DOCSLIB.ORG

Between Majority Power and Minority Resistance: Kurdish Linguistic Rights in Turkey

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text

Load more

BETWEEN MAJORITY POWER AND MINORITY RESISTANCE: KURDISH LINGUISTIC RIGHTS IN TURKEY Between Majority Power and Minority Resistance: Kurdish Linguistic Rights in Turkey Nesrin Uçarlar Lund Political Studies Department of Political Science Lund University Typesetting: Ilgot Liljedahl Printed by Media-Tryck, Lund University, Lund, Sweden 2009 Coverpicture: Özlem Akgündüz ©Nesrin U∏arlar 2009 ISBN – 10: 91-88306-76-3 ISBN – 13: 978-91-88306-76-0 Lund Political Studies 157 ISSN 0460-0037 Distribution: Department of Political Science, Lund University, Sweden http://www.svet.lu.se/lps/lps.html Contents Acknowledgements 7 Acronyms 9 c h a p t e r o n e Introductory Words 13 Aims of the Study 14 Deconstructing Binary Oppositions: Minority and Majority 18 Post-Structural Understanding of Power and Resistance 22 The Art of Hearing 24 c h a p t e r t w o Linguistic Minorities in Majority Languages 31 ‘Language’ of Nationalist Discourse 32 Deconstruction and Justice 40 The Violence of Law 46 Individual and Community 49 Community Reconceptualised 52 Public and Private Spheres 55 Spheres Connected 58 Injustice Deconstructed 61 chapter thre e Linguistic Rights in Inter-State Affairs 63 League of Nations 64 International and European Organisations 68 United Nations 69 Council of Europe 72 Organisation for Security and Cooperation in Europe 75 European Union 78 Linguistic Rights as a Non-State Affairs 87 The Fallacy of Law 94 chapter fou r Kurdish Language as a Reproof of Turkish Nationalism 97 Nationalist History Writing 98 The Rule of the Ottoman Empire 101 State-Building in Turkey 111 The Modernisation Project of Turkey 117 Nationalism as Statecraft 125 chapter fiv e Dilemma of Being Kurdish in the Political Life of Turkey 127 Democratisation in Turkey 128 Kurdish Political Parties 135 Turkey’s EU Expedition 142 ‘Kurdish’ Perceptions of the EU 153 EU as a Quest for Recognition 163 c h a p t e r s i x Power and Resistance 165 Conceptions of Power 166 Scenes of Resistance 169 Emancipatory Politics 174 Diaspora as Trans-nationality 179 Language and Trans-national Identity 184 Trans-national Resistance 188 chapter seve n Kurdish Language: Power or Resistance? 191 Kurdish Intelligentsia in the European Diaspora 192 The Status Planning for the Kurdish Language as a Struggle for Power 198 Political and Cultural Connotations of Linguistic Rights 209 The PKK Movement: A Case of Pragmatism of Language 214 Zazaki Movement: A Case of Linguistic Nationalism 219 The Kurdish Intelligentsia in Turkey 224 Kurdish: Language of Power and Resistance 237 chapter eigh t Kurdish Intelligentsia in the European Diaspora: Trans-nationality? 239 A Trans-national Kurdish Intelligentsia? 240 Language and Identity: Kurdishness for Diaspora 248 ‘Kurdish’ Approaches in the European Diaspora 255 Nationalist Approach 256 Cultural Approach 258 Trans-national Approach 261 Kurdish Language as a Site of Struggle 264 chapter nin e Concluding Remarks 267 Deconstructive Movement 268 Transformative Resistance 272 Trans-national Outlook 274 References 279 Acknowledgements This study owes much to all the people who have provided generous sup- port and assistance to me over the last five years. My greatest gratitude goes to Professor Bo Petersson for his meticulous supervision of this PhD dissertation and for the trans-national intellectual solidarity he showed for me in numerous ways. I am extremely grateful to the invaluable guidance of Professor Günay Göksu Özdo»an, who co-supervised this study and helped to keep my courage and enthusiasm alive. I would like to express my thanks to Professor Füsun Üstel, who contributed significantly to this study with her remarks and criticisms. I am thankful to my colleagues in the Department of Political Science at Lund University. My sincerest thanks go to Sara Kalm and Mia Olsson for their vital criticisms from which I benefited enormously. I am grate- ful to Dalia Mukhtar-Landgren, who provided great help by reading and discussing drafts of the manuscript. My gratitude goes to Kerstin Frygner and Håkan Magnusson, my colleague, for their gracious hospitality, who turned their lovely home into my home-office during the last months of my stay in Lund. I am indebted to Kristine Goulding for her great effort in polishing up my English. Acknowledgement is also due to the Swedish Institute that granted me the scholarship funding for studies and research work between October 2005 and December 2006, and between February and November 2008, without which this dissertation would not have been possible. I am espe- cially grateful for the kind support of Ingmar Karlsson, ex-Consul General of Sweden in êstanbul, and ex-Vice Consul, Annika Svahnström. The interviews that I conducted with the prominent Kurdish intellec- tuals constituted one of