A U.S. EMBASSY FOR LISBON, PORTUGAL A U.S. EMBASSY FOR LISBON, PORTUGAL A U.S. Embassy for Lisbon, Portugal

Presented to Professor William Lawrence Garvin DIVISION OF ARCHITECTURE TEXAS TECH UNIVERSITY

In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements of the

Bachelor of Architecture Degree

by Paulo M. Peres May 10, 1984 AC IN MEMORY OF ANGELO BASTOS PERES: FATHER, AND ARCHITECT, TABLE OF CONTENTS

Project Summary, Goals and Objectives 1 Background 5 Activity Analysis 56 Site Analysis 74 Space Summary 92 Systems Performance Criteria 103 Cost Analysis Ill Detailed Space List 118 Appendices: A. Correspondence 170 B. Bibliography 183 C. Standards for Safehavens for U.S. Foreign Service Buildings 187 D. Case Studies 200 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS

Existing U.S. Embassy and Consulate 9 Location of Existing U.S. Embassy, Lisbon 10 Location of Portugal 12 Population Density 14 Scene of the Earthquake of 1755 20 Location of Lisbon 22 Sao Carlos National Theater 24 Museums of Coaches 24 Old Lisbon 28 New Lisbon 28 Jeronimos Abbey 29 Sao Jorge 29 Aguas Livres Aqueduct 30 The Cathedral 30 Belem Tower 31 25 De Abril Bridge 32 "Praqca do Comercio" 32 Urban Growth of Lisbon 1147 - 1980 54 Physical Environment Factors 61 Factors of Workers Comfort 62 Lighting Factor 63 Environmental Light Levels 63 Conditions Affecting Privacy 64 Relationship of the Elements 65 Organization of A Mission 66 Consulate Tasks 68 Activity Cycles 69 Waiting Areas (Present) 69 Service Structure (Present) 70 Service Structure (Suggested) 70 Waiting Area (Suggested) 71 Site Location 74 The Site 75 Sete-Rios 75 Topographic Location of the Site 76 Slope Analysis 79 Site Drainage Diagram 80 Site Views 82 Northeastern View 83 Southeastern View 83 South View 83 East View 84 Northeast View 84 Sun Paths and Wind Direction 86 Land Use Map 89 Site Circulaion 90 LIST OF TABLES

Growing Consular Workload - 1972-1978(est.) 7 Diplomats Under Siege 1975-1980 8 Population Change Per Millions 1900-1981 13 Age Pyramid 15 People Employed in Construction 1970-1980 18 Use of Construction Materials: Steel & Concrete. . . 19 Summary List of HVAC Requirements 105 Project Schedule Ill PROJECT SUMMARY, GOALS & OBJECTIVES * PROJECT SUMMARY, GOALS & OBJECTIVES

The building shall be expressed in such a way as to display the qualities of the United States towards friendly nations; these qualities include dignity, strength, and neighborly sympathy. Relationship to the site and country shall be communicated through architectural design of excellence. Os­ tentation shall be avoided. The design of the building shall cleave to established construction practice and use of potentials, materials and methods of the United States. The building shall be economical to construct, operate, and main­ tain. High priority must be given to include in the building features that provide the greatest possible protection and safety for the people using the building. One should keep in mind that goals may or may not be reached; however, they provide an impetus towards an improvement of the quality of life and environment of the Embassy. Goals shall be understood as something to strive for, the terminal point to be reached; the objectives are the primary purpose of these goals, the possibilities that occur having achieved the goal. 2y id­ entifying and describing needs and the expression of these needs, this program conveys the following goals and objectives. Success in this project shall be measured on how wall zisse goals and objectives are accomplished.

General '' To optimize relations among people. * To optimize interaction between people and nature. * To optimize relations among man-made, physical and non-physical objects. * To attend to the intellectual, physical, and emotional needs of people. " To determine the most appropriate environment for act­ ivities and the best way for people to do these activities "' To determine time, place, and condition patterns for interelating activities, the networks which connect them, and manifest these activities. * To develop an environment and its environmental parts

1 that will attend to and,stimulate the minds of people. " To develop an environment and its environmental parts that shall attend to the functioning, technical, economic, and efficiency requirements of man.

Specific " To discover the essence and vitality of Lisbon's community and display sympathy towards this essence and vitality. * To express "the best" architectural design the U.S. can produce. " To- give form, meaning, and scale to the Embassy. * To give the Embassy a feeling of permanency. * To create an Embasy that impresses, but that does not intimidate; to convey, in "a quiet way", solidity, strength, and power. " To give predilection to images and activities of human scale while simultaneously attend to vehicular require­ ments . * To integrate landscaping, the building, and activities into a sense of "Places and Paths". "' To preserve, protect, and enhance ideas and acts of history, and simultaneously attend to present and future needs and desires. * To develop plans and designs that provide for: con­ stancy and change, guidance and choice, orientation and discovery. * To create rich varieties of experiences and scales, maximizing alternatives and choice to fit mood and purpose * To allow human assemblage/concentration without harm­ ful congestion. * To design an Embassy that functions equally well during the various reasons, and attentive to climatic conceits and hazards. To develop the Building and its spaces preserving energy, maximizing passive systems, reducing environmental impacts, and providing pleasant interior/extrior en­ vironments . To give apparency and symbolism to the entries/ exits of the Embassy that connect the building with Lisbon, Portugal, and the World. Notes

1 Department of State Foreign Building Operations, Architectural Design Criteria (Washington D.C.: GPO, 1975), p. II.

4 BACKGROWro EMBASSIES

The Origin and Evolution

Thomas Jefferson served as the first Secretary of State. As president he was a paladin on continental expansion. For more than a century there were two branches of the foreign service: the diplomatic and consular systems. The dip­ lomatic section dealt with other countries on the pressing matters of the state, while the consular system performed such chores as to protect the interests of the U.S. citizens abroad as well as play a role to promote and preserve the welfare of the U.S. commerce. But basically the same officers fulfilled both functions. American diplomacy had an earlier task of making friends, of trying to establish bonds. As a new country just released from British bondage, the United States had a need to consolidate relations with other countries. The situation was very delicate and a wrong word or attitude could throw the country back in a war. The services had their start, on a makeshift basis, nearly thirty years before the Louisiana Purchase. Since then, for almost two centuries, the overseas service has grown haphazardly and only with sporadic planning into its present worldwide dimensions.

The Importance The importance of the existance of an American embassy is re­ flected through the services it provides. For foreign nat­ ionals an embassy is like a gateway to the New World; it is the "first contact" they will have with the United States. The main service provided by the embassy to the local people is the issuance of visas for immigrants and non-immigrants. With­ out a visa issued by the embassy of the country of origin, a foreign national may not enter the United States legally. Services for U.S. citizens include advice and help in case of any problem during one's stay in the host country, this in­ cludes help to those who are in serious legal, medical, or even difficulties involving money; consulates also provide services that are not related to an emergency such as infor­ mation on absentee voting, registration of Selective Service, advice for traveling, and acquisition or loss of citizenship. They can arrange transfer of benefits such as social security for those citizens living abroad, provide tax forms, and even notarize documents. At an embassy a U.S. citizen abroad may also find assistance obtaining evidence for domestic ligation, advice on child custody concerns, claims of property, and how 2 to obtain foreign public documents. Last, but certainly not the least, of the functions of an U.S. embassy, is the pur­ pose of conducting normal continuing diplomatic relations between the government of the United States and the government of other countires.

The Need As international communication and commerce expand there is a need for substantial increase in traditional representation and data gathering services for U.S. foreign missions. The workload in most of the embassies throughout the world (including Lisbon's) is greatly increasing. There was an in­ crease of approximately 44 percent of total worldwide work in consulates while simultaneously there was an increase of 11 percent of consular staff-years. As one may observe from the diagram on Fig. 1 using 1971 as the base year and 1978 as an estimation, the projected increases predicted for 1978 an increase of 60 percent of consular workloads and 19 percent for staff years. The greatest step-up in workload has been the issuance of visas. Citizenship and passport and special con­ sular services workloads, between 1971 and 1976, increased 11.8 percent and 14.8 percent repectively. In staffing, for the same period of time, there was an increase of 7.9 percent in the passport and citizenship area and 3.2 percent in the special consular services area. The influence this workload has on consular services is very negative: "A number of con­ sular officers told us that morale was low among consular personnel. One of the reasons they give for this was the increasing volume of consular workload associated with what they believe was inadequate consular staff resources."3 It seems that most of the existing buildings, including the one in Lisbon, are no longer able to handle an increase in work force, therefore making it necessary for either expansion of the existing building or construction of a new one. ". . .1

100—1 PERCENT OF CHANGE

Percent Increase In Ji Workload 60.0)

Percent Increase 18.7)In Staff (15.9) Years

77 78 (est.) (est.) Fiscal year Fig. 1 - Growing Consular Workload - 1972-1978(est.) would say that this is the primary complaint of most embassies, that they have outgrown their quarters, or that their quarters were never large enough to begin with . . . similarly in­ creased use of computers have caused design changes to in­ clude air conditioning and expansion to meet space require­ ments." Security is also a very important issue. Mainly during the last decade ,embassies have been favorite targets of all types of terrorist attacks. (Fig. 2) "Our embassies, once the very symbols of freedom and openess to the rest of the world have been forced into closing their doors." In 1975 the U.S. Embassy in Saigon was attacked by Communists; ail kinds of classified information was taken, including files, computers with secret material material, informants names, etc. In 1979 Iranian radicals stormed the U.S. Embassy in Tehran; more secret material was seized. It is not only the information

7 that makes the situation delicate but the embassies' staff as well. In Bogota, Columbia, ambassadors from thirteen different countries were taken as hostages in the Dominican Republic Em­ bassy. In December 1983 a bombing at the U.S. Embassy in Kuwait killed two people. More recently, on March 17, 1984, the American Ambassador in Beirut was kidnapped. As of March of 1980, and just in that year, nine embassies had been taken over by radical Fig. 2 - Diplomats terrorists and 22 ambassadors Under Siege - 1975-1980 had been held captive. As a result,American embassies throughout the world are upgrading their security standards: "... the day when anyone could walk into an American Embassy almost as easily as into a super­ market are past. Lots of our embassies around the world were built at a time when you didn't have walking or driving bombers all over the place. They've got to be upgraded in today's world." The embassy at Lisbon clearly reflects the need for a new building. Backed up only 4 feet from the street (Fig. 3 ) at one of the busiest of Lisbon streets (Fig. 4), the embassy is presently a prime target for terrorist attacks. The words of a State Department's spokesman applies for the case of the embassy in Lisbon: "We are going to run out of embassies before they run out of fanatics, and we have to look at the long run here; to do what we can do to protect ourselves tomorrow, and a year from now, and ten years from now, or else diplomacy as we know it, is going to fade away." Finally, as the United States influence in foreign affairs continues to grow, the architecture of her embassies should reflect the countries' good will toward her allies. The opinion of Presi­ dent Truman that the embassies of the United States should

8 Fig. 3 - Existing U.S. Embassy (left) and Consulate(right) be a chain of White Houses located around the world is no longer acceptable, even considering that there are still partisans of this idea: "In answer to your question as to what I consider a successful type of building for an embassy. I suggest the historic prototype of many Embassies, the Florentine Palace. It is attractive, proper, private and o defensible." As outlined by the architectural policy of the State Department, today's (and tomorrow's) embassies should reflect the United States' good will towards allied countries, namely such qualities as dignity, strength, and hospitable warmth. The Embassy in Lisbon does little, if nothing, to accomplish these purposes. The building was already there when it was occupied and it remains as just one more office building with no essence and character. CAVIOc

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Fig. 4 - Location of Existing U.S. Embassy, Lisbon

10 PORTUGAL: THE HOST COUNTRY

Location, Area, Geography, and Climate

Portugal is one of the smaller countries in Europe. It is located in Europe's southwest corner between the latitudes of 42° 9' and 36^*58' (Fig. 5 ). It covers an area of ap-- proximately 36,390 square miles (about the size of Indiana), and it consists of continental Portugal and the islands of Azores and Madeira in the Eastern Atlantic Ocean. It covers about one sixth of the Iberian Penninsula. It is bordered at the west and south by the Atlantic Ocean with 525 linear miles"and at the north and east by Spain with 751 linear miles. Its terrain is characterized by hills and mountains in the north and rolling plains in the south. The most important geograph­ ical influence of Portugal is not any sort of land fearture, instead, it is the Atlantic Ocean to which many Portuguese have turned for their livelihoods. The climate is maritime temperate with considerable rainfall and seasonal temperatures in the south and the conditions are dryer than in the north and the temperatures milder. Years of relative drought alternate with years of flooding that covers most of the nation.

Population According to the official census in 1970, the Portuguese pop­ ulation was 8,663,252 which showed a decrease of 226,140 from the total population in 1960. The main reason for this drop was the extremely heavy immigration occuring between 1960 and 1970. During these years the only areas that rose their pop­ ulation was the capitals of the districts and the coastal urban industrial towns. Only five districts recorded an increase dur­ ing that decade: Braga, Porto, Aveiro, Lisbon, and Setubal; all of them coastal areas. Migration to the cities caused housing shortages and forced many working people into poor hous­ ing or else into areas surrounding the towns where transpor­ tation was substandard. In 1981, the population rose back 14 percent to 9.3 million (Fig. 6 ). The increase was attributed to the 600,00 settlers who had returned from Portugal's 11 40°

Lonuitude W«it D of Greenwich

Fig. 5 - Location of Portugal

12 in , Millions 9 o 8 o 0 7 _ o O 6 o 5 o o o 4 _ -

- '- - •- 2 1

0 1 900 iW 1 Q9n 1 Qin 1 Q/,n 1 Q'^n 1 Qi^n

Fig. 6 - Population Change Per Millions - 1900-1981

former overseas territories in Africa. All these people re­ turned mainly to the main towns and thus creating an even •greater increase on the density of these towns as compared to the towns in the interior. In 1981 Portugal had an average pop­ ulation density of 105 persons per square kilometer, however, the population density is not evenly distributed throughout the country. (Fig. 7 ) The culture of the people has been remarkedly influenced by the areas of which they live and work. Portugal is divided into districts and these zones portrait changes in demography and settlement patterns. In the northern interior regions, including the districts of Tras-os-Montes, Alto Douro and the northeasterly section of Beira-Alta, the populaton den­ sity is low, with population grouped into villages and fairly small rural clusters. In the northwest part, including the districts of Minho, Douro Literal, the northwest part of Beira- Litoral, the population of rural areas is spread throughout the countryside; however, there is a high density of population es­ pecially in the urban areas of the coast. Also with high pop­ ulation density is the southwest of the country, including the districts of the Ribatejo (the sections that lie along the Tejo and north of it). North of Beira Literal, and the southern half of Beira Alta. This high density occurs mainly in the coastal urban areas even though it remains relatively well distributed

13 throughout the rest of the area. With extremely low density is the southern half of the district Beira Baixa and all the other districts south of the Tejo ex­ cept the Algrave which has a density not as high as parts of the Minho and urban coastal areas but it is still relatively high. The population is of predominantely Mediterranean racial character­ istics and Latin language roots. Women constitute a larger portion of the Portuguese population than men, this is true not only for in­ dividual districts but for the whole country as well. The Port­ Fig. 7 uguese are an aging population; Population Density in the decade from 1960 to 1970 the aging of the Portuguese population increased, especially the male part, and there was a rise only in the relative size of the population forty-five and older (Fig. 8 ). The main reason for this was emigration. Attracted by the increasing economic power of the western countries and the opportunities they provided, the young people opted to leave. By the early 1970's the birth rate in Portugal was higher than in most other European coun­ tires. By 1973 the marriage rate reached a high of 9.9 per 1,000. The divorce rate in 1973 was about 0-1 per 1,000, amoung the lowest in Europe. The death rate in 1973 was about average for a European country: 11.1 per 1,000. Emigration deserves special attention since it has the single greates impact on Portugal's population structure in the twentieth century. Port­ ugal has one of the highest rates of immigration in Europe and between 1960 and 1970, immigration reached an extremely high rate. Brazil was the country most people immigrated to in the fifties; after that, it was surpassed by western countries such as France and West Germany. As a result of the immigrate boom, the population decreased. In 1973, the number of immi-

14 ACE MALES CROUP FEMALES 1 70f 1 1 65-69 1 1 60-64 1 1 55-59 1 1 50-54 1 1 45-49 ,1 40-44 1 35-39 1 30-34 1 1 25-29 1 1 20-24 1 , 1 15-19 1 1 10-14 1 1 5-9 i 0-4 , , 1, 450 (Per 1000 Hab.) 100 100 (Per 1000 Hab.) 450 Fig. 8 - Age Pyramid

grants was still about 80,000, but at the end of this year, the economic crisis that affected these countries where the im­ migrants were going to made the immigration movement slow down, while simultaneously an afflux of more than a half a million former residents of the African ex-provinces returned home. Another important factor one should take in consideration is the immigration to North America, which began increasing in 1960's with its sharpest increase in 1965 and 1966. Almost 13 percent of the total immigration for the years 1931 through 1973 were immigrating to the United States and Canada. It should be noted that the consequences of immigration become more and more obvious in the Portuguese landscape, expressed by the building renovations of small villages and by the animosity, even though artifical at times, of some of the local governments. They were symbols of the hardship of the living conditions that made them look in another country a "medicine" for everyday problems.^ Prevailing in the north and center of the country, from where most of the population immigrate, these testimonies of immigration stress the great regional contrasts existing in Portugal. Stressing the contrast between urban and rural Port­ ugal the author Sarah Bradford describes it "as not only a difference in geography and economic activity but also a differ­ ence in time . . . the countryside was thought to be the strong­ hold of tradition, where the peasant lived much as he had cen-

15 turies earlier - wedded to the land, unaware of the wider world, and fearful of change. In contrast the city was thought to be the symbol of all that was modern." 10 The population activities has also been having significant changes. Up and until 1960, the primary sector (agriculture, cattle raising, sylviculture, and fishing) greatly dominated the group of jobs of the active population. The statistics in 1977, while simultaneously de­ nounce unemployment due to the economic crisis of the decade, point to the fact that Portugal is no longer a basically ag­ ricultural country. In reality, not only does the industry employ a larger number of people but also contributes a larger percentage for the gross domestic product (GDP). The population distribution is closely related with its activities. One should take into consideration the presence of the intense agriculture, richer and with more variety, connected to the small farmer, and mainly, that of the industry, which is related with the dev­ elopment of the larger towns. These towns are distributed mainly along the coast. Even though the influences of the Ocean in the Portuguese geography are considerable, fishing, contrary to what one may believe, has less weight in the density patterns of the population and in the economical activity of the country (it contributed less than 1% for the total GDP in 1976). Relegion plays an important role in a society that is 95 percent catholic. There is a freedom of worship guaranteed. Other denominations include: Anglican Church, Evangelical, Baptists, and Seventh Day Advents.

Economy The economy in Portugal after a decade of growth began decreasing in late 1974 due to the revolution and the large influx of re- gugees from Portugal's colonies in Africa. In 1979 the GDP was of $20.1 billion with an annual growth rate of 4.3 percent. The average income per capita is $2,000 a year. It is one of the lowest in Western Europe. The average inflation rate in 1979 was 24 percent and unemployment was 27.4 percent. Up until the revolution in 1974 the general character of the economy was oligarchic and capitalistic, after this date, with widespread nationalization and new constitutional provisions of the economy

16 the character demonstrated clear socialist features. Natural resources include fish, cork, tungsten, iron, and uranium ores. Agriculture accounts for 18 percent of GDP with products such as grains, potatoes, olives, winegrapes, rice, and almonds. Industry accounts for 44 percent of GDP with products such as textiles, footwear, wood and pulp, paper cork, chemicals, and wine. Exports in 1979 ammonted to $3.59 billion. In for­ eign trade the large annual deficits are usually offset by re­ mittances from Portuguese emigrants and tourists earnings. Tourism has been Portugal's greatest income source since 1964. Tourist numbers increased four times between the years of 1963 and 1973 and in the later decade the profit earned from tourism covered one-third of the current trade deficit. Port- ugals' economic aid received from 1946 to 1988, amounted to $2,124 billion with $1,315 billion coming from the United States.

Construction During the 1963-73 period, construction grew by 9.0 percent. Because it provided employment to approximately 275,000 people and 100,000 more in associated industries, it is one of the major employers of the the work force. (Fig. 9 ) Before 1974 there were about 11,000 enterprises in the construction business after this date due to the lack of investors the construction industry came to a virtual halt. There was a small increase in construction in 1980; however, in 1981 the government's policy main objective was the limitation of the external deficit, and by doing so, it tends to contain the rise of the internal de­ mand without affecting too much of the investments which should lead to an increase in the exports. In the second half of 1981 the government measures started being felt. The global growth of the activity lowered from 4 percent in 1981 to 3 percent in 1982 and the estimate for 1983 confirmed a stand-still of the construction at about the same levels as in 1982. In the housing sector the situation has worsened due to the elimination of the public department that promoted the construction of social habitation. Restauration is not offering a better out­ look either, and a degradation of the buildings is evident.

17 WORKF,RS( T hous ands ) 260

2S0 \ 2<-0 ^

2^C y

210

190 i 1970 1971 1972 1973 197<. 1975 1978 1977 197« 1979 19tO Fig. 9 - People Employed In Construction - 1970- 1980

Government, however, adopted measurements that aim at a per­ iodical maintenance of the buildings. Due to the general national crisis, the investments in non-residential buildings has been decreasing. As far as the public buildings are con­ cerned, the government has not been increasing the levels of investments, namely on the construction of schools, hospitals, etc. A restriction of the investments caused a negative in­ fluence in the public works, which lower more than 30 percent in the budget for 1982. Concrete is the material most used in Portugal both in housing and other types of buildings. (Fig.lO )

18 KHTON CONC. 1700 liOO MATERIAL CONSUMPTION liOO c 1400 c c c STEEL 1300 c c c c l» 1300 no 1100 s 10^ TON. 1 II III IV 100 1000 A~ M 900 1981 1618,6 1 608,2 1 540,5 1 524,0 to no ^•ly 70 700 1982 1 600,5 1 724,6 1 524,7 1 579,0 M too CONC, 50 !00 U 400 X 300 1981 87.7 78,2 120,7 95,6 » no 10 lOO STEEI .1982 105,3 97,4 92,0 105,9 -^^D

Fig. 10 - Use of Construction Materials: Steel & Concrete - 1981-1982

19 LISBON - THE POST CITY

Brief Histroy

Lisbon is one of the oldest cities in the world. Legend says it was founded by the Greek hero Ulysses during one of his voy­ ages after the Trojan War. However, historians attribute its foundation to the Phoenicians in 1200 B.C. thereafter it was successively invaded by the Celts, Romans, Visigoths and .Moors, The Moors remained there for four centuries until in 1147 Afonso Henriques, first king of Portugal, took the city from them with the aid of the Crusaders. Finally in the reign of Dom Afonso III, in 1255, Lisbon became Capital of Portugal, re­ placing Coimbra. The selection of Lisbon as the national cap­ ital tied the future of the country to the Ocean, making Lis­ bon a maritime city and melting pot from people from all over the world; in the 16th century it was the capital of the World, The vestiges of this ancient Lisbon were to disappear to some extent with the earthquake of 1755, which almost levelled the city (Fig. 11 ). Marquis of Pombal, one of King Joseph's mini­ sters, directed the reconstruction of the city with a quite genial foresight. Today, with a population of 1.5 million, Lisbon is Portugal's most important city and it is the ad­ ministrative, commercial, and cultural center of the country.

'^ - ^^. t:: Fig. 11 - Scene of the Earthquake of 1755

20 Location, Geography, and Climate

Lisbon stretches over several hills on the north side of the Tejo River, Portugal's largest river. Its coordinates are 38°42' latitude North and 9°5' longitude (Fig.12 ). Lisbon has a rather irregular terrain with its lowest point being 6.56 yards and its highest 247.15 yards. The climate is mild and pleasant. The average temperature is 62" in Autumn, 58" in Spring, 70" in Summer and 50° in Winter. In the Summer there is 10 hours of sunlight per day and in Winter there is five hours.

