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Latvian–Finnish Economic Relations 1918–19401
71 https://doi.org/10.22364/hssl.28.1.05 LATVIAN–FINNISH ECONOMIC RELATIONS 1918–19401 Viesturs Pauls Karnups Dr. oec. Abstract This article provides an overview of Latvian-Finnish economic relations in the interwar period. In the interwar period, economic relations between Latvia and Finland were mainly confined to foreign trade, although there were some investments in Latvia from Finland as well. Latvia declared its independence in 1918, however normal trade with Finland did not commence until 1920 after the end of the Latvian War of Independence. It ended with the outbreak of the Winter War in 1939. Latvia’s foreign trade in relation to Finland was more or less regulated by the 1924 Commercial and Navigation treaty, as well as the 1936 Commercial Agreement. Latvia’s main imports from Finland in the interwar period were textiles and textile products, metals and metal products, cellulose, paper and paper products, agricultural machinery, and knives and knife products, whilst Latvia’s main exports to Finland were rubber products, gypsum, bone meal, paint and paint products, seeds, radios and linoleum. In general, trade and thus economic relations were of marginal significance to both countries in the interwar period due mainly to the similarities of their economic structures. On the other hand, Latvia had fairly intensive relations with Finland in the political, social and cultural spheres. This was mainly due to the fact of geographic propinquity, and Finland’s special relationship to Estonia, which was Latvia’s neighbour and closest ally. Keywords: Latvia, Finland, economic relations, interwar period Introduction Although Latvians had had sporadic contact with the Finns in previous centuries, especially after Finland was annexed to the Tsarist Empire, it was in the aftermath of the 1905 revolution and during WWI that a large number of Latvian intelligentsia (writers, public figures, etc.) found refuge in Finland.2 After WWI and into the 1920s, Finland was regarded as a Baltic State along with Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania and to a lesser extent Poland. -
Hungarologische Beiträge 18, 2006
HUNGAROLOGISCHE BEITRÄGE 18 BRIDGE BUILDING AND POLITICAL CULTURES Political Cultures in Urho Kekkonen’s Finland and János Kádár’s Hungary Heino NYYSSÖNEN 1 Introduction Comparing Finland and Hungary is a fruitful task despite the ap- parent historical differences: after the Second World War the for- mer remained a democracy whilst the latter became a dictatorship. Also their relation to their greatest and most powerful neighbour, Soviet Union, seems to be different. Hungary belonged to the same military pact as the Soviet Union, but Finland’s foreign pol- icy was based on the idea of neutrality. However, the difference between the most eastern country of the West and the most west- ern country of the East is not that evident. According to an old standpoint Finns and Hungarians are re- latives and with special relationship. We can, however, doubt that the structural similarities in language and common roots 6,000 years ago hardly make sense, when we study recent po- litical culture. Rather than ‘kinship’ the concept of national in- terest gained a more important role in mutual co-operation af- ter 1945. Nevertheless, maintaining the old idea of a relation- ship, defined as ‘scientific truth’, made communication easier between these two nations. Already in the end of the 1960s Hungary had most connections with Finland among capitalist countries. In Europe Finland became a forerunner also in the 1970s, when visa between the two countries was abolished. The purpose of this article is to compare political cultures in Finland and Hungary during the Urho Kekkonen and János Kádár era. The critical question is, what kind of results we can get, 13 HEINO NYYSSÖNEN when we compare these two countries to each other and not to their ‘traditional’ frames i.e. -
The Managerial Cube
