The Impact of TEEAL on the Usage of AGORA in Academic and Research Institutions in Uganda
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International Science Review 1(2), 2020 ISSN 2693-0315 The Impact of TEEAL on the usage of AGORA in Academic and Research Institutions in Uganda Onan Mulumba* Librarian I, College of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda Alison Annet Kinengyere Senior Librarian, College of Health Sciences, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda *Corresponding author: [email protected] DOI: https://doi.org/10.47285/isr.v1i2.41 Citation: Mulumba, O. & Kinengyere, A. A. (2020). The impact of TEEAL on the usage of AGORA in Academic and Research Institutions in Uganda, International Science Review, 1(2), 12-24. DOI: https://doi.org/10.47285/isr.v1i2.41 Research Article Abstract The Essential Electronic Agricultural Library (TEEAL) and the Access to Global Online Research in Agriculture (AGORA) are key information support programs in learning, teaching, and research. They provide access to relevant scientific evidence, in agriculture and related sciences. While AGORA was introduced in Uganda in 2005, TEEAL was introduced earlier as a “Library in a Box” and later as LAN-TEEAL. With the recent increase in acquisition of TEEAL sets at a number of academic and research institutions in Uganda and with the TEEAL and AGORA campaigns through the training organized under the Information Training and Outreach Center for Africa (ITOCA), it is not clear how TEEAL has impacted on Agricultural research and on the usage of AGORA as an online program in Uganda. The aim of his paper was to explore how TEEAL is used compared to its counterpart, AGORA. The key question to this study relates to respondents’ preference among the two programs and the underlying reasons. An online questionnaire was used to gather responses regarding preference and use of the two programs by students, academics, librarians, IT specialists, and researchers at the various institutions in Uganda. The study was informed by a review of literature from related studies. Findings from 59 respondents indicate that all (100%) the respondents had an idea of TEEAL while for AGORA it was 58 (98.3%) respondents. Of the respondents, 52.5% preferred TEEAL to AGORA because it required no internet access, although the majority believed that AGORA was more important than TEEAL, due to the coverage of more relevant online scientific literature. The most prominent challenges to TEEAL and AGORA were network failures and slow internet, respectively. TEEAL and AGORA were both acknowledged to be very vital resources for academic and research institutions in Uganda. TEEAL mainly had one advantage over AGORA and that is being an offline resource that can be used in institutions with unreliable and inadequate internet. AGORA was also found to have an advantage over TEEAL in that it had a wider content coverage. The most common strategy for improving the use of both programs, as stated by the respondents, was increasing awareness through training and marketing. It was thus recommended that the program hosts utilize the results of this study to improve the utilization of these vital agricultural databases through further training and awareness. It was also recommended that institutions be advised to strengthen their IT infrastructure to support the programs and ensure effective use, for increasing their academic and research output. 12 Published by Scientific Research Initiative, 3112 Jarvis Ave, Warren, MI 48091, USA © Mulumba & Kinengyere Keywords: TEEAL, AGORA, E-Resources, Agricultural information, Research4Life. 1. Introduction Access to online information in academic and research institutions has increased over the years, with improvements in ICTs (Berzins & Hudson, 2011), an increase in student in-take as well as increased agricultural and related sciences research (Angello, 2010). The Essential Electronic Agricultural Library (TEEAL) and the Access to Global Online Research in Agriculture (AGORA) have taken center stage in supporting learning, teaching, and research in Africa. Uganda in particular currently has about forty-five (45) academic and research institutions registered for and using AGORA (Research4Life Communications, 2016), while more than eighteen (18) academic and research institutions have received TEEAL sets and are currently using the program. 1.1 About AGORA AGORA is one of the four portals of Research4Life programs led by the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), in collaboration with publishers and other partners. It started in October 2003 and currently provides access to more than 6500 journals from the world’s leading academic publishers. AGORA aims at improving: the quality and effectiveness of agricultural research, education, and training in low-income countries, as well as food security (Lwoga, Chimwaza, Aronson, & Vent, 2007). In Uganda, more than forty-four institutions have so far registered to use AGORA. 