Population

The Lisbon area was only one of the five districts that had a population increase from 1960 to 1970 due mainly to the inter­ nal immigration from the interior. This increase in population remains until today and the pull of Lisbon as an urban center is primarily responsible for the high rate of growth in this area. However, one should keep in mind that even though the attraction to the city of Lisbon was the strongest in the coun­ try, this did not necessarily mean that it resulted in popula­ tion increases within the boundry of the city. Lisbon, bet­ ween 1960 and 1970, for example, displayed a 3 percent popula­ tion decrease while the parishes around Lisbon all recorded increases; this type of population increase has been occuring up to the present time. There are several general reasons for this: the high cost of housing rent, with a rent/index rise of 185 by 1973 (using 1970 as the base year), and the lack of low- income housing, pressed a large portion of the population into suburban areas, where the sanitation and housing situation were very often less favorable. This is true even though within the city, dwellings remained unoccupied. Another reason for this is suburbanization which is a trend that has started especially in the city of Lisbon, toward depopulating older neighborhoods and creation and growth of newer ones, most of which lay outside the city perimeter. The worst housing and sanitary conditions have been generally those in the old parts of the city. This has been creating a desire of the population in these places to for­ sake for purposes basically the opposite of those in the first

21 Cape SI V'O

cl 1980 fi^'-" "•' " V-SS2600 '•••'

Fig. 12 - Location of Lisbon

22 illustration. The third and final reason is the expansion of economic activity that has often squeezed out housing. In Lisbon the central area of the city has been largely taken over by expansion in the services sector. An important factor that helped determining which of the suburban areas lo­ cated near Lisbon increased the most, was transportation. Re­ cording a decrease in their population was the municipalities of Mafra and Benavente. However a parish in Mafra, Malveira, had an increase of 61 percent in their population, not only because there was some local development into the service and industrial sectors, but mainly because of its bus and train facilities which provided a faster and easier way of commuting to Lisbon. Two other examples of the same trend would be Vila Franca de Xira a municipality that had a rise in population of 33 percent and Samora Correia, a parish within Benavente with a 32 percent increase, again due mainly to its easier access to Lisbon and also to its own industrialization. 11

Activities Some forms of modern entertainment include film and soccer games. There is a great number of enthusiasts of the other sports though; these include: volleyball, practiced at all levels of education; roller hockey, basketball, and tennis. Leisure activity plays an important role in the lives of the Port­ uguese people. These activities include attending "festas" (celebrations), simply strolling along the streets, and mainly gathering at cafes sipping coffee. Although this sort of act­ ivity may not seem very important, it plays a very important part in the everyday life of the Portuguese since it provides one of the most important social and significant feature of the Portuguese society. Lisbon does not lack in places where cultural life develops. Throughout the year, concerts, recitals and theatrical shows are held attracting a large number of the pop­ ulation. For opera and ballet lovers, there are halls like the Sao Carlos National Theater (Fig.13 ) and Trindade Theater, home of the Portuguese Opera Company, the auditoriums of the Calouste Gulbenkian Foundation, and the Rectory of Lisbon's Classical University. There is neither a lack of libraries nor of museums.

23 Fig. 13 - Sao Carlos National Theater

Fig. 14 - Museums of Coaches

24 outstanding museums are the: Museums of Coaches, the only one of its type in the world (Fig.14 ), the Museum of Ancient Art, and the Calouste Gulbenkian Museum with noted collections of paintings and sculpture.

Health and Medicine

The quality of medical services, in Lisbon, generally speaking, is poor. Overcrowding of health facilities and the quality of nursing is far below than that in the United States' facilities. Poor management of hospitals and the lack of updated equipment adds to this lack of means. Community health is not much better There are few or no sanitary precautions as far as the food market is concerned. The meat markets only seldom are in­ spected. Typical diseases are dysentery, measles, chicken pox, whooping cough and the flu.

Transportalon Lisbon's system of transportation is fairly good. With the exeception of the subway, public transportation has been gen­ erally slow. However, with the recent intoduction of lanes for the exclusive use of buses, taxis and other public trans­ portation systems, the speed of ground transportation has great­ ly increased. The greater percentage of the population uses these transportation systems not only because many people do not have their own cars (there are only 79 cars per 1,000 inhabitants in Portugal), but because it avoids parking prob­ lems in town. For those who have cars, another incentive to use public transportation is the price of gasoline which exceeds $4.00 per gallon. Taxis are fairly inexpensive and except during rush hour they are usually easily available. An area where many Americans live, the coastal area of Lisbon-Estoril- Casqais is served by interurban electric trains. Lisbon is connected to all parts of Portugal by railroads and buses. There are also flights out of Lisbon but only for a few and selected cities.

25 Nodes and Landmarks

Lisbon is filled with nodes and landmarks; these add to the uniqueness of the city, which is better described as a city of contrasts. The harmony of the old (pre-earthquake) (Fig. 15 ) and the new (post-earthquake) (Fig.16 ) was done in such a harmoniously way, that nodes and landmarks, even though of con­ trasting nature, integrate with the landscape and add to the beauty of Lisbon. Landmarks - (definition); Physical objects whose key physical characteristic is singularity. JERONIMOS ABBEY is one of the most illustrative monuments in Manuline style of architecture (Fig.17 ). It was ordered built in 1502. Inside the Abbey are the tombs of Camoes, the poet and author of the "Lusiadas", and of Vasco da Gama, the navigator who discovered the sea route to India. The castle of SAO JORGE is known as the "cradle" of Lisbon, the present castle is of Visigothic origin (Fig.18 ). It is the oldest of the existing monuments in Lisbon. The castle was named after St. George in honor of the Portuguese and English association of 1388. From its towers is a magnificent panoramic view of the city and its surrounding areas. AGUAS LIVRES AQUEDUCT is one of the most outstanding 18th century structures in Portugal (Fig.19 )• It is more than 18 km long and contains one hundred and nine masonary arches. THE CATHEDRAL with its twin towers give it a fortress like look and the current structure is a mixture of architectural styles ranging from Romanesque to Gothic to Neo- classic (Fig.20 ). Lisboans say it is their mother church since it is the oldest church in the city. The BELEM TOWER is the most famous landmark in Portugal (Fig. 21). It was built between 1515 and 1521. It is of distinctly Manuline style that includes Gothic and Romanesque features. It was built on the spot from where the navigators sailed forth on many sea expeditions. It is the symbol of the Era of Discoveries. The SAO ROQUE CHURCH was built in the 16th century, it once was considered the wealthiest in Lisbon, however Napoleon's troops looted much of the gold and precious stones. It appeals to

26 those that are especially interested in ecclesiastecal art. The 25 DE ABRIL BRIDGE (1966) is the bridge with the greatest span in Europe. Designed by four American engineers working for the United States Steel Export Company, this bridge is one of the most remarkable feats of engineering in Europe. Nodes - (definition); "Small points; the strategic spots in a city into which an observer can enter, and which are the intensive loci to and from which he is traveling." 12 The nodes in Lisbon are uncountable. Generally three types of nodes can be identified in Lisbon: The largo. Distributed throughout Lisbon, particulary in the older districs and lo­ cated at street crossings, uneven terrain, or even permitting a large view over the city, the largos are streets widened to a small square. The Praqa or plaza is "a marketplace or any actual square purposefully planned." The most important Praqa in Lisbon and perhaps the most important node is the "Praqa do Comercio" (Fig.22 ) that evolved from the original planning of the Marquis de Pombal. The last type of node is the campo which is a larger space with no building in it. Previously the only two campos in Lisbon ("Campo dos Martires da Patria" 13 and "Campo de Santa Clara") were marketplaces.

27 - „i;3c£aii.«^- Fig. 15 - Old Lisbon

T-;,--c« »wn 11 a 1 36.1. •- • • ^^^*^ I

Fig. 16 - New Lisbon

28 M^'^^X- ^ .-v..,-'-^Ma'-.-••^il,/'-i~' "'j::— ^1 ./^., •

^ •^:''" ""-""•' •^ ••• -L '•• i" •• •- . •^'•'

iM^^.i', '"i"' i''^'-'i'~" -^iMV"!' IT

Fig. 17 - Jeronimos Abbey

V;>--jn.

Fig. 18 - Sao Jorge

29 Fig. 19 - Aguas Livres Aqueduct

Fig. 20 - The Cathedral

30 -t--

^M'-^j

Fig. 21 - Belem Tower

31 25 De Abril Bridge

Fig. 22 - "Praqc do Comerio

32 ARCHITECTURE

Roman Of all the civilizations that flourished in the Iberian Penin­ sula before the establishment of the Portuguese nationality, few monuments are left. There are examples of Byzantine and Visigothic Architecture however, these are very rare. Nonethe­ less Roman influence is well displayed. The Roman Temple of Diana in Evora, built in the second century A.D. is one of the best perserved Roman buildings on the Iberian Peninsula. Mirobriga's circus, Lisbon's Theater (between S. Mamede and Saudade streets), erected during Nero's empire and of which the proscenium still remained in. the eighteenth century, and the Amphitheater Conimbriga, they all are in very bad condition and they are all what is left of Roman buildings destined for public performance. Besides these, it has been discovered more than a dozen of public and private baths all over the country. In some of these, plumbing, rooms and pools still remain. Roman houses, with the implurium and triblinium, remain up to the present days.

33 Romanesque

With the establishment of the Portuguese Kingdom in the 12th century the Gothic Architecture was just being born. The Romanesque, however was at its best. The Portuguese Romanesque is characterized by simple forms with reduced ornament. The ornament is mainly concentrated on the capital colums, the archivolts of the gateways and windows. It is an architecture of granite since it is the predominant material in the areas where most of this type of architecture was built. The ex­ ceptions are Coimbra, Leiria, Tomar, and Lisbon where limestone is predonimante and therefore used in the construction of Romanesque Architecture in these areas. The fact that limestone is easier to work with, allowed a greater use of decoration in these buildings. Nevertheless, Romanesque is a style that was predominant in the northern coast of Portugal, and south of Coimbra, the examples of this type of architecture are scarce. It is a style of monastic character, because it was imported and spread mainly by France and Spanish monks. The most outstanding examples of this period are: The Domus Municipalis in Braganqa (the only romanesque civil monument), S. Salvador de Travanca, and the main Cathedrals in Porto, Coimbra, and Lisbon.

34 The Domus municipalis in Braganqa

E-:,-. ^ ;^jfsv.-T>«'~-:rTT_

S. Salvador de Travanca

Main Cathefral in Coimbra

35 Gothic The Gothic was introduced in Portugal in the 12th century by the monastic institutions of the "cistercienses" and by the "Franciscanos" and "Dominicanos" in the 13th century. The Portuguese Gothic is characterized by thinner walls than those of the Romanesque, with lighter domes; basically it consists of a light and open structure that it will prevail until the 16th century. It was a new style of vertical lines: broken arches, pinnacles stretching higher and higher. In the militar Gothic the characteristics are window slits with broken arches, domes with pointed arches, and balconies on the top of the towers. The plans of the city walls were rectang­ ular on the flat sites, oval and polygonal on the hilly sites. The donjons' plans were either square or pentagonal. Some of the best examples of Portuguese Gothic are found in the Church of Leca do Bailio, the S. Francisco Church in Porto, and prob­ ably the most outstanding is the Monastery at Batalha, the master peice of Afonso Domingues.

36 Church of Leqa do Bailio

>iiMUnn<*T»f('»l''-

i' fj;' MJ ' ft ' ' 11 11' 1 '^S ft'

Monastery at Batalha

37 Manueline The Manueline design (named after King Manuel that reigned from 1495 to 1521), was a unique Portuguese style. It may be considered as the best phase of the Gothic in Portugal; it was as a matter of fact, already displaying some renais­ sance characteristics. The domed structures were maintained, with some innovations in the covering systems, but what made the style so unique was the decorations on porches, portals, windows, and interiors. It was the art that better represented the historic moment of Portugal's age of discovery and ex­ pansion. Another name for this style was Atlantic Gothic, and appropriately so because it portrayed nautical motifs and the life of the sea knights in armor and figures of angels. The most well-known examples of this style of architecture are the entry of the House of the Convent of the "Loios" in Evora, the Tower of "Belem", and the Church of the Monastery of the "Jeronimos" in Lisbon.

38 SSfc - -- -

iJS^ .€^

Church of Monastery of the "Jeronimos" in Lisbon

39 Renaissance The classic Renaissance arrived to Portugal late from Europe and it did not last long due to the rise of the Mannerism. The introduction of Renaissance Architecture, or "plain archi­ tecture", as it was called in Portugal, marked the interest in geometry and more modest proportions over pompous decoration and design. More evident is the decoration and architecture of some churches. The Renaissance style was characterized by rectangular and centered plans (one or three naves) in a strict axial symmetry. The lower ornamentation is inspired by the "grammar" of the Greek and Roman decorations. The arcade as­ sociated with a columnade in the upper level, was also fre­ quently used in the Portuguese cloisters in the 16th and 17th century. some of the best examples of the Renaissance style in Portugal is the Gallery of the "Paqo Episcopal" in Coimbra, the Loggia of the Palace of "Bacalhoa" in Azeitao and the Chapel of "Santo Amaro" in Lisbon.

40 Facade of Sala Dos Actos of the University Do Espirito Santo in Evora

"Paqo Episcopal" in Coimbra

41 Mannerism The Renaissance period, as it was mentioned earlier, was of short duration in Portuguese Architecture. A more pure, and simultaneously severe, architecture took over. An architecture of plane surfaces, with no depth, a national Mannerism with various origins and that, with the exception of the Spanish Mannerism lasted longer than anywhere in Europe (from 1550 to 1710), and with determination reappeared under Barroque or Neoclassic characteristics since the middle of the 18th century. The role of the Jesuits was of such influence in the spreading of the Mannerist Architecture in Portugal that it was even said that it was a "Jesuit Style". In fact the only requirements this relious group wanted for their churches was that of sim­ plicity of the interior space, ample and homogeneous, and that the altar and pulpit could be seen from everywhere in the church, forming a vast space for the preachers as required by the Coun­ ter-Reformation ideals. However one should keep in mind that this religious order never imposed to the designers of the time an exclusive architectural norm. The first Jesuit church that dismissed completely the renaissance principles was the Church of the "Espirito Santo" in Evora. From the civil arch­ itecture of the 17th century there are some notable palaces in Lisbon such as the Palace of "Palhava". It was one of the best periods in the Portuguese Civil Architecture, charact­ erized by discrete lines, long rows of rectangular windows, with emphasis of decoration on the entry side. Other characteristics are the interiors with painted ceiling with gold leaf, and eight sided cupolas with "suspended" corners. The tiles and polished marble are the most typical elements of this architecture, and greatly used as a decorative element. Some other outstanding examples of this period in Portuguese Architecture are the Church of "St. Vicente de Fora" in Lisbon, and the Monastery of "Santa Clara-a-Nova" in Coimbra.

42 Monastery of Santa Clara- a-Nova in Coimbra.

St. Vicente de Fora in Lisbon

!;i f H I

43 Baroque

If one includes the rococo, this international style extended its influence in Portugal from the end of the 16th century until the beginnings of Neo-Classicism in the end of the 18th century. Some of the characteristics of this style in Port­ ugal include the intense contrast of shadow and light, the opposition of void and mass, the strong curve and diagonal lines. Few are the buildings in which the movement of the architectural masses in the exterior relate to the internal structure, as it is the case of the pure Baroque Architecure, this is mainly due to the Mannerist influence. The archi­ tectural elements used more with ornamental intentions, where­ as the sculpture may have an architectural function. A not­ able construction during this period was the "Aguas Livres" Aqueduct, in Lisbon, in which the huge arches over the Alcan­ tara vally are one of the most daring and monumental European constructions in the 18th century. After Lisbon's earthquake in 1755 and with the need of reconstructing almost all of Lisbon with hasten and economy, the Pombaline style, a uniform urban- istic plan came about. (Named after the Marquis of Pombal) The traditional methods consisted of a checkerboard of geometric squares and linear streets running back from a waterfront of a grand plaza. In this style the austerity of Mannerism obtains a Roman appearance, more than severe Neo-Palladian, a proto- classicism here and there, with some simplified Baroque and rococo ornamental features. The "Comercio" Plaza, favored by the monument to the King Joseph and by the Arch of Augusta street, is considered the masterpiece of this great urban entreprise. The city's plan, after this date, becomes more important because it demonstrates the aesthetics and society of the period. Other examples of the Baroque in the Portuguese Architecture are the "Santa Engracia" Church in Lisbon and "Santo Antonio dos Olivais" in Coimbra.

44 Santa Engracia Church in Lisbon

Santo Antonio dos Olivais in Coimbra

45 Neoclassicism and Eclecticism

Against Opulence of rococo the neoclassic racionalism came into being. Basically it consisted of uncovering the decorative overlay in order to display and accentuate the Palladian effects of the Pombaline. Inspired by Helenic, Greek, and Roman forms, the Neoclassicism featured by a intenet of calm simplicity, of formal racionalism, and it was predominant until the early 1830's. Neo-classicism was the first of the revival move­ ments in Portugal in the 19th century. With this obsession of imitating other historical styles originated in the 19th cen­ tury such as: Neo-Greek, the Neo-Byzantine, and the Neo-Renais- sance. Some of the most outstanding examples of this Neo­ classic and eclectic movement are: the Convent of "Santa Clara" in Vila do Conde, the "S. Carlos" Theatre, and the "D. Maria II" National Theatre, both in Lisbon. To conclude one may reflect on the words of Raul Proenqa, a Portuguese in- telectual, "the Architecture of the 19th century translates an art of "pastiches", starting with the classical National Theater and ending with the fake Manueline of the railroad station of Rossio (both in Lisbon). But the architecture of the 18th cen­ tury, the regional traditions and the adaptation of both the demands and resorts of out time, are the fountains that better are inspiring the attempts for the revival of the Civil 14 Architecture in Portugal."

46 Santa Clara in Vila do Conde

47 Lisbon and the Twentieth Century Architecture

From the early 1900's until 1940, Portuguese Architecture was very closely bounded to the history of the city of Lisbon. In this period Lisbon was the only city in Portugal that could boast of having a populaton reaching the 500,000 mark. Con­ trary to the majority of other European cities, Lisbon did not experience any extremist alterations when the industry in the 19th century increased its development. As a matter of fact, Lisbon remained in its traditional limits until 1880, at this time, an expansion beyond these limits finally occured mainly due to the new residential neighborhoods that grew along wide avenues. Apparently, this expansion had a great influence in architectural creativity. Due to the initiative of colonial capitalists and the municipality of Lisbon who took a chance in building ventures, one could observe the rise of the revival­ ist "Neo-Romanesque" character. One such example is the Bank of Lisbon & Azores of 1906 by Ventura Terra. Towards 1925 a new generation of Portuguese architects emerged mainly as a result of a better awareness of urban planning problems which coin­ cided with a demand for reformation in the education of arch­ itecture. From these two occurences emerged a group of build­ ings considered to represent the start of the modernist cam­ paign in Lisbon. These buildings included the "Capitolio" Cinema (1925), The Institute of Oncology (1927), and The Sup­ erior Technical Institute (1927-1935). Another turning point in Portuguese Architecture came with the 1940 exhibition, "The Portuguese World." This was an exhibition that compared trad­ itional with modern values and the winner was the former one. Greatly impressed by the 1941 Lisbon exhibit of "Modern German Architecture" organized by Hitler, the Portuguese dictators dreamed of a similar "empire" in the future and from then on fascist architecture was at its best. Two important groups emerged in 1948: The I.C.A.T. (Cultural, Arts, and Technical Iniciative) and the O.D.A.M. (Organization of Modern Architects) the I.C.A.T. was a group of young Architects that followed the ideas of the architect Keil Amaral. They took a stand against the Fascist Architecture of the period and, against a system- alization of stylistic norms and were followers of a new con-

48 The Institute of Oncology (1927

Part of exhibition,"The Portuguese World"

49 ception of a professional organization as well as original formed ideas. The other group, the O.D.A.M. shared many of the ideas with the I.C.A.T. and their major concerns were formalist and aesthetic. These two groups joined forces and helped re­ legate to the side old rationalist professionals. Finally, the period between 1948 and 1961 had a weak development mainly due to the fact that those organizations, victims of a strict framework of society, did not have the "know-how" to face the problems that were forced on them. Under the cover of a new liberalism, the successors of this group of architects were fin­ ally able to adapt the architecture to the circumstances. 15 In 1959, Lisbon's Government created the G.T.H. (Technical Cabinet of Habitation) for the study and planning of the areas of Olivais South, and Olivais North and Chelas, this study spread out, and urbanization of other areas of the city accounted for an important factor in the evolution and consolidation of the modern ideas of architecture and planning. These studies and plans were done by following closely the ideas of the Architect Keil do Amaral and the I.C.A.T. During the last few decades there has been a great increase in the city's construction, with the city growing rapidly towards suburban areas such as Carnide, Lumiar, and Ameixoeira, which were integrated within the urban perimeter. Urban planning as well as the quality of construction and materials has been very poor. The concrete - block design, used throughout Europe is a norm in the housing projects in Lisbon. However, there are a few exceptions to the rule, with some good architectural examples such as the building for the Gulbenkian Foundation and the Joao de Deus and Infante Sacro projects, the late one being still influenced by the principles of Keil Amaral.

50 /j • r ( •

,1 n D n n 1 n n no .in in 11 11 1 a n n .in s c D i; n n ^3 n;; ;i" ;;:; - I• 9 . . i;;^pi nn ;ri na nn nn a M 1; n n - n 11 a n n •'::n n n;; 1 n 1;; ;;;; 1 h '•r, -•' • 3 u 1 n 1 -: . 1 •" -1

n n n a a a a a n n i uj J n n a n o _a_a n n *^' ^|a n n;; in n G !I n fM, • Ill nil.

J •

Chelas - Planning

51 Olivais South - Planning

Gulbenkian Foundation Building

52 LISBON: WHAT FUTURE? With more than 1 million inhabitants, Lisbon is a poly- centric town. With its tentaculate expansion (Fig. 23 ), Lisbon has a tendency to absorb the surrounding municipalities and turn them into satellite towns with Lisbon as the nucleous It is the intent of the present government of the city to have a conscious planning of the city and it should be done, according to them, by respecting the urban values, their scale and roots. It seems that even in our days the prin­ ciples of the late Keil Amarial and his ideas for the city of Lisbon remain. It would seem appropriate then, to in­ clude as a closing note, his views and ideas about the city of Lisbon and what should be done in the future by planners and architects, "It is not enough to want, to wish . . . but it is where we have to start . . . What about us, the private architects? What about us that plan buildings for the city? What mission is ours in this desirable transformation? What can we do for her (Lisbon)? I dare to say: We will never forget that the buildings that vje plan for Lisbon may serve her, complete her, harmoniously integrate with her, even when one is dealing with private construction and for the bene­ fit of private interest; Never lose sight with the permanent costumes of the people of the Capital ... Do not introduce the buildings in a place and environment "using force", . . . attempt to gently integrate and valorize it (the environment); we shouldn't fear being modern in our work; we should, though, be afraid of the superfulous and inconsiderate."

53 Fig= 23 - Urban Growth of Lisbon - 1147-1980

54 Notes

Ralph Hilton, Worldwide Mission: The Story Of The United States Foreign Service (New York: The World Pub­ lishing Company, 1970), p. 13. 2 United States Department of State, Your Trip Abroad (Washington D.C.: GPO, 1977), pp. 5-7. 3 Comptroller General of the United States, Consular Services Abroad Can Be Improved; Process of Evaluating Need For Posts Questioned (Washington D.C.: GPO, 1977), p.59. 4 Letter received from James J. Johnston, 14 February 1984. ^"Security of U.S. Embassies," ABC News, 20/20, 23 Feb­ ruary 1984. "American Embassies Put Up Barriers," Universtiy Daily January 1984, p.3. '^"Security of U.S. Embassies," ABC News, 20/20, 23 Feb­ ruary 1984. o Letter received from William F. McColough, 8 March 1984. Q Selecqoes do Readers Digest, A Descoberta de Portugal (Lisboa: Lisgrafica S.A.R.L., 1976), p.9. 1 n United States Department of State, Area Handbook For Portugal (Washington D.C.: GPO, 1977), p. 127. •^•^ibid. p. 89-90. ""•^Dudley Thompson, "Theories Of Cities," Arch. 337, Lubbock, Spring 1983. "'••^E.A. Gutkind, International History of City Development Vol. Ill of Urban Development in Southern Europe: Spain and Portugal (New York: Free Press, 1967), p. 77. "'"^Selecqoes do Readers Digest, Tesouros Artisticos de Portugal (Porto: Ambar, 1982), p. 37. •'•^"Portugal," Architecture Au jourdui, May/June 1976, p. 64. "'"^Francisco Keil Amaral, Lisboa: Uma Cidada em Transfrmacao (Lisboa: Europa-America, 1969), pp. 157-158.