ARTIKKELIT• RAIMO NURMI 269 The managerial cube Raimo Nurmi tinuum (see e.g. Nurmi, 1994, for another con ABSTRACT ceptualization of the relation between the two concepts). Many management textbooks argue that top The article introduces a manageria! cube thai management is in charge of the strategy and it consists of three continua: The first is management delegates the operations to the middle manage vs. leadership, the second strategic vs. op�rative, the third responsibility vs. power. The Pres1dents of ment and operative personnel. ln fact, top man Finland are reviewed and classified by means of the agement tends to be loaded with much opera cube. Admittedly, the interpretations remain tive routine (Mintzberg, 1973), and, strategies debatable. Nonetheless, it is argued thai the cube often emerge from middle management or even has potential for further conceptual refi�ement, empirical measurement and use as an mstrument for from the operative personnel (Viitanen, 1993). AII management development. manageria! tasks have, accordingly, strategic and operative qualities. Strategic qualities purport making the organization fit with its environment, and they include managing and leading chang Key words: Management, leadership, strategy, operations, responsibility, power. es, transitions and transformations. Operative qualities mean to implement the given strategy - or, in fact, sometimes even working without a strategy. ln this article, the two concepts are seen to make up a continuum. 1. INTRODUCTION Responsibility vs. power is regarded in this article as the third manageria! continuum. Re Management and leadership are established sponsibility refers to manageria! behaviour to concepts in literature. Management as a "coun maintain or improve the position of the organiza terpoint" of leadership refers to manageria! work tion even at the cost of the manager - the cost process: e.g., the functions of management (like may be stress, unpleasant decisions, bad pub planning, coordinating, controlling, etc.) have licity and other persona! problems. -
Soldiering and the Making of Finnish Manhood
Soldiering and the Making of Finnish Manhood Conscription and Masculinity in Interwar Finland, 1918–1939 ANDERS AHLBÄCK Doctoral Thesis in General History ÅBO AKADEMI UNIVERSITY 2010 © Anders Ahlbäck Author’s address: History Dept. of Åbo Akademi University Fabriksgatan 2 FIN-20500 Åbo Finland e-mail: [email protected] ISBN 978-952-12-2508-6 (paperback) ISBN 978-952-12-2509-3 (pdf) Printed by Uniprint, Turku Table of Contents Acknowledgements v 1 Introduction 1 1.1 Images and experiences of conscripted soldiering 1 1.2 Topics in earlier research: The militarisation of modern masculinity 8 1.3 Theory and method: Conscription as a contested arena of masculinity 26 1.4 Demarcation: Soldiering and citizenship as homosocial enactments 39 2 The politics of conscription 48 2.1 Military debate on the verge of a revolution 52 2.2 The Civil War and the creation of the “White Army” 62 2.3 The militiaman challenging the cadre army soldier 72 2.4 From public indignation to closing ranks around the army 87 2.5 Conclusion: Reluctant militarisation 96 3 War heroes as war teachers 100 3.1 The narrative construction of the Jägers as war heroes 102 3.2 Absent women and distant domesticity 116 3.3 Heroic officers and their counter-images 118 3.4 Forgetfulness in the hero myth 124 3.5 The Jäger officers as military educators 127 3.6 Conclusion: The uses of war heroes 139 4 Educating the citizen-soldier 146 4.1 Civic education and the Suomen Sotilas magazine 147 4.2 The man-soldier-citizen amalgamation 154 4.3 History, forefathers and the spirit of sacrifice -
Presidential Elections 2018
