Friedrich Schiller: Estética Y Libertad

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Friedrich Schiller: Estética Y Libertad biblioteca abierta colección general filosofía Friedrich Schiller: estética y libertad Friedrich Schiller: estética y libertad María del Rosario Acosta López editora Universidad Nacional de Colombia Facultad de Ciencias Humanas / Departamento de Filosofía Bogotá catalogación en la publicación universidad nacional de colombia Friedrich Schiller : estética y libertad / ed. María del Rosario Acosta López. – Bogotá : Universidad Nacional de Colombia. Facultad de Ciencias Humanas, 2008 222 p. – (Biblioteca abierta. Filosofía) ISBN : 978-958-719-134-9 1. Schiller, Friedrich Johann Christoph, 1759-0805 – Pensamiento filosófico 2. Estética 3. Filosofía moderna I. Acosta López, María del Rosario, 1979- - ed. CDD-21 111.85 / 2008 Friedrich Schiller: estética y libertad Biblioteca abierta Colección general, serie Filosofía Universidad Nacional de Colombia Facultad de Ciencias Humanas Departamento de Filosofía Editora © 2008, María del Rosario Acosta López © 2008, Universidad Nacional de Colombia Primera edición, Bogotá D.C., diciembre 2008 Preparación editorial Centro Editorial, Facultad de Ciencias Humanas Excepto que se establezca de otra forma, el contenido de este libro cuenta con una licencia Creative Commons “reconocimiento, no comercial y sin obras derivadas” Colombia 2.5, que puede consultarse en http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/2.5/co/ Contenido Abreviaturas de las obras citadas 11 Presentación 13 PRIMERA PARTE Los dramas de Schiller: la filosofía en la tragedia 17 María del Rosario Acosta López El paso por el abismo: Los bandidos y la tragedia como fenómeno estético 19 José Luis Villacañas Ambivalencia y omnipotencia: sobre la Juana de Arco de Schiller (La doncella de Orléans) 41 José Luis Villacañas Maldiciones de la identidad: sobre La novia de Mesina de Schiller 63 SEGUNDA PARTE Los ensayos filosóficos: la libertad en la experiencia estética 95 Ezra Heymann Un pensamiento en polaridades: entre la voluntad y la aisthesis 97 Jaime Francisco Troncoso Cerón Sobre lo bello y lo sublime: ideal estético e ideal moral en Schiller 109 Frederick Beiser (traducción de María del Rosario Acosta López) Un lamento Sobre la actualidad del pensamiento schilleriano 131 TERCERA PARTE Traducciones 153 Presentación de los textos y notas a las traducciones 155 Friedrich schiller (traducción de Miguel Gualdrón) Sobre el fundamento del placer ante los objetos trágicos 163 Friedrich schiller (traducción de María del Rosario Acosta López) Sobre el arte trágico 181 Los autores 211 Índice de nombres 215 Índice de materias 219 Friedrich Schiller: estética y libertad Abreviaturas de las obras citadas* B [1781] [1943] Los bandidos BDC [1788] Briefe über Don Carlos [Cartas sobre Don Carlos] CEEH [1795] Cartas sobre la educación estética del hombre GD [1793] Sobre la gracia y la dignidad GT [1782] Über das Gegenwärtige teutsche Theater [Sobre el teatro alemán contemporáneo] HA Friedrich Schiller: Werke in Drei Bänden [Hanser Verlag] K [1793] Kallias o sobre la belleza NA Schillers Werke. Nationalausgabe [Böhlaus Verlag] PIS [1796] Sobre poesía ingenua y poesía sentimental PP [1779] Philosophie der Physiologie [Filosofía de la fisiología] SCT [1803] Sobre el uso del coro en la tragedia SP [1793] Sobre lo patético SR [1782] Die Räuber. Selbstbesprechung [Los bandidos. Autocrítica] SS [1795-1800] Sobre lo sublime TG [1780] Versuch über den Zusammenhang der Thierischen Natur des Menschen mit seiner Geistigen [Ensayo sobre la conexión entre la naturaleza animal y la naturaleza espiritual del hombre] TJ [1786] Philosophische Briefe. Teosophie des Julius [Cartas filosóficas. Teosofía de Julius] VR [1781] Die Räuber. Vorrede zur ersten Auflage [Los bandidos. Prefacio a la primera edición] WS [1 7 8 5] Was kann eine gute stehende Schaubühne eigentlich wirken? [¿Cuáles son realmente los efectos de una buena puesta en escena?] * Véase la información bibliográfica completa al final de cada artículo. 11 Presentación En sus conversaciones con Eckermann, Goethe decía que la idea reinante en toda la obra schilleriana, desde sus tragedias hasta sus escritos filosóficos, había sido la de la libertad. En efecto, puede afirmarse que toda la obra poética y filosófica de Schiller no fue más que un siempre renovado intento por responder al problema de las posibles relaciones entre la experiencia estética, ligada a la puesta en escena dramática, y la instauración en el mundo de la libertad humana. Sería esta búsqueda, precisamente, la que caracterizaría los dilemas de sus más conocidos personajes trágicos: Karl Moor, Don Carlos, Wallenstein, Juana de Arco o Guillermo Tell. Sería este anhelo, también, lo que lo cautivaría de la filosofía de Kant, cuya Crítica del juicio leería bajo la mirada de quien encuentra