the most important components of this study and the interviewees are worthy of special thanks for accepting my invitation to participate in such a work. I would also like to thank my colleagues in the Department of Political Science and International Relations at Yeditepe University. Ebru êlter Akarçay’s constant support and warm interest was priceless. My special thanks also go to Bilgen Sütçüo»lu and Mehtap Söyler, who never re- frained from providing their academic support and friendship. Being a member of Seyyar Sahne, I owe much to my friends, who share not only the stage but also their innovative ideas with me. The experimen- tal work on theatre that we conducted at Seyyar Sahne has always been a source of great insight for me. Many thanks are due to Mehmet Çetin for his inspiring love and encouraging support. He never failed to share with me his knowledge of life that books never tell. I want to express my grati- tude to my lifelong friend Özlem Akgündüz for her unrelenting love and everlasting compassion, which is embodied in the cover of this book as a piece of art. Last but not least, I am grateful to my mother and father, who granted me a wonderful brother and nurtured my sense of conscience and justice. Nesrin Uçarlar Lund, September 2009 Acronyms AKP Justice and Welfare Party (Adalet ve Kalkınma Partisi) CHF Republican People Party (Cumhuriyet Halk Fırkası) CoE Council of Europe DDKD Association of Revolutionary Democratic Culture (Devrimci Demokratik Kültür Derne»i) DDKOs Revolutionary Cultural Hearths of the East (Devrimci Do»u Kültür Ocakları) DEHAP Democratic People Party (Demokratik Halk Partisi) DEP Democracy Party (Demokrasi Partisi) DP Democratic Party (Demokrat Parti) DTP Democratic Society Party (Demokratik Toplum Partisi) DYP True Path Party (Do»ru Yol Partisi) EBLUL European Bureau for Lesser-Used Languages ECHR European Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms ECJ European Court of Justice ECtHR European Court of Human Rights EP European Parliament EU European Union HADEP People’s Democracy Party (Halkın Demokrasi Partisi) HAK-PAR Rights and Freedoms Party (Hak ve Özgürlükler Partisi) HCNM High Commissioner on National Minorities HEP People’s Labour Party (Halkın Emek Partisi) ICCPR International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights ICESCR International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights ILO International Labour Organization êTC Committee of Union and Progress (êttihat ve Terakki Cemiyeti) KADEP Participatory Democracy Party (Katılımcı Demokrasi Partisi) KAMER Center of Woman (Kadın Merkezi) KKTC Society for the Advancement of Kurdish Women (Kürt Kadınları Teali Cemiyeti) KNMD Association for the Dissemination of Kurdish Education (Kürt NeÍr-i Maarif Derne»i) KOMKAR The Union of Kurdistan Associations (Kürdistan Dernekler Birli»i) KON-KURD Confederation of Kurdish Associations in Europe (Avrupa Kürt Dernekleri Konfederasyonu) KTC Society for the Advancement of Kurdistan (Kürdistan Teali Cemiyeti) KTêC Society for Kurdish Social Organisation (Kürt TeÍkilat-ı êçtimaiye Cemiyeti) KTMNC Society for the Dissemination of Kurdish Education and Publication (Kürt Tamim-i Maarif ve NeÍriyat Cemiyeti) KTTC Kurdish Society for Mutual Aid and Progress (Kürd Teavün ve Terakki Cemiyeti) KTTG KTTC newspaper (Kürt Teavün ve Terakki Gazetesi) OSCE Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe PKK Workers’ Party of Kurdistan (Partîya Karkerên Kurdistan/ Kürdistan êÍçi Partisi) PSK/TKSP Party of Socialist Kurdistan (Partîya Sosyalîst a Kurdîstan/ Türkiye Kürdistanı Sosyalist Partisi) RTÜK Radio and Television Supreme Council (Radyo ve Televizyon Üst Kurulu) SHP Social Democratic People’s Party (Sosyal Demokrat Halkçı Parti) TCF Progressive Republican Party (Terakkiperver Cumhuriyet Fırkası) TD Turkish Society (Türk Derne»i) TDK Turkish Language Institution (Türk Dil Kurumu) TêP Worker’s Party of Turkey (Türkiye êÍçi Partisi) TKDP Democratic Party of Turkish Kurdistan (Türkiye Kürdistan Demokrat Partisi) T-KDP Democratic Party of Kurdistan in Turkey (Türkiye’de Kürdistan Demokrat Partisi) TKP Communist Party of Turkey (Türkiye Komünist Partisi) TRT Turkish Radio and Television Corporation (Türkiye Radyo ve Televizyon Kurumu) TTK Turkish Historical Society (Türk Tarih Kurumu) UN United Nations UNESCO United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization chapter one Introductory Words It is no coincidence that ‘the return of the political’ (Mouffe 1993) ac- companies the return of the ignored, degraded, oppressed and subjugated. The ‘political’ that has been returning corresponds to the struggles for re-accommodating the voices of various minorities. Members of cultures, languages, religions and sexes different from those of the majorities
Recommended publications
  • A COMPARATIVE STUDY of ENGLISH and KURDISH CONNECTIVES in NEWSPAPER OPINION ARTICLES Thesis Submitted for the Degree of Doctor