55 ACTIVITY ANALYSIS IDENTIFICATION OF ACTIVITIES

The main activities of an embassy comprise of the following

REPORTING ANALYSING NEGOTIATING COMPILING ASSISTING PARTICIPATING PROCESSING HANDLING PLANNING MANAGING ESTABLISHING SUSTAINING

56 DEFINITION OF ACTIVITIES

Reporting: Political Developments Economical Developments Analysing: Political Developments Economical Developments Negotiating: Agreements Contracts Personnel Matters Compiling: Data Assisting: Economical Developments Trade U.S. Citizens Participating Trade Processing: Application of Visas Mail Handling: Cases Planning: Budget Speeches

Managing: Building Housing Communication Records

Establishing Contracts Sustaining: Building Services Transportation Nourishment Health

57 NUMBER OF PEOPLE REQUIRED (According to Activity)

Political Activities Ambassador 1 Deputy Chief of Missions 1 Secretaries 3 Chief of Political Section 1 Political Reporting Officer 1 Political Officers 3 Clerk/Typists 3 Military Attache 1 Military Assistant 1 Enlisted Men 5 Civilian Assistant 1 Clerk Stenographers 2 Receptionist 1 Communications Personnel 6 Total 30

Economic Activities Chief of Economic Section 1 Secretary - Receptionist 1 Economic Reporting Officer 1 Labor Officer 1 Commercial Officer 1 Agricultural Officer 1 Assistants 3 Clerk/Typists 4 Translators 2_ Total 15

Public Activities Consul 1 Consular Officers 3 Junior Officer 1

58 Clerks 3 Stenographers 2 Veterans' Affairs Officer i Fraud Investigations Officer 1 Citizenship Officer 1 Notarials 2 Chief of Liaison 1 Liaison Officers 3 Secretaries 5 AID Chief 1 AID Office 1 Total 26

Administrative Activities

Administrative Officer 1 Administrative Assistant 1 Secretary 1 Stenographers/Clerks 7 General Services Officer 1 Assistant General Services Officers 2 Budget and Fiscal Officer 1 Disbursing Officer 1 Accounting Clerks 3 Total 18

Sustainance Activities Chauffeurs 2 Char Force 6 Maintenance Force 3 Snack Bar Employees 5 Nurse 1 Total IT

Overall Total 106

59 PERIODS OF TIME The majority of the activities will take place at the same time, with only a thirty minute difference. Housing will not be provided therefore no main activities will occur at night.

Political Activities 8:30 am - 12:30 1:30 - 5:30 pm Economic Activities 8:30 am - 12:30 1:30 - 5:30 pm Administrative Activities 8:30 am - 12:30 1:30 - 5:30 pm Public Activities 8:30 am - 12:00 1:30 - 5:30 pm Sustenance Activities 1) Maintenance 8:30 am - 12:30 1:30 - 5:30 pm 2) Transportation 7:30 am - 12:30 1:30 - 6:30 pm 3) Health 8:30 am - 12:30 1:30 - 5:30 pm 4) Nourishment 10:00 am - 3:30 pm

60 CONDITIONS NECESSARY FOR PERFORMANCES An embassy is basically an office building and as such there are important conditions to be taken into account in order to provide the workers with a pleasant physical environment which as a result will allow them to perform their tasks efficently. The diagram in Fig. 24 illustrates the physical environment factors and how they can affect their performance.

PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS

QualiCy of Che Ambient Environment Adequacy and Arrangement of Furnishings and Support Services Lighting Views Outside

Confort of Workers Satisfaction PERFORMANCE Ability to rarrv mil" Work Tasks

Fi<^. 24 - Physical Environment Factors

61 The Ambient Environment

As one may observe from the diagram in Fig. 25 , in order to provide workers with the necessary comfort, one must keep in mind, that adequate temperature and favorable air circulation are among the most important means of sustaining the comfort of the workers. 2

_ IHICH

' A-Social Behavior Disconfort AMBIENT Good Air Circulation TEMPERATURES Right Workspace Physiological Temperature Arousal J, Impaired Task Performance Irritability Most Important Factors to Office Worker's Confort

LOW

Fig. 25 - Factors Of Workers Comfort Ergonomics The performace and satisfaction of workers is stirred by an- tropometrics and biomechanics. Furnishings, layout of the area of work, the size of it, the arrangement of work groups and support services all affect the way an office worker feels about the environment that surrounds him, and therefore the cause either positive or negative feelings about that same environment.

62 Lighting And View

Lighting is considered by most office workers as one of the most important factors influencing office environment. Results of a study, Barnaby (1980), revealed that concerning artifical lighting, the higher the quantity (50, 100, 150, footcandles) and the perceived quality of the light, productivity and(Fig.26)

FOOTCANDLES 150

100

low goodbest PRODUCTIVITY & ACCURACY Fig. 26 - Lighting Factor accuracy increased. Concerning natural lighting and outside view, research suggests that there is a desire for natural light­ ing by the workers and that the value they put on work environ­ ments is related to the proximity from the windows. It was also suggested that higher levels of light are better for environ­ ments where close paperwork is necessary and lower light levels 4 for such activities as conversation. (Fig.27 )

- HIGHEK *• Cl obc Paperworl

I LIGHT LEVELSl

LOWER -~ Conversation Fig. 27 - Environmental Light Levels

63 Accoustics

One of the main problems in today's office buildings is the noise level which can be disrupting for the task completion. The de­ sign should not only design for accoustical privacy but also be aware of trouble due to unused sound focusing problems.

Privacy, Social Interaction, Crowding Privacy may be understood as "the claim of individuals, group, or institutions to control access to themselves and to determine for themselves when, how, and to what extent information about themselves will be communicated." Privacy can be considered the contrary of social interaction and communication. The a- bility to talk privatly, to concentrate on tasks, and to have

Stand out Noises

Negative Impact [Social Interaction|- PRIVACY Visual Contact Positive Impact

Crowding

Fig. 28 Conditions Affecting Privacy (P.P. 1984) visual privacy is a major issue of concern and that workers rank highly. As one may observe from Fig. 28 there are various conditions affecting privacy; however, in some instances, this invasion of privacy may have a positive effect when visual con­ tact is concerned. The reason for this is that, for example, if a worker establishes a visual contact with a supervisor or with other hard working colleagues, he has a tendency to im­ prove his work performance.

64 RELATIONSHIP OF THE ELEMENTS OF THE ACTIVITY SYSTEM

Ooooooc

T loannnooBBOi I 4 0 1. Strong g 2. Secondary H 3. Public Access I 4. Selected Public P Access S Fig. 30 - Relationship of The Elements (P.P. 1984)

As it may be observed from the diagram on Fig. 30 , Political and Administrative activities, have close relationship with the activities of the ambassador. Political activities have also strong relationships with economic activities. Administration is closely related to sustenance activities, public access is related to activities of the Public Attache and administration. Public activities have non-restricted access to the economic and consular activities of the embassy. Secondary relationships are existant for most of the activities.

65 Services cii L AmericanI s ^ I—^izanc Non ImtTneran'' RcRLStratton irTc^uH '•' I 5 a 5 Visas r^of BlrChs J C QuaLlHcacLon Un a Tenporarv Basis I \ecessarv LHue ^•'0 f.-! ,es 11- •^1 Brace LL Che U.S. [ pustf!???^ •^3

JDcatris of I ^^^^^^^^on^^v^^^l P^^^^n^^^| Injn^^jnwTi^eri^U po^^^n^M^^Ti!! IftTiericans I lu.i. Citizens Defalnecl ^^^^Seamar^l 1 of o-her Federal | Per'^nns | y^^^^i^^J ^^^o^Uic^ce^^^^l mm^^^^a^^^m^ | A[:encLcs ••^^•••^^^•••rf

Fig. 32 - Consulate Tasks (P.P. 1984)

68 BEHAVIORAL CYCLES AND ENVIRONMENTAL SETTINGS

The behavioral cycles of an Embassy reflect an hierarchy and therefore the settings are "fitted" accordingly (Fig. 33).

Fig. 33 - Activity Cycles These cycles and settings will be considered according to the types of people using them: Part A - people using the services of the Embassy and Part B - Embassy workers. Part A: People using the services of the Embassy. Today's embassies not only service the needs of the users in a slow way but also give them a feeling of being uncomfortable, out-of-place. Waiting areas turn into places where tension and nervousness can be felt (Fig. 34 )

feeui^Te to "wt

12"^IFFA

Fig. 34 - Waiting Areas (Present)

69

This also would resolve the problem of having large waiting areas. The size of this setting would be considerably re­ duced therefore allowing for a more comfortable scale of the environment. Planting, warm color tones, comfortable furn­ iture, etc. would allow for an environment that people could relate better to and therefore a more relaxed atmosphere would result. Security would be located away from the waiting areas (Fig. 37).

-UfifSA fEAlUWA T'ec^Vt CAW zeuo^ tb sutuzDa(4»\us

Fig. 37 - Waiting Area (Suggested)

Part B: Embassy Workers. The behavioral cycles and en­ vironmental settings of an Embassy are very much identical to those of the office building. The organization of the environment consists of a number of links between the dif­ ferent departments, some that will span the whole network, i.e. from the public to the ambassador (Fig. 33) or some that wil just connect specific departments. Job satisfaction and performance should be the desired outcome when consid­ ering the environment of work. This brings the question of whether or not one should have open plan offices or tradi­ tional plan over a number of different kinds of landscaped or open layouts. Also, the way the system is structured in an Embassy, with such a wide range of departments cov­ ering different types of matters, each department with a small number of support staff, it would be advisable to have a traditional type of office layout as opposed to open-plan. Such factors as furnishings, arrangement of the setting, color and scale should be taken in consideration when design-

71 ing the setting for each environment; also it should be kept in mind that the flow of the office activities is done in such a way as to reduce the amount of handling, traveling, and delay. Criss-cross motion and backward flow is to be avoided, and a forward movement should char­ acterize the flow of the office activities in the embassy.

72 TASKS AND THEIR ORGANIZATION INTO THE SYSTEM The relationships of the sections of an embassy and their organ­ ization into the system are illustrated in the diagram of Fig.31 Each of these sections has specific tasks that should be taken into consideration. The Ambassador. He is the representative of the President in the host country. He represents the country's interests and re­ ports to the President through the Secretary of State. Except for those under military commands. Ambassadors have full res­ ponsibility for implementation of the U.S. foreign policy. His tasks include the negotiation of agreements between the United States and the host country, explaining and spreading the official policy of the U.S., and preserving cordial re­ lations with the host country's government and people. Political Section. It is the section most envolved with the entire State Department. Its basic tasks include reports and analysis on political and military developments, mainly regional, and their consequences on negotiating agreements between the governments. Economical Section. Plays a very important role especially in

THE pti(=r.ioF.Nr

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Fig. 31 Organization Of A Mission (USDS, 1982)

66 critical areas such as foreign aid, and balance of payments. The tasks of this section parallels, in many instances, with the tasks performed by the political section. They include: collection, analysis, and disclosure of data on the economical situation of the host country; assistance with economic de­ velopment programs, working to advance the trade of the United States, and also participation in trade negotiations. Administrative Section. This section provides management and administration of all the establishment of the State Department in the host country. The tasks comprise of the following: negotiation of contracts with the host government and others; planning of the budget, and personnel matters. Public Liaison Attache Section. The chores of this attache in­ corporate the establishment of contracts with non-government organizations, provision for speeches to be given by depart­ mental officers and answering public mail on foreign policy. Consular Section. It is the section of the embassy more re­ lated to the public. The tasks of this section include: pro­ cessing applications for visas, handling of passport and cit­ izenship cases, and assistance of U.S. citizens living or trav­ eling abroad. The diagram in Fig. 32 , breaks up the tasks and demonstrates more closely what these tasks consist of. Agency For International Development.(AID) "The AID performs its functions under an administrator, who reports to the Direct­ or of the International Development Cooperation Agency. It is a separate entity from the other sections in an embassy." The tasks of this agency are: "economic assistance programs designed to help the people of developing countries develop their human and economic resources, increase productive cap­ acities, and improve the quality of human life as well as to promote economic or political stability in friendly coun- tries." Other tasks occuring at an embassy include: maintenance of building and grounds, provision of transportation (chauffeurs), medical (usually a nurse), and supply of nourishment (cafeterias, or snack bars).

67 Notes

"office Design and Evaluation: An Overview," Envir­ onment and Behavior, May 1982, p. 273. ibid. p. 273. -^ibid. p 274. ^ibid. pp. 276-279. ^Office of the Federal Registar, United States Government Manuel. 1983-84 (Washington D.C: GPO, 1983), p. 626 ^James C. Snyder, Introduction To Architecture (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1979), p. 68.

73 THE SITE The site is located in the periphery of the area of Sete-Rios, northwest of downtown Lisbon (Fig. 38 and 39). Sete-Rios is one of the fastest growing areas in Lisbon (Fig. 40). The site is an irregular piece of land with 27,862 square yards and it is at one of the highest elevation spots in Lisbon (Fig. 41). Pre­ sently the site is being occupied by squatter settlements 407o of which are still housing families. By November-December of 1984 the Portuguese government plans to have the relocation finished. The land then, would be offered to the American government for building of the Embassy.

I I C*BO RUIVO

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^' CDVA DA PIEDAOE Bar".*vf\ Monti|' 'Sni.al • Fig. 38 - Site Location

74 Fig. 39 - The Site

Fig. 40 - Sete-Rios

75 W) .Uf.n.O .... „^..v^,.^\^ 1 '} '.• M. "••\ \ I '1

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Fig. 41 - Topographic Location of the Site

76 GEOLOGY, SOIL & WATER

The geologic structure of the soil of Lisbon includes mesozoic formations with a large presence of limestone interspersed with large areas of Cretaceous sandstones and conglomerates. Land features such as rolling, sandy hills, plateaus of basalt, steep escarpments and arid slopes. The soil of the site has the following characteristics: under the superficial soil cover with reduced percentage of organic matter, it is found in the upper levels, sandy-argillaceous soil. At greater depth, the sandy-argillaceous levels alternate with others more ar­ gillaceous with a stratification not well defined and varible granulometry. The sandy-argillaceous levels are predominate. 2 The soil compression exhibits a resistance value between 2kg/cm 2 and 5 kg/cm . The presence of the water in the soil proceeds from superficial infiltrations and the volumes of water are small. The superficial formations up to the depths of 7-10 meters (7.66 - 10.9 yards) are permeable and display continuity; For this type of soil it is advisable that the support of a structure should make use of reinforced concrete foundations either continous or with individual footings. The soils present enough cohesion to allow building beneath ground level. The base for the foundation should be not less than 1.5 meters 2 4'-11"). The tension of 4 kg/cm will be enough for the found­ ations and it will guarantee safety for breaching and sliding.

77 TOPOGRAPHY The topography of the site is very irregular and with some areas where building construction would be costly. However, due to its irregularity and priveleged situation, it allows for a wide, and unique, range of design solutions. The slopes reinforce this irregularity ranging from 0-19 percent to 38 percent in some areas (Fig.42 ). The drainage of the site (Fig. 43 ) is good since it is located on a high point; None­ theless, the northwestern part may create some problems since there is a tendency of the v;ater to accumulate in this area since it is almost flat. A positive drainage pattern with minimal modification to the natural pattern should be main­ tained. Water should flow away from the building and roads, and unless additional provision is made for the flow, it should not be concentrated in the gullies or valleys.

78 Fig. 42 - Slope Analysis

79 WATERSHED RAVINE-GULLYING RUNOFF DIRECTION Fig. 43- Site Drainage Diagram

80 VIEWS The views (Fig. 44) are one of the most unique features of this site. With the exception of the northeastern view (Fig. 45), that are obstructed by tall office buildings and a twenty-two story hotel, the views are unequaled. Good views can be observed to the southeast with part of downtown Lisbon seen in the distance (Fig. 46). Even though housing condi­ tions in the foreground are precarious, they add a certain originality to the view. The views to the south are excellent mainly because it allows for a view of two of Lisbon's most outstanding landmarks: the "25 de Abril" bridge, and the "Aguas Livres" aqueduct (Fig. 47). Looking east, one sees the Monsanto Forest, the largest green area in Lisbon and suburbs (Fig. 48). To the northeast, the Monsanto Forest meets the growing commerical and residential area that in­ clude buildings of two and three story levels (Fig. 49).

81 VIEWS

82 ^em-^DC:,

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Fig. 49 - Northeast View

84 CLIMATE

The climate in Lisbon, is mild and with little variations in temperature. (Fig. 50). The temperature reach 70" in the Summer, and 50* in the Winter. The average annual rainfall is 29.7 inches reaching almost 5 inches in the winter months. It rains less than two inches during the summer months. Even though the quantity of precipitation is not very large, when­ ever it rains in Lisbon, it usually rains quite intensily, some­ times raining days in a row without stopping. Predominant winds are northerly with a westernly bias. (Fig. 51). For further information on Lisbon's climate see climc.te section on Background, The True Altitude and Profile Angles of the Sun for this site are respectively: December - 8 a.m.: 6', 7; 10 a.m.: 21, 21; Noon: 27, 28; 2 p.m.: 21, 29; 4 p.m.: 5, 15 // January and November - 8 a.m.: 7, 10; 10 a.m.: 24, 25; Noon: 31, 32; 2 p.m.: 24, 34; 4 p.m.: 8, 24; // February and October - 8 a.m.: 15, 20 10 a.m.: 32, 34; Noon: 40, 41; 2 p.m.: 30, 45; 4 p.m.: 15, 51;// March and September - 8 a.m.: 22, 35; 10 a.m.: 42, 45; Noon: 51, 52; 2p.m.: 42, 60; 4 p.m.: 23, 80; 6 p.m.: 0.5, 74 // April and August - 8 a.m.: 30, 54; 10a.m.: 51, 57; Noon: 62, 63; 2p.m.: 52, 74; 4 p.m.: 30, 85; 6p.m.: 7, 65 // March and July - 8 a.m.: 31, 67; 10 a.m.: 58. 67; Noon: 71, 71; 2 p.m.: 58, 82; 4 p.m.: 36, 78; 6 p.m.: 13, 59 // June - 8 a.m.: 37, 70; 10 a.m.: 60, 70; Noon: 74, 74; 2 p.m.: 60, 90; 4 p.m.: 38, 76; 6 p.m.: 15, 52. All of these values are for the 21st. of each month. The angles are measured in degrees. Average Annual Rainfall 29.7 in. Elevation 312 feet 25 ilOO

20 80 a

en 15 60 0) 0) u o u 10 40 C u M a, i^1-;\: <\ ]) 20 e H 0 0 Fig. 50 - Climate Graph For Lisbon

85 Fig. 51 - Sun Paths and Wind Directi on

86 LAND USE The existing buildings are in their majority residential and commercial with a greater percentage of residence (Fig. 52 ) There is the Embassy of Spain approximately 10 minutes walking distance from the site, however most of the other embassies are spread throughout the city. The commercial buildings are recent and in excellent condition; the residences in their majority are in good condition with the exception of those in the south which are in fair condition but due to be condemned There is a railroad station also on the south part of the site but it is closed and is only used for storing of trains; in the near future (4-10 years) it will be condemned for com­ mercial use. Even though there is no vegetation on the site, the Forest of Monsanto, on the east side will remain for a long time since there is a city ordinance that prohibits con­ struction in it and it will provide an immense green area. The site is located at a seven minute walking distance from Lis­ bon's main transportation stop. Sete-Rios, besides having seven bus routes stopping there (more than any area in down­ town Lisbon), it is a terminal for the subway system, and most of the main traffic arteries in Lisbon are less than 2 miles away. Traffic immediate to the site is not very heavy and even during rush hours most of the traffic flow occurs at the Jose Malhoa Avenue (Fig. 52), one block away from the site. In the future there is a possibility of a greater traffic in­ crease on the street on the west side of the site since it is being planned a major traffic artery at that point that will facilitate the exit from Lisbon's congestioned areas onto the suburban areas. Access to the site is best on the north­ eastern part of the site since it allows for the relief of traffic from the road on the west side and simultaneously will make security easier to control. The second choice, on the east side of the site will prove to be a good access when the road is extended since it has a medium and thus it would allow for the traffic in the left lane to use as a turning lane. Besides, it would permit a better flow of traffic to

87 and from the site and a faster way of exiting Lisbon. The problem with this alternative is that the extension will not be completed in the near future. A northern access would be positive because of its central location in relaion to the site, but it would congest traffic flow in this area (Fig. 53). Utilities run a block away from the site (Fig. 52) and a connection to these lines will have to be made.

88 Educ.

Com.

Resid. Major Arte^ Artery • •••••• Future _Ar.t£ry iltilit Line Train Rail

Fig. 52 - Land Use Map

89 GOOD y//A BETTER ! i i BEST Fig- 53 - Site Circulation

90 Notes

1, •Empresa Internacional de Topografia e Obras Publicas Intertop Report (Lisboa, 1980), pp. 2-4.

91 SPACE SUMMARY SPACE SUMMARY Unit Area Justification

When designing an American Embassy, one must abide by the following unit area criteria: the unit area is based on the basic space module of 75 square feet which represents the normal space allocation for individual desk personnel that performs clerical activities. Increments of these modules will provide offices of proper size for individuals or groups having other space requirements according to their function. "The 75 sq.ft. module establishes a means by which the building can be systematically designed for flex­ ibility of partitioning to suit space need."

Areas Office of the Ambassador (Executive Section) This section is very sensitive and ought to be located on an upper floor and detached from the general public areas. Access to the offices of both the ambassador and the Deputy Chief of Missions should only be allowed through and con­ trolled by the secretaries' office. The reception room should be seperate but convenient to the office of the sec­ retaries . Net Space Americans Nationals Non-Desk Sq.Ft

101 - Ambassador 1 - - 600 102 - Deputy Chief 1 - - 375 of Missions 103 - Two Secretaries 2 - - 225 104 - File alcove and - - - 75 kitchenette 105 - Reception Area - - - 225 106 - Conference Room - - - 525 4 2,025

92 Political Section

This section is also sensitive and reports directly to the ambassador and should be located accordingly. Net Space Americans Nationals Non-Desk Sq.Ft

107 - Chief of Political 1 _ _ 300 Section 108 - Secretary/Receptionist 1 - - 225 109 - Political Reporting 1 - - 150 Officer 110 - Reception Area _ _ _ 150 111 - Political Officer 3 - - 450 112 - Clerk/Typists 3 - - 300

1,575

Economic Section This section should be located in such a way as to provide easy public access, although not necessarily on the main level with the exception of the commercial library; this library and any office directly associated with it should provide immediate access to the public. Net Space Americans Nationals Non-Desk Sq.Ft

113 - Chief of Economic ^ - - 300 Section 114 - Secretary/Receptionist 1 _ _ 225 (including waiting area) 115 - Economic Reporting 1 - - 150 Officer 1 - - 225 116 - Labor Officer 1 - - 225 117 - Commercial Officer 118 - Agricultural Officer 1 - - 150 119 - Assistants 1 2 450 ]_20 - Commercial Library 375 121 - Clerk Typists 3 1-300 122 - Translators 1 1-150 11 4 2,550

93 Administrative Section

The operation of this section shall not be confined to one specific are of the building, but is shall be distributed throughout the Embassy. The Administrative Officer and his immediate staff, particularly those coming in contact with local businessmen and trades people, should be on the ground floor near the main enterance. The Communications complex should be separate and in a more remote area, preferably near the ambassador. Net Space Americans Nationals Non-Desk Sq.Ft. Administration

123 - Administrative 300 Officer 124 - Administrative 225 Assistant 125 - Secretary/Waiting 1 300 375 126 - Stenographers/ 3 Clerks 1,200 General Services 127 - General Services 225 Officer 128 - Assistant General 2 300 Services Officer 300 129 - Secretary/Waiting 1 150 130 - Storage Room 300 131 - Secretaries/Clerks, Stenographers Miscellaneous 12 Employees 12 1,275

Budget & Fiscal 132 - Budget & Fiscal 225 Officer 150 133 - Disbursing Officer 25 134 - Vault 225 135 - Accounting Clerks

94 136 - Waiting Space 150 (with Counter) 137 - Time and Payroll 225

1,000

Medical

138 - Waiting Room 225 139 - Nurse, Examination 225 140 - Toilet 50 141 - Sick Room 150 142 - Storage 100

750 Classified Communications 143 - Commcenter 4 2,500 4 2,500

Unclassified Communications 144 - Mail Room 1 225 145 - Reproduction Room 150 146 - Telephone Operator 1 150 (with Toilet) 147 - Telephone 225 Switchgear

750 Marine Guard 148 - NCOIC Office 150 149 - Marine Changing 4 150 Room 4 300

Consular Section Due to its public nature, this section should be located on the ground floor next to the main entrance or even have its own entrance.

