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A Gender- Based Assessment of the Science, Technology and Innovation Ecosystem in Uganda

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A Gender- Based Assessment of the Science, Technology and Innovation Ecosystem in Uganda Investing in Women as Drivers of Growth: A Gender- based Assessment of the Science, Technology and Innovation Ecosystem in Uganda Final Report 1st November 2019 Prepared by: Clesensio Tizikara, PhD, P.O. Box 16409, Kampala, UGANDA, Tel: +256 772/752 408 636, Email: [email protected], Skype: Clesensio.tizikara Table of Contents Acronyms and Abbreviations ....................................................................................................... iv EXECUTIVE SUMMARY .............................................................................................................. viii CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION ..................................................................................................... 1 1.1 The Forum for Women Vice Chancellors in Africa ........................................................................... 1 1.2 Defining Gender, Science, Technology and Innovation .................................................................... 2 1.3 Global Context of Gender in Science, Technology and Innovation ................................................... 2 1.3.1 STEM skills and the new generation of digital natives ...................................................................... 3 1.3.2 Global responses to widening old gender gaps and emerging new divides...................................... 3 1.4 Closing the Gender Gap – Science for Women and Women in Science ............................................ 5 1.4.1 Gender disparity in STEM study ........................................................................................................ 5 1.4.2 Gender inequality in the STI career path........................................................................................... 6 CHAPTER II: STUDY OBJECTIVES ................................................................................................. 8 2.1 Objectives of the Study ................................................................................................................... 8 2.2 Scope of the Study .......................................................................................................................... 8 2.3 Methodology .................................................................................................................................. 8 CHAPTER III: TOOLS FOR GENDER-BASED STI ECOSYSTEM ASSESSMENT ................................ 10 3.1 Global Gender Inequality Indices .................................................................................................. 10 3.2 Gender Equality in the Knowledge Society Frameworks ............................................................... 10 3.3 The 8-Step STI Skills Staircase ....................................................................................................... 11 CHAPTER IV: THE UGANDA STI ECOSYSTEM: COUNTRY STUDY FINDINGS ............................... 14 4.1 Organisation and Structure for Developing and Harnessing STI Professionals ............................... 14 4.1.1 Education sub-system ..................................................................................................................... 14 4.1.2 Research sub-system ....................................................................................................................... 15 4.1.3 Professional practice and paid employment ................................................................................... 16 4.1.4 Entrepreneurship and competitiveness in the innovation sub-system............................................ 18 4.2 Investment in Science Education and Research ............................................................................. 21 4.2.1 Education sector budgets ................................................................................................................ 22 4.2.2 National gross expenditure on research and development ............................................................ 24 4.2.3 Investment programmes to boost STI capacity ............................................................................... 25 4.2.4 Investment in ICT and e-solutions ................................................................................................... 28 4.3 Enabling Policy Environment for Women Participation ................................................................. 30 4.3.1 Women leadership, agency, voice and visibility.............................................................................. 30 4.3.2 Effective laws, policies and institutions .......................................................................................... 31 4.3.3 Commitment, compliance and reporting on gender equality ......................................................... 33 4.4 Mechanisms to Promote Advancement and Participation of Women ........................................... 33 4.4.1 National gender parity .................................................................................................................... 34 i | P a g e 4.4.2 Women in leadership and decision-making positions ..................................................................... 36 4.4.3 Women access to resources, services and opportunities ................................................................ 39 4.5 Results in terms of Women's Participation ................................................................................... 40 4.5.1 Science for women: STI approaches with a gender lens ................................................................. 41 4.5.2 Science for women: ICTs and modern technologies in support of women’s livelihoods ................. 42 4.5.3 Women in science: STI-focused gender networks and advocacy groups ........................................ 43 4.5.4 Women in science: gender equality trends in basic science and mathematics education .............. 44 4.5.5 Women in science: gender equality trends in tertiary education ................................................... 48 4.5.6 Women in science: gender equality trends in STEM study disciplines ............................................ 48 4.5.7 Women in the STI workforce and professional practice.................................................................. 50 4.5.8 Women in the innovation system: entrepreneurship and job creation........................................... 53 4.6 Busitema University: A detailed Case Study .................................................................................. 57 4.6.1 Introduction .................................................................................................................................... 57 4.6.2 Gender mainstreaming ................................................................................................................... 59 4.6.3 Inequalities in student enrolment and graduation ......................................................................... 61 4.6.4 Inequalities in staff establishment .................................................................................................. 63 CHAPTER V: EMERGING ISSUES, CHALLENGES AND OPPORTUNITIES ......................................... 64 5.1 Paradigm Shifts, Policy Coherence and Management of STEM Education and STI Practice ........... 64 5.2 Ensuring Flexibility, Relevance, Quality and Employability of STEM Training ................................ 65 5.3 The Gender Question in STEM Education and STI Workforce ........................................................ 67 5.4 Funding for STEM Education and STI Research and Application .................................................... 69 5.5 Developing Capacities for Applying a Gender Lens in STI for Development ................................... 69 5.6 Technological Choices and Uses for Women’s Development and Livelihood Activities ................. 70 5.7 Capacity Development for STEM Education and Training .............................................................. 71 5.7.1 Schooling ......................................................................................................................................... 71 5.7.2 Tertiary education for a knowledge-based society ......................................................................... 72 5.7.3 Use of ICTs to increase access and participation by girls and women in STEM education ............. 73 5.8 Capacity Development and Talent Management for Women in STI Careers .................................. 73 5.8.1 Gender-blind employment policies, strategies and conditions ....................................................... 73 5.8.2 Recruitment and retention .............................................................................................................. 75 5.8.3 Terms and conditions of service, rights and privileges ................................................................... 75 5.8.4 Continuing professional development ............................................................................................ 76 CHAPTER VI: CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS ........................................................ 77 6.1 General Conclusions ...................................................................................................................... 77 6.2 Recommendations ........................................................................................................................ 78 6.2.1 Managing the barriers and opportunities for women participation ............................................... 78 6.2.2 Investing
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