, FRG Ambassador to China, con- ters bachelor's degxees on Cal Zhif.ang and another returnetl Chinese Eaudent.

Centre requested him to teach them this aspect Soon after his arrival at the school, he was of Chinese traditional medicine. interviewed by Menuhin himself who appraised the boy's perf'ormances and also showed con- cern for his health. Despite the pressure of Little Violinist work. Menuhin still finds time to tutor him for.tr times a year, giving technical guidance Violinist Jin Li is the youngest Chinese and demonstrations. Impressed by Jin Li's student abroad. born inic a musical environ- remarkable progress in classical technique, ment with his father a flutist in the Guangdong Menuhin invited the boy to perform the Song and Dance Ensemble. In 1979, he was "Duet Concerto in D Minor" with him for a admitted to the prirr,arl' school affiliated wittl record album. Later, the maestro conducted his the Shanghai Conservatory of Music. Hi-* Chinese protege in a performance of Beet- performance level rapidly improved. A year hoven's "Violin Concerto in D Major" with the later. he rvas chosen by celebrated violin vir- London Philharmonic Orchestra. tuoso Yehudi Menuhin enter the Yehudi to In September, Menuhin brought teachers Xlenuhin Music School in Rritain. and students, including Jin Li. to China for a performance proud Jin Li is the first post-liberation to tour. He said he was to fupil bring his Chinese student home to perform for be sent to study abroad at the age of 11. He, people. successful performances knew no English at first and needed an inter- his Jin . Li's progress work preter when attending classes. He felt that were an appropriate report of the students whose conscientious study this was not only awkward but was also an im- of abroad and intrinsic brilliance embodv nation's pediment to his ability to study well. So he the hope the future. made up his mind to learn English. At the for t: beginning, his pronuirciation often generated laughter from his schoolmates, but he did not become discouraged. A few months later, he could use English in conyersation, could com- plete relatively presentable school assignments, and was able to foliow the class rvithout the help of an interpreter. Having overcome the -4, language barrier, he made rapid advances in violin and other subjects.

Of course, Jin Li's advances would have been impossible without his teachers' enthu- siastic and patient instructions.

December 6, 1982 27 CUTIURE & SCIEhICE

schools and classes help train amateur orchestras, choruses EDUCATION new talents in writing, directing and groups for drawing, handi- and acting for China's 2,200 crafts, calligraphy, drama and Training ol Artists troupes of more than 400 local dance. operas. Pupils join if' they are inter- Art education is an integral The art institutes and schools ested and teachers exert special part of China's educational enrol students who are not effort to train these enthusiasts. agenda. only qualified professionally but also good morally and physical- All students in the art insti- China has 27 art institutes, 81 to art subiects, tutes and schools are selected art secondari schools, 2 music ly. In addition to from ordinary primary or mid- primary schools and 137 litera- the students are required philosophy, politics and d]e schools. ture and art training classes. In study history. They learn about tradi- 1949 there were onlY 15 art In China educators pay atten- tional Chinese arts and the cul- schools. Art dePartments are tion to the art education of countries and also part of teachers' colleges, tures of other disabled children. Schools 'for take part in labour, thus deepen- universities and institutes for the blind provide music classes ing their appreciation of the minority nationalities. Under and handicraft classes in paper- working people's thinking and the auspices of the MinistrY of cutting, clay modelling, and Culture and MinistrY of Educa- need for culture. knitting. Schools for the deaf tion, millions of primarY and The government's educational have classes in painting, danc- secondary school students at- plan for full-time primar-1- and ing and gymnastics. courses and the best i\\-o tend art middle schools requires Every year, singing contests fol' are admitted to advanced insti- music classes each week and group dancing competitions China has primary pupils, drau-ing tutions. Already New two ci primary and middle school graduated 23,000 students from classes each week for the first- s:udents are run Iocally and na- grade pupils its art institutes. to third-grade and t:c::ali1- to encourage literary one music class and one paint- Art institutes have dePart- ai:i ari acti\-ities in the schools. ing class f or junior midCle ments of music, dancing, dra- -{-so 'Jreatrical f estivals and school students. ma, fine arts, arts and crafts and painting. calligraphy and photo cinema. Most secondarY art Some schools have set up exhibitions are encouraged.

Left: Beijing opera students of the China Drama lnsiitute. Right: Learning folk dances at the Beiiing Dance Institute,

28 Beiji.ng Reuieu, No. 49 Worker Educotion prises give bonuses or addition- was 300,000 yuan in the red. aI support for educational ex- Subsidies Beginning in 1979, the factory penses to worker-students, with allocated a certain amount of Every morning, about 790,000 Iarger amounts to those who do money for full-time cultural Chinese adults are glued to TV well in their studies. sets, watching university courses and technical classes. Two years broadcast across the airwaves. A small number of the work- later, the educational standard ers who are accepted into edu- of the workers was higher than All but 4,000 of them receive cational programmes are un- junior middle school graduates. salaries from their work-places willing to study or fail to take AII the workers were promoted while they are full-time TV their studies seriously. Thus one grade higher technically university students for one to the state stipulates that only and a number of them became three years. Many special in- those who pass their courses technicians. By 1981, not only will be considered for future were stitutions of higher learning - the deficits made up, but all tuition-free have been es- promotions or pay increases. the factory handed in 380,000 tablished for workers- and staff Those who do not study well yuan of profits to the state. members who are on full-pay may even lose their bonuses. GEOLOGY Ieave from their jobs. In old China, workers who Vocational schools aimed at left work to go to school re- Granite Reseorch raising the political, cultural ceived no wages and ran the Scientists of Nanjing Univer- and technical levels of the la- risk of Iosing their jobs. Today, sity have developed a theory and bour force were first established factories and enterprises are re- related methods of finding in the 50s, but were sr.rspen