95 Net Space Americans Nationals Non-Desk Sq.Ft

150 -- Consul 1 ^ 225 151 -- Secretary - 1 150 152 -- Consular Officers 3 — 450 153 -- Junior Officer 1 — 150 154 -- Clerks - 2 150 150 155 -- Stenographers — 2 600 156 -- Visa Waiting - — Rooms (2) 157 - Interview Stations 300 6 @ 50) 150 158 - Two toilets 150 159 - File Rooms For Immigrants or Visa Files - - 75 160 - Vault (Visa, notarial fees, etc. ) 150 161 - Veterans Affairs 1 - 150 162 - Citizenship Officer 2 - 300 163 - Notarials 150 164 - Shipping & Storage - - 75 165 - Guard Section 150 166 - Computer Room 300 167 - Files and Storage 150 168 - Extra Office 1 - 75 169 - Cashier Booth 75 170 - Fingerprint Booth 225 171 _ Private Booths (3 @ 75) 1 - 150 172 - Fraud Investigations 150 173 _ Private Booths (2 @ 75) 300 174 - Citizenship Waiting Room 2 - 150 175 - Secretaries 12 5,100

96 Liaison Attache

This section should be located on or near the top floor of the Embassy, and if possible adjacent to the Communications Area. Net Space Americans Nationals Non-Desk Sq. Ft. 176 - Chief of Liaison 1 - - 225 177 - Liaison Officers 1 2 - 450 178 - Secretaries - 2 - 225 179 - Reception - _ _ 225 180 - Photo & Dark _ _ _ 225 Room 181 - Vault and _ _ _ 150 Incinerator 2 4 1,500

Military Attache Due to its classified nature, this section should be remote from the public. Net Space Americans Nationals Non-Desk Sq.Ft

182 - Military Attache 1 - - 225 183 - Military Assistant 1 - - 150 184 - Enlisted Men 2 - - 225 185 - Civilian Assistant 1 - - 150 186 - Clerk, Stenographers 1 1-225 187 - Reception Room & 1-225 Receptionist (this room can be shared by the three services) 188 - File/Communications 300 189 - Vault and 150 Incinerator 190 - Photo & Dark _ _ _ 225 Room 191 - Storage Area _ _ _ 225 (Basement) 2,100

97 Agency For International Development Net Space Ame ricans Nationals Non-Desk Sq.Ft.

192 -- AID Chief 1 — — 150 193 -- Secretary 1 - - 150 194 -- AID Officer 1 - - 150

400

Miscellaneous Spaces Net. Sq.Ft

195 - Main Entrance 750 Lobby 196 - Conference 525 Room 197 - Secured Conference 525 Room 198 - VIP Offices 300 (@ 150) 199 - Service Entrance 300 (Loading Dock & Receiving) 375 200 - General Supply Room 750 201 - General Storage Room 600 202 - Lunch Room (with kitchette and Food Storage) 203 - Mechanical Equip. 2,201 (Heating and Air Conditioning -67o of Total Net Area) 204 - Repair Shop 450 205 - Char Force (House­ keeping, Maintenance etc. ) - Lockers, Toilets, Showers Male 225 Female 225 206 - Trash & Incinerator 225 Room

98 207 - Messenger's Locker 150 Room 208 - Computer Room 300 Multi-Purpose Room 209 - Janitor's Closets 150 210 - Auditorium 950 211 - Projection Room 150 212 - Lobby 225 213 - Additional Toilets 225

Electrical Spaces 214 - Transformer & 375 Switchgear 215 - Embassy Emergency 375 Generator 216 - Commcenter Emergency 375 Generator

8,525

217 - Garage For 20 Government 5,000 Vehicles 218 - Dispatcher 75 219 - Driver's Waiting Room 225 Employees Parking (25 spaces) Visitor Parking (13 spaces)

5,300

99 Summation Net Space Americans Nationals Non-Desk Sq.Ft Executive Section 4 2,025 Political Section 9 1,575 Economic Section 11 4 2,550 Administrative Section Administration 2 5 1,200 General Services 1 6 12 1,275 Budget & Fiscal l 4 1,000 Medical 1 750 Classified Communi- 4 2,500 cations Unclassified Com- 2 750 munications Marine Guard 1 4 300 Consular Section 6 12 5,100 Liaison Attache 2 4 1,500 Military Attache 6 2 2,100 Agencey For International 3 450 Development Miscellaneous Spaces 8,525 Garage 5,300

Total 53 37 16 36,840

Personnel

American Personnel 53 National Personnel 37 Non-Desk Personnel 16 Total Personnel 106

100 Gross Area = -" "="^^^ ^^^' % Efficiency

_ 36,840 - 55,820 66%

Gross Area = Kf. cnn c • ->o,:)UU Square Feet

Note: ^Efficiency. 66%, w.s taken fro.: Department State Foreign Buildings Operations: Archi­ tectural Design Criteria, p.3.

101 Notes

Department of State Foreign Building Operations, Architectural Design Criteria (Washington D.C: GPO, 1975), p. 4.

102 SYSTEMS PERFORMANCE CRITERIA SYSTEMS PERFORMANCE CRITERIA AND CODE CONSIDERATIONS

It is the intent of this chapter to provide a systematic analysis that, by stating the desired aftermath in terms of user satisfaction and physical accomplishment, will allow the designer to integrate the principles of systems with the building, and therefore allow him to meet the specific needs for an embassy.

Structure

The structure of the embassy should take into consider­ ation that Lisbon is located in a so-called intermediate tectonic environment. The seismic risk in Lisbon, is due to the fact that it can be affected by long distance large magnitude earthquakes and nearby moderate magnitude earthquakes. For Lisbon, low frequency structures, whose response is greatly depending of displacement, the longer duration lower peak values for Lisbon are as follows: M = 5.8, r = 24 km, 1 = 170cm/S^, M = 6.2, r = 35 km, V = 13.9 cm/S; M + 6.3, r = 41 km, d = 9.2 cm. where (a,v,d) are peak values, and M is the Magnitude. Finally, when selecting the structural materials besides availability and economic considerations, the following material properties should be taken into consideration: high ductility; high strength/weigh ratio, homogeneity, and ease in making full strength connections The struc­ ture should allow for flexibility of interior spaces and for a basement. Besides displaying an harmony with the techniques of structure involved, the design of the structure should be feasible, rational, and allow for a later expansion to the embassy.

Enclosure: The enclosure should include materials typical of the region, American made materials or both. Energy conser­ vation and maintenance are key factors of this system and

103 should be considered. Other functional requirements should include the protection of interior and exterior finishes from moisture and the use of bars or other pro­ tecting devices on the lower level fenestrations.

Maintenance

The system must allow for an efficient service of main­ tenance care and simultaneously control the maintenance of classified areas where pertinent information is stored. The maintenance system should also not interfere with the regular activities of the Embassy, and therefore facili­ tate an an uninterrupted flow of office oriented activities

Services

In order to maintain ideal conditions for user comfort and activities, this system of the Embassy should not only provide electrical, plumbing, and mechanical ser­ vices, but also take full advantage of the unique cli­ matic situation and provide for passive solar, and pos­ sibly active solar, systems. By doing this, only back­ up systems for the other services, would be necessary. A speed of 300-400 CFM per register should be used. Back­ up generators should be provided in order to allow the building to function normally even in emergency situations. Electrical subsystems should be equiped to handle 220v, 50 cycles electricity. If some equipment requires adap­ tation, that adaptation should be done in the United States since technical service of U.S. electrical equipment is poor. Factor such as noise and vibration of mechanical components should be reduced. Operational costs such as initial and long term and its rate of energy consuption, as well as the architectural implications of each system used, should be throughly considered.

104 SUMMARY LIST OF HVAC REQUIREMENTS

Name of Space Air Changes Outdoor Air Controlled Per Hour*^ Cfm/Occupant Comfort Private Offices 10-20 10-30 12° -iW F Seml-Prlvate Offices 10-20 10-30 72°-74° F General Offices 15-20 10-30 11° -IW F Toilets 10-20 10-30 7 5° F Reception/WaltIng 6-20 10-30 68'-72° F Mall Room 10-20 10-30 72° -74° F Reproduction 8-12 10-30 65°-70° F Telephone 8-12 10-15 65°-70°F Mechanical 8-12 10-15 6 5° F Snack-Bar 6-20 10-15 68°-72" F Repair Shop 8-12 5-15 68° -72° F Projection Room 10-30 25-50 72° -74° F Conference 10-30 , 25-50 72° -74° F Library 15-25 25-50 72°-74°F Vaults/Incinerators ' 8-12 10-15 65° -70° F Nursing/Exam 10-20 10-30 72° -74" F Sick Room 10-20 10-30 72°-74''F Booths 10-20 25-50 72°-74° F Photo/Dark Room 8-12 10-30 6 5* -70° F Electrical 8-12 10-15 65°-70°F Shipping/Service 8-12 10-15 68° -72° F Changing Room/Char Force 10-20 25-50 68° -72* F Trash Incinerators 8-12 10-15 65° -70° F File/Alcoves 8-12 5-15 65° -70° F Storage/Supply 8-12 5-15 68° -72° F Auditorium 10-30 5-15 68° -72* F Guard 10-20 10-30 68° -IT F Lobby 10-20 10-30 68° F Commputer 20-25 20-30 6 5°F Garage 6-20 5-15 6 5°F Commcenter 15-25 10-30 65° F Corridor/Circulation 6-20 5-15 68° F

Fig. 54

105 Safety

The building must provide for emergency exits in case of fire as well as safehavens for the safety of the personnel in the embassy in case of an hostile attack.

Lighting and Accoustics

In the environment of an embassy, which is basically an office building, lighting and accoustics play an import­ ant role towards user satisfaction. Sound conduction through walls, absorption of sound between areas (to ensure privacy), noisy machinery, plumbing noises, reverbera­ tion, echoes, focusing of sounds, ambiance, should be taken into consideration. The designer, also should be aware of the necessity for proper acoustical design es­ pecially in the auditorium area. The selection of light­ ing systems should satisfy a comprehensive lighting design criteria that takes into consideration the various visual tasks and activities to be performed by the users of the Embassy. An awareness of the relationship between the enclosure of the spaces, the design of lighting and light is also important.

Planning General planning should include: pedestrian access and exit that is easy and direct, and considerate of provisions for the physically handicapped. Vehicular flow should be simple and provide for adequate visitor and staff parking as well as the necessary service access to the embasssy. A main entry shelter should be provided for protection during adverse weather conditions. The public spaces should be arranged in order to provide convenient service to the public. Sensitive areas such as classified areas should be arranged in order to be remote from the public. The planning should allow for convertibility and flexibility. In order to obtain efficient circulation, use of double loaded corridors should be employed. Consideration for

106 future building expansion, either vertically, or hor­ izontally, or both, must be considered. Ability to achieve activity relationships among the different departmental sections as well as provide fast and con­ fidential (in some cases), consular services. Physical security of the Embassy through the use of perimeter walls and/or fences, winding roads, electronic gates, or other devices to protect from car bombs, set backs from property lines, exterior lighting, easy control of entrances, and visual control of stairways and elevators should be considered and properly used. Further details regarding security of the building are available in the buide "Minimum Physical Security Standards of Foreign Service Office Buildings" When the embassy is under at­ tack the area of refuge for the embassy personnel is the "Safehaven". One or more Safehavens should be provided in an Embassy. For more details on information of Safehavens see the appendix; "Standards for Safehavens for U.S. Foreign Service Buildings". These two last publications should govern security planning considerations. The departments of the Embassy can be grouped in the following manner according to the degree of security they require:

Classified Departments - require high degree of security: Executive Political Communications Center Military Attache General Location - less security required Economics Commercial Legal General Location - relatively low security required Administration (some administration can be located in public areasO Public Areas - Separate Entrance Consular

107 Code Considerations The building code for the city of Lisbon is not very strict. However, there are some important codes to be Considered:

Building Basements cannot exceed 15m (49.2 ft) of depth (Article 8-1) with the exception for special equipment. The Building set back shall be a minimum of 4m (13.1 ft) from all the site boundaries(Article 10) There is no limit on building height (Article 6-1, 2, 3) Information obtained for the "Regulamento do Piano Geral de Urbanizaqao da Cidade de Lisboa", May 19th, 1977.

1 HQ Notes

Ministerio De Habitaqoa e Obras Publicas, Laboratorio Nacional de Enginharia Civil, Research in Earthquake Engineering (Istambul: 1980), pp.43-44. 2 McGuiness, Stein, & Reynolds, Mechanical and Electrical Equipment for Buildings (New York: John Wiley & Sons, 1980), pp.59-61. 3 Ibid., p. 176. 4 M. David Egan, Concepts in Thermal Comfort (Englewood Cliffs, N.J., 1975), p.15. Department of State Foreign Buildings Operations, Architectural Design Criteria (Washington D.C: GPO, 1975), p. 2.

110 COST ANALYSIS COST ANALYSIS

1984 1985 1986 JFMAMJJASOND JFMAMJJASOND JFMAMJJASOND Program 3 Schematic Design Design Development Construction Docum. Contractor Selection Construction Use

Fig. 55 Project Schedule

The following information was obtained from the "Dodge Construction Systems Cost". High Average values were used for the foundations and superstructure because of the extra cost for earthquake resistant structure. A high average value was also used in specialities because of all the extra security requirements, and for the HVAC systems which are considerably higher cost in Portugal. Average values were given to the other systems since labor in Portugal is cheaper than in the U.S., but the materials are more expensive, therefore creating a price balance on the unit per square foot. Skilled trades­ men will not have to imported except for the installation of classified high tech electrical systems common to an embassy.

Ill Building System $/Sq.Ft. Value

Foundations 3.74 ^igh Floor on Grade 2.60 Average Superstructure 15.76 High Exterior Walls 8.19 Average Partitions 4.42 Average Wall Finishes 3.12 Average Floor Finishes 3.25 Average Ceiling Finishes 2.40 Average Conveying Systems 5.53 Average Specialties 2.03 High Fixed Equipment 2.34 Average HVAC 9.36 High Plumbing 3.06 Average Electrical 3.96 Average

Gross Building Cost $69 - 96/Sq.Ft.

Escalation/Geographical In order to obtain an accurate index for Lisbon, Portugal, the following calculations were considered:

A. Average Devaluation of escudo in relation to the dollar 1973-1982 = 55%-^ Taking a four year period, 1978-1982 (27% devaluation), and dividing it in 18 month periods (time estimated for construction): I II III IV -10% -05% -06% -06% Average devaluation for these 18 months periods: 6.75% B. Comparison of escaltion indexes for U.S. and Portugal in 1976 Average index for U.S. (1976)^ 3 181.83 Average index for Portual (1976) 202.11

112 One may observe that the escalation index for Portugal was = +10%

C. Geographical multiplier Devaluation = -6.757o Escalation Indexes = +10.00% Multiplier = +3.25%

Therefore, price per square foot required for the building including escalation: 69.96 X 3.25% = $2.27 69.96 + 2.27 = $72.23 Escalation/time Budget for January 1984 $6,000,881.90 Escalation Index for January 1984 - 201 Escalation Index for April 1986 - 245 (mid point of construction)

245/201 = 1.22

1.22 X $72.23 = $88.12 Price per square foot for mid point of construction: $88.12 Note: Escalation Indexes were obtained from the "Design & Cost Data" issue of April/May 1983.

113 PROJECT COST ESTIMATE

A. Building Costs 55,820 at $72.23/Sq.Ft. $4,031,879 B. Fixed Equipment (8% of A) 322,550 C. Site Development (15% of A) 604,782

D. Total Construction (A + B + C) 4,959,211

E. Site Acquisition 0 F. Moveable Equipment (8% of A) 322,550 G. Professional Fees (6% of D) 297,553 H. Contingencies (10% of D) 495,922 I. Administrative Costs (1% of D) 49,593 J. Total Budget Required (D & E thru I) 6,124,830 "- The site is provided at no cost by the Portuguese Government

Implications & Life Cycle Costing Throughout the useful life of the building, architectural decisions will affect it. All of the choices made for land, site, marketing, and construction will make a big difference for the success of the Embassy. Some of the decisions that will be made and that will affect the life of the building and its cost are: Energy-Orientation, massing, building lighting, controls, HVAC equipment. They are some of the factors that affects life cycle cost. Nowadays energy cost contributes a very significant percentage of the total oper­ ating costs of a building. Others are: maintenance and repair - annual operating and maintenance costs should be taken into consideration. These include maintenance and operation, custodial services, utilities, safety and security, repairs and replacement, etc. However one should keep in mind that high initial costs is not always bad. For example carpeting costs more, but dirt does not show as much as in resilient tile flooring therefore daily cleaning would not be necessary. Other decisions that may affect the life cycle costing are flexibility and Accomodation of Change, Funct­ ional Costs, and Tax Considerations.

114 Feasibility Analysis

Alternate courses of action:

1. To create different "cells" within the building according to the different sections with a higher/lower degree of security. 2. Use of a steel structure throughout the building with glass walls. 3. Use of a concrete structure. 4. To place most of the building on the irregular part of the site. 5. To place most of the building on the flat part of the site. 6. To use walls around the building site. 7. To use fences around the building site. 8. To create barriers using vegetation and natural obstacles such as trees, rocks, etc.

Engineering and Economic Evaluation of Such Alternatives: It would not be very feasible to create different cells due to the rise of the cost this v;ould imply in the engineering and building materials. Besides, the structures would have to be constructed according to different needs and demands further creating more expenses. Even though a concrete structure would possibly be more expensive and take longer to build it would justify the expense, mainly due to the ready availability of concrete (manufactured within Lisbon's city limits) and also because concrete is a better material that withstands earthquake forces. As a means of controlling the site perimeter, the use of vegetation and other natural obstacles seem to the most feasible becasue of not only eco­ nomical but aesthetic reasons as well. Social Analysis of the Project: It is up to the designer to decide what is the impact upon the society of community of Lisbon that the building is to create. It seems more feasible to design a building that is not ostentatious but that can convey solidity, strength.

115 and power in such a way that it won't impress the people in a negative way. Political Considerations

For longer than two centuries, the relations between Portugal and the United States have never deteriorated, the Portu­ guese people always have had a friendly attitude to their "overseas" allies and up to the present days it seems to remain the same way. Therefore with little chance of error one may consider the practicalities of implementation very good. It seems that political relations between Portugal and the United States will remain in good condition for quite a few more years therefore make the implementation of this building feasible.

116 Notes

1 OECD Economic Survey, Portugal (Paris: n.p., 1982), p. 17. 2 "Special Announcement: Cost Escalation Index, Base Year Advanced to 1977 (from 1970)", Design Cost & Data (April/May, 1983), p. 3. 3 Laboratorio Nacional de Engenharia Civil, A Prob- lematica Das Obras Publicas Ea Quantificagao Dos Trabalhos (Lisboa, 1983), pp. 36-Q, 36-R.

117 DETAILED SPACE LIST SPACES Ambassador's Office

FACILITY NUMBERS: IQI

EXPECTED NUMBER OF OCCUPANTS/UNlTtiviAX.j: 1

TOTAL AREA: 600 Sq. Ft.

FUNCTIONAL REQUIREMENTS: - to provide a pleasant and comfortable place for the ambassador to perfor his/her tasks. - to provide a space that reflects the position of the ambassador; the personal representative of the President of the United States. - to have entry/exit controlled be a reception waiting area and controlled by the secretaries's office. Activities Housed: Managing, Negotiating, Reporting Adjacent Spaces: Deputy Chief of Mission's Office, Reception Area, Conference Room. TECHNICAL REQUIREMENTS:

Space Enclosure: carpet flooring. Acoustical is­ olation of walls and ceiling. Ceiling Height: 9'0" Lighting: task level: 70ft-c. Natural lighting de- sireable. Special lighting for paintings. Wall wash for ancient and brightening if dark walls are used. Individual controlled: 30ft-c. Acoustics: Sound Isolation Requirement: STC 52 Noise level not to exceed 30 Db. Electrical: Duplex outlets, switches, dimmers, out­ let for telephone and intercom. Furnishings/Equipment - 1 desk 48" X 72" - 1 upholstered swivel chair - 2 lounge chairs - 1 sofa - 1 waiting chair - 1 coffee table

118 1 trash receptacle 1 telephone 1 bookshelve 2 credenzas with file cabinet

119 SPACES Deputy Chief OfficP

FACILITY NUMBERS: 102

EXPECTED NUMBER OF OCCUPANTS/UNIT(MAX.J: i _ 4

TOTAL AREA: 375 Sq. Ft.

FUNCTIONAL REQUIREMENTS: - to provide a pleasant and comfortable space for people to perform tasks such as paper work, conduct inter­ views or relax - to provide a space reflective of the occupant's position - to use discrete colors - to have control of entry/exit with a reception/waiting area Activities Housed: Administration Adjacent Spaces: Reception, assistant's area, staff restrooms. TECHNICAL REQUIREMENTS: Space Enclosure: carpet flooring, acoustically iso­ lation of walls and ceiling. Ceiling Height: 8'0" Lighting: task level: 70ft-c.; natural lighting is desirable. Wall wash for accent and brightening if dark walls are used. Special lighting for paintings. Individually controlled: 30ft-c. Acoustics: Sound Isolation Requirement: STC 52 Noise level not to exceed 30 Db. Electrical: Duplex outlets, switches, dimmers, outlet for telephone and intercom Furnishings/Equipment - 1 desk 38" x 68" - 1 sofa - 1 coffee table - 4 waiting chairs

120 1 upholstered swivel chair 1 coat/hat rack 1 trash receptacle 1 telephone 1 bookshelve 1 cabinet

121 SPACES Offices for Chief of Sections

FACILITY NUMBERS: 107, 113, 123

EXPECTED NUMBER OF OCCUPANTS/UNITCMAX.J: 1-3

TOTAL AREA: 900 Sq. Ft.

FUNCTIONAL REQUIREMENTS:

- to provide a pleasant and comfortable space for people to perform tasks such as paper work, conduct inter­ views or relax - to provide a space reflective of the occupant's position - to use discrete colors - to have control of entry/exit with a reception/waiting area Activities Housed: Administration Adjacent Spaces: Reception, assistant's area, staff restrooms TECHNICAL REQUIREMENTS: Space Enclosure: carpet flooring, acoustically iso­ lation of walls and ceilings Ceiling Height: 8'0" Lighting: task level: 70ft-c.; natural lighting is desirable. Wall wash for accent and brightening if dark walls are used. Special lighting for paintings. Individually controlled: 30ft-c. Acoustics: Sound Isolation Requirement: STC 52 Noise level not to exceed 30 Db. Electrical: Duplex outlets, switches , dimmers, outlet for telephone, and intercom Furnishings/Equipment - 1 sofa - coffee table - 3 waiting chairs - 1 file cabinet

122 table coat/hat rack 1 telephone 1 trash receptacle 1 desk 38" x 68" 1 swivel chair

r-, • a D

30O ^

123 SPACES Officers Office

FACILITY NUMBERS: 127, 132, 150, 176, 182

EXPECTED NUMBER OF OCCUPANTS/UNITCMAX.I: 1-2

TOTAL AREA: 1,125 Sq. Ft.

FUNCTIONAL REQUIREMENTS: - to provide a pleasant and comfortable space for people to perform tasks such as paper work, conduct inter­ views or relax - to provide a space reflective of the occupant's position - to use discrete colors - to have control of entry/exit with a rectiontion/waiting area Activities Housed: Administration Adjacent Spaces; Reception, assistant's area, staff restroorr TECHNICAL REQUIREMENTS: Space Enclosure: carpet flooring, acoustically iso­ lation of walls and ceilings Ceiling Height: 8'0" Lighting: task level: 70ft-c.; natural lighting is desirable. Wall wash for accent and brightening if dark walls are used. Special lighting for paintings. Individually controlled: 30ft-c. Acoustics: Sound Isolation Requirement: STC 52 Noise level not to exceed 30 Db. Electrical: Duplex outlets, switches, dimmers, outlet for telephone, and intercom Furnishings/Equipment - 1 68" X 38" desk - 2 waiting chairs - 1 working chair - 1 coat/hat rack

124 1 trash receptacle 1 telephone 1 file 1 small cabinet 1 upholstered chair

125 iPACES VIP & AID Chief Office

FACILITY NUMBERS: 192, 198

EXPECTED NUMBER OF OCCUPANTS/UNITCMAX.J: 1-2

TOTAL AREA: 450 Sq. Ft.

FUNCTIONAL REQUIREMENTS: - to provide a pleasant and comfortable space for people to perform tasks such as paper work, conduct inter­ views or relax - to provide a space reflective of the occupant's position - to use discrete colors - to have control of entry/exit with a reception/waiting area Activities Housed: Administration Adjacent Spaces: Reception, assistant's area, staff restrooir TECHNICAL REQUIREMENTS:

Space Enclosure: carpet flooring, acoustically iso­ lation of walls and ceiling Ceiling Height: 8'0" Lighting: task level: 70ft-c.; natural lighting is desirable. Wall wash for accent and brightening if dark walls are used. Special lighting for paintings. Individually controlled: 30ft-c. Acoustics: Sound Isolation Requirement: STC 52 Noise level not exceed 30 Db- Electrical: Duplex outlets, switches, dimmers, outlet for telephone, and intercom Furni shings/Equipment - 1 40" X 30" desk - 2 tables - 1 working chair - 2 waiting chairs

126 1 trash receptacle 1 telephone

127 SPACES Semi-Private Offices

FACILITY NUMBERS: 109, 111, 115, 116, 117, 118, 119, 122, 124, 128, 152, 153, 161, 162, 168, 172, 177, 183, 185, 194 EXPECTED NUMBER OF OCCUPANTS/UNITCMAX.J: 2-4

TOTAL AREA: 4,727 Sq. Ft.

