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The Cytology of the Tumor Cell in the Rous Chicken Sarcoma

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The Cytology of the Tumor Cell in the Rous Chicken Sarcoma THE CYTOLOGY OF THE TUMOR CELL IN THE ROUS CHICKEN SARCOMA MICHAEL LEVINE 1 (From the Laboratory Division, Montifcore Hospital, New Yo7k City) The cytology of the Rous chicken sarcoma No. I has attracted the at- tention of biologists since its discovery. Considered broadly, this study has been limited to that group of cells which responds in the animal body to in- vasion by foreign substances. This response to the tumor-producing sub- stances from the Rous tumor, modified by the normal developmental tendencies of the cells, results in a neoplasm which in its well developed stages consists generally of cells of spindle or stellate shape, of a fibroblast-like nature, though round cells of the monocyte type are also present. The origin of these cells has been studied in vivo only after the tumor anlage has been well established. The work is laborious and trying, for all fowls do not respond uniformly to the tumor agent. Sequence in develop- mental stages is difficult to obtain since the tumor-producing substances vary in activity and the fowl may show a reaction akin to resistance. The use of intra- vitam dyes as an aid in identifying certain cell types adds another difficulty, for these stains, while serviceable, may produce toxic or even lethal effects. Added to these difficulties are those more fundamental barriers to a proper interpretation of histologic preparations. At present the hematologists are divided as to the ontology of the various groups of cells that make up the reaction tissue induced by an invading foreign substance. There are at least three different well established views regarding the origin of these cellular elements. Most of our knowledge pertaining to the cytology of the Rous tumor is based on material observed in tissue cultures. It appears, however, from a study of the voluminous literature, much of which is conflicting, that the cells in vitro are no longer parts of a tumor tissue, but merely subsisting isolated elements. The interactions of these cells as they exist in the body have to a large measure been destroyed. It seemed obvious, therefore, that only by standard cytological methods applied to a systematic study of tissue in vivo could a possible solution of the complex problem be attained. The following is a report of a study of the Rous chicken sarcoma from a period shortly after the tumor-producing material is introduced into the body of the fowl to the time when the bird succumbs. The various problems involved in the Rous tumor have been reviewed separately in a number of papers. Foulds’ (40) critical review deals with many of the important phases of this study. Here it will be necessary to refer only to those papers which have a direct hearing on the cytological origin of this neoplasm and the behavior of the cells involved. ’ Aided by grants from the Chemical Foundation and the International Cancer Research Foundation. 276 CYTOLOGY OF TUMOR CELL IN ROUS CHICKEN SARCOMA 277 Rous SARCOMAAND OTHERTRANSPLANTABLE TUMORS OF THE FOWL The Rous Chicken Sarcoma No. I (CTZ): Rous (120) in 1910 reported the discovery of a transplantable avian tumor which he described as a spindle- cell sarcoma capable of growth only in a relatively small percentage of young animals and in a stock of barred Plymouth Rock birds intimately related to that in which the tumor had originally occurred. The tumor remained true to type and by frequent transfers to other animals within the varietal stock its malignancy was increased and its invasive and metastatic powers were augmented (121). Within three days after a graft had been implanted, it was found to be vascularized and had spread into the tissue of the host. Metastases to the lungs, liver, kidney, and heart are recorded as of frequent occurrence. ROUS,in his early paper, described changes which occur in the first few days after inoculation. The lymphocytes rapidly accumulate about the nearby blood vessels and around the graft, until, after a period of a week, the latter is entirely enclosed by mononuclears, plasma cells, and fibroblasts, producing the appearance of a lymph node. In the following year, Rous (122, 123) reported the transmissibility of this tumor by cell-free extracts of the neoplasm. The tumors produced by the cell-free filtrates differ from those produced by the introduction of inocula into fowl only in that the former are slower to develop. Histologically, the growth consists of spindle cells arranged in bundles, with a slight vascularizing framework. Small giant cells were observed, especially in the degenerating portions of the tumor. Amitotic and mitotic divisions of the spindle cells are recorded as of frequent occurrence. Metastasis occurs by the dissemina- tion of tumor cells through the blood or, occasionally, through the lymph channels. ‘Rous found it difficult to obtain early stages in the development of the tumor resulting from