por fin, para el arte, una justificación a la luz de la experiencia estética como experiencia de libertad, de juego, de apertura a la contingencia de la naturaleza. Sería este impulso, finalmente, el que lo llevaría a escribir sus más importantes ensayos filosóficos, en los que la belleza y lo sublime se convierten en los puntos de partida para una profunda reflexión antropológica sobre las condiciones para desplegar en el mundo todas las posibilidades de una vida plenamente humana, en medio de, y gracias precisamente a, aquella lucha incesante y a aquellas armonías disonantes características de la compleja y trágica naturaleza del hombre. Los textos que componen la presente compilación giran en torno a este objetivo último de las reflexiones de Schiller: las relaciones entre 13 María del Rosario Acosta López estética, arte y libertad. En la primera parte, «Los dramas de Schiller: la filosofía en la tragedia», la riqueza filosófica de los dramas schillerianos está estrechamente ligada a la exploración de las complejidades, profundidades y ambivalencias de la búsqueda humana por la libertad. La libertad se presenta aquí en todas sus posibles facetas: desde aquello majestuoso que, como salida de la ingenuidad y paso por el abismo, corre el peligro de erigirse en destino trágico ineludible, tal y como se muestra en el primer artículo de esta compilación, dedicada a un análisis de la primera obra dramática schilleriana, Los bandidos, hasta aquella poderosa fuerza que puede mover a todo un pueblo a realizar grandes hazañas, pero que corre el riesgo de convertirse —nos advierte Schiller con una lucidez que aún hoy sería pertinente recordar— en un fanatismo que roza lo inhumano. Así nos presenta José Luis Villacañas a esa Juana de Arco de La doncella de Orléans, cuyo corazón helado, cuya búsqueda de aquella cara violenta de la libertad como omnipotencia, termina conduciéndola al fracaso necesario de su acción: erigirse por encima de lo humano es negar, con ello, toda posibilidad de realización de la libertad. Por el otro lado, y de la mano esta vez de los peligros que entraña una concepción de la libertad como ideal, el análisis de Villacañas de La novia de Mesina presenta a un Schiller consciente de la discordia como condición de posibilidad de toda identidad, del reconocimiento de lo real como aquella alteridad con la que es necesario mantener un diálogo permanente si se quiere asumir la inevitable tragedia de la libertad verdaderamente humana. En la segunda parte, «Los ensayos filosóficos: la libertad en la experiencia estética», se expone, como complemento a la riqueza que ya entrañan las reflexiones poéticas de Schiller, toda la profundidad de su propuesta filosófica madura, la cual, en un progresivo aprendizaje, asimilación y contrapunto de la filosofía kantiana, termina por erigirse en una respuesta alternativa a la problemática típicamente moderna- antropológica de la libertad. Así es como Ezra Heymann se propone mostrarnos a un Schiller que, como discípulo de Kant, termina influyendo de manera definitiva sobre su maestro con su propuesta de una libertad estética. También Frederick Beiser señalará la riqueza que entraña aquella confrontación de Schiller con Kant, que ha sido ignorada, o al menos malinterpretada y desechada injustificadamente por la historia de 14 Presentación la filosofía en el último siglo. En este mismo sentido, el análisis detallado que lleva a cabo Jaime Troncoso de la relación entre lo bello, lo sublime, y una propuesta de filosofía práctica en las Cartas sobre la educación estética del hombre, comprende las reflexiones estéticas de Schiller a la luz de un interés por estudiar tanto las condiciones como las metas de esa situación histórica y antropológica que nos conduce a una incesante búsqueda de una libertad que se realiza una y otra vez en el mundo. Los textos aquí reunidos, a excepción del texto de Beiser, fueron presentados en su primera versión en el Encuentro Internacional sobre Schiller, organizado a finales de 2006, en conmemoración de los 200 años de la muerte de Schiller, por el Departamento de Filosofía de la Universidad Nacional de Colombia. Aprovecho para agradecer a todas las personas que hicieron posible dicho encuentro, en especial al director del Departamento en aquellos momentos, el profesor Porfirio Ruiz, y a Paola Rodríguez, de la oficina de extensión. Agradezco también a todos los autores, tanto aquellos que participaron en el evento, como a Frederick Beiser, quien muy generosamente permitió la traducción y la publicación de su artículo. Finalmente, agradezco a Juanita Maldonado, quien me ayudó con las labores de edición de la compilación, y a Leonardo Escobar, quien llevó a cabo cuidadosamente todo el trabajo de corrección e indexación. El objetivo del evento, así como el del libro que hoy sale a la luz, es
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