FUNCTIONAL REQUIREMENTS: - to provide environments pleasant to workers - to provide an area that allows the worker to perform office tasks - to allow for supervision of other workers (where applied Activities Housed: Supervising, Assisting Adjacent Spaces: Restrooms, General Office Area

TECHNICAL REQUIREMENTS: Space Enclosure: carpet flooring, use of walls and/or partitions, acoustically treated ceiling. Ceiling Height: 8'0" Lighting: task level lOOft-c. Natural lighting desireable General and suplementary lighting should be provided. Acoustics: Sound Isolation Requirement: STC-45 Noise level not to exceed 45-50 Db. Furnishings/Equipment - chairs - desks - files (legal) - cabinets - worktables - trash receptacles - telephone/desk - 1 hat/coat rack 128 SPACES General Offices

FACILITY NUMBERS: 109, 111, 115, 116, 117, 118, 119, 122, 124, 128, 152, 153, 161, 162, 168, 172, 177, 183, 185, 194 EXPECTED NUMBER OF OCCUPANTS/UNITCMAX.J: N.A. (depending on design) TOTAL AREA: 4,275 Sq. Ft.

FUNCTIONAL REQUIREMENTS:

- create an environment that reflects the embassy's office activities - varied and delightful range of colors should be used - to create an enjoyable environment to work in. Activities Housed: Clerical, processing, assisting Adjacent Spaces: Semi-private offices, restrooms

TECHNICAL REQUIREMENTS: Space Enclosure: carpet flooring, use of walls and/or partitions, acoustically treated ceiling. Ceiling Height: 8'0" Lighting: task level: 120-150ft-c ; natural lighting desireable. General suplementary lighting should be provided. To increase user satisfaction (See activity analysis) and to facilitate their tasks, high level of illumination is recommended. Acoustics: Sound Isolation Requirement: STC - 47 Noise level not to exceed 55-60 Db. Due to the higher concentration of sounds of typing and stenographic sections, these sections should be segregated into sound-treated rooms or with sound treated partitions. Electrial: Duplex outlets, outlets for special equip­ ment, Underfloor ducts, outlets for audio.

129 Furnishings/Equipment - IBM Equipment - Intercom - 1 desk/person (with L's and one interview chair) - 1 trash receptacle/desk - 1 telephone/desk - letter files - 1 chair/person - 1 electric typewriter/typist - 1 dictaphone/typist - clocks - 1 coat/hat rack

SIDE AISLE

NOTES n- DIMENSIONS SHOWN ARE BASED ON Tn= 2'-6"«5' 0" DESKS FOR I'l ArjNING PunPO'".f •", Sf IRF; TARIAI ArjD f 11 i.'i'Ai Ai'f A', Id fjimn -I'j lo t.o ^n SO FT ('[ R PERSON IfJCLDUING AISLES, ADD 10 ro 15 SQ f T FOR SIDE CHAIRS 60 "BACK K) BACK" ANU"I ACt TO FACE" PLACEMENT OF DESKS CAN SAVE SPACE iX BUT SHOULD BE AVOIDED IF POSSIBLE MUl I ll'l f - PERSON 01 I IM S ALL INIOI'MAIION ('"'NIAIMLU ON THIS 5^3 0 PAGE CAN APPLY TO MULTIPLE PERSON 1^ OFFICES

IO'-O"AVG I

SINGLE AISLE

p—l ^=^~-^r^ U

^?:M==^ ^ ^^ t co'o mF.iES

CENTER AISLE Office planning: cleaisncss foi secretafial areas and general clerical offices.

130 SPACES Conference Rooms

FACILITY NUMBERS: 106, 196, 197

EXPECTED NUMBER OF OCCUPANTS/UNiT(iviAX.3: 5-25

TOTAL AREA: 1^575 Sq. Ft.

FUNCTIONAL REQUIREMENTS: - Descrete atmosphere - Should be located in the interior of the space to eleminate the distraction of windows at the same time provide more wall area for display. Adjacent Spaces: Near the Chief of Section Offices, One (secured) near the ambassador's Office.

TECHNICAL REQUIREMENTS: Space Enclosure: carpet flooring, acoustical isolation of walls and ceiling. Ceiling Height: 9'0" Lighting: task level: 70ft-c.; chalkboark: 150ft-c. Natural lighting not desirable; provide overhead lighting Acoustics: Sound Isolation Requirement: STC- 45 Noise level not to exceed 75 Db. Electrical: Duplex outlets, light switches, special switch for raising/lowering of projecton screen Furnishings/Equipment: _ 1 conference table 5'0" x 20'0" - 25 upholstered swivel chairs - 1 chalkboard - Projection screen (electrically controlled) fixed above chalkboard - Audio-visual equipment

131 coffee table 1 telephone

132 SPACES Main Lobby

FACILITY NUMBERS: 195

EXPECTED NUMBER OF OCCUPANTS/UNIT(IVIAX.3: 1-20

TOTAL AREA: 750 Sq. Ft.

FUNCTIONAL REQUIREMENTS: - to express the essence of the whole building. - to provide a pleasant and inviting environment. - to provide a gateway to the rest of the Embassy. - to allow for exhibits and social gatherings. Activities Housed: Entering/Leaving/Waiting Adjacent Spaces: Restrooms, Guard Booth

TECHNICAL REQUIREMENTS: Space Enclosure: tile or similar material flooring. Walls with pleasant colors. Diffused natural lighting. Height of ceiling: variable according to design. Lighting: task level: 30 ft-c. Natural lighting recommended. Accoustics: Sound Isolation Requirement: STC - 52. Noise level not to exceed 50 Db. Electrical: Light switches. Duplex Outlets, Dimmers Furnishings/Equipment: - plants - lounge seating - moveable display boards - trash receptacles - ash dispensers - 1 security (metal) detector

133 SPACES Lobby (Auditorium)

FACILITY NUMBERS: 212

EXPECTED NUMBER OF OCCUPANTS/UNITCMAX.J: 1 - 120

TOTAL AREA: 225 Sq. Ft.

FUNCTIONAL REQUIREMENTS: - to provide an inviting and comfortable space for people that use the auditorium. - to provide unobstructed access to adjacent spaces. Activities Housed: Arrival/Departure Adjacent Spaces: Auditorium, Projection Room, Restrooms

TECHNICAL REQUIREMENTS: Space Enclosure: floor material should be a low maintenance carpet. Walls and ceilings should be of a pleasent color and delightful. Ceiling Height: 9'0" Lighting: task level: 5-10 ft-c. Accoustics: Sound Isolation Requirement: STC-50 Noise level not to exceed 60 Db. Furnishings/Equipment: - lounge seating in a low traffic area - 2 trash receptacles - 2 ash dispensers

134 SPACES Guard

FACILITY NUMBERS: 148, 165, 184

EXPECTED NUMBER OF OCCUPANTS/UN ITtMAX .3: 1-2

TOTAL AREA: 450 Sq. Ft.

FUNCTIONAL REQUIREMENTS: - to provide a safe area from where marine guards can protect the Embassy. Activities Housed: Guarding Adjacent Spaces: Areas requiring special protection.

TECHNICAL REQUIREMENTS: Space Enclosure: floors to be carpeted. Station should be bullet-proof. Ceiling Height: 8'0" Lighting: task level: 50ft-c. Accoustics: Noise level no to exceed 20 Db. Electrical: Varies accoring to security system selected Furnishings/Equipment: - 1 desk 30" X 60" - 1 working chair - 1 trash receptacle _ T.V. monitors - storage for assortment of weapons, including tear gas, hand grenades and guns

135 SPACES Projection Room

FACILITY NUMBERS: 211

EXPECTED NUMBER OF OCCUPANTS/UN ITCMAX.J: 1 - 2

TOTAL AREA: 150 Sq. Ft.

FUNCTIONAL REQUIREMENTS: - to provide an area for projection of films or slides of various natures. - to allow for central location within the Multi­ purpose Room. Activities Housed: Handling of audio-visual materials, i.e. films, slide projections, etc. Adjacent Spaces: Storage, Auditorium, Lobby, Multi­ purpose Room.

TECHNICAL REQUIREMENTS: Space Enclosure: floor construction should provide for a live load of 200 psf minimum; recommended floor finish: heavy battleship linoleum, also acceptable is a good grade of vinyl tile. Wall construction should be made of materials that minimize sound transmission. Ceiling height should never be less than 8'-0", 9'-0" is preferred. The Projection ports should be glazed with \ in. optical quality or select water white glass. Lighting: task level - 10-20 ft-c. Accoustics: Sound Isolation Requirement: STC-37 Noise level not to exceed 30 Db. Electrical: switches, 1 dimmer, outlets, receptacles for film equipment, panel boxes, blower switches, fuse link support for steel fire shutter.

136 Furnishings/Equipment: - film safe - 1 rewind table - 2 projectors - 2 working chairs - rectifiers

._.. ._.. OBSERVATION

I" -^ OPN G j I • I (t OPrsi-G /

^ PROJECTIOrsi PORTS I SPOTLIGHT OR EFFECTS PORT ELEVATIOrM

TYPICAL PROJECTION ROOM PUAN

137 SPACES Auditorium

FACILITY NUMBERS: 210

EXPECTED NUMBER OF OCCUPANTS/UN IT (MAX .3: 120

TOTAL AREA: 950 Sq. Ft.

FUNCTIONAL REQUIREMENTS: - descrete colors - to provide a gathering area for speeches, presentations, projection of films/slides, etc. - to allow this area to be used as a safehaven in case of attack Activities Housed: Reporting, Analysing, Film/Slide Viewing. Adjacent Spaces: Projection Room, Storage, Lobby, Restrooms.

TECHNICAL REQUIREMENTS: Space Enclosure: floors to be carpeted. Auditorium acoustied design of walls and ceilings. Floor shall not be sloped and seating shall not be fixed. Ceiling Height: 10'0" - 12'0" Lighting: task level: 30ft-c. - 70ft-c. Accoustics: Sound Isolation Requirement: STC 52 Noise level not to exceed 70 Db. Electrical: Duplex outlets, light switches, special switches for raising/lowering of projection screen. Furnishings/Equipment: - Electrically controlled Projection Screen (above chalkboard) - 120 upholstered chairs - raised platform (optional) - chalkboard

138 SPACES Commercial Library

FACILITY NUMBERS: 120

EXPECTED NUMBER OF OCCUPANTS/UNITcrviAX.3: 1-10

TOTAL AREA: 375 Sq. Ft.

FUNCTIONAL REQUIREMENTS: - to provide a quiet invironment for research or simple reading of commercial literature. - to allow easy access to the public - to provide control of entry/exit by librarian Activities Housed: Researching, analysing, reading Adjacent Spaces: Public Lobby, restrooms

TECHNICAL REQUIREMENTS: Space Enclosure: carpeted flooring, acoustically isloated walls and ceiling. Ceiling Height: 9'0" Lighting: task level: lOOft-c. Acoustics: Sound Isolation Requirement: STC - 52 Noise level not to exceed 20 Db. Electrical: switches, outlets Furnishings/Equipment - shelving - reading carrels (also for microfilm or michrofiche) - card catalogs - station units - book trucks - newspaper racks

139 I «.

, IS'-O" MAX. RANGE 0 'J 30'-0" MAX. RANGE TREESTANDING •J dU)

Ul Id L'> J

MAIN AISLE SECTION STACK TYPE SHELVING (MINIMUM RECOMMENDED DIMENSIONS)

ri FTN ^ r\ MICROFILM OR, MICROFICHE \ READER LKjMT (OPTIONAL I • Acous ricAL TREATMENT TESK TOP, (OPTIONAL) !^55si

26 i /

-v^ SIDE FRONT SECTION STUDY CARREL - FREESTANDING READER CARREL - FOR MICROFILM OR MICROFICHE

140 SPACES Booths

FACILITY NUMBERS: 157, 170, 171, 173

EXPECTED NUMBER OF OCCUPANTS/UNiTtiviAX.3: 1-3

TOTAL AREA: 750 Sq. Ft.

FUNCTIONAL REQUIREMENTS: - to provide a private space - to allow for uninterrupted conversation Activities Housed: conveying, writing Adjacent Spaces: Consulate Office Area

TECHNICAL REQUIREMENTS: Space Enclosure: carpet flooring. Acoustically treated walls, and ceilings. Ceiling Height: 8'0" Lighting: task level: 70ft-c. Acoustics: Sound Isolation Requirement: STC 45 Noise level not to exceed 25 Db. Electrical: 1 switch Furni shings/Equipment: - 3 chairs - 1 desk 30" X 60"

141 SPACES Cashier Booth

FACILITY NUMBERS: 169

EXPECTED NUMBER OF OCCUPANTS/UN ITtMAX .3: 1

TOTAL AREA: 75 Sq. Ft.

FUNCTIONAL REQUIREMENTS: - to provide a space for payments of visas, etc. - to provide a separation of the public and private spaces and security for the cashier handling the money. Activities Housed: reception of payments Adjacent Spaces: Main Consular Area

TECHNICAL REQUIREMENTS: Space Enclosure: carpeted flooring conductive to rolling stools. Ceiling Height: 8'0" Lighting: task level: 70ft-c. Accoustics: Sound Isolation Requirement: STC 37 Noise level no the exceed 30 Db. Electrical: 1 switch; outlets Furnishings/Equipment: - 1 stool with costers, upholstered - storage cabinets with drawers for money storage

142 SPACES Lunch Room

FACILITY NUMBERS: 202

EXPECTED NUMBER OF OCCUPANTS/UN ITCMAX.3: 1-60

TOTAL AREA: 600 Sq. Ft.

FUNCTIONAL REQUIREMENTS: - to provide an area for the preparation of food and drinks for staff members - to have kitchen fumes, and noise controlled - to provide small storage areas for food and cooking articles and materials. Activities Housed: food preparation, consumption of food. Adjacent Spaces: Restrooms and Corridor/Circulation

TECHNICAL REQUIREMENTS: Space Enclosure: Easy maintenance and durable floorings Acoustically treated walls is mandatory. Ceiling Height: 9'0" Lighting: task level: 10-20ft-c. Natural lighting desireable. Acoustics: Sound Isolation Requirement: STC 50-57 Noise level not to exceed 90 Db. Electrical: receptacles for kitchen utensils, switches, self-contained thermostat, single and double outlets Furnishings/Equipment - 1 counter - 12 chairs - 3 tables (36" diameter) - 1 microwave - 1 refrigerator - 1 sink

143 1 small range with oven cabinets 1 soda machine

144 SPACES Repair Shop

FACILITY NUMBERS: ^04

EXPECTED NUMBER OF OCCUPANTS/UNITCIVIAX.3: 1-2

TOTAL AREA: 450 Sq. Ft.

FUNCTIONAL REQUIREMENTS: - to provide an area for a skilled man to work on items that need repair. - to work on items that need repair Activities Housed: Sustaining, Assisting Adjacent Spaces: Service Area

TECHNICAL REQUIREMENTS: Space Enclosure: floor should be low maintenance, easily cleaned. Acoustically treated walls and ceiling. Ventilation desired. Ceiling Height: 9'0" - lO'O" Lighting: task level: 150ft-c Acoustics: Sound Isolation Requirement: STC - 52+ Noise level not to exceed 110 Db. Electrical: switches, single, double and triple outlets Furnishings/Equipment - 2 working tables - 1 desk - 3 stools - 1 working chair _ 1 telephone - 3 trash receptacles

145 Women - 3 toilets (1 handicap) - 3 sinks in 36" high counter - 2 soap & towel dispensers - 1 trash receptacle - mirror above sinks - 1 sanitary napkin dispenser

146 SPACES Mail Room

FACILITY NUMBERS: 144

EXPECTED NUMBER OF OCCUPANTS/UNITtiviAX.3: 1-2

TOTAL AREA: 225 Sq. Ft.

FUNCTIONAL REQUIREMENTS: - to provide own access door to servicing are for off- hour service. - Standard interior treatment should be applied to this space. - Room should be secured Activity Housed: Postal Services Adjacent Spaces: Office spaces. Reproduction Room, Telephone Area.

TECHNICAL REQUIREMENTS: Space Enclosure: floor material should be commercial type with low maintenance carpet. Ceiling Height: 8'0" Lighting: task level: 50ft-c Acoustics: Sound Isolation Requirement: STC-45 Noise level not to exceed 60 Db. Electrical: Duplex outlets, switches, special con­ nection for conveying system. Furnishings/Equipment - 1 telephone - 3 trash receptacles - 2 mail chutes and boxes - 1 basket canvas cart, 35 5/8" x 21 1/2" _ 1 tilting cart 35 5/8" x 21 1/2" - table 4'0" x 1'6" - 2 parcel lockers 12" x 15"

147 - 8 letter lock boxes 10" x 16" - 1 coat/hat rack - 2 working chairs

ACCESS DOOR 2"-0" » 6'-a"

MAIL. CHUTES AND BOXES ii DISPATCHER TABLE rOR STAOINO MAIl_ BY SERVICE OR ROOM DESTINATION, OA0ir4O * BASKET ^ l| • CANVAS CARTI ' FOR BULK i J MAIL AND f I PARCEL _ ~

CAPACITY IS 13 CARS 20'/5" » 13" t IO'/^'H OR

MAXIMUM CAR LOAD IS aO LB / A BASKET CART TILT TYPE,_ 35S/Q » 21'/2* « 40" H MAIL SORTINO AREA

ALTERNATE FOR DEMAND OF OVER IS CARS ON CALL. TRACKS ARE LOCATED IN CEiLiNO AND SLOPE DO^A/N TO 3 CAR POSITION AT OtSPATCHER LOADING PLATFORM

MAIL TRUCK U B. MAIL TRUCK

PLAN SECTION A

148 SPACES Reproduction

FACILITY NUMBERS: 145

EXPECTED NUMBER OF OCCUPANTS/UNITtiviAX.3: 0-2

TOTAL AREA: 150 Sq. Ft.

FUNCTIONAL REQUIREMENTS: - to provide an area for reproduction of materials (non-classified) Activity Housed: Reproduction of Paperwork Adjacent Spaces: Office Areas, Mail Room, Telephone Area.

TECHNICAL REQUIREMENTS: Space Enclosure: floor material should be low main­ tenance carpet. Ceiling Height: 8'0" Lighting: task level: 30ft-c. Acoustics: Sound Isolation Requirement: STC 45 Noise level not to exceed 40 Db. Electrical: duplex outlets, switches, outlet for copying machine. Furnishing/Equipment - 1 trash receptacle - 1 copier - 1 table 51" x 84" - 1 desk 30" X 60" - 2 working chairs - file cabinet

149 SPACES Mechanical/Electrical

FACILITY NUMBERS: 203, 214, 215, 216

EXPECTED NUMBER OF OCCUPANTS/UNITtMAX.3: 0-1

TOTAL AREA: 3,326 Sq. Ft.

FUNCTIONAL REQUIREMENTS: - to house HVAC, plumbing, and electrical equipment. - to limit its access to maintenance staff only. Must be accessible to exterior for maintenance.

TECHNICAL REQUIREMENTS: Space Enclosure: Ventilation through wall. Acoustical treated materials. Visual appearance not a factor. Lighting: task level: 50ft-c. Acoustics: Sound Isolation Requirement: STC 52+ Noise level not exceed (Db): depending on system selected. Furnishings/Equipment Dependent on system selected.

150 SPACE: Telephone

FACILITY NUMBERS: 146, 147

EXPECTED NUMBER OF OCCUPANTS/UNITCMAX.3:. 1

TOTAL AREA: 375 Sq. Ft.

FUNCTIONAL REQUIREMENTS: - to provide an area for a telephone operator and telephone switchgear. Activity Housed: Communications Adjacent Spaces: Office Areas, Mail Room, Reproduction

TECHNICAL REQUIREMENTS: Space Enclosure: carpet flooring Ceiling Height: 8'0" Lighting: task level: 30ft-c Acoustics: Sound Isolation Requirement: STC 50 Noise level not to exceed 65 Db. Electrical: Incoming telephone cables, outlets (6" A.F.F.) conduits, service fittings. Furnishings/Equipment: - 1 switchboard, 3'2" x 3'2V' - wall mounted equipment - PBX Equipment - 1 working chair - 1 trash receptacle 2- 2^/9" TO 3 - 2" W 2'- 10 ' /j XO 3'- 2 Vj" o 3 - lO 's' TO 5-0" H v/ • "i.^O -C ^OO _S

SWITCHBOARD NOTES STEEL CASING- '.'^•^lOUS COLORS AND F.NISHES THERE ARE VANV TYPES OF SWITCHBOARDS

151 SPACES Nursing/Examination

FACILITY NUMBERS: 139, 141

EXPECTED NUMBER OF OCCUPANTS/UNIT CMAX .3: 1 - 2

TOTAL AREA: 225 Sq. Ft.

FUNCTIONAL REQUIREMENTS: - to provide a space for health examinations and treatment. Activities Housed: Assisting patients, sustaining Health Adjacent Spaces: Waiting Room, Toilet, Sick Room, Storage.

TECHNICAL REQUIREMENTS: Space Enclosure: non-slippery, waterproof floor, acoutically treated walls and ceiling. Height of Ceiling: 8'0" Lighting: task level: lOOft-c Acoustics: Sound Isolation Requirement: STC-42 Noise level not to exceed 35 Db. Electrical: outlets, switches, receptacles for medical equipment. Furnishings/Equipment - 1 examining table - 1 desk - 2 chairs - cabinets - 1 counter with inset sink - 1 examining light

152 hamper, lined 1 wastebasket stool, foot 1 coat/hat rack 1 cart

153 SPACES Sick Room

FACILITY NUMBERS: 141

EXPECTED NUMBER OF OCCUPANTS/UNITIMAX.3: 1-2

TOTAL AREA: 150 Sq. Ft.

FUNCTIONAL REQUIREMENTS: - to allow for a space for somebody that is not of good health to rest. Activities Housed: Resting Adjacent Spaces: Toilet, Nursing/Examination

TECHNICAL REQUIREMENTS: Space Enclosures: carpeted flooring, walls should acoustically isolate the room. Ceiling Height: 8'0" Lighting: task level: 50ft-c Acoustics: Sound Isolation Requirement: STC-45 Noise Level not to exceed 25 Db. Electrical: outlets, switches Furnishings/Equipment: - 1 bed - 1 chair - 1 small table _ 1 night stand - 1 dresser

154 SPACES Photo/Dark Room

FACILITY NUMBERS: 180, 190

EXPECTED NUMBER OF OCCUPANTS/UNITtiviAX.3: 1

TOTAL AREA: 450 Sq. Ft.

FUNCTIONAL REQUIREMENTS: - to provide a space that will exclude all actinic rays so that photographs can be developed in it. Activities Housed: Processing film Adjacent Spaces: Military Attaches' Office and Liaisons' Office

TECHNICAL REQUIREMENTS: Space Enclosure: Low maintenance flooring, easily cleaned. Ventilaion required. Ceiling Height: 8'0" Lighting: task level: 0 - 5ft-c. Accoustics: Sound Isolation Requirement: STC 37 Noise level not to exceed 20 Db. Electrical: white light switch, wall safelight, 1 outlet Furnishings/Equipment: - print washer - wet bench - print developing trays - film developing tanks - film drying cabinet - electric timer

155 - dry bench - storage cabinets - refrigerator - dry mount press - print dryer - 2 rolling chairs - 2 trash receptacles - 1 small desk

_IGHT SWITCH WITH GUARD DARKROOM FLOOR PLAN

STANDARD DOOR - ^VITH _i(5MT LOCK.

ROTARY '' DOCR

V MAZE TYPE DARKROOM ENTRANCES

156 SPACES Commcenter

FACILITY NUMBERS: 143

EXPECTED NUMBER OF OCCUPANTS/UNIT(MAX.3: 4-10

TOTAL AREA: 2500 Sq. Ft.

FUNCTIONAL REQUIREMENTS: - to provide a secured area for classified material Activities Housed: N.A. Adjacent Spaces: Restrooms, Ambassador's Office,

TECHNICAL REQUIREMENTS: Ceiling Height: 9'-0" - 12'- Lighting: task level: lOft-c. Accoustics: N.A. Furnishings/Equipment: N.A,

157 SPACES Computer Room

FACILITY NUMBERS: 166, 208

EXPECTED NUMBER OF OCCUPANTS/UNITciviAX.3: 1 - 5

TOTAL AREA: 450 Sq. Ft.