    A COMPARATIVE STUDY of ENGLISH and KURDISH CONNECTIVES in NEWSPAPER OPINION ARTICLES Thesis Submitted for the Degree of Doctor

    A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF ENGLISH AND KURDISH CONNECTIVES IN NEWSPAPER OPINION ARTICLES Thesis submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy at the University of Leicester by Rashwan Ramadan Salih BA, MA School of English University of Leicester 2014 A comparative study of English and Kurdish connectives in newspaper opinion articles Abstract This thesis is a comparative study that investigates English and Kurdish connectives which signal conjunctive relations in online newspaper opinion articles. This study utilises the Hallidayan framework of connectives in light of the principles of Relevance Theory established by Sperber and Wilson (1995). That is, connectives are considered in terms of their procedural meanings; i.e. the different interpretations they signal within different contexts, rather than their conceptual meanings. It finds that Halliday and Hasan’s (1976) classification of conjunctive relations and connectives needs to be modified, in order to lay out a clearer classification of English connectives that could account for their essential characteristics and properties. This modified classification would also help classify Kurdish connectives with greater accuracy. The comparison between connectives from both languages is examined through the use of translation techniques such as creating paradigms of correspondence between the equivalent connectives from both languages (Aijmer et al, 2006). Relevance Theoretic framework shows that any given text consists of two segments (S1 and S2), and these segments are constrained by different elements according to the four sub-categories of conjunctive relations. Different characteristics of connectives are considered in relation to the different subcategories of the Hallidayan framework of the conjunctive relations as follows: additive: the semantic content of the segments S1 and S2; adversative: the polysemy of the connectives; causal-conditional: iconicity in the order of the segments and temporal: the time scenes in the segments S1 and S2 The thesis comprises eight chapters.
  • Current Issues in Kurdish Linguistics Current Issues in Kurdish Linguistics 1 Bamberg Studies in Kurdish Linguistics Bamberg Studies in Kurdish Linguistics