Elections 2018 Presidential elections 2018 First election, preliminary information Sauli Niinistö was elected President in the first election in 2018 In the first election for the President, Sauli Niinistö received the majority of the votes cast and was elected the President of the Republic of Finland. The candidate of a constituency association, the incumbent president Niinistö received slightly over 1,874,000 votes in the election, that is, 62.7 per cent of all votes cast. Pekka Haavisto, the candidate of the Green League, received the second most votes (nearly 371,000). Haavisto’s share of votes cast was 12.4 per cent. The difference between the two candidates with most votes cast was thus around 1,500,000 votes and 50.3 percentage points. Helsinki 30.1.2018 Quoting is encouraged provided Statistics Finland is acknowledged as the source. Support for the presidential candidates in the Presidential election 2018, first election, and support for the corresponding party in the Presidential election 2012 and the Municipal elections 2017, % Sauli Niinistö/constituency association B (corresponding party KOK), Paavo Väyrynen/constituency association A (corresponding party KESK) Niinistö’s share of votes cast was 25.7 percentage points higher than in the first round of the Presidential election in 2012. The support for Niinistö was 42 percentage points greater than the support for the Coalition Party used as his corresponding party in the Municipal elections 2017. In turn, Haavisto's share of votes cast was 6.4 percentage points lower than in the 2012 Presidential election. However, Haavisto's share of votes was almost the same (only 0.1 percentage points lower) as the share of votes cast for the Green League in the Municipal elections 2017. -
Suomen Ritarikunnat 100 Vuotta
SUOMEN RITARIKUNNAT 100 VUOTTA SUOMEN RITARIKUNNAT SUOMEN RITARIKUNNAT 100 VUOTTA FINLANDS ORDNAR 100 ÅR FINNISH ORDERS OF MERIT: 100 YEARS FINNISH ORDERS OF MERIT: 100 YEARS FINNISH ORDERS OF MERIT: ORDNAR 100 ÅR FINLANDS NÄYTTELY KANSALLISARKISTOSSA 4.12.2018–20.12.2019 UTSTÄLLNING I RIKSARKIVET EXHIBITION AT THE NATIONAL ARCHIVES SUOMEN RITARIKUNNAT 100 VUOTTA FINLANDS ORDNAR 100 ÅR FINNISH ORDERS OF MERIT: 100 YEARS SUOMEN RITARIKUNNAT 100 VUOTTA FINLANDS ORDNAR 100 ÅR FINNISH ORDERS OF MERIT: 100 YEARS SUOMEN RITARIKUNNAT 100 VUOTTA NÄYTTELY KANSALLISARKISTOSSA 4.12.2018–20.12.2019 FINLANDS ORDNAR 100 ÅR UTSTÄLLNING I RIKSARKIVET 4.12.2018–20.12.2019 FINNISH ORDERS OF MERIT: 100 YEARS EXHIBITION AT THE NATIONAL ARCHIVES 4 DECEMBER 2018–20 DECEMBER 2019 HELSINKI - HELSINGFORS Kuraattori / Kurator / Curator: PhD Antti Matikkala Ohjausryhmä / Styrgrupp / Steering Group: Pääjohtaja / Generaldirektör /Director General Jussi Nuorteva, puheenjohtaja / ordförande / Chair Kenraaliluutnantti / Generallöjtnant / Lieutenant General Olavi Jäppilä Kontra-amiraali / Konteramiral / Rear Admiral Antero Karumaa Tutkimusjohtaja / Forskningsdirektör / Research Director Päivi Happonen, sihteeri /sekreterare / Secretary Näyttelytyöryhmä / Arbetsgrupp för utställningen / Working Group for the Exhibition: Tutkimusjohtaja Päivi Happonen, puheenjohtaja / ordförande / Chair PhD Antti Matikkala Sisällöntuottaja / Innehållsproducent / Content Producer Wilhelm Brummer Kultaseppämestari / Guldsmedmästare / Master Goldsmith Tuomas Hyrsky Kehittämispäällikkö / Utvecklingschef -
H.E. Harri Holkeri, President
United Nations Nations Unies T HE PRESIDENT OF THE GEN ERAL ASSEMBLY LE PRESIDENT DE L’AS SEMBLEE GENERALE Biography of Mr. Harri Holkeri, President of the 55th Session of the General Assembly Mr. Harri Holkeri, the President of the fifty-fifth session of the United Nations General Assembly—the Millennium Assembly—brings to the post a wealth of political experience, as well as a reputation as a skilled mediator and consensus builder. He was Finland's Prime Minister from 1987 to 1991, and for over four decades has served his country and the international community in several political and economic posts. The most renowned and prestigious conservative political figure in Finland over the last few decades, he served as Secretary of the National Coalition Party from 1965 to 1971 and as Party Leader from 1971 to 1979. From 1970 to 1978, he was a Member of the Parliament. He also served as a Member of the Board of Governors of the Bank of Finland (central bank) from 1978 to 1997. As Prime Minister, he headed a coalition formed by his party and the Social Democrats. Mr. Holkeri played a key role in developing the social consensus that led to the creation of the coalition government in power from 1987 to 1991, and of which he was Prime Minister. That government was based on cooperation between the Conservative and the Social Democratic parties—a cooperation that extended to international affairs as well. His political philosophy— “You cannot make easy decisions unless you first commit yourself to hard solutions”—has guided his political life. -