December 6, 1982 29 Scientists correlated granites native-born residents. Moreover, was surrounded by "cingulum" of different periods with dif- incidence increases with age for (a differentiated band) and had ferent ways cf formation and people above 12 years old, and shared features with teeth fro.m mineral deposits. winter is the season of highest the African "proconsul', ape; occurrence and autumn the both apes belong to the same These research findings were lowest. genus, dryopithecus (oak ape). presented at a recent sympo- Proconsul, estimated to be from The most common contribut- sium sponsorded by the Nan- the early miocene epoch (20 ing factor of pulmonary heart jing University and attended by million l,ears ago) is thought to disease is tuberculosis, as oppos- 150 Chinese and foreign geolog- be the common ancestor of ists. Sixty papers dealing with ed to chronic bronchitis and great apes (chimpanzees, asthma elsewhere. granite geology, the structure orangoutangs and gorillas) and of the earth, petrology, isotopo- Mortality rate from heart dis- humans. geology, geochemistry and the eases on the Tibetan Plateau is The fossils \l'ere found in theory of the f ormation of 13.89 per cent. and the above- sandy conglomerate rocks on rocks and minerals were deliv- mentioned heart diseases ac- five the bank of Tiangang Lake near ered. count for more than 90 per cent Songlin village. more than 20 of these deaths. Deaths due kilometres southu-est of Sihong to heart disease are often ac- MEDICINE County. in the autumn of 1gB1 companied by heart failure, re- and the spring of 1982. spiratory tract ir:fection, pul- Heort Diseose in Tibet monary edema anC en-rbol.ism. This was the first discoverl- of ape fossils on the Yangtze-Huai Results of a 21 year study of The researchers are of the Plain, 50 metres below sea the epidemiology of heart dis- opinion that the causes of heart levei. The only previous disease Tibet are: shortage of ease in Tibet found the fre- in Chinese findings were in Kai- quencies of different types of oxygen at high altrtudes, smok- yuan and Lufeng Counties, heart disease radically different ing, drinking. heleditary pre- Yunnan Province, on the from those in China's interior. disposition and ercessively fat- w-estern plateau, 1,500 metres ty diets. above sea level. The Tibet Research Institute of Medical Sciences released the Future research rlrll focus on The recent discoveries were at results of the investlgation con- prevention and rlea.r-ment of 33.5 degrees north latitude and ducted between 1959 and 1980 hypertension heair disease 178.2 degrees east longitude. altitude- among 2,627 patients of various among adults anC The African proconsul was related heart prob-ems among nationalities and ages, Iiving at Iocated near the equator, around 2,500 metres to 4,500 metres children, especiaily inf ants. 34 degrees east longitude. level. above sea Aithough geographically at a great distance from the ape Researchers found that hyper- ARCHAEOLOGY fossils unearthed in Keny'a and tension accounts for 27.7 per Uganda in east Africa in the cent; rheumatic heart disease, Fossils With a Bite earll- 2Oth century. the new 19.03 per cent; altitude heart f indings indicate a limited diseasg 15 per cent: coronary Five fossil teeth. three upper faunal exchange between Asia disease, 13.65 per cent; heart molars and two lou'er molars, and Africa during the miocene diseases, pulmonary heart were found in a recent excava- epoch. Thus they provide data 9.63 per cent. But in China's in- tion in iast China's Jiangsu for the study of present-day terior, rheumatic heart disease Province conducted by the apes and the origins of human is the most common, accounting Institute of Vertebrate Paleon- beings. for 30.4 to 67.36 per cent. tology and Paleoanthropology of the Chinese Academy of The Chinese site also yielded According to the study, men Sciences. fossils of nearly 30 species, in- are slightly more susceptible to cluding fish, crocodile, tortoise, heart problems than women, and Estimated to be between 12 turtle and other reptiles, birds incidence among Han people and 15 million years old, each and mammals. These fossils who have come from elsewhere upper molar of the "Yangtze- were the basis for determining to work in Tibet is lower than Huai River Plain Ape Fossils" the age of the ape teeth.

30 Beijing Retsiera, No. 49 Voodcuts by Cao Venhan

A 4S-year-old Beijing na- tive, Cao Wenhan now teaches at the Art Depart- ment of the Northeast Teachers University in Jilin Province. He is keenly PercePtive about the beauty of everY- day life of the people bf Korean nationality in the Yanbian Korean Autono- mous Prefecture in Jilin, and makes it the subject-matter tor most of his works. The rustic simplicity of his style and the nuances of his Pre- sentation are devoid of the The noodle-making rvorkshop of a production team. banality that often accom- panies similar works.

Going to the market.

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