    Current Issues in Kurdish Linguistics Current Issues in Kurdish Linguistics 1 Bamberg Studies in Kurdish Linguistics Bamberg Studies in Kurdish Linguistics

    Bamberg Studies in Kurdish Linguistics 1 Songül Gündoğdu, Ergin Öpengin, Geofrey Haig, Erik Anonby (eds.) Current issues in Kurdish linguistics Current issues in Kurdish linguistics 1 Bamberg Studies in Kurdish Linguistics Bamberg Studies in Kurdish Linguistics Series Editor: Geofrey Haig Editorial board: Erik Anonby, Ergin Öpengin, Ludwig Paul Volume 1 2019 Current issues in Kurdish linguistics Songül Gündoğdu, Ergin Öpengin, Geofrey Haig, Erik Anonby (eds.) 2019 Bibliographische Information der Deutschen Nationalbibliothek Die Deutsche Nationalbibliothek verzeichnet diese Publikation in der Deut schen Nationalbibliographie; detaillierte bibliographische Informationen sind im Internet über http://dnb.d-nb.de/ abrufbar. Diese Veröff entlichung wurde im Rahmen des Elite-Maststudiengangs „Kul- turwissenschaften des Vorderen Orients“ durch das Elitenetzwerk Bayern ge- fördert, einer Initiative des Bayerischen Staatsministeriums für Wissenschaft und Kunst. Die Verantwortung für den Inhalt dieser Veröff entlichung liegt bei den Auto- rinnen und Autoren. Dieses Werk ist als freie Onlineversion über das Forschungsinformations- system (FIS; https://fi s.uni-bamberg.de) der Universität Bamberg erreichbar. Das Werk – ausgenommen Cover, Zitate und Abbildungen – steht unter der CC-Lizenz CC-BY. Lizenzvertrag: Creative Commons Namensnennung 4.0 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0. Herstellung und Druck: Digital Print Group, Nürnberg Umschlaggestaltung: University of Bamberg Press © University of Bamberg Press, Bamberg 2019 http://www.uni-bamberg.de/ubp/ ISSN: 2698-6612 ISBN: 978-3-86309-686-1 (Druckausgabe) eISBN: 978-3-86309-687-8 (Online-Ausgabe) URN: urn:nbn:de:bvb:473-opus4-558751 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.20378/irbo-55875 Acknowledgements This volume contains a selection of contributions originally presented at the Third International Conference on Kurdish Linguistics (ICKL3), University of Ams- terdam, in August 2016.
  • The University of Chicago Making Kurdish Public(S)

    The University of Chicago Making Kurdish Public(S)

    THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO MAKING KURDISH PUBLIC(S): LANGUAGE POLITICS AND PRACTICE IN TURKEY A DISSERTATION SUBMITTED TO THE FACULTY OF THE DIVISION OF THE SOCIAL SCIENCES IN CANDIDACY FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY DEPARTMENT OF ANTHROPOLOGY BY KELDA ANN JAMISON CHICAGO, ILLINOIS DECEMBER 2015 Copyright © 2015 Kelda Ann Jamison All rights reserved. TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ................................................................................................................. v ABSTRACT ......................................................................................................................................... ix CHAPTER ONE ................................................................................................................................... 1 Introduction ........................................................................................................................................... 1 Research Design and Ethnographic Context................................................................................... 7 The Conundrum of Kurdish Literacy: or, Who Gets to Have an Illiteracy Problem? ............... 12 “We Are Frankly Nationalist”: Creating the Modern Turkish Nation-State .............................. 19 “A Sacred Treasure”: Turkish Language Reforms and Policies across the 20th Century .......... 30 Chapter Summaries ........................................................................................................................ 43 CHAPTER TWO ...............................................................................................................................
  • Between Majority Power and Minority Resistance Kurdish Linguistic Rights in Turkey Ucarlar, Nesrin

