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Inflectional Suffixes in Standard See discussions, stats, and author profiles for this publication at: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/335716329 INFLECTIONAL SUFFIXES IN STANDARD ENGLISH AND KURDISH: A CONTRASTIVE STUDY IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF ARTS IN ENGLISH LANGUAGE AND LING.... Thesis · November 2008 CITATIONS READS 0 995 1 author: Khunaw Pirot University of Raparin 1 PUBLICATION 0 CITATIONS SEE PROFILE All content following this page was uploaded by Khunaw Pirot on 10 September 2019. The user has requested enhancement of the downloaded file. Kurdistan Regional Government Ministry of Higher Education and Scientific Research University of Koya College of Languages INFLECTIONAL SUFFIXES IN STANDARD ENGLISH AND KURDISH: A CONTRASTIVE STUDY A THESIS SUBMITTED TO THE COUNCIL OF THE COLLEGE OF LANGUAGES - UNIVERSITY OF KOYA IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF ARTS IN ENGLISH LANGUAGE AND LINGUISTICS BY KHUNAW SULAYMAN PIROT SUPERVISED BY ASSISTANT PROFESSOR OMRAN MOOSA MAHOOD (Ph.D.) 1429 (Hijri) 2008 2708 (Kurdish) I certify that this thesis was prepared under my supervision at the University of Koya as a partial requirement for the degree of Master of Arts in English Language and Linguistics. Signature: Supervisor: Asst. Prof. Dr. Omran Moosa Mahood Date: / / 2008 In view of the available recommendations, I forward this thesis for debate by the Examining Committee. Signature: Name: Dr. Hoshang Farooq Jawad Head of English Department College of Languages University of Koya Date: / / 2008 II We certify that we have read this thesis as an examining committee, examined the student in its content and that in our opinion it is adequate with……………………….as a thesis for the degree of Master of Arts in ENGLISH LANGUAGE AND LINGUISTICS. Signature Signature Name: Asst. Prof. Khalil Ismael Rajia Name: Asst.Prof.Omran Moosa Mahood Member Member Signature Signature Name: Dr. Hoshang Farooq Jawad Name: Prof. Muhammad Ma'ruf Fattah Member Chairman Date: / / 2008 Approved by the council of the college of Languages Signature: Name: Dr. Goran Salahaddin Shukir Dean of the College of Languages Date: / / 2008 III TO: My lovable parents, My dear brothers and sisters, My lovely nieces, and My relatives Sa'dat and Shukrya IV ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS A word of gratitude goes to the Kurdistan Regional Government, Koya University, the College of Languages and the English Department. I owe a particular debt of gratitude to my supervisor Assistant Professor Dr. Omran Moosa Mahood for his constant help, suggestions, instructive guidance and detailed advice during the writing of this thesis. I am indebted to Professor Dr. Majid Al-Mashta, Professor Dr. Muhammad Ma'ruf Fattah and Professor Dr. Waria Omar Amin for their help and valuable remarks. Many great thanks are due to the Dean of the College of Human Sciences in Rania, Dr. Ja'far A. Rassul, for his support and encouragement. Many thanks are due to Dr. Hoshang F. Jawad, the head of the Department of English of our College, Mr. Hussein Ghazi, the Dean of the College of Languages in Qaladiza, and Mr. Othman Mahmud who provided me with valuable references. My thanks are due to all the members of the teaching staff of the Institute of Computer in Rania and my cousins Muhammad R. Pirot and Jamal K. Pirot. Furthermore, I appreciate the help of my colleague Mr. Muhammad Q. Saeed. Finally, I am indebted to my dear parents, my sisters and my brothers for their sincere help and patience in the course of my study. V Key to Abbreviations and Notations Adj(s) Adjectives Aff(s) Affixes Agr Agreement Cl(s) Clitic(s) Com Comparative Cop Copula D Demonstrative Def Definite DO Direct object DR Derivation Fem Feminine IC(s) Inflectional Categories Ind Indicative Indef Indefinite INF Inflection Int Intransitive IO Indirect object IS(s) Inflectional Suffix(es) Izf Izafa Masc Masculine N Noun Neg Negative P Past Pass Passive Pl Plural PN Person Poss Possessive PP Past participle VI Pr Present Pref Prefix Prg Progressive Prp Present participle Psp Person singular present Sff(s) Suffix(es) Sg Singular Sub Subject Subj Subjunctive Sup Superlative T Transitive V(s) Verb(s) * ungrammatical / unacceptable { } morpheme indicator + plus → becomes ~ becomes/alternates / / Phonemic sign = is / becomes ' Primary stress - morpheme separator VII Key to Kurdish Phonemic Symbols 1) Consonants / p / is a voiceless bilabial stop as in pāk 'clean' / b / is a voiced bilabial stop as in bariz 'high' / t / is a voiceless dental stop as in trê 'grape' / d / is a voiced dental stop as in dast 'hand' / k / is a voiceless velar stop as in kirās 'dress' / g / is a voiced velar stop as in gîyā 'grass' / f / is a voiceless labio-dental fricative as in daf 'drum' / v / is a voiced laboi-dental fricative as in mirov 'human' / s / is a voiceless alveo-dental fricative as in sārd 'cold' / z / is a voiced alveo-dental fricative as in zû 'early' / š / is a voiceless alveo-palatal fricative as in šār 'city' / ž / is a voiced alveo-palatal fricative as in žûr 'room' / ç / is a voiceless alveo-palatal affricate as in çāw 'eye' / c / is a voiced alveo-palatal affricate as in cîhān 'world' / m / is a voiced bilabial nasal as in mirdin 'death' / n / is a voiced dental nasal as in narim 'soft' / ŋ / is a voiced velar nasal as in daŋ 'sound' / h / is a voiceless glottal fricative as in bahār 'spring' / ĥ / is a voiceless pharyngeal fricative as in ĥafta 'week' / I / is a voiceless velarized lateral as in balam 'boat' / Î / is a voiced dental lateral as in baÎê 'yes' / r / is a voiced alveolar flap as in bārān 'rain' / ř / is a voiced alveolar trill as in diřik 'thorn' / x / is a voiceless velar fricative as in xêzān 'family' / x / is a voiced velar fricative as in xambār 'sad' / q / is a voiceless uvular stop as in qāz 'goose' / y / is a palato-alveolar glide as in yār 'lover' / w / is a labiovelar rounded glide as in wûrd 'accurate' VIII 2) Vowels / a / low central unrounded, short vowel as in sar 'head' / ā / low central unrounded, long vowel as in řāw 'hunting' / ê / mid very close front unrounded long vowel as in pê 'foot' / i / high close front unroundd short vowel as in mil 'neck' / î / high close front unrounded long vowel as in sî 'thirty' / u / high open back rounded short vowel as in kuř 'boy' / û / high close back rounded long vowel as in sûr 'red' /o / mid open back rounded short vowel as in mor 'purple' IX List of Tables Titles Tables Page The Relation between Affixes and Clitics 10 Table 1 Table 2 Spanish Verbal Inflections for Person and Number 32 Table 3 Common Inflectional Categories 32 Table 4 The Inflectional Suffixes in English 35 Table 5 The Verb Paradigm in English 51 Table 6 The Pronominal Clitics in Kurdish 86 X List of Diagrams Diagrams Titles Page The Identification of Affixes in English Diagram 1 6 Cumulation in Inflectional Suffixes{-S3} Diagram 2 54 Diagram 3 The Allomorphs of the Definite Suffix {-aka} 71 Diagram 4 The Allomorphs of the Indefinite Suffix{-êk} 77 Diagram 5 The Formation of the Passive Inflection 99 Diagram 6 Cumulation of the Passive Inflection {-r} 100 XI ABSTRACT The present study is an attempt to deal with inflections. Affixes differ in their position and function. Two fundamentally different functional categories of affixes are distinguished: derivational affixes and inflectional affixes. Inflection can be defined as the modification in the form of a word typically by adding prefixes and suffixes in a systematic way to yield a new word which reflects grammatically conditioned information such as number, gender, tense, mood etc. These grammatical relationships are obligatory for the word class depending on a particular grammatical context. The affixed nature of inflection is characterized by being regular and fully productive. The inflectional affixes are characterized by stability in meaning and are never category changing. The major syntactic categories that are marked by inflections are nouns, verbs, adjectives and adverbs. One of the aims of the study is to assess the various aspects of inflectional suffixes in Standard English and Central Kurdish with respect to their morphological forms, meanings, phonological and grammatical aspects by investigating the role of inflection when attached to a stem. It is generally assumed that the inflectional suffixes are closing suffixes in English i.e. they are the last suffix of any type in the word. The current study falls into five chapters: Chapter one introduces the problem to be tackled, the aims, the hypotheses, the procedures, limits of the study, and the value of the study. Chapter two explains some basic concepts in inflectional morphology. The section of affixes comprises definition of affixes, and types of affixes according to position and function. A section is devoted to criteria for distinguishing between clitics and affixes. The last sections demonstrate the syntactic, semantic and formal differences between inflectional affixes and derivational affixes, definition of inflection, inflection and syntax, and inflectional categories for nouns, verbs and adjectives. XII Chapter three is primarily devoted to the inflectional suffixes in Standard English. It comprises noun inflections, verb inflections, adjective inflections, adverb inflections, and suffixal homophones. It also presents the morphological form, meaning, phonological aspect and grammatical aspect of each inflectional suffix. Chapter four is concerned with the inflectional suffixes in Central Kurdish. It includes noun inflections, verb inflections, adjective inflections, adverb inflections, miscellaneous and suffixal homophones. It also presents the morphological form, meaning, phonological aspect and grammatical aspect of each inflectional suffix. Chapter five presents a contrastive analysis of inflectional suffixes in both Standard English and Central Kurdish. It involves points of similarity and difference in noun inflections, verb inflections, adjective inflections, and adverb inflections between the languages contrasted.
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