1.2 About TEEAL The Essential Electronic Agricultural Library (TEEAL) is a project of Cornell University’s Albert R. Mann Library, Ithaca, New York (http://teeal.cornell.edu/), developed in 1998-1999, and is a full‐text and bibliographic database of about 465,000 full-text articles from over 350 agricultural and bioscience journals available to over 100 eligible developing countries. TEEAL content is updated annually and currently spans from the period of 1993‐2014. It includes over two million pages of papers, provided by over 80 participating publishers and index providers. TEEAL was initially available on CD‐ROM but during the summer of 2005 LanTEEAL was introduced, making access easy through the Local Area Networks (Vent, 2005). The initial LanTEEAL was developed on a hard drive which could be connected to the computer using a Universal Serial Bus (USB). The most recent version is a mini-server computer with full computer functionality which can be connected to a Local Area Network (LAN) switch using an Ethernet cable. The journal titles covered by TEEAL were selected by international scientists using citation analysis of journals frequently used by agricultural scientists in developing countries and so form a core set of relevant literature sources. TEEAL is an off-line database that can be accessed even by institutions that have internet challenges. The beneficiary countries include Burkina Faso, Ethiopia, Ghana, Nigeria, Tanzania, Uganda, as well as Bangladesh. Institutions in these countries have acquired the TEEAL sets through several funding sources such as; CTA, USAID, and the Bill and Melinda gates foundation. This funding initiative followed recommendations from a report by Ochs (2005) to the Rockefeller Foundation in which she called for further support to the developing world as regards access to scientific literature. 2. Background Cornell University’s Albert R. Mann Library, in conjunction with ITOCA, received a grant from the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation to bridge the information gap between developed and developing countries through TEEAL production, distribution, outreach, marketing, and training throughout the African continent. It is against this background that ITOCA recruited training and outreach officers in several African countries to promote TEEAL and to ensure that researchers and students in these countries can access the most current literature in TEEAL. Not only did the 13 Published by Scientific Research Initiative, 3112 Jarvis Ave, Warren, MI 48091, USA International Science Review 1(2), 2020 training program focus on building scientific capacity, but also the economic capacity throughout the world (Chimwaza et al., 2017). Uganda, being one of the beneficiary countries, two Training and Outreach Officers were recruited and these helped in delivering the training to partner institutions. Between May 2014 and March 2016, twenty (20) workshops (institutional and local) were conducted in Uganda covering several academic and research institutions, which included; Makerere University, Busitema University, Uganda Martyrs University (UMU), Ankole Western Institute of Science, and Technology (AWIST), Uganda Christian University (UCU), Gulu University, Kyambogo University, African Rural University (ARU), Bishop Stuart University (BSU), and National Fisheries Resources Research Institute (NaFIRRI). Initially, each institution received one major funded training and the trainees were encouraged to conduct subsequent local training at their respective institutions. The Librarians normally receive queries about authentication and download failures while using the online journals and such challenges are, to a greater extent, external to the institutions. However, with TEEAL, the challenges are always internal, short-lived, and mostly, solvable, internally. Therefore, as trainers who participated in creating awareness of TEEAL in Uganda, it was necessary to establish whether the activities conducted created an impact in the research community. It is against this background that the researchers set out to study the impact of TEEAL on AGORA in Uganda. 3. Problem statement TEEAL and AGORA are two essential information resources in agricultural research. Whereas AGORA and TEEAL serve the same purpose, the mode of access is different. AGORA is accessed entirely through the internet while TEEAL is accessed offline. Some agricultural research and academic institutions are based in rural areas with limited access to the internet, thus, the relevance of TEEAL. The Essential Electronic Agricultural Library (TEEAL) which is accessed through the local area network (LanTEEAL), launched in 2005, was introduced to enable a larger