Lauri Kristian Relanderin Elämäkerta
»Kansanvaltaisesti hallitussa maassa ei valtionpäämiehen sovi vetäytyä jonkunmoiseen valtataistelujen juhlalliseen eristäytyneisyyteen linnan muurien sisälle. Mitä enemmän hän liikkuu kansan keskellä nuoressa nisonen © pertti parissa, sitä parempi. Henkilökohtaisessa erkki vasara seurustelussa hän oppii tuntemaan kansan ja tasavallassa kansa hänet. Esittely ei silloin jää kummaltakaan puolen yksinomaan sanomalehtikirjoitusten ja lauri kristian relander (1883–1942) oli aikansa poliittinen komeetta: raskailta kuulopuheiden varaan.» alle kolmikymppisenä kansanedustajaksi, sitten Viipurin läänin maaherraksi ja tuntuivat (lauri kristian relanderin muistelmien 41-vuotiaana tasavallan presidentiksi vuonna 1925. käsikirjoituksesta) askeleet Jo ennen yllätyksellistä vaalia hänen omassa puolueessaan, maalaisliitossa, »Voiko kukaan valtiolliseen elämään perehtynyt taisteltiin vallasta. Relanderin vastavoimana oli Kyösti Kallio, eivätkä miesten erkki vasara ja lisäksi rehellinen kansalainen hyvällä välit myöhemminkään lämmenneet. Lauri Kristian omallatunnolla väittää, että Suomessa kansa Itsenäisen Suomen varhaisvuodet olivat kiihkeiden kamppailujen valitsee valtiolliset luottamushenkilönsä t.s. ja kansanliikkeiden aikaa: vasemmisto nosti päätään, äärioikeistosta Relanderin raskailta että kansantahto ratkaisee presidentti- ja tuli mahtitekijä, ruotsinkieliset vaativat oikeuksiaan. Ulkopolitiikassa Valtiotieteiden tohtori erkki vasara eduskuntavaalien tulokset. Tuskin. Koko haasteellisimpia olivat kitkaiset idänsuhteet, mutta valtiovierailuilla ja -
Sunell Pro Gradu Liitteineen
View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Helsingin yliopiston digitaalinen arkisto MITEN SUOMEN YKSITYINEN METSÄTEOLLISUUS HANKKI LÄNSIMAISEN YDINVOIMALAN Tutkimus taloudellisesta ja poliittisesta vallankäytöstä 1970-luvulla Milka Markus Sunell Helsingin yliopisto Yhteiskuntahistorian laitos Pro gradu -tutkimus Huhtikuu 2001 1 SISÄLLYS 1 JOHDANTO......................................................................................................................3 1.1 METSÄTEOLLISUUS SUOMALAISENA TUTKIMUSKOHTEENA ...............................................5 1.1.1 Sähkö ja kaksi teollisuutta......................................................................................8 1.2 VALLANKÄYTÖN INSTITUTIONAALISET RAJAT................................................................11 1.2.1 Kapitalisti ja sääntelijä........................................................................................12 1.3 PÄÄOMA, POLTTOAINE JA MUUT YDINONGELMAT...........................................................15 2 KILPAILU ATOMISÄHKÖSTÄ..................................................................................22 2.1 ATOMISEKAYHTIÖN KARIUTUMINEN ..............................................................................24 2.2 IMATRAN VOIMA JA NEUVOSTOLIITTO VOITTIVAT..........................................................29 2.2.1 Tarjoukset, joita ei näytetty..................................................................................33 2.2.2 Voimala, jota ei tilattu..........................................................................................36 -
FSD2356 Finnish EU Attitudes 2007 Codebook
FSD2356 Finnish EU Attitudes 2007 Codebook FINNISH SOCIAL SCIENCE DATA ARCHIVE The bibliographic citation for this codebook: Finnish EU Attitudes 2007 [codebook]. Finnish Social Science Data Archive [producer and distributor], 2018. This codebook has been generated from the version 2.0 (13.7.2018) of the data. Finnish Social Science Data Archive FIN-33014 University of Tampere FSD User Services: asiakaspalvelu.fsd@uta.fi +358 40 190 1442 Aila Data Service Portal: https://services.fsd.uta.fi/ Finnish Social Science Data Archive http://www.fsd.uta.fi/en/ $ Koodikirjoitin.py v36 @ 2018-07-23 13:46:47.025000 $ To the reader This codebook is part of the data FSD2356 archived at the FSD (Finnish