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Communities in Uganda View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by UVH Repository ii SPACES FOR PLURALISM IN ‘ETHNICALLY SENSITIVE’ COMMUNITIES IN UGANDA The Case of Kibaale District DOCTORAL DISSERTATION Jimmy Spire Ssentongo University of Humanistic Studies iii SPACES FOR PLURALISM IN ‘ETHNICALLY SENSITIVE’ COMMUNITIES IN UGANDA. The Case of Kibaale District Utrecht: University for Humanistic Studies 2015 – Doctoral dissertation / Proefschrift Cover art: Veri Apriyatno (Indonesia) © Jimmy Spire Ssentongo iv SPACES FOR PLURALISM IN ‘ETHNICALLY SENSITIVE’ COMMUNITIES IN UGANDA: The Case of Kibaale District RUIMTE VOOR PLURALISME IN ‘ETNISCH-GEVOELIGE’ GEMEENSCHAPPEN IN OEGANDA: Kibaale District als casus (met een samenvatting in het Nederlands) PROEFSCHRIFT ter verkrijging van de graad van doctor aan de Universiteit voor Humanistiek te Utrecht op gezag van de Rector Magnificus prof. dr. G.J.L.M. Lensvelt-Mulders ingevolge het besluit van het College voor Promoties in het openbaar te verdedigen op 26 oktober 2015 om 10:30 uur door Jimmy Spire Ssentongo geboren op 14 augustus 1979 te Nsambya, Oeganda v Promotoren prof. dr. G.J.L.M. Lensvelt-Mulders, University of Humanistic Studies prof. dr. P. Kanyandago, Uganda Martyrs University dr. C. Suransky, University of Humanistic Studies Review Committee / Beoordelingscommissie prof. dr. S. Kakarala, Azim Premji University prof. dr. M. Salih, International Institute of Social Studies, Erasmus University prof. dr. F. van de Vijver, Tilburg University prof. dr. H.A.M. Manschot, University of Humanistic Studies dr. J. van der Aa, Center for Studies of the Multicultural Society, Tilburg University This doctoral research has been made partly possible with the financial support of the Humanist Institute for Cooperation with Developing Countries (HIVOS) i Contents Glossary of ethnic groups referred to in the thesis; their languages; and titles of their cultural leaders -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- vii Prologue and Acknowledgements -----------------------------------------------------------------------viii CHAPTER ONE ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 GENERAL INTRODUCTION ----------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 1.1 Introduction ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 1.1.1 Outline of the Dissertation ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 1 1.2 Context of the Study -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 3 1.2.1 The Genesis of Ethnic Tension in the Kibaale Context -------------------------------------- 6 1.3 Primordialism and Constructivism as Theoretical Perspectives on Ethnic Conflict ------- 13 1.3.1 Primordialism--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 13 1.3.2 Constructivism ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 19 1.4 Clarification of Concepts -------------------------------------------------------------------------- 27 1.5 Justification of the Study ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 31 1.6 Statement of the Research Problem ----------------------------------------------------------------- 32 1.7 Key Research Question -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 33 1.7.1 Subsidiary Research Questions------------------------------------------------------------------ 33 CHAPTER TWO ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------35 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY --------------------------------------------------------------------35 2.1 Introduction ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 35 2.1.1 Ontological and Epistemological Grounds ---------------------------------------------------- 35 2.2 Research Design ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 38 2.3 Research Site -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 39 2.4 Study Population --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 41 2.5 Sample Size and Sample Selection ------------------------------------------------------------------ 42 2.6 Field Entry and Data Collection Strategies -------------------------------------------------------- 45 ii 2.7 Ethical Considerations --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 47 2.8 Data Collection Methods and Tools ---------------------------------------------------------------- 48 2.8.1 One-to-One Indepth Interviews ----------------------------------------------------------------- 49 2.8.2 Focus Group Discussions (FGDs) -------------------------------------------------------------- 50 2.8.3 Life Histories --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 53 2.8.4 Observation ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 55 2.8.5 Audio and Documentary Analysis -------------------------------------------------------------- 57 2.9 Methods of Data Analysis ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- 57 CHAPTER THREE ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------60 HOW THE RESIDENTS’ PERCEPTIONS OF SIGNIFICANT DEVELOPMENTS IN THE HISTORY OF ETHNIC RELATIONS IN KIBAALE DISTRICT INFLUENCE CURRENT POSSIBILITIES FOR PLURALISM ----------------------------------------------60 3.1 Introduction ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 60 3.2 Ethnic Tension as a Colonial Legacy in Uganda ------------------------------------------------- 61 3.3. The Banyoro and the Baganda: A Tale of Subjugation and Resistance --------------------- 67 3.3.1 Banyoro Resistance to Subjugation and the Emergence of Mubende Banyoro Committee ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 72 3.4 Banyoro Relations with Immigrants after the 1964 Referendum ------------------------------ 76 3.5 Conclusion ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 85 CHAPTER FOUR --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------87 PERCEPTIONS OF DIFFERENT ETHNIC GROUPS ON ETHNIC CONFLICT IN KIBAALE DISTRICT ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------87 4.1 Introduction ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 87 4.2 The Politics of Kibaale District’s Creation and its Implications to Subsequent Local Politics -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 88 4.3 Politics and the Emergence of Conflict in Kibaale District ------------------------------------- 91 4.3.1 Population Dynamics, Politics and Conflict in Kibaale District -------------------------- 93 4.4 Banyoro Reactions to Perceived and Real Changes among the Non-Banyoro -------------- 97 iii 4.4.1 From Non-Banyoro to Bafuruki: The ‘Othering’ of Non-Banyoro --------------------- 102 4.5 The Re-emergence of Mubende Banyoro Committee and the Acceleration of Ethnic Tension ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 107 4.6 The Formation of Bafuruki Committee and its Significance to Ethnic Relations -------- 114 4.7 The Elections of 2002 and Conflict in Kibaale District --------------------------------------- 116 4.8 Concluding Thoughts -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 120 CHAPTER FIVE-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 124 PLURALISM INITIAVES IN KIBAALE ------------------------------------------------------- 124 5.1 Introduction -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 124 5.2 Initiatives for Pluralism in Kibaale District------------------------------------------------------ 124 5.2.1 Community Initiatives for Co-existence ----------------------------------------------------- 126 5.2.1.1 Intermarriage----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 126 5.2.1.2 Association and Friendship with the ‘Others’ --------------------------------------------------------------------------- 133 5.2.1.3 Political Community Initiatives for Pluralism --------------------------------------------------------------------------- 138 5.2.2 Civil Society Initiatives for Co-existence --------------------------------------------------- 141 5.2.2.1 Peace Dialogues ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 142 5.2.2.2 Influence of Religion ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 144 5.2.2.3 The influence of Bunyoro Kingdom as a Cultural institution ------------------------------------------------------------ 146 5.2.2.4 Initiatives to address Poverty as a source of Conflict --------------------------------------------------------------------- 146 5.2.3 Uganda Government Initiatives
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