    Between Majority Power and Minority Resistance Kurdish Linguistic Rights in Turkey Ucarlar, Nesrin

    Between Majority Power and Minority Resistance Kurdish Linguistic Rights in Turkey Ucarlar, Nesrin 2009 Link to publication Citation for published version (APA): Ucarlar, N. (2009). Between Majority Power and Minority Resistance: Kurdish Linguistic Rights in Turkey. Lund University. Total number of authors: 1 General rights Unless other specific re-use rights are stated the following general rights apply: Copyright and moral rights for the publications made accessible in the public portal are retained by the authors and/or other copyright owners and it is a condition of accessing publications that users recognise and abide by the legal requirements associated with these rights. • Users may download and print one copy of any publication from the public portal for the purpose of private study or research. • You may not further distribute the material or use it for any profit-making activity or commercial gain • You may freely distribute the URL identifying the publication in the public portal Read more about Creative commons licenses: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/ Take down policy If you believe that this document breaches copyright please contact us providing details, and we will remove access to the work immediately and investigate your claim. LUND UNIVERSITY PO Box 117 221 00 Lund +46 46-222 00 00 BETWEEN MAJORITY POWER AND MINORITY RESISTANCE: KURDISH LINGUISTIC RIGHTS IN TURKEY Between Majority Power and Minority Resistance: Kurdish Linguistic Rights in Turkey Nesrin Uçarlar Lund Political Studies Department of Political Science
  • ALI KEMAL and the SABAH / PEYAM-I SABAH NEWSPAPER By

    ALI KEMAL and the SABAH / PEYAM-I SABAH NEWSPAPER By

    LIBERAL CRITICISM TOWARD THE UNIONIST POLICIES DURING THE GREAT WAR: ALI KEMAL AND THE SABAH / PEYAM-I SABAH NEWSPAPER by ONUR ÇAKMUR Submitted to the Institute of Social Sciences in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts Sabancı University July 2018 © Onur Çakmur 2018 All Rights Reserved ABSTRACT LIBERAL CRITICISM TOWARD THE UNIONIST POLICIES DURING THE GREAT WAR: ALİ KEMAL AND THE SABAH / PEYAM-I SABAH NEWSPAPER ONUR ÇAKMUR Master of Arts in Turkish Studies, July 2018 Thesis Advisor: Assoc. Prof. Selçuk Akşin Somel Keywords: Ali Kemal; Armistice press; First World War; Liberal opposition; Sabah newspaper The First World War that lasted from 1914 to 1918 occupies an important place in Turkish History. However, in comparison with the Turkish War of Independence, Ottoman experience of the Great War remains a relatively under-researched area. The Committee of Union and Progress (CUP), which ruled the Ottoman Empire during the War, constituted a dictatorship and kept the opposition under strict censorship. During the armistice period, political pressure was lifted and the press became a platform for criticism about the wartime policies of the Unionists and its consequences. Therefore, this study primarily aims to analyze Sabah (from January 1920 onwards published as Peyam-ı Sabah), a leading newspaper of the opposition, with regard to its perspective on the War during the armistice period. The emphasis of the study will be on the editor-in- chief of the paper, Ali Kemal, an iconic figure of the period, who had been very influential especially in Sabah’s analyses regarding the War and the figures who were responsible in this debacle.
  • Developments of the Lateral in Occitan Dialects and Their Romance and Cross-Linguistic Context Daniela Müller

    Developments of the Lateral in Occitan Dialects and Their Romance and Cross-Linguistic Context Daniela Müller