Social Science Data Archive).The dataset has been described in as much detail as possible in Finnish and English. Variable frequencies, variable and value labels, and missing values have been checked. If neces- sary, the data have been anonymised. The data and its creators shall be cited in all publications and presentations for which the data have been used. The bibliographic citation may be in the form suggested by the archive or in the form required by the publication. The bibliographic citation suggested by the archive: Finnish Business and Policy Forum EVA & Yhdyskuntatutkimus: Finnish EU Atti- tudes 2007 [dataset]. Version 2.0 (2018-07-13). Finnish Social Science Data Archive [distributor]. http://urn.fi/urn:nbn:fi:fsd:T-FSD2356 The user shall notify the archive of all publications where she or he has used the data. The original data creators and the archive bear no responsibility for any results or interpretations arising from the reuse of the data. -
Presidenttien Elämäkertatyöryhmän Mietintö
Presidenttien elämäkertatyöryhmän mietintö Valtioneuvoston kanslian raporttisarja 5/2008 Presidenttien elämäkertatyöryhmän mietintö Valtioneuvoston kanslian raporttisarja 5/2008 Julkaisija KUVAILULEHTI VALTIONEUVOSTON KANSLIA 30.6.2008 Tekijät Presidenttien elämäkertatyöryhmä Julkaisun laji Toimeksiantaja Toimielimen asettamispäivä Raporttisarjan julkaisu Valtioneuvoston kanslia 16.1.2008 Julkaisun nimi Presidenttien elämäkertatyöryhmän mietintö Tiivistelmä Valtioneuvoston kanslian asettama presidenttien elämäkertatoimikunta on selvittänyt Suomen presidenttien elämäkerrallista historiantutkimustilannetta. Työryhmä on todennut nykyisen tutkimustilanteen olevan moninainen ja monilta osin puutteellinen. Työryhmä mietinnössään esittää, että osana Suomi 100 -juhlavuoden juhlistamista julkaistaisiin yhtenäinen elämäkertasarja presidenteistä Ståhlbergistä Koivistoon (9 osaa). Tutkimustyötä johtaisi pitkäjänteisesti sitoutunut ja tieteellisesti pätevä toimikunta, joka valitsisi elämäkertojen kirjoittajat ja hyväksyisi tutkimukset julkaistaviksi. Elämäkertojen kirjoittajiksi valittaisiin yksi kokenut tutkija elämäkertaa kohden, jolta edellytettäisiin tutkimuksessaan tarkkoja lähdeviittauksia ja primaariaineiston käyttöä. Teokset julkistettaisiin juhlavuoden alkupuolella vuonna 2017. Avainsanat Avainsanatelämäkerrat, presidentit, poliittinen historia, tutkimus Sarjan nimi ja numero Kieli Kokonaissivumäärä Valtioneuvoston kanslian raporttisarja 5/2008 Fi 26 ISBN (nid) ISBN (PDF) ISSN 978-952-5631-87-6 978-952-5631-88-3 - Kustantaja Painopaikka Valtioneuvoston -
Työväentutkimus 1(1987):2
TYÖVÄENTUTKIMUS 1(1987):2 Työväenliikkeen kirjasto Ammattiyhdistysarkisto Kansan Arkisto Työväen Arkisto SISÄLLYSLUETTELO Leena Saarinen IHMINEN HISTORIAN NÄYTTÄMÖLLÄ Erkki Tuomioja KUINKA TUOMIOJAN ERKKI K.H. WIIKIN LÖYSI Leena Saarinen HENKILÖHISTORIAT VUONNA 1986. MITÄ LÖYTYY HISTORIALLISESTA BIBLIOGRAFIASTA Maria Lähteenmäki LYYLI ROSA TAKKI - VALISTAJA Kirsti Salmi-Niklander PERHEDRAAMOJA JA SALAPOLIISITYÖTÄ HENKILÖARKISTOT TYÖVÄEN ARKISTOISSA Pekka Kalliokoski AMMATTI YHDISTYS ARKISTON YKSITYIS ARKISTOT Anna-Maija Nirhamo & Pirjo Kaihovaara KANSAN ARKISTON HENKILÖ ARKISTOT Esa Lahtinen & Maria Lähteenmäki HENKILÖARKISTOT TYÖVÄEN ARKISTOISSA TYÖVÄENLIIKKEEN KIRJASTON KUULUMISIA 2 IHMINEN HISTORIAN NÄYTTÄMÖLLÄ Työväentutkimusjulkaisun tämän numeron aiheena on henkilöhistoria, poliitti set muistelmat ja poliittinen elämäkerta. Eli ihminen historian näyttämöllä. Arkistot ovat laatineet luettelot henkilöarkistoistaan ja Työväenliikkeen kir jasto on poiminut vuoden 1986 Historiallisesta bibliografiasta henkilöhistoriat, poliittiset elämäkertatutkimukset ja artikkelit sekä teoksia koskevat arvoste lut jne. Erkki Tuomioja kertoo kuinka päätyi poliittiseen elämäkertatutkimukseen K.H. Wiikistä. Maria Lähteenmäki kirjoittaa Naiset Mukaan liikkeen vaikuttajasta Lyyli Rosa Takista. Kirsti Salmi-Niklander on sukeltanut Lydia Arppen arkis toon. Kolme kirjoitusta, kolme erilaista kuvausta ja alkua aiheeseen ihminen historian näyttämöllä. Loiko Napoleon aikakautensa vai aikakausi Napoleonin? Tätä miettii Päiviö Tommila Historiallisen aikakauskirjan