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Translation Series No. 580

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Translation Series No. 580 5'gû THE LIBRARY - 4 FISHERIES ARCHIVES REZCZCii 10.IRD OF CANADA NANAIA40, FISHERIES RESEARCH BOARD OF CANADA Translation Series No. 580 Morphological changes in the fish tissue surrounding the larvae of certain parasitic worms By I. G. Mikhailova, E. V. Prazdinkov, and T. O. Prusevich Original title: Morfologicheskie izmeneniia v tkaniakh ryb vokrug lichnok nekotorykh paraziticheskikh chervei. From: Trudy Murmanskogo Morskogo Biologicheskogo Instituta, Vol. 5, No. 9, pp. 251-264. Translated by G. N. Kulikovsky, Bureau for Translations, Foreign Language Division, Department of the Secretary of State of Canada Fisheries Research Board of Canada Biological Station, Nanaimo, B. C. 1965 Morphological Changes in Fish Tissue around 251 the Larvae of some Parasitic Worms. By I.G. Mikhailova, E.V. Prazdnikov, and T.O. Prusevich. (Laboratory of Comparative and Experimental Embryology. Chief - B.P. Tokin.) (From "Trudy Murmanskogo Morskogo Biologicheskogo Institute" /iransaction of the Murmansk Sea-Biological institute/, USSR Academy of Sciences, No. 5 (9) p. 251-64). The problem formulated in the Thirties by E.N. Pavlovsky: MDrganism as the medium of habitation" (1934, 1937, 1945) acquires an ever-increasing actuality. As a point on the agenda the necessity remains to mobilize the assistance of other Sciences for its solution:- of Experimental Zoology, General Pathology, Biochemistry, Immunology, and of Microbiology. New ways of consider- ing the interrelations between the parasite and the host also appear on the borderline between parasitology and embryology. A successful method of study of the problem of the immunity of the embryos (Tokin, 1955a, 1955b) is primarily a study of the problem of embryology - a problem of interrelation of at least two organisms: of a macroorganism and microorganism. In the light of ideas developed by B.P. Tokin, the interrelation between the parasite and the host, in particular between the host and the larval stages of the parasites, deserve special attention, because: "a parasite, which in the course of evolution has found itself in another body, which is to the former, both a medium of habitation and food, cannot be merely an enemy to the host. With a certain foundation, one may speak conditionally about the host as being the enemy, and furthermore, - a very dangerous enemy to the parasite" (Tokin, 1955a, page 10). Being in possession of the knowledge concerning the 2/251-252 immunological properties of the host and of the parasite, one could, by increasing the defensive reaction of the host and by decreasing the immuno- logical reaction of the parasite, annihilate the later. The facts, concerning the destruction, incapsulation, or phagocytosis of parasites inside the body of the host, are commonplace. Nevertheless, we still know next to nothing about the causes of the death of a parasite.- in some cases, and of a normal development and preservation in the tissues of the host, - in other cases. It is not accidental that, when discussing the problems of inter- relations between the host and the parasite, the parasitologists do not fail to •note the necessity for taking the immunological features into account (Shuurmans-Stekhoven, 1955; Schultz, Davtyan, 1954, 1955; Shikhobalova, 1950; Naumova, 1955; Bauer, 1958; Markov, 1958, and others). At the same time, the morphological studies of the defensive reactions of the tissues of the host and of the parasite are feN, and they are either descriptions of individual casuistic cases (Heim, 1954; Tratnig-Frankl, 1956), or a supplement to the parasitological or zoological observations of the authors. Extremely controversial ideas were developed by V.A. Fausek (1903, 1913), who tried to draw a direct analogy between parasitism and viviparity. However, Fausek must be credited with being the first to give special attention to the utilization, by the parasitic organism, of the inflammation processes in the tissues of the host for the purpose of feeding. In the work of R.M. Lewert and Lee Chang-Ling (1954) interesting 252 data concerning histochemical changes in the host's tissues around the larvae of the parasitic worms are presented. There are detailed descriptions in the literature of various inter- relations occurring between the tissues of the host and the larval stages of the parasitic worms, primarily in 1.1ch intermediate hosts as mollusks (Agersborg, 1924; Rees F.G., 1934; Rees W.J. 1936, and others). In a work by E.A. Zelikman "Certain ecological-parasitical connections on the littoral of the northern portion of the Kandalaksha Bay" (1955), one may find rather complete accounts of bibliographical data available on this problem. E.A. Zelikman, just as other scientists, observed the destruction picture of 3/252 the visceral complex of the mollusks in the development of the sporocysts and rediae. The author describes cases of antagonistic action of one parasite upon another at double invasion. In the works of E.D. Logachev (1956, 1961), of Logachev and N.A. Fedyushkina (1955), of