    Developments of the lateral in occitan dialects and their romance and cross-linguistic context Daniela Müller To cite this version: Daniela Müller. Developments of the lateral in occitan dialects and their romance and cross- linguistic context. Linguistics. Université Toulouse le Mirail - Toulouse II, 2011. English. NNT : 2011TOU20122. tel-00674530 HAL Id: tel-00674530 https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00674530 Submitted on 27 Feb 2012 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. en vue de l’obtention du DOCTORATDEL’UNIVERSITÉDETOULOUSE délivré par l’université de toulouse 2 - le mirail discipline: sciences du langage zur erlangung der doktorwürde DERNEUPHILOLOGISCHENFAKULTÄT DERRUPRECHT-KARLS-UNIVERSITÄTHEIDELBERG présentée et soutenue par vorgelegt von DANIELAMÜLLER DEVELOPMENTS OF THE LATERAL IN OCCITAN DIALECTS ANDTHEIRROMANCEANDCROSS-LINGUISTICCONTEXT JURY Jonathan Harrington (Professor, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München) Francesc Xavier Lamuela (Catedràtic, Universitat de Girona) Jean-Léonard Léonard (Maître de conférences HDR, Paris
  • Political Mobilization and the Institutional Origins of National Developmentalist States: the Cases of Turkey, Mexico, Argentina, and Egypt

    Political Mobilization and the Institutional Origins of National Developmentalist States: the Cases of Turkey, Mexico, Argentina, and Egypt

    Political Mobilization and the Institutional Origins of National Developmentalist States: the Cases of Turkey, Mexico, Argentina, and Egypt A Dissertation Presented to the Faculty of the Graduate School of Cornell University In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy by Berk Esen January 2015 © 2015 Berk Esen Political Mobilization and the Institutional Origins of National Developmentalist States: the Cases of Turkey, Mexico, Argentina, and Egypt Berk Esen, Ph.D. Cornell University 2015 My dissertation examines why the common challenge of late development has generated starkly different responses in the Global South. I focus in particular on a cluster of cases that reacted to trade imbalances and political turmoil at the international stage with a combined agenda of economic nationalism, social progress and state-led industrialization, establishing what I term national developmentalist states. Why then, despite facing similar adaptive pressures, did these regimes markedly differ in terms of their durability and socio-economic policies? Through a careful study of such regimes in Turkey, Mexico, Argentina and Egypt during the middle third of the twentieth century, the dissertation specifies four variants of the national-developmentalist state and articulates how each type produced a distinct policy set with varying redistributive implications and political outcomes. I argue that where leaders invested heavily in building cohesive ruling-party and/or state organizations, regimes proved durable even with only moderate levels of economic redistribution. Where such institutions were weak, leaders could expand their popularity through excessive redistribution and risk elite polarization or establish a limited base but remain vulnerable to elite defections and popular opposition.
  • The Application of English Theories to Sorani Phonology

    The Application of English Theories to Sorani Phonology

    Durham E-Theses The Application of English Theories to Sorani Phonology AHMED, ZHWAN,OTHMAN How to cite: AHMED, ZHWAN,OTHMAN (2019) The Application of English Theories to Sorani Phonology, Durham theses, Durham University. Available at Durham E-Theses Online: http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/13290/ Use policy The full-text may be used and/or reproduced, and given to third parties in any format or medium, without prior permission or charge, for personal research or study, educational, or not-for-prot purposes provided that: • a full bibliographic reference is made to the original source • a link is made to the metadata record in Durham E-Theses • the full-text is not changed in any way The full-text must not be sold in any format or medium without the formal permission of the copyright holders. Please consult the full Durham E-Theses policy for further details. Academic Support Oce, Durham University, University Oce, Old Elvet, Durham DH1 3HP e-mail: [email protected] Tel: +44 0191 334 6107 http://etheses.dur.ac.uk The Application of English Theories to Sorani Phonology Zhwan Othman Ahmed A thesis submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy School of Modern Languages and Cultures Durham University 2019 Abstract This thesis investigates phonological processes in Sorani Kurdish within the framework of Element Theory. It studies two main varieties of Sorani spoken in Iraq which are Slemani and Hawler. Since the phonology of SK is one of the least studied areas in Kurdish linguistics and the available studies provide different accounts of its segments, I start by introducing the segmental system of the SK dialect group.
  • Leadership Style and Diversionary