FUNCTIONAL REQUIREMENTS: - Space should allow for unobstructed flow of work. - Should be located away from public spaces Activities Housed: Compiling and Processing of Computer Data. Adjacent Spaces: Consul's Office (166) Ambassador's Office (208)

TECHNICAL REQUIREMENTS: Space Enclosure: provide non magnetic floors; its surface must be conductive, grounded to avoid accomulation of static electricity, and dust free. Fire resistant rated walls, floors, and ceilings with a resistance of not less than one hour. An automatic fire detection system should be installed in plenums below the floor. Ceiling height: 8'-0". Lighting: Natural lighting is not desirable. Task Level: 40 ft-c. measured 30 inches above the floor. The low level of illumination is required to allow the operator to more easily observe the various console and signal lights. Accoustics: Sound Isolation Requirement: STC-56 Noise level not to exceed: 80 Db. For the com­ fort of the system operators, acoustical treatment

158 of area is desireable. Floor and wall con­ struction should be capable of retarding the transmission of the vibrations of the machines to other areas of the building. Electrical: The IBM 7070 might be used as a way of illustrating the electrical needs for the space: the system operates on 200 or 300 volt, 3-phase; 60-cycle supply and requires approximately 37 kva. The source voltage may have a total variation of + 107o of the rated voltage including transient and steady state. Frequency must be within + \ cycle. The distribution panel for the processing system should be located in the EDP area. Ordinarily, all units of the system are designed for cable entry from the floor or from under the floor be­ neath each machine. Furnishings/Equipment: - Computer equipment (Customer Engineering Console Printer, Magnetic Tape Machine, etc.) - 2 Telephones - 3 - 5 desks 30" x 60" - 3 - 5 work chairs - 3 - 5 trash receptacles

HANDRAIL HANDRAIL-

TYPICAL COMPUTER ROOM PLAN

159 SPACES Restrooms

FACILITY NUMBERS: 140, 158, 213

EXPECTED NUMBER OF OCCUPANTS/UNITciviAX.3: 1-5

TOTAL AREA: 425 Sq. Ft.

FUNCTIONAL REQUIREMENTS: - to provide an area for staff and public to perform personal hygiene. Activity Housed: Personal hygiene Adjacent Spaces: Lobby, Office Areas

TECHNICAL REQUIREMENTS: Space Enclosure: Waterproof floor material and non slip Acoustical isolation of walls and ceilings. Height of Ceiling: 8'0" Lighting: task level: 30ft-c Acoutics: Sound Isolation Requirement: STC-52 Noise level not to exceed 80 Db. Electrical: Duplex outlets, switches Furnishings/Equipment: Men - 2 toilets (1 handicap) - 2 urinals - 2 sinks in 36" high counter - 2 soap & towel dispensers - 1 trash receptacle - 1 mirror above sinks

160 SPACE: Changing Room/Char Force

FACILITY NUMBERS: 149, 205, 207, 218

EXPECTED NUMBER OF OCCUPANTS/UN IT (MAX .3: 1-20

TOTAL AREA: 825 Sq. Ft.

FUNCTIONAL REQUIREMENTS: - to provide facilities for storage of clothing belonging to maintenance, housekeeping and military personnel - to provide for a dressing area. Activities Housed: Clothes Storage, Dressing Adjacent Spaces: Toilets, Corridors/Circulation, Showers

TECHNICAL REQUIREMENTS: Space Enclosure: non-slip waterproof floor (carpet preferred). Waterproofing of walls and ceilings. Control of sound transmission of walls and ceilings. Ceiling Height: 8'0" Lighting: task level: 30ft-c. Over mirrors and sinks 70ft-c. Accoutics: Sound Isolation Requirement: N.A. Noise level not to exceed 70 Db. Electrical: Duplex outlets, outlets above sinks, switches Furnishings/Equipment: - lockers - bench seating - mirrors (full length) - sinks (with mirrors) 2 trash receptacles 2 hand dryers showers (where specified) soap dispensers

163 SPACES Janitor's Closet

FACILITY NUMBERS: 209

EXPECTED NUMBER OF OCCUPANTS/UNITCMAX.3: 0-1

TOTAL AREA: 150 Sq. Ft.

FUNCTIONAL REQUIREMENTS: - to provide an area that allows storage for janitor's supplies, and cleaning equipment

TECHNICAL REQUIREMENTS: Space Enclosure: Waterproof flooring. Ceiling Height: 8'0" Lighting: task level: 30ft-c Furnishings/Equipment - 12" - 16" deep shelving - mop sink

164 IPACES Files/Alcoves

FACILITY NUMBERS: 104, 159, 167, 188

EXPECTED NUMBER OF OCCUPANTS/UNITciviAX.3: 0-1

TOTAL AREA: 825 Sq. Ft.

FUNCTIONAL REQUIREMENTS: - to provide an area for storage of data that does not need to be secured in a vault. Adjacent Spaces: Main Office of each section

TECHNICAL REQUIREMENTS: Space Enclosure: low maintenance carpet Ceiling Height: 8'0" Lighting: task level: 50ft-c. Furnishings/Equipment: - files - a small desk - 1 working chair - trash receptacle

165 SPACES Storage/Supply

FACILITY NUMBERS: 130, 142, 191, 200, 201

EXPECTED NUMBER OF OCCUPANTS/UNITCMAX.3: 0-1

TOTAL AREA: 1^600 Sq. Ft.

FUNCTIONAL REQUIREMENTS: - to provide storage for all types of equipment and materials Adjacent Spaces: Shipping/Service, Office Areas

TECHNICAL REQUIREMENTS: Space Enclosure: exposed flooring, no base needed. Ceiling Height: 9'0" - 10'0" Lighting: task level: 50ft-c. Accoustics: N.A. Furnishings/Equipment: N.A.

166 iPACES Vaults/Incinerators

FACILITY NUMBERS: 134, 160, 181, 189

EXPECTED NUMBER OF OCCUPANTS/UNITCMAX.3: 0-1

TOTAL AREA: 400 Sq. Ft.

FUNCTIONAL REQUIREMENTS: - to allow for safekeeping of records and other relevant items Adjacent Spaces: Chief of Section Offices

TECHNICAL REQUIREMENTS: Space Enclosure: exposed aggregate or similar material for floorings. Reinforced structure. Ceiling Height: 8'0" Lighting: task level: 50ft-c Electrical: conducts for alarm system, security equip­ ment, outlets, and switches. Furnishings/Equipment - files - 1 desk 30" c 60" - 1 working chair - incinerator (where specified)

167 o

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DOOR SWING-

PLAN-VAULT DOOR OPENING

168 SPACES Garage

FACILITY NUMBERS: 217

EXPECTED NUMBER OF OCCUPANTS/UNITCMAX.3: 1-20

TOTAL AREA: 5,300 Sq. Ft.

FUNCTIONAL REQUIREMENTS: - to provide parking. - to provide monitored traffic to and from the garage. Activities Housed: Arrival/Departure

TECHNICAL REQUIREMENTS: Ceiling Height: 9'-0" - 12'0"; Exposed Aggregate flooring or similar finish. Lighting: task level: lOft-c. Accoustics: Noise level not to exceed 80 Db. Furnishings/Equipment: - trash receptacles - ash dispensers

169 APPENDICE A: CORRESPONDENCE Lubbock, 281 11 84

3U um estudante do 5- ano de Arquitectura na Universidade do Texas gch. Presentemente, estou a escrever a minha tese que e uma embai- ada em Lisboa. Estou com imensa necessidade da seguinte informaqSo ue espero que V. Exa. me responda: ) Mapa dos diferentes usos de terreno na cidade de Lisboa, isto e, m mapa,(de preferencia colorido), que indique as areas de Lisboa, s areas industrials, residenciais, comerciais, etc, etc. ) Qualquer outro tipo de informaqao, urbana e nao so, acerca de isboa, que o Sr. Director tenha a bondade de me enviar e que ache ue possa ser util para a minha tese. Desde ja as minhas desculpas elo incomodo que isto Ihe vai causar e muito obrigado pela a tenqao de V. Exa. a este assunto. Devido ao facto de eu ter imensa rgencia em obter esta informaqao agradeceria que ma enviasse o mais edo possLvel, com uma nota dizendo quanto devo (em dollars se ossivel) pela informaqao e selos. Mais uma vez muito obrigado.

Sinceramente,

Paulo Peres orada: 902 3rd. Place # C-12 ubbock, Texas -79415 .S.A.

170 Paulo M. Peres 2902 3rd Place #C-12 Lubbock, TX 79415

February 4, 1984

Dear Sir:

I am a fifth year architecture student at Texas Tech University. Presently I am doing some research on embassies. Since it is my thesis topic I would ap­ preciate if you would send me the following infor­ mation:

1) A program and your opinion of your embassy building. (Illustrations and literature would be helpful) 2) Information about embassies that you may find relevant and helpful for my thesis. 3) Your suggestions of what you may consider a successfull embassy building.

Your cooperation will be extremely helpful and greatly appreciated. I do have urgent need of the information and I will be glad to pay for any information and postal expenses that this request may imply.

Sincerely

Paulo M. Peres

171 Paulo Peres 2902 3rd. Place #c-12

Lubbock•, 5 Texas 79415 January 30,1984 ear Sirs: am a 5th. year Architecture student presently studying at Texas ech University. I am working on the program for my thesis project, hich is an Embassy for Lisbon, Portugal. I am in need of any infor- ation concerning embassies you may have available. In addition to his I would appreciate you answering the following questions: ) In your opinion, what should one keep in mind when designing an merican Embassy? ) How many people you think should be working in an Embassy for ortugal? How many square feet, approximately, should be needed? our answer to any, or all, of the requests would be greatly appreciated will be happy to pay for any postage charges. I am sorry for the rouble this may cause you. Thank you very much.

Paulo Peres

172 S. R.

'^"^'^nfJl'JJi'^ HABITAQAO. OBRAS PUBLICAS E TRANSPORTES DIRECgAOGERAL DO PLANEAMENTO URBANl'STICO DIRECCAO DOSSERVlqoS DE ADMINISTRAqAo

r EzmB. Senhor n Paulo Peres 2902 3 rd. Plaoe C-12 Lubbock, Texas - 79415 U.S.A. L J

Sua ref erdncia Sua comunica^ao de Nossa referencia Rua Conde Redondo, 8 Assunto 1199 LISBOA-Codex 459 Ii FEY. 1934

Em resposta ao pedldo formulado na sua carta de 28.1.84* Informo 7*.Ex*. q.ue o mesmo devera ser dlrlgldo pessoalmente ao Engenhelro Director dos SerYl908 Reg^onais do Planeamento Urbanls- tloo de Lisboa - Bua Ferrelra Lapa,nB. 29-IB. - 1100 LISBOA.

Com OS melhores oumprimentos.

DIEECTOR DOS SERVigOS

JZ.

173

DGF Botschaft ir Bundesrepublik Deutschland Washington, den 10 February 1984 Embassy 4645 Reservoir Road, N, W. Washington, D. C. 20 007-1998 f the Federal Republic of Germany USA Ku 600.00 Tel.: (20?) 298-4000

"1 Mr. Paulo M. Peres 2902 3rd Place No. C-12 Lubbock, TX 79415

J Dear Mr. Peres,

Thank you very much for your inquiry of February 4, 1984, about this Embassy. I am enclosing a few pictures and a short description of the building, for which the late architect. Professor Egon Eiermann, received some awards. It would naturally be best if you could come to Washington and look at all the Embassies here, although you might have difficulties seeing a lot of the inside for security reasons.

With kind regards, Sincerely,

Ina Born

End.

175 BRITISH INFORMATION SERVICES 845 Third Avenue New York, N. Y. 10022 Vr Thank you for your recent request for information. We regret that we are unable to send you material that would be suitable for your purpose,.»»% t-t-x^S' o .-<.

/ Yours very truly.

Reference & Library Division

176 '•i^^^''^ EMBASSY OFTHE i^lp^/ UNITED STATES OF AMERICA l^'l' New Delhi, India

March 8, 1984

Mr. Paulo M. Peres 2902 3rd Place #C-12 Lubbock, TX 79415

Dear Mr. Peres:

In response to your letter dated February 4, 1984. I offer the attached information about the American Embassy, New Delhi. I hope you will find it useful.

Sincerely yours.

TK-' Mary H. K^<: Personnel\Officer

177 Rabat, February 17, 1984

Mr. Paulo M. Peres 2902 3rd Place #C-12 Lubbock, TX 79415

Dear Sir:

The Deputy Chief of Mission has asked that I respond to your letter in what you request information about our Embassy Building.

Unfortunately we do not have in our files the information you have requested. I recommend that you write our Foreign Buildings Office at the Department of State for the information you need.

The address of that Office is:

Department of State Foreign BuildingSOffice Washington, D.C, 20520

Sincerely,

I.il^au, l >y. Hooper HFirst Secretary of Embassy Embassy of the United States of America Rabat, Morocco

178 ''^i?^m] EMBASSY OF THE k^^mJ"' UNITED STATES OF AMERICA '-• THE HAGUE, NETHERLANDS

March 16, 1984

Dear Mr. Peres;

It was interesting to receive your letter at this time concerning The Hague Chancery building. Our Foreign Buildings Office is at present developing plans for some alterations to our main entrance which is now on the Lange Voorhout side of the building. I am keenly interested that the integrity of the building's original design be maintained.

The Hague Chancery building is an American architectural monument designed by one of our distinguished American architects. The building's distinctive architectural design produces a clear, forceful state,ment, that I feel, reflects America's strength of character and leadership. I am very proud, especially as our Ambassador to The Netherlands, to work in and be associated with this fine edifice.

For information about the State Department Embassies program, I suggest you write to our; Foreign Buildings Office, Deputy Assistant Secretary Mr. Harvey A Buffalo, SA-6 Km 335, Wash. D.C. 20520.

Mr. Buffalo directs our foreign buildings program and I am sure his office can provide the general information on American Embassies you require.

Mr. Paulo M. Peres 2902 3rd Place C-12 Lubbock, Texas 79415

179 Page 2. nclosed are copies of an article about Marcel Breuer's design or our Chancery building and a handout the Embassy prepared or the opening of the building. I hope they will be of some se to you. wish you the best in your thesis efforts.

Yo)jr_^ sijfOcerely, >

L. Paul Bremer, III Ambassador

Inclosures; Copies of magazine articles Copy of Information Bulletin

180 United States Department of State

Washington, D.C. 20520

March 8, 1984

Mr. Paulo M. Peres 2902 3rd Place #C-12 Lubbock, TX 79415

Dear Mr. Peres:

Your February 4 letter, which requests information on Embassy buildings for your fifth year architectural thesis project, was forwarded to this office by the United States Embassy in Ottawa. You have chosen an interesting and complex problem for your thesis. To assist you in your research, I enclose one copy of our Architectural Design Criteria and one copy of our most recent space program, the Georgetown, Guyana Embassy program, dated November 22, 1983. The Georgetown Embassy is being designed by Architect Alan Taniguchi of Austin, Texas. Mr. Taniguchi is an exceptionally fine architect and was Dean of the Architectural School at the University of Texas for many years. Perhaps, he might have the time to meet with you in Austin and discuss his project, which is just beginning.

In answer to your question as to what I consider a successful type of building for an Embassy, I suggest the historic prototype of many Embassies, the Florentine Palace. It is attractive, proper, private and defensible. Sincerely,

William F. McCollough Assistant Director for Buildings Design Office of Foreign Buildings

Enclosures As stated

0255C

181 EMBASSY OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA San Jos§, Costa Rica

February 14, 1984

Mr. Paulo Peres 2902 3rd Place #C-12 Lubbock, Texas 79415

Dear Mr? Peres;

Ambassador Winsor has asked that I reply to your February 4 letter concerning our chancery building. In general, I suggest that you write to the Foreign Building Office, Department of State, Washington, D.C, 20520, or even Yisit there. They have the plans for all American chanceries throughout the world. I also suggest that you may want to review the last few years of the monthly Department of State Newsletter magazine for articles about individ- ual chanceries, ,

Our chancery in San Jos^ was built in 1947 and is due to be replaced in the next three years, As our embassy has grown, the chancery has had to be replaced as it is much too small, I would say that this is the primary complaint of most embassies, that they have outgrown their quarters, or that their quarters were never large enough to begin with, Security is also a prime consideration. Chanceries planned in the 1950s and 1960s have had to be restructured into forts. Similarly increased use of computers have caused design changes to include air conditioning and expansion to meet space requirements,

Decisions on what elements of the embassy to include in the chancery also is a factor in chancery design, USAID tends to vary substantially in size and composition, and therefore many chancery buildings are not designed to include a large AID^ntingent.

Photographs and plans of this chancery in the Foreign Buildings Office, and I trip to Washington to consult with

Officer

182 APPENDICE B: BIBLIOGRAPHY Bibliography

"After Iran, Millions to Make Embassies Safer." U.S. .News & World Report. 2 March 1982. Altman, Irwin, and Martin Chemers. Culture and Environ- jnent^ Monterey, CA: Brooks/Cole Publishing Co. 1980. Amaral, Francisco Keil. Lisboa: Uma Cidade em Transformagao Lisboa: Europe-America. 1969. "American Embassies Put Up Barriers." University Daily. January, 1984. Bartholomew, John and Charles Scribner. Atlas of Europe: A Profile of Western Europe. New York: Scribner's, 1974. Berman, Eaine. Your Career in Local, State, and Federal Government. New York: Harper & Row, 19 76. Camara Municipal de Lisboa. Regulamento do Piano Geral de Urbanizacao de Lisboa. Lisboa: Sociedade Typografica, Lda, 1977. Clayton, K.M. ed. Oxford Regional Economic Atlas: Western Europe. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1976. Clout, Hugh D. ed. Regional Development in Western Europe. 1975; rpt. New York: John Wiley & Sons, 1981. Comptroller General of the United States. Consular Services Abroad Can Be Improved; Process of Evaluating Need For Post Questioned. Washington B.C.: GPO, 1977. Da Costa, A. Celestino. A Evolugao Uma Cidade: Lisboa. Lisbon, 1962. De Cheara, Joseph, ed. Time - Saver Standards for Building Types. Ed. John Hancock Callender. 2nd ed. 1973; prt. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1980. Department of State Foreign Buildings Operations. Arch­ itectural Design Criteria. Washington D.C: GPO, 1975.

183 Design Cost & Data. Special Announcement: Cost Escal­ ation Index, Base Year Advanced to 1977 (from 1970) April/May, 1983. Dodge Construction Systems Costs. Princeton: McGraw- Hill, 1984. Egan, M. David. Concepts in Thermal Comfort. Englewood Cliffs, Prentice Hall, 1975. Empresa Internacional de Topografia e Obras Publicas. Intertop Report. Lisboa: 1980. Envirnoment and Behavior. Office Design and Evaluation. May 1982. Fergunson, John H. and Dean McHenry. The American System of Government. eleventh edition. New York: McGraw- Hill, 1971. Gomes, Armando Dias, and Cesar Maximo. Lei dos Solos. Porto: Livraria Athena, 1970. Gutkind, E.A. International History of City Development Vol. Ill of Urban Development in Southern Europe: Spain and Portugal. New York: Free Press, 1967. Haggart, Stanley, and Darwin Porter. Guide to Lisbon. Madrid & The Costa Del Sol. New York: Frommer/ Pasmantier Publishers, 1981. Harr, John E. The Anatomy of the Foreign Service - A Statistical Profile. Foreign Affairs Personnel Study, No.4 n.p.,n.d. Hilton, Ralph. World Wide Mission: A History of the United States Foreign Service. New York: The World Pub­ lishing Company, 1970. Institut Cartographique Mantniecs. Atlas Universal. Brussels, 1970. Instituo Nacional de Estatistica. Boletim Informativo dos XII Recenceamento Geral da Populagao e II Recensea- mento Geral da Habitaqao. Lisboa: Fernandes, S.A.R.L., 1981. Institute Nacional de Estatistica. Estatisticas da Con- struQao e da HabitaQao. Lisboa: Sociedade Tipogra- fica, Lda, 1980.

184 Johnston, James J. Personal Letter. 14 February 1984. Kavanagh, Thomas C. and Frank Muller. Construction Management: A Professional Approach. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1980. Laboratorio Nacional de Engenharia Civil. A Problematica Das Obras Publicas ea QuantificQao Dos Trabalhos. Lisboa: 1983. Lay, Tracy Hollingsworth. The Foreign Service of the United States. New York: Prentice Hall, 1925. "Lisbon". Encyclopedia Britannica: Macropaedia, 1982 ed. McColough, Wiliams F. Personal Letter. 8 March 1984. McGuiness, Stein & Reynolds. Mechanical and Electrical Equipment for Buildings. New York: John Wiley & Sons, 1980. McGuiness, William. Building Technology. New York: John Wiley & Sons, 1977. Marans, Robert W., and Kent Spreckelmeyer. Evaluating Built Environments: A Behavorial Approach. Ann Arbor, MI: University of Michigan, 1981. OECD Economic Surveys. Portugal. Paris: 1982. Office of the Federal Registar. The United States Govern­ ment Manuel 1983-84. Washington D.C.: GPO, 1983. Palmer, Michey A. The Architect;s Guide to Facility Planning. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1981. "Portugal". Architecture D'Auiourdui. May/June 1976. Proenqa, Raul. Guia de Portual: Lisboa e Arredores. Lisboa: Fundaqao Calouste Gulbenkian, 1924. Saphier, Michael. Office Planning and Design. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1979. "Security of U.S. Embassies." ABC News 20/20. 23 February 1984 Selecqoes do Readers Digest. A Descoberta de Portugal. Lisboa: Lisgrafica S.A.R.L., 1976. Selecqoes do Readers Digest. Tesouros Artisticos de Portual. Porto: Ambar, 1982. Sleeper, Ramsey. Architectural Graphic Standards. New York: John Wiley & Sons. 1981. Snyder, James. Introduction to Architecture. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1979.

185 Stahl, 0. Glenn. Public Personnel Administration. 7th ed. New York: Harper & Row, 1976. Stuart, Graham H. American Diplomatic and Consular Practice. 2nd. ed. New York: Appleton-Century- Crofts, Inc., 1952. Thompson, Dudley. "Theories of Cities". Arch. 337. Lubbock: Spring 1983. United States State Department. Area Handbook for Portugal. Washington D.C.: GPO, 1977. United States Department of State. Background Notes: Port­ ugal. Washington D.C.: GPO, 1981. United States Department of State. Portugal: Post Report. Washington D.C.: GPO, 1982. United States Department of State. Your Trip Abroad. Washington D.C.: GPO, 1983. "Wipe Out". Time. 30 June 1980.

186 - APPENDICE C STANDARDS FOR SAFEHAVENS FOR U.S. FOREIGN SERVICE BUILDINGS STANDARDS FOR SAFEHAVENS FOR U.S. FOREIGN SERVICE BUILDINGS

Prepared by Department of State, Foreign Buildings Operations and Office of Security

March, 1980

A Safehaven is one or more final places of refuge and de­ fense in the Foreign Service building. It is in one of these places that mission personnel and any visiting public must seek protective shelter in the event of mass breach of all other se­ curity and protection and where contact with the outside must. be maintained for perhaps hours or longer periods, especially when host government protection is ineffectual. It should be emphasized that the provision of one or more Safehavens does not reduce the requirement that a post do every­ thing posible to avoid or alleviate the threat of a seige con­ dition by - reduction in personnel - reduction in files - evacuation of facilities prior to attacks when and where possible. The availability of Safehavens should never justify remain­ ing in a principal facility under threat of attack beyond the time necessary to accomplish destruction of all sensitive mat- rial nor justify maintaining large staffs in high threat lo­ cations . Nevertheless, it is obvious that the threat of mass attack without advance warning is sufficient to warrent the provision of Safehavens for those occasions when evacuation cannot be accomplished in a safe and timely way. Since mass seige is likely to involve fire and other damage to the building, any Safehaven design must provide sanctuary from assault on per­ sonnel and from fire, smoke, heat and teargas. The following discussion, though emphasizing retrofitting of existing facilities, applies equally to the design of new facilities. However, existing facilities present special pro-

187 blems of analysis and design which can only be addressed by on- site examination by a professionally skilled team well versed in the intent of the requirements outlined below and able to assess each post individually since there are no two completely alike.