the injection of the cell-free filtrate. That glycerinization or desiccation and powdering of the tumor tissue still leaves it an active tumor-producing substance when introduced into a susceptible fowl was demonstrated by Murphy and recorded by ROUS,but their efforts to establish the nature of the agent (23, 127) have up to the present been unsuccessful. The filtrate retains its activity for relatively short periods, while the powdered material kept in sealed capsules may remain potent indefinitely. Yet they hold (128) to the opinion that the tumor graft is responsible for the new tumor in the susceptible host; for histologic studies, they contend, show the origin of the new growth to take place in the graft. In a comparative study of the behavior of the tumor inocula and the filtrable agent of this fowl tumor made by ROUS,Murphy, and Tytler (131, 132) it was shown that the latter produces a neoplastic change in the tissue only after a long time, as compared with the proliferation of the implanted neoplastic tissue. The agent seems to depend upon a special set of conditions in order that it may induce a malignant change. It is further contended (132) that the filtrable agent requires some cell-proliferating or cell-deranging mechanism, such as is induced by injury or by the introduction of a foreign substance. Continued histologic studies brought to light variations in the type of cell found in the tumor. Rous and Murphy (129) observed tumor giant cells 278 MICHAEL LEVINE as well as spherical cells which they considered imperfectly differentiated stages of the spindle cell. They expressed the belief that, despite any diver- sities, the tumors grade into one another, and, since mitosis occurs most fre- quently in the spindle cells, they consider the neoplasm essentially a spindle-cell sarcoma. Other forms of chicken tumors transmissible by a cell-free filtrate as well as by the tumor graft have been described from the same laboratory. Rous and Lange (124) described a chicken sarcoma fissured by blood sinuses. The principal cell type, a spindle-shaped structure with a short longitudinal axis, has a large vesiculate nucleus surrounded by a sparse cytoplasmic struc- ture. This tumor grows better in an alien host (125) than in the variety of fowl from which it was originally obtained. The filtrable agent does not survive in dried or glycerinated tissue; its activity is not constant, and it produces tumors sporadically several months after injection. This tumor, designated as CTXVIII, is thus more sharply differentiated from the original Rous chicken sarcoma (CTI) by its cultural behavior than by its histologic structure, though this difference might be minimized had CTXVIII been transplanted and studied as frequently and as intensively as CTI. Tytler (138) described a chicken tumor (CTVII) which is sharply dif- ferentiated on histologic grounds from all other known tumors of the fowl. This is a slow-growing osteochondrosarcoma, transmissible by a cell-f ree filtrate. Osteoblasts appear to play no part in the development of this tumor. Spindle cells which occur in globular form with few or no cytoplasmic proc- esses are the principal constituents. All these cells have a similar nuclear and cytoplasmic structure, resembling the Wanderzellen myeloblasts of Maximow. Mononuclear cells filled with eosinophile granules and the ordinary poly- morphonuclear eosinophile leukocytes occur. Tytler suggests the possibility of the origin of the myelocyte type of cell from a basophile cell which, in turn, seems to be related to the globular connective-tissue cell. Rous and Murphy (130) surveyed the field of the fowl tumors and con- cluded that, while CTI, CTXVIII, and CTVII are distinct entities and are produced by distinctly different agents, they possess many characteristics in common. Claude and Murphy (23) have summarized the extensive studies on the transmissible tumors of the fowl, and to their review the reader is referred for the nature of the agent in these tumors. Pentimalli (109, 110, lll), in a series of papers based on experimental and spectrographic observation, states that the hemoglobin in the fowl bearing the Rous tumor adsorbs the active tumor-producing agent, and that this phenomenon is favored by a low temperatue to the point that even the red corpuscles of the rabbit succeed in fixing the agent. Embryonic tissue is also capable of this adsorption. Pentimalli contends no molecular change in the hemoglobin is involved, but a physical-chemical liaison; for when the hemo- globin is analyzed spectrographically the normal absorption bands are unchanged. The Fujinami and Inamoto Tumor: In the same year that Rous reported his discovery of the spindle-cell fowl sarcoma, Fujinami and Inamoto (42) reported a myxosarcoma of the fowl, which has since been widely studied. This tumor bears a close resemblance to the Rous sarcoma. Microscopically, CYTOLOGY OF TUMOR.CELL IN ROUS CHICKEN SARCOMA 2 79 it consists of large spindle cells of the fibroblast type, with admixtures of small round cells.
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