    Leadership Style and Diversionary

    Syracuse University SURFACE Maxwell School of Citizenship and Public Political Science - Dissertations Affairs 2011 Leadership Style And Diversionary Theory Of Foreign Policy: The Use Of Diversionary Strategies By Middle Eastern Leaders During And In The Immediate Aftermath Of The Gulf War Kilic Bugra Kanat Syracuse University Follow this and additional works at: https://surface.syr.edu/psc_etd Part of the Political Science Commons Recommended Citation Kanat, Kilic Bugra, "Leadership Style And Diversionary Theory Of Foreign Policy: The Use Of Diversionary Strategies By Middle Eastern Leaders During And In The Immediate Aftermath Of The Gulf War" (2011). Political Science - Dissertations. 104. https://surface.syr.edu/psc_etd/104 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Maxwell School of Citizenship and Public Affairs at SURFACE. It has been accepted for inclusion in Political Science - Dissertations by an authorized administrator of SURFACE. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Abstract The diversionary theory of war is one of the most speculated about and debated theories in foreign policy literature. The theory argues that government leaders who are confronted with public antagonism over domestic economic, social, and political problems sometimes start wars to divert their populaces‘ attention from domestic problems and therefore to survive politically. Numerous foreign policy conflicts have been interpreted as being diversionary in nature and it has been commonplace for analysts to examine the domestic politics and problems of countries that engage in international conflict. Specifically, the use of force by US Presidents against external actors, such as U.S. President George H.W. Bush‘s operation against Grenada and the First Gulf War, and U.S.
  • R1993.8 Mete-07182007 1.Pdf (12.93Mb)

    R1993.8 Mete-07182007 1.Pdf (12.93Mb)

    Determinants of Late Development A Study of Turkey' s Late Industrialisation Attempt until i 946 Mete Pamir R 1993: 8 December 1993 Report Chr. Michelsen Institute Bergen Norway Copyright (Ç Chr. Michelsen Institute, 1993 CM! Report Series Editors: Hildegunn Kyvik Nordås and Hugo Stokke Cover design by Dynamo Bergen Printed by Bergen Print Service AS This series can be ordered from: Chr. Michelsen Institute Fantoftvegen 38 N-5036 Fantoft-Bergen Norway Fax: + 47 55 57 41 66 Phone: + 47 55 57 40 00 Price: NOK 145 ISSN 0803-0030 Indexing terms Social history Development theory Political development Industrialization Turkey Contents Acknow ledgements V Note on transliteration VI Abbreviations used in the text vll Preface ix 1. Introduction: Late development and the Turkish state 1 1.1 Turkishdevelopment development and major controversies theory in 1 1.21.3 Some hypothesesAbout explaining the the long-term method development paths26 19 2. The Ottoman Empire until the end of the 18th century 37 2.1 The classical period: From the 14th to the 16th centuries 37 2.2 The decentralisation period: The 17th and 18th centuries 40 3. The international context and its impact on the Turkish development 49 3.1 Periodisation of the growth patterns in the world economy during the 19th and 20th centuries 49 3.2 The impact of the international context on the Turkish trajectory 59 4. Anatolia in the long 19th century 69 4.1 The modernisation attempts of the state bureaucracy 69 4.2 The commercial bourgeoisie 74 4.3 Handicrafts and industry 76 4.4 Agriculture 82 4.5 The state and the relations between industry and agriculture 85 5.
  • Reduplication: Form, Function and Distribution Carl Rubino