Logachev and B.R. Bruskin (1959), peculiar multinuclear structures are described, which originated in the tissues of a mollusk pro- duced by a parasite. Efforts are made to establish, how the reparative processes . run in the parasitic worms. A large number of observations indicate that the character of the membranes and capsules, originating near the endoparasite, change considerably in case of a change in the life functions of the host or the parasite. When the parasite dies, there is either a resorption of the latter by means of the phagocytes of the host, or the remnants of the parasite are enclosed in a dense fibrous capsule, which is later permeated with calcium salts. The data concerning the interrelations of tissues of haddock and cod, with the larvae of nematoda selected by us for the experiment (Anisakis . sp., Contracoecum aduncum, Terranova decipiens) and of the cystoda (Pyramico- cephalus phocarum, Bothriocephalus sp.) may be found in the works of a number of researchers. A.Ya. Bazikalova (1932) points out the pathological importance of parasites and the reactive changes owing to their influence in the organs of the host. Thus the plerocercoids (Cestodes gen. sp.) produce considerable changes in the liver of haddock and cod. The colour of the liver turns dark red, irnd the plerocercoids degenerating in the parenchyma are surrounded by voluminous hardenings of irregular shape. Bazikalova writes that similar formations, something like cases of smaller size, are also formed around the larvae of the parasitic nematodes Anisakis sp., Contracoecum aduncum. The total weight of the parasites in the Gadidae, according to the observations of the author, does not exceed hundredths or thousandths of one per cent of the total weight of the body of the fish. The larvae of the Cestodes produce a more destructive effect upon the tissues of the host, than do the larvae of the nematodes, particularly when localized in the liver. Bazikalova believes that the basic pathogenous effect is supplied by the toxines of the parasites, these toxines produce partial destruction 4/252-253 and regeneration of the host's tissues. The weight of the haddocks and cod's liver decreases with the increase of the number of parasites, the fattiness also decreases (the relation between the weight of the liver and the weight of the fish). The author came to the conclusion, that parallel with other aspects of the study of the problem of the character of the effect of the parasites upon the host's body, the histological changes, particularly those originating as the result of the affection of the liver by the parasites, deserve special attention. S.S. Shulman (1948, 1958), R.E. Shulman (1950), S.S. Shulman and R.E. Shulman-Albova (1953) record the infestation of the liver of the Gadidae by Contracoecum aduncum and by Anisakis sp. The weight of the liver decreases in the affected fish. The most distinct decrease in the weight of the liver presents itself in the largest specimens (haddock and cod between 1 and 253 2.5 kilograms). The celozoic parasites in the Novaya Zemlya char (Dogel and Markov, 1937) change in connection with the migration from fresh to sea water. The autumn chars are not infested with Bothriocephalus, and the summer chars are not infested with Contracoecum. This phenomena, together with some very interesting observations by a number of authors, including Polyansky (1955), concerning the decrease, in the winter time, of the infestation rate of cod and haddock with celozoic and intestinal parasitic nematodes (Contracoecum and Anisakis), still remain unexplained. Thus, despite the agreement of the majority of the parasitologists on the importance of the morphological studies of the reactive changes originating in the organs of animals infested with endoparasites, this side of the problem remains poorly studied. The aim of the present paper is the study of the morphological characteristics of the capsules around the larvae of certain parasitic worms in the tissues of fish, mainly of haddock (Melanogrammus aeglifinus), cod (Gadus morhua morhua), shorthorn sculpin (Myoxocephalus scorpius), and also partly of the arctic char (Salvelinus alpinus). Capsules were studied in the liver and the mesentery of the haddock, cod, sculpin, and char. The length of the studied fish was: haddock and cod - 20-50 centimeters, sculpin - 20-30 centimeters, and char - 25-30 centimeters. 5/253 Organ parts with larvae of parasitic worms were prepared in Bouin solution, in zenker-formol, Carnoy's solution, and in 10% formalin. The best results were obtained from the treatment with Bouin and Carnoy.'p .: solutions. Fragments were poured over by celloidin-parafin and by celloidin. The sections were stained by the Mallory method and with resorbin-fuchsin by the van Gison method; they were silvered according to Foot's method; stained by means of Hansen's trioxihematein, and also with picro-fuchsin. In the liver of haddock and cod, and also of the shorthorn sculpin one may find a considerable number of larvae of Anisakis sp., Contracoecum aduncum, and less frequently of Terranova decipiens.
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