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Traditionally, the principal office building (an Embassy or Consulate General) has had only one area of Safehaven: the communications and records (C&R/TCU) vault which is constructed of fire-resistive materials reinforced to resist forced penetra­ tion. In most multi-story building, the C&R/TCU vault has been located on the top or an upper floor of the building usually con­ venient to the Chief of Mission (Ambassador, Consul General or other principal officer) and other substantive staff, though not necessarily easily and quickly reached by other occupants of the building, especially at large posts. The C&R/TCU, vault necessarily remains the primary Safehaven for senior officers who must maintain contact with the outside and who must assist in or oversee the destruction of sensitive materials under their jurisdiction. However, there are several limitations in the use of these vaults as the only Safehaven for the entire population of the Post: 1. These vaults are typically sized and configured to house a relatively small staff with their files and equipment leaving very limited floor area for any other purpose, especially the congregation of a large group of personnel. 2. Most of the equipment in the vault is highly restricted from observation and use by uncleared persons, espec­ ially non-Americans. Serious compromise of national security will result from the use of this area by all personnel (and any other persons who happen to be in the facility) for refuge. 3. Space and design of these areas usually does not per­ mit life support supplies for more than a few people for a short period of time. 4. Ventilation and cooling are ordinarily designed for low

188 human occupancy and known equipment loads. Pro­ longed crowded occupancy can result in conditions of discomfort which could prematurely force the occupants out. 5. In most multi-story buildings, the C&R/TCU vault is lo­ cated on the top or upper floor, and although is some instances this location has permitted emergency eva­ cuation from, say, the roof above, more typically there is no alternative means of egress to the vault door at the entrance to the vault where hostile activities may by concentrated. Further, location on an upper floor of a building which is burning may result in the vault becoming an oven. A roof escape, if available, may be useless if the roof itself is occupied by hostile forces or if the building is burning and subjecting the roof to extreme concentrations of smoke, flame and heat from floors below. Since the C&R/TCU vault must be able to function as long as possible and be used as a Safehaven by a portion of the Post per­ sonnel, these areas must be improved to afford adequate protection to those seeking refuge there and to provide more than one means of escape or evacuation. At the same time, consideration must be given to alternate areas of refuge elsewhere in the building suitable for and accessible to other occupants of the principal office building as well as occupants of other functional and re­ sidential buildings making up the mission. Although the choices and design solutions will vary widely with the size of the facility and its structural, architectural and mechanical/electrical design, some general criteria for any area of refuge or Safehaven can be specified both for new build­ ings under design, and to the extent possible, for existing fac­ ilities to be retrofitted. A Safehaven or area of refuge should meet the following minimum criteria: 1. Access to Safehavens The area should be accessible to all areas of the build­ ing by means of prtected enclosures and stairs and cor-

1 «Q ridors (with a minimum one hour fire resistivity; two hours for stairs). Windows opening on such means of egress should be avoided or well protected and all stairs should be fully enclosed with fire and smoke partitions and doors. All openings from the exterior to such access routes should be well protected against: a. forced entry (if openings are reachable by ladders or low roofs, etc.), b. thrown objects, and c. weapons fire. In multi-story buildings, there may have to be Safehaven areas on each floor or alternate floors to ensure ac­ cessibility to all occupants. It may be advisable from a fire and smoke containment standpoint as well as for Safehaven design to divide floors horizonally at one or more points with fire walls as is now required by many building codes in the United States to permit an area of refuge from fire or hostilities at more than one location per floor. Safehaven Facility Requirements the Safehaven area itself must be enclosed by construc­ tion with four hour fire resistevity and complying with vault construction capable of resisting weapons fire and attempts to batter through from the outside. See Attachment "A" for detailed vault construction guide­ lines . While it is not intended that a Safehaven facility be designed to withstand a disciplined, para/military attack featuring explosives and heavy weapons, it should afford internal personnel the best protection possible against undisciplined mobs/crowds who could be expected in "worst case" situations to set fires, utilize battering rams, axes, crowbars, small arms and some heavier weapons fire such as sub-machine guns and some rifle fire. The shell (walls, floor, ceiling) of the designated Safehaven should be physicallly secure against mob/crowd attempts to batter their way inside for a minimum per-

190 iod of time of twelve hours. The shell should also be bullet-resistant against at least small arms fire and effective against a variety of heavier weapons fire. Openings into the Safehaven will inevitably draw the particular attention of outside mobs/crowds, and there­ fore, will have to be designed to the same level of barrier and bullet-resistant strength as the Safehaven shell. Openings for functions other than ingress/ egress should be kept to a minimum, give maximum bullet- resistant protection to inside occupants, be physically secure against forced entry, and should be secure a- gainst projectiles and thrown or pushed objects. Open­ ings high on exterior walls are more effective than openings at groun level or on top of the roof. Larger openings, such as windows, should be blocked in to a strength equal to the wall. Door openings should be secured by bullet-resistant vault doors although, for normal usage of the facility space, standard doors will suffice. At least two doors are required, one from interior building premises and one to the exterior. Bullet-resistant escape hatches of vault door strength are desirable, where applicable, for Safehaven floors and ceilings. The intent is to provide maximum possibilities for emergency egress without compromising physical barrieror bullet-resis­ tant strength. Any openings such as doors and hatches should be sit­ uated to frustrate battering such as by a small vest­ ibule on the outside which would cramp forced entry attempts. 3. The area must be able to sustain a live load of 100 pounds per square foot (in retrofitting existing build­ ings this may not be ascertainable or may be unattain­ able, so such areas should be enlarged proportionately to assume a lower density of population to be housed). 4. The combined net occupiable area of all Safehavens should be sized to house 1507o of the building's staff.

191 In existing buildings, where necessary, this may be reduced to not less than 100% of the staff. In multi­ ple Safehavens, the area should be allocated to each area in proportion to expected population to be served or with most immediate access. The area should be sized at a minimum of 20 square feet per person plus usual contents of the space, such as furniture (which, when movable may be assumed to be stacked) and adequate area for the special supplies and equipment outlined be­ low. This will permit minimal area for sleeping. 5. Each Safehaven should be equipped with its own emer­ gency power supply located in an enclosure within the Safehaven perimeter with fresh air intake, air and fume exhaust to the exterior through openings protected as described in Attachment "A". For packaged vertical gen­ erator units, a room 4' x 4' x 8' high will be adequate. In addition, diesel fuel supply for at least 24 hours must be provided. Typical generator sized based on oc­ cupancy (including cooling):

1-25 persons 20 kw 25 - 50 persons 25 kw 50 - 100 persons 35 kw 6. Each Safehaven should have independent air conditioning/ ventilation such as by means of self contained water- cooled packaged units located within each area sized to proved adequate cooling for occupancy load based on 15 square feet per person. Typical capacities: Area Served Occupancy Capacity Power Floor Space 600 S.F. 40 5 tons 6kw 2'-0" x 4' x 6' 1,200 S.F. 80 10 tons llkw 2'-6" x 4' x 7' 1,800 S.F. 120 15 tons 17kw 2'-6" x 7' x 7' Fresh air intake and exhaust through openings protected as specified in Attachment "A" should provide 7.5 cfm per person. Any existing air system should be discon­ nected. 7. Each area should be provided with a minimum of one

192 toilet and one lavatory within the Safehaven perimeter supplied with water from a wall mounted storage tank with a capacity of ten gallons per person. Where it is impractical or impossible to provide conventional toilet fixtures, chemical toilets (such as are used at construction sites) may be provided at a ratio of one for each 30 persons. Containerized drinking water shall be provided at a minimum of one gallon per person. 8 Storage for the following items should be provided in each area: A. Smoke/Gas masks (1 per occupant) B. First Aid Kit, stretcher-cot C. Fire Extinguishers: one 2-A: 10-B:C dry chemical one 2-A water D. "C" Rations for occupants for 12 hours minimum E. Hot Plate or camping stove (solid or bottle gas- fueled ) F. Escape Ladder (if area is above grade), G^ Tools: sledgehammer, crowbar, fire axe, pliers, screwdriver set, hammer, rope H. Blankets: one per person I. Flashlights: one per 5 persons J. Wall-mounted rechargeable emergency battery lights K. Defensive arms - stored in secure safe (3' X 2' 4' high) L. Teargas Canisters - stored in secure safe as "K" above M. Portable Radios N. KWM-2A radio with antenna connection to roof Each area should be provided with a 4" empty conduit to the C&R/TCU vault for communications.

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TYPICAL SPACES IN FOREIGN SERVICE BUILDINGS SUITABLE FOR SAFEHAVEN USE Whether in a new or existing building, no Safehaven area can be economically designated solely for that purpose since it may never be used or be used only once in a lifetime of the building. Therefore, consideration must be given to the kinds of areas found typically in a principal office building or other facility

193 which can serve the dual use of its normal function and Safe­ haven at time of emergency. In existing buildings to be re­ trofitted, major or minor adaptions may be necessary to meet the requirements set forth above, while new building in the planning stages can incorporate the above requirements relatively easily and inexpensively. In general, larger unpartitioned areas of a building can be adapted more readily to the above requirements than compart­ mentalized areas such as offices, since the latter are apt to have less space to sacrifice for storage and equipment needs, and may have larger numbers of windows which are more necessary for normal functioning. Such spaces may also be more difficult to air condition with a single package unit. Still, there may be no alternative, so the following list of potential dual- use spaces which is directed at larger spaces should not be constructed to preclude consideration of office space, especially in large posts where sheer size or quantity of buildings may make it impossible to place the larger spaces, even when avail­ able, within practical or safe reach of some of the population of the post. Examples of and special considerations for potential dual- use larger areas found at many foreign service missions (not necessarily in order of preference or suitablility) are: 1. Parking Garages: The vehicles themselves may leave too little habitable space and protecting the garage door is a major promblem. 2. Auditoriums: A sloping floor and fixed seating may make this infeasible. 3. Cafeterias: Where large quantities of windows exist, it may be costly and difficult to protect and meet with strong opposition from staff. 4. Commisaries: Too little open floor space may make this infeasible, though relocation to rented space elsewhere may be necessary to free the space. 5. Storage Rooms: Same comment as for commisaries. 6. Media Studios: Rarely large enough singly. 7. Libraries (ICA and others): Some comments as for

194 cafeterias, also may be too accessible to the exterior to secure. 8. Exhibition Rooms or Trade Centers: Seldom located in the principal office building. 9. Ballrooms and other representational spaces: Usually only at large posts, windows may be difficult to pro­ tect while maintaining representational character. 10. Consular Waiting Rooms: Often too accessible to the exterior to secure. 11. Conference Rooms (unclassified): Furniture, partic­ ularly conference table, may need replacement with collaspsible units to yield enough floor space.

/\ /\ FACTORS GOVERNING LOCATION OF SAFEHAVENS Below grade: Where basements exist in the facility, the use of one of the types of dual-use spaces out­ lined above may offer particular advantages, although a second means of egress may be difficult to achieve. A. Outer shell protection (walls, floor and ceiling) often are of construction which would satisfy the the requirements of Attachment "A". B. Few or no outside openings will need to be secured. C. The least disruption of substantive functions is involved. At grade: Ground floor locations are accessible to the generally denser population of lower floors, and can be most easily evacuated, but are also most acces­ sible to a hostile crowd. A. Often the larger spaces such as those outlined above are at the groud level. B. The lower level is less subject to the effects of heat and smoke from fire. C. Elimination of exterior openings may be more arch­ itecturally acceptable since typically the ground floor facade varies fromthe more uniform window pattern characteristic of upper office floors. Above grade: Depending on the height and number of

195 stories in a building, above-grade locations may be unavoidable, especially since the C&R/TCU vault must in all cases be a Safe­ haven and is routinely located as close to the rooftop as pos­ sible. Further, multiple stories may mandate other above-grade Safehavens to insure accessibility to the population of those upper floors. Any upper floor location poses the problem of safe evacuation and protection against the effects of heat and smoke if the building is burning. A. A second means of egress from an upper floor Safehaven may be achieved with floor, roof or ceiling hatches complying with the requirements of Attachment "A". B. A higher location in a facility is less accessible to hostile action, at least from the exterior, though upper story walls and roofs may be vulnerable to sniper fire from surrounding buildings or terrain. C. The further up in a building a Safehaven is located, the longer it may take a hostile force to reach, and more time available for occupants to reach the Safe­ haven. This assumes that elevators are programmed to be out of use to the invaders by controls tied into the emergency warning and other controls and that fire stairs are properly protected with enclosures and hard­ ware which will frustrate or signficantly delay at­ tackers mounting them. D. Upper floors are typically office spaces with exten­ sive use of windows and, in some cases, balconies, ad­ jacent rooftops or other horizontal surfaces accessible to hostile groups by scaling and other means. Protect­ ion and securing these spaces without making them un­ acceptable for routine use is certain to be difficult. E. Internal "core" areas without exterior exposure such as described in D above may, when available, offer a good solution to the problems of upper floor locations.

196 Attachment "A"

Vault and Safehaven Construction Specifications Guidelines Physical Security

I. Walls, Ceilings, Floors New Construction All perimeter walls, floor, and ceiling of the Safehaven area are to be constructed of reinforced concrete a mini­ mum of 8 inches thick. Deformed steel reinforcing rods a minimum of 5/8-inch in diameter and installed 5 inches on center both horizontally and vertically and anchored to the contiguous floor, walls, and ceiling to a minimum depth of 3 inches. The reinforcing rods should be tied or welded together at crossover points/intersections. The compres­ sive strength rating of the concrete should be a minimum of 3,200 pounds per square inch. Walls Reinforced concrete walls between 5-8 inches thick should be backed with 1/4-inch sheet steel. Reinforced concrete walls 4-5 inches should be backed with 1/4-inch ballistic aluminum. Reinforced walls less than 4 inches thick are not acceptable. Solid masonary walls (brick, solid clay tile, etc.) more than 8 inches thick should be backed with 1/4-inch sheet steel. Solid masonary walls between 4-8 inches thick should be backed with 1/4-inch ballistic al­ uminum. Solid masonary walls less than 4 inches thich are unacceptable. In all cases where the wall is not rein­ forced, the metal backing (steel or ballistic aluminum) should be connected to the structural frame by engineered fasteners to assure adequate strength. Floors and Ceilings a. Four to six inches of reinforced concrete anchored to contiguous floor, walls and ceiling, backed by 1/4-inch sheet steel; or b. Eight inches laminate of solid masonary building mat­ erials, e.g., brick, brick veneer, building block.

197 solid clay tile, or marble. Reinforcing material should be used to the maximum extent possible, and backed with an inner 1/4-inch sheet steel lining; or c. Solid masonary (building brick, solid clay tile, etc.) less than eight inches but not less than four inches with a liner of 1/4-inch ballistic aluminum. II. Doors Where existing doors to a dual-purpose Safehaven facility are to remain and function, an in-swinging TSI Armor Core II door should also be installed for Safehaven use. These doors can be custom made. Standard sizes are 3 feet wide by 7 feet tall, weighing 400 pounds. All other door openings should be protected by a Mosler Class 5 Vault door. Masonary openings for these doors should be 47 to 49 inches wide and 83 inches tall. Class 5 Vault doors weigh 1,340 pounds. Where possible, door openings should be situated in small outside vestibules to frustrate and cramp forced entry attempts. III. Hatches Where applicable, bullet-resistant Mosler Vault Door Hat­ ches should be installed. These measure 27 by 36 inches and weigh 350 pounds. IV. Windows All window openings should be blocked into at least the physical barrier and bullet-resistant strength of the walls V. Air Conditioning Openings Air conditioning by individual, window-type units is dis­ couraged because of the difficulties of making that opening bullet-resistant and because of the vulnerability of the unit in mob/crowd situations. Where circumstances require individual A/C units, they should be placed in the outside wall above the 7-foot level (from inside floor). Openings hould be no larger that that necessary to accommodate the units. They must be protected externally with steel bars 5/8-inch in diameter spaced 5 inches on center both hori­ zontally and vertically, welded at each intersection. In addition, clip anchors must be used to grout the bar ends

198 bent 90 degrees. Units should be installed in a manner which precludes them being pushed out of place from the outside, but provision must be made to allow removal from the interior for maintenance purposes. VI. Other Openings Openings in the Safehaven areas are discouraged, but where necessary are to be no more than 90 square inches. All openings, with one dimension greater than 5 inches and an area exceeding 25 square inches, shall be protected with 5/8-inch diameter steel reinforcing rods spaced 5 inches on center, both horizontally and vertically, welded at the crossover points/intersections and embedded into the surrounding concrete a minimum of 3 inches with tips bent at 90 degree angles. Openings, particularly to the ex­ terior, should be positioned and configured to make them inaccessible to an outside crowd. For instance, openings such as ducts for ventilation, exhaust, wiring, piping, etc are more effective and less vulnerable if located high on exterior walls rather than at ground level or on top of the roof. To further secure openings against projectiles and pushed or thrown objects, they should be designed, wherever possible, in elbow or louver shapes within the wall/ceiling. If required to be positioned near ground level or on the roof, the opening on the outside should be further protected with a concrete gooseneck. Openings should have protective mesh screens. Intake and exhaust openings should have chemical, biological, and radiological (CBR) filter. Duct openings should also be designed to drain any fluids poured in (such as gasoline) without hind­ ering the passage of air.

199 APPENDICE D: CASE STUDIES GERMAN ^EMBASSY 5^^WASHINGTqN_D. C .

200 THE EMBASSY

Architect: Egon Eiermann Location: Washington D.C. USA Year of Completion: 1964

Professor Egon Eiermann was the chosen architect by the German Government to design the German Embassy in Washington D.C. The building is located in the 3k acre site in the quiet residential area of Reservoir Road. The building enjoyed diplomatic immunity from zoning ordinances and building codes. Eiermann had to deal with two problems: one was on how to insert a large office building in a residential area, and the other was how to relate the building to the steeply sloping hill: the street frontage was narrow and the terrain uneven. The way he answered those two problems, was to set the building perpendicular to the street in terraced setbacks in such a way, that the end facing the residential street is only three stories high and 50 feet wide, (Fig. 1 ), thus not causing a conflict with the residential scale of the neighborhood, allowing the existing neo-colonial embassy residence to dominate, and at the same time reflect the hill by stepping down. As a matter of fact, the consideration for the residents of the area, was of such importance for Eiermann that, before proceeding with the building construction, the neighbors were called in for suggestions. The omission of the wall around the site and an underground parking garage are direct results of this conference. Through the natural materials, colors, planting, and the way the building repeats the natural form of its site, it seems to blend into the site and be part of it. Also, the reason why it does this is because it is a building of lines and strips, rather than mass. The continous balconies and exterior sun screens have various functions such as providing emergency exits, sun shading and it also facilitates the cleaning of win­ dows. "The building is in direct line of spiritual succesion

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Fig. 1 - Eirmanns's conceptual sketches to the great German modernists of the first quarter of the century who had such a profound influence on contemporary architecture." Eiermann remarked about the building: "May 2 this house not only be an Embassy, but have a mission as well." His building is not only an attempt to give grace to an embassy but it is also a successfull exercise in manipulating scale and materials (Fig. 2 ). One of the most outstanding aspects of the chancery is the rigor and precision throughout. "Every brick and tile courses out, every joint and corner is resolved. 3 The workmanship is flawless." Beams, colums and plates frame into each other, and horizontal members are expressed at the expense of the vertical ones. The building module, Ih feet, corresponds to the close spacing of the steel colums around the outside of the building. There are no interior offices.

202 Fig. 2 - View of the Embassy

The elevator and stair core are situated in the middle of the building, and this design detail of cutting the building in half by its core, is said to work very well because it is creating appropriate and separate work areas for the various departments of the chancelary (Fig. 3 and 4 ). A three-pipe induction air conditioning system is used. The building area is 95,000 square feet, it contains 140 offices, it has a 200 seat auditorium, a 40 seat conference room, and parking for 100 cars in an underground garage and off-street parking. The furniture used throughout the building was designed by the architect and it was fabricated in Germany. One could hardly expect a building this size to be more considerate of its sur­ roundings. The problems were recognized and were faced and solved Conceptual Summery - Implicit in the feature of the design of the Embassy previously described, is the architect's con­ cept: to build a structure that closely relates to its pur­ pose and function and to the unique problems of the terrain and surroundings, as well as integrate, in an overall harmony, exterior and interior. There was also somewhat of a philo-

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204 sophical approach to his design of the embassy which is re­ flected in his considering an Embassy not only as an insti­ tutional building, but as a building with a a mission as well

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205 EMBASSY OF THE_UNITED_STATES_OF AMERICA_-_LONDONi_ENGLAND

206 THE EMBASSY

Architect: Eero Saarinen & Associates Location: London, England Year of Completion: 1961

This building originated from a design competition in which eight of the U.S.'s leading architects participated. The winning entry picked by the State Department's Foreign Buildings Operations was Eero Saarinen's design. The site of the building (Fig. 5 and 6 ) is located in the conserva­ tive old Grosvenor Square; occupied by a row of old houses

Fig. 5 - Site Location

207 Fig. 6 - The Site

Fig. 7

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209 of the Georgian style (Figs. 7, 8 and 9 ). The changes to occur in this square after the date of completion of the embassy, was the construction of single nine-story pseudo- Georgian buildings on three sides of the square (the embassy occupies the forth side). The dean of Princeton's school of architecture was the person in charge of writing the pro­ gram, which emphasized the "creation of good will by design of distinguished architectural quality ... by intelligent appreciation, recognition, and use of architecture appropriate to the site ..." Due to diplomatic impunity from building and planning regulations any type of building could have been designed for the site; however, the State Department required that the entries opted to deal with the challenge of designing a contemporary government building dominated by a traditional envirns. In order to do this Saarinen created a building that maintained a low roof line on the structure and used Portland stone as facing material since this type of stone is widely used in London and more specifically in the Grosvenor Square. In this same line of thought Saarinen stated: "London is a black and white city and our embassy will be black and white: our facade has many identations which give the building a dimention of depth and when it ages it will do so in an inter­ esting way. The facade will not become ugly. I believe we have done well in giving the building a complete relationship between the inside and outside: the spirit and detailing of the inside carries through the theme of the outside completely H5 the buildings form is scrupulously symmetrical and by doing this continuity is given to the square and its traditional formality is preserved (Fig.lO ). The building accomodates 750 people, and consists mainly of an entrance lobby toward the square, a consular-visa section where one enters from one side street and an information library section on the other, (Fig.11 ) an employee's cafeteria, an inner foyer pool, a small exhibitions gallery, and also underground parking for 25 cars. The interior functions work around a main core area, the lobby. Spaces requiring higher degree of security are located in the upper levels, while those in need of public

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Fig. 11 - Floor Plans 211 ou,r our

Fig. 12 - Interior functions access are located on the lower floor (Fig. 12)' The structure of the building consists, basically, of a diagonal grid of concrete beams; vertical support is furnished by the frames and intervening mullions of a successive range of windows offset in a glass wall. The building is not air conditioned. Conceptual Summary - The concepts that can be derived from the previous statements are: the attempt to obtain a building with a dramatic effect by giving broken up surfaces and life to the black and white facade. To establish an uninterrupted continuity and ease of relationship of functions and simul­ taneously avoid a highly centralized design; to "anticipate" the future changes of the square and allow the future adapt­ ability of the building. Saarinen concepts also involved the idea of creating a focal point for the square and the principle of relating the inside with the outside.

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212 EMBASSY OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA z_?yBLIN^_IRELAND

213 THE EMBASSY

Architect: John Johansen Location: Dublin, Ireland Year of Completion: 1964

John M. Johansen was the architect chosen by the State Depart­ ment's Office of Foreign Buildings to design the new United States Office Building for the Republic of Ireland. The site was a triangular property (Fig. 13 andl4 ) situated about one mile from the downtown area of Dublin. Even though this location is in an area of the city that allows a certain amount of design freedom for its buildings, the property is part of the old estates of Dublin and this caused the final design to be submitted to its owners for acceptance before any construc­ tion would take place. Due to the fact that facade alignment in a 42 angle of the street intersection would be difficult, if not impossible, a freeshaped building was considered in­ evitable. The building was set well back and the remaining part of the site was made into a public garden (saving a number

Fig. 14 - The Site

..<...- - -...i^nfct.UtiM.l.i^jdiSr Fig. 13 - Site Location

214 of trees), having open paved terrace forming the setting for the embassy and its large, surrounding trees. The buildings in the neighborhood are primarily two-story, brick residences fronted by gardens. The building is a circular three-story structure, (Fig. 15 ) with a rooftop clerestroy to supply nat­ ural lighting for a rotunda within, and constructed primarily of precast concrete components. The base of the building is of Irish granite and the floors throughout are terrazo of Connemara marble both of which are typical Irish materials. The main reasons for the circular form, as cited by Johansen are, "most suitable within the existing governing set back requirements; smallest appearance with respect to volume a continous facade that turns back on no one; a direct struc­ tural system is permitted while providing the largest rotunda volume on the interior." Johansen had always been interested in reviving the arcade and medieval tracery. All this, to­ gether with his fondness of round towers and the circular form found in architecture of the Celtic-Christian tradition caused him to bypass the English Georgian influence prevalent in Dublin and search for early Irish history for inspiration. At this time Johansen demonstrated an interest in the sculp- ural possiblities of concrete. For him a spectacular metal and glass structure in Dublin would be highly inappropriate. "The exposed, precast concrete, has contributed not a little to the success of this building, having been accomplished a truly craftsman-like manner with start-to-finish attention to details." Initially, Johansen, had in mind for the vert­ ical supports to have a 180 twist. However, upon some testing, the econonical feasibility of this amount of turn did not prove appropriate and a 90 compromise twist was considered (Fig. 16 ). The embassy is separated from, the paved terrance by a circular moat filled with planting that has the function of, not only embelishing the embassy, but simultaneously pro­ vide personnel privacy by preventing visitors from peeking into office windows. A basement houses mechanical equipment and the ground floor provides space for garages, servicing, lunch room, kitchen, comissary, and storage. The embassy is

215 Fig. 15 - The Building

216 VERTICAL PRECAST UNIT (TYPICAL)

Fig. 16 - Structural Detail

accessible by two bridges spanning over the moat (Fig. 17). The arrangment of the spaces are done in a circular way with the offices for the consulate arranged around a large re­ ception area in the 50 feet diameter rotunda (Fig. 18). This rotunda deserves special attention since this space washed with light from a rooftop clerestory gives the visitor a sat­ isfactory feeling of involvement within the buildings activities Even though in its original design this rotunda was intended as a reception area, it developed as an area for art exhibits, small concerts, lectures, formal receptions, and even an ex­ hibit of a moon rock. The interior of the walls that face the

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^ "' ,^ I p I ROTUNDA y ) J. .*^

Fig. 18 - Rotunda

SECOND FLOOR Fig. 19 - Upper Rotunda

219 rotunda repeat the modular unit pattern of the exterior of the building and allow for balconies for the the offices on the three floors. This design facilitates easy access between all of the functions on all levels. On the second and third floor (Fig. 19 ), where there are arcaded circular corridors overlooking the rotunda, is located the private office for the ambassador, and offices for the attache and staff (Fig. 20 ). There are 30 Americans and 41 Irish on the staff of the Embassy. All of the functions are under the direction of the Ambassador; these functions are organized into eight sections: administrative, agriculture, consular, economic/commercial, military liaison, political, public affairs, and security (including a U.S. Marine guard detach­ ment responsible for the physical security of the occupants). Each section is supervised by an American officer. Vertical circulation is afforded by three towers that rise to a height of 50 feet above ground level. The circular plan creates flexibility in office space and modular system of 7'-6" es­ tablishes an adaptable partition arrangement. All columns have been eleminated from useful interior space. Conceptual Summary - The concepts behind the design of the Embassy in Dublin are varied and they include: the idea of reflecting ancient Irish architectural stylistic features and simultaneously featuring a bold contemporary American design with exposed precast concrete. To come up with a plan that is not only functional but attractive and expressive as well. The concept for the round shape was to express the same strength and unity displayed in the evident placement of the stars on the first American flag; symbolism such as this is evident throughout the building and played an important role in the building concept of Johansen.