    Reduplication: Form, Function and Distribution Carl Rubino

    Reduplication: Form, function and distribution Carl Rubino The systematic repetition of phonological material within a word for se- mantic or grammatical purposes is known as reduplication, a widely used morphological device in a substantial number of the languages spanning the globe. This paper will provide an overview of the types of reduplicative constructions found in the languages of the world and the functions they portray. Finally, a subset of the world's languages, will be categorized as to whether or not they employ reduplicative constructions productively and illustrated in a world map'. 1. Form For purposes of the accompanying typological map, two types of reduplica- tion are distinguished based on the size of the reduplicant: full vs. partial. Full reduplication is the repetition of an entire word, word stem (root with one or more affixes), or root, e.g. Tausug (Austronesian, Philippines) full word lexical reduplication dayang 'madam' vs. dayangdayang 'princess'; laway 'saliva' vs. laway-laway 'land snail', or full root reduplication, shown here with the verbalizing affixes mag- and -(h)un which do not par- ticipate in the reduplication: mag-bichara 'speak' vs. mag-bichara-bichara 'spread rumors, gossip'; mag-tabid 'twist' vs mag-tabid-tabid 'make cas- sava rope confection'; suga-hun 'be heated by sun' vs. suga-suga-hiin 'de- velop prickly heat rash' (Hassan et al 1994). Partial reduplication may come in a variety of forms, from simple con- sonant gemination or vowel lengthening to a nearly complete copy of a base. In Pangasinan (Austronesian, Philippines) various forms of redupli- cation are used to form plural nouns.
  • Ke Ti Zu. (٢٠٠٨). Xian Dai Han Yu Chang Yong Ci Biao (Cao An). Beijing, Shan

    Ke Ti Zu. (٢٠٠٨). Xian Dai Han Yu Chang Yong Ci Biao (Cao An). Beijing, Shan

    .Xian dai Han yu chang yong ci biao (cao an). Beijing, Shang wu yin shu guan .(٢٠٠٨) .Xian dai Han yu chang yong ci biao" ke ti zu" .Istorii**a zhizni, istorii**a dushi. Moskva, Vozvrashchenie .(٢٠٠٨) .fron, A** al-Fikr al-*sawt*i *inda Ibn Durayd wa-al-K*uf*iy*in. Baghd*ad, D*ar al-Shu&#x٠٢bc;*un .(٢٠٠٨) .A*t*iyah, K. i. I. a. i* al-Thaq*af*iyah al-*Ammah. .Farhang-i v*azhg*an-i g*uyish*h*a-yi *Ir*an. Tihr*an, Ir*an, Nashr-i Haz*ar .(٢٠٠٨) .A*zarl*i, G. a. R. z. a* ,Ta*l*im al-lughah al-*Arab*iyah bi-istikhd*am al-*h*as*ub. Kafr al-Shaykh, Dis*uq, Egypt .(٢٠٠٨) .Abd al-L*ah, M. a. A. a.-K. a* al-*Ilm wa-al-*Im*an lil-Nashr wa-al-Tawz*i*. Tadr*is al-qir*a&#x٠٢bc;ah f*i *a*sr al-*awlamah : istir*at*ij*iy*at wa-as*al*ib jad*idah. Kafr .(٢٠٠٨) .Abd al-L*ah, M. a. A. a.-K. a* al-Shaykh, Dis*uq, Egypt, al-*Ilm wa-al-*Im*an lil-Nashr wa-al-Tawz*i*. .al-*Sawt al-lughaw*i wa-dal*al*atuhu f*i al-Qur**an al-Kar*im. Bayr*ut, D*ar wa-Maktabat al-Hil*al .(٢٠٠٨) .Abd All*ah, M. h. F. i* al-Bal*aghah al-*Arab*iyah wa-atharuh*a f*i nash*at al-bal*aghah al-F*aris*iyah .(٢٠٠٨) .Abd al-Mun*im, M.