218 TrtfecttA^^^H

Fig. 20 - Interior Functions

220 EMBASSY OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA -_ATHENS^_GREECE

221 THE EMBASSY

Architect: The Architects Collaborative Location: Athens, Greece Year of Completion: 1961

The assignment of this embassy was given by the State Depart­ ment to Walter Gropius and his associates in the Architects Collaborative. The embassy stands on a sloping site (Fig. 21) about a mile from the Parthenon. The main challenge of this assignment was to create an embassy of a fairly new democracy in a country where democracy and architecture had centuries of traditions. Indeed, the task of having a building manifest an attitude symbolizing its intent was quite hard. Gropius stated the "Our aim was ... a building which should appear serene, peaceful and inviting, mirroring the political at­ titude of the United States. Also the design should abide by Fig. 22 - Site Plan

o the classical 'spiritus loci' . . . but in contemporary terms." The Architects Colaborative (TAC) accomplished this purpose by introducing in a truly modern way, characteristics of Greek architecture: a podium, a square plan, a spacious interior patio, exterior columns, and formal landscaping (Fig.22 ). The embassy structure is a three-story structure in which slender reinforced concrete columns, clad in honed white Pen- telic marble front on the patio and the periphery of the building At the lower level, a perforated glazed tiled screen with a sky blue color provides burglar protection. At this level, with the exception of a small area for embassy guards, are consular facilities. At the second and third levels one finds typical office areas (Fig. 23, 24 and 25). In the basement parking for 30 cars is provided in the large central space; these cars enter from the ramp at the left. The ramp at the right is used for service and deliveries (Fig.26 ). The module established by the 3 ft. windows coordinates with the corridor doors, ducts, lighting, partitioning, and the under­ floor phone raceway. Due to the fact that there is intense sunlight at this site, TAC dealt with this problem using the

223 ^- n •' . . . . V-^ > I r:r

Fig. 23 - Floor Plan 2nd and 3rd Levels

¥>i

%

( I.J 1 l-f ./ '• i

(i #'

.[ .-.• •»

•i>'. m'^.-'-- ^^%'-•

Fig. 24 I- Floor Plan - Main Level

Fig. 25 - Basement

224 oPEvi IHUAJLO I of Fices ^

Fig. 26 - Interior Functions

blue ceramic tiled screen as a sun screen and wide overhangs around the perimeter and the patio. A continous slot allows hot air to escape from under the overhangs; also, the roof construction is double, with louvers, in order to allow air circulation in between the two roof layers (Fig. 27 and 28 ). The result of such design was such that turned the building into a pleasantly cool structure and therefore there was only the need of having an unzoned air-conditioning system of smaller size. An unique structural system supports the two upper floors: only their central sections are supported from below; the remaining load is carried by vertical members hung from roof griders (Fig. 27 ). The exterior walls for the offices hang from the girders. the roof and overhangs are supported by beams of reinforced concrete, which are carried by 30 foot marble-clad columns. All mechanical and electrical services rise through two vertical shafts adjacent to the stairways, in order to be distributed at each level through ceilings (Fig. 29). The building contract in 1961 was of $1,120,000 for 85,000 square feet ($13.20/square foot).

225 1— =^J- v^ li .! -H 1 1 ii L1 § ll i r • ! t

Fig. 27 - Air Circulation

Conceptual Summary - The concepts that gave form to the building were Fig. 28 - Louver mainly based on the principle of Vents Detail /(/ III,- nil',, l.iK.uil, /,, /,„ »,,). •,.,,1 manifest a contemporary building ori/lnimi t^liiitl,>f. /(;/( itl jitiin' pnih tnlnl hx .Inh h„ /,.,' .|,/ . .,•1/1. I • / based on classical terms. Besides „iir-,ilt II,:,,I„IIIY. II„ '! II i, ,i„l.,; ,iiii,liili ,,Hinliii,il,^ „ ill, ,,;,!,I,„ ,l,„,i' symbolic concepts, passive solar ,lii,ls. Ii,,hl,iiii. 11,11 hh„ii,11,1 ,ii„l ll„ ltnih-rll,H,r fifnini 1,1,1 iniv '/oirri ftliiti) ideas also influenced the design of the building.

:t 'iT^"*- r — T "I'T I -^

Fig. 29 - Distribution of Mechanical and Electrical Services.

226 Conclusion

With the exception of the German Embassy, all of the other Embassies had to oblige by the program of the Foreign Buildings Operation. The context for all of the embassies was very different; Saarinen had to deal with a basically Georgian Square; Gropius faced the challenge of trying to uncover the Greek spirit without being accused of imitating any classical means, and both Johansen and Eiemann had to deal with a basic­ ally residential neighborhood. A factor that greatly influ­ enced all of the architects was, with no doubt, the site. Due to the nature of Dublin's site - triangular shaped property - the building was able to make a much more sculptural "statement" than, for example, the London Embassy of Saarinen, which was designed to mold with their neighborhood characteristics. Due to the steep slope of the German Embassy Eiermann was able to step the building down with the hill giving a much more organic type of building that better related to its residential neighborhood. That wasn't the case of the Embassy in Dublin in which there wasn't an attempt to relate to the surroundings. On the other hand, the Embassy in Greece seemed to be the most considerate of the climate, using passive solar methods of cooling the building and therefore cutting down on air-condi­ tioned expenses. In Eiermann's building the use of balconies and exterior sun screened also accomplished this task and further enhanced the horizonally of the building and thus re­ duce the apparent height of the building even more. All of the embassies seem to have made the right decision for the type of material used: The German Embassy using thinned down steel and wood members, making the structure become a building of lines and sripes rather than a massive ostentatious building. The U.S. Embassy in England by using the Portland stone, a typical London material. the U.S. Embassy in Ireland by adopting precast concrete which undoubtly yielded the scup- tural possibilities of exposed concrete. The U.S. Embassy in

227 Greece by utilizing the white Pentellic marble a classical material greatly used by the ancient Greeks. The buildings' form goes from strictly symmetrical, the London and Dublin's Embassy, to non-symmetrical buildings such as the Embassies in Athens and Washington. The function of the buildings are basically the same with all of them having some sort of un- erground or lower level parking. An interesting design de­ cisions taken in the German Embassy was that of eleminating interior offices. The concept of locating the most import­ ant and classifies areas of the building on the upper levels, and those related to the public on the lower areas seems to be common to all the buildings. Symbolism plays an important role in the Dublin and Greek Embassies, whereas functionallsm and practicality is a clear intent of the Washington and London Embassies. All of these embassies work around a central core, and all of the interior functions seem to radiate from them; in the London Embassy this core is a lobby with a pool, in the German Embassy is an entrance hall, in the Dublin Embassy this core is the rotunda and finally in the Athens Embassy, the core is an outdoor courtyard where all the spaces open inward to. All of the architects seemed to visualize embassies as buildings that communicate a mission or/and a statement about the country that built it. Considering all of what it was said, one may take account of, that all four embassies analyzed were quite successful (Maybe one more than the other). This is especially true when considering Peter Smithson's (A British Architect) statement: "Surely, the first question for an architect is, what is the nature of an embassy? 9 Not what is the style of an embassy."

228 Cost Analysis

The following information was gathered from various issues of the "Design Cost & Data" Magazine. The intent of in­ serting the data was to provide the designer, with a basis of cost comparison for the building type in question. (Embassy construction costs were not available in the major­ ity of the cases; therefore, office buildings was the clos­ est building type for which the necessary cost analysis was available). The updated Estimation was done using the DC&D Cost Projection System. For the equivalence of cost in Portugal the multiplier used in the cost anaylsis section was used.

229 (E PLAZA NORTH OFFICE BUILDING WOOD, COLORADO

IITECTS: BROOKS WALDMAN ASSOCIATES

230 LAKE PLAZA NORTH OFFICE BUILDING

Building cost in July 1977 1,754,704 Total Sq. Ft 100,019 Index for July 1977=198 Index for May 1984=382

382/198 = 1.93

1.93 X 1, 754,704 = 3,386,578.7

Price per Sq. Ft. = 3,386,578.7/100, 019 = $33.86

Using the Regional Modifier (Colorado) = 0.89

Final Estimated Cost for May 1984 = 33.86 x 0.89 = $30.13/Sq. Ft. Had this building been built in Portugal, the cost would have been: $30.13 X 3.257o = $0.98 $30.13 + $0.98 = $31.11/Sq. Ft.

231 ENERAL DESCRIPTION: FE: 7.3 acres; 318,000 sq. ft. lot JMBER OF BUILDINGS: pne six-floor bu.ld.ng, pre-cast concrete panel ext wilti pre-cast double tee cone, floor structure HIDING SIZES: first through fifth floors, each, 15,841 sq ft sixth finor 20.814 sq. ft; total floors, 100,019 sq ft ' )VERED WALKWAYS, ROOFED-OVE.R AREAS (porches, etc) - square feet divided ,n half (A.I.A. Document No. D-101), and not including roof overhang: none "umy ruui )TAL SQUARE FEET 100,019 JILDING HEIGHT: each of six floors, 1 rS"; penthouse 17-2'v )TAL HEIGHT: 74'8Vj" • ' ^ ^ iSIC CONSTRUCTION - TYPE: A )UNDATION. caissons ^LLS — exterior: pre-cast concrete panels )0F. pre-cast twm tee with cone, slab and pre-cast cone, roof panels OCRS: pre-cast twin tee with cone, slab iRTITIONS — interior: metal studs, gyp board

E NEGOTIATED: March 1977 CONSTRUCTION PERIOD: 3/77 to 11 /77 TOTAL SQ. FT.: 100.019 Divisions (1 through 16) COST % OF COST SO. FT. COST SPECIFICATIONS 5ENERAL CONDITIONS S 134,315 7.66% $ 1.34 1 Permits & fees, performance bond (completionl. liabil­ ity insurance, clean up, superintendence, temporary facilities, plan cheek. AIA Form A-201/CM ;ONCRETE 792,915 45.19 7.92 3 Formwork. reinforcing, material (concrete), placement (rigs), finishing, lightweight structural, lightweight in­ sulating, roof decking, embedded items, pre-cast. (ab. erection dASONRY 700 04 .01 4 Material, reinforcing, grouting, placement Ings). an chors, vinyl flashing 4ETALS (Inc. Rigsl 1 1,570 66 12 5 Fasteners, anchors, plates. Imlels. door fi.imps, l.id ders. railings lARPENTRY- i) Rough (Material S Labor) 100 01 .001 6a Furring, misc. framing )) Finish (IVIaterial S Labor) 5,000 28 05 6b Millwork, casework, paneling lOOFING 12,255 .70 .12 7 Built-up, pre-cast concrete ISOLATION 200 .01 .002 Roof, walls, floors, perimeter foundation WATERPROOFING 5,800 .33 .06 Roof, walls, floors, loint sealer, gaskets lOORS (Finish & Hardware) 11,500 66 .12 8 Wood, metal WINDOWS & GLAZING 74,555 4.25 .75 Aluminum frame, glass panes ATH & PLASTER 9 iRYWALL 58,950 3 36 .59 Interior, metal studs; screw mst COUSTICS 50,355 2.87 .50 Ceilings LOORING 3,500 .20 .04 Vinyl, carpeting AINTING & STAINING. CERAMIC TILE 15,200 .87 .15 Interior, exterior trim PECIALTIES 12,660 .72 .13 10 Partitions, toilet & bath accessories, fire extng,, signs QUIPMENT — — — 1 1 — URNISHINGS — — — 12 — FECIAL CONSTRUCTIONS 9,600 55 .10 13 Pre-fab concrete elements ONVEYING SYSTEMS 87,669 5 00 .88 14 Elevators LUMBING 15 Water supply, fixtures, waste water. HW. gen., circ. pump, standpipes EATING (Elec.) 285,383 16.26 2.85 Packaged R CONDITIONING (Elec.) Heat-pump ISTRIBUTION SYSTEM Single duct -ECTRICAL 182,477 10.40 1.82 16 Lighting fixtures

TOTAL BUILDING COST $1,754,704 100.00% $17.55

TE WORK 72,300 2 Site preparation, excavation, fill, surveys, demolition. UPDATE underground utilities, pavements & walks, landscape ESTIMATION clearing, fences, barricades, coverings, exc for cais­ to March '80 sons, irrigation NDSCAPING 24,900 24.57/sq. ft. 17 Lakes, walks, plants & lawn, landscaping, sprinklers •F-SITE WORK 151,354 18 Curbs & gutters, lake construction - •-

TOTAL PROJECT COST $2,003,258 (excluding land costs, legal fees, architectural and engineering commissions)

232 rhc Centrum at Universal City lollywood, California rchitect: Johamies Van '/'(/burg & Partners, AIA, Santa Mui]icu

233 THE CENTRUM AT UNIVERSAL CITY

Building cost in July 1981 16,610,000 Total Sq. Ft 134,450 Index for July 1981 = 304 Index for May 1984 = 382

382.304 = 1.26 1.26 X 16,610,000 = 20,928,600

Price per Sq. Ft. = 20,928,6000/134,450 = $155.66 Using The Regional Modifier (California) = 1.01 Final Estimated Cost for May 1984 = 155.66 x 1.01 = $157.22/Sq. Ft

Had this building been built in Portugal, the cost would have been: $155.66 X 3.25% = $5.06 $155.66 + $5.06 = $160.72/Sq. Ft.

234 5ENERAL DESCRIPTION BUILDING HEIGHT: 1st Floor, 26' 0"; 2nd Floor, 13' 6"; ,ITE:1.8acre, 78,408 sq.ft. Penthouse, 14'0"; total height, 107'6" JUMBER OF BUILDINGS; One six-story plus mezz multi-tenant BASIC CONSTRUCTION: Type I, irofessional office building designed for entertainment FOUNDATION: Caissons and spread footings ommunications industry with emphasis on security and 24-hour WALLS—Exterior: Light steel frame with plaster and Mini Brick iperation, veneer and Guardian glass curtain-wall. 5UILDING SIZES: 7 stories subterranean for 375 cars; 1st Floor & ROOF: Metal deck/concrete and built-up roof. Mezzanine, 18,917 sq. ft.; 2nd Floor, 13,479 sq. ft.; 3rd Floor, 12,420 FLOORS; Cast in place concrete and metal deck with light v'.'ight ,q, ft.; 4th Floor, 28,402 sq. ft,; 5th Flor, 29,577 sq.ft.; 6th Floors, concrete fill. ll,655sq. ft.; total, 134,450 sq.ft. PARTITIONS—Interior: Metal stud and gypsum board. THE CENTRUM AT UNIVERSAL CITY Negotiated Contracts • Construction Period: Aug 1980 to Jun 1982 "Total Square Feet: 134,450

"!,OF SQ.FT. C.S.I. DIVISIONS (I through 16) COST COST COST SPECIFICATIONS

GENERAL CONDITIONS 1,277,000 7 7 9 50 Permits and (ees, clean up, super ml endiinie, iemp(ir,iry lacililus pl,u>i. hn k architecture, blueprints, manhft CONCRETE 4,021,000 24 2 29 91 Formwork, reinforcing, material (concrete), placement (rqisi, linishniy, liyhl weight structural, lightweight insulating. MASONRY 740,000 45 5 50 Mini Brick", grouting, placement (rigs), (excludes scaflolding) METALS (Inc. rigs) 1,648,000 99 12 26 Structural, steel loists, metal decking, metal and fire i"-c apes, ^leell'v Riverside Steel; stainless steel by Paller & Goldstein CARPENTARY Finish (Mat &Labor) 128.000 08 95 M&L doors, hardware and installation ROOEING 'MOOd I) .S Built up. INSULATION 66,0(10 0 4 49 Rool, walls. WATERPROOFING •i9,0(in 0 2 29 Foundations. DOORS (Finish & Hordware) 110,000 07 82 Wood, metal, plus9 foot Redoak S C WINDOWS & GLAZING 776,000 47 5 77 Window washing hardware. Guardian Glass, reflective type LATH & PLASTER (interior Exterior) .360,000 22 2,68 Exterior plaster metal studs. DRYWALL 650,000 3.9 4 83 Interior: metal studs, fireproofing FLOORING 270.0(X) 1 6 2 01 Ceramic tile and i>,ivers. polished

TOTAL BUILDING COST 16.610,000 100'".. 123..';'1

2 SITE WORK 2,023,000 2 Site preparation, excavation, surveys, di-molition, undetground utilities. pavements and walks, shoring

17 LANDSCAPING 175,000 17 Plants and lawn, planters, landscaping, sprinklers. 18 OFF SITE WORK 100,000 18 Curbs and gutters, underground utilities and hook ups (in general)

TOTAL PROJECT COST 18,908.000 f£

_ UPDATED ESTIMATION TO AUGUST 1983: $147.94 PER SQUARE FOOT

235 525 Buildins anta Ana, California rchitect: Gensler & Associates/Architects

236 2525 BUILDING

Building cost in August 1981 3,362,735 Total Sq. Ft 84,000 Index for August 1981 = 308 Index for May 1984 = 382

382.308 = 1.24

1.24 X 3, 362, 735 = 4,170,664.8

Price per Sq. Ft. = 4,170,664.8/84,000 = $49.65

Using the Regional Modifier (California) = 1.01

Final Estimated Cost for May 1984 = 49.65 x 1-01 = $50.15/Sq.Ft. Had this building been built in Portugal, the cost would have been: $49.65 X 3.25% = $1.61 49.65 + 1.61 - $51.26/Sq. Ft.

237 lENERAL DESCRIPTION ITE: 4.5 acres (196,000 sq. ft.). UMBER OF BUILDINGS: Two wings joined at entry. UILDING SIZES: 1st Floor, 41,000 sq. ft.; 2nd Floor, 43,000 sq .; total, 84,000 sq. ft. UILDING HEIGHT: 1st Floor, 13*6"; 2nd Floor, 13'6"; total (to )p of parapet), 30'6". OUNDATION: Grade beams, caisson and slab. /ALLS—Exterior: Steel frame/studs and mini-brick veneer. OOF: (Truss joist) TJI plywood. LOORS: TJI plywood and elastosil. ARTITIONS—Interior: Metal stud and drywall.

2525 BUILDING Date Bid: Dec 1981 •Construction Period: Apr 1981 to Dec 1981 •Total Square Feet: 84,000

%OF SQ.FT. C.S.I. DIVISIONS (1 through 16) COST COST COST SPECIFICATIONS 0.15 6.20 1 Permits & fees, liability insurance, cleanup, supermtendance, temporary 1 GENERAL CONDmONS $ 521,212 facilities, plan check, contractors fees, equipment. 0.04 1.79 3 Formwork, reinforcing, material (concrete), placement (rigs), finishing, 3 CONCRETE 150,641 lightweight structural, pavers by CalGa-Crete of San Pedro. 0.12 4.62 4 Material, reinforcing, grouting, mini-brick veneer by Huntington-Pacific Tile. 4 MASONRY 388.223 0.21 8.42 5 Structur2il, steel joists, metal decking, ornamental, miscellaneous. 5 METALS 707,612 0.01 0.22 6 CARPENTRY; Rough (Mat, & Lab.) 18,585 6 Floor, roof. Finish (Mat. & Lab.) 17,390 0.01 0.21 Millwork. 7 ROOFING 161,064 0.05 1.92 7 Built-up, metal. INSULATION 23.840 0.01 0.28 Roof, walls, pipes and ducts. WATERPROOFING 2.956 0.04 Roof. 8 DOORS 18,258 0.01 0.22 8 Plastic. WINDOWS & GLAZING 198,954 0.06 2.37 Aluminum frame, curtainwall systems,storefront system, glasspanes 9 DRYWALL 437,363 0.13 5.21 9 Interior: metal studs, fireproofing. FLOORING 31,060 0.01 0.37 Concrete, ceramic tile & pavers. PAINTING & STAINING 17,860 0.01 0.21 Exterior, interior. 10 SPECIALTIES 101,635 0,03 1.21 10 Sprinklers, toilet and bath accessories. n EQUIPMENT 11 - 12 FURNISHINGS 12 - 13 SPECIAL CONSTRUCTIONS 13 — 14 CONVEYING SYSTEMS 32,293 0,01 0.38 14 Elevators. 15 PLUMBING 124,782 0.04 1.49 15 Water supply, fixtures, waste water. HEATING 230,000 0.07 2.74 179,007 0.05 2.13 16 Lighting fixtures. 16 ELECTRICAL 3,362,735 100 40.03 TOTAL BUILDING COST 131,2% 0.04 1.56 2 Site preparation, pavements & walks, parking areas, pavers by Cal-Ga-Crete. 2 SITE WORK 192,684 0.05 2.29 17 Plants and lawn, landscaping, sprinklers. 17 LANDSCAPING 18 OFF SITE WORK 18 - TOTAL PROJECT COST 3,686,715 (excluding land costs, legal fees, architectural and engineering commissionsj

UPDATED ESTIMATION TO AUGUST 1982: $50.25 PER SQUARE FOOT •

238 Notes

"New German Embassy Brings German Architecture to Washington," Progressive Architecture, Jan. 1965, p.171. "New German Embassy Brings German Architecture to Washington," Progressive Architecture, Jan. 1965, p.176. "Germany Pays Its Respects", A.I.A. Journal, June 1965, p.65. 4 "New U.S. Embassy For London", Architectural Forum, April 1956, p. 139. "Controversial Building in London", Architectural Forum, March 1961, p. 85. /: "Precast Annular Embassy", Progressive Architecture, Feb. 1964, p. 155. "Johansen's Honeycomb Embassy Opens", Progressive Arch­ itecture, Sept. 1964, p. 218. o "United States Office Building, Athens", Architectural Record, Dec. 1957, p. 161. 9 "Controversial Building in London", Architectural Forum, March 1961, p.81. •""^Design Cost & Data, March 1980. Design Cost & Data, July-August, 1983. 1 ? Design Cost & Data, July-August, 1982.

239 Bibliography

A.I.A. Journal. June 1965, pp. 62-69. Architectural Forum. April 1956, pp. 138-146. Architectural Forum. Dec. 1957, pp. 114-123. Architectural Forum. March 1961, pp. 80-85. Architectural Forum. Dec. 1961, pp. 118-123. Architecural Record. Dec. 1957, pp. 159-166. Design Cost & Data. March 1980- Design Cost & Data, July/August, 1982 Design Cost & Data. July/August, 1983 Post Report. United States Department of State, 1981 Progressive Architecture, Feb. 1964, pp. 155-163. Progressive Architecture, Sept. 1964, pp. 216-219. Progressive Architecture, Jan. 1965, pp. 171-176.

240