DOCSLIB.ORG

Political Mobilization and the Institutional Origins of National Developmentalist States: the Cases of Turkey, Mexico, Argentina, and Egypt

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Political Mobilization and the Institutional Origins of National Developmentalist States: the Cases of Turkey, Mexico, Argentina, and Egypt Political Mobilization and the Institutional Origins of National Developmentalist States: the Cases of Turkey, Mexico, Argentina, and Egypt A Dissertation Presented to the Faculty of the Graduate School of Cornell University In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy by Berk Esen January 2015 © 2015 Berk Esen Political Mobilization and the Institutional Origins of National Developmentalist States: the Cases of Turkey, Mexico, Argentina, and Egypt Berk Esen, Ph.D. Cornell University 2015 My dissertation examines why the common challenge of late development has generated starkly different responses in the Global South. I focus in particular on a cluster of cases that reacted to trade imbalances and political turmoil at the international stage with a combined agenda of economic nationalism, social progress and state-led industrialization, establishing what I term national developmentalist states. Why then, despite facing similar adaptive pressures, did these regimes markedly differ in terms of their durability and socio-economic policies? Through a careful study of such regimes in Turkey, Mexico, Argentina and Egypt during the middle third of the twentieth century, the dissertation specifies four variants of the national-developmentalist state and articulates how each type produced a distinct policy set with varying redistributive implications and political outcomes. I argue that where leaders invested heavily in building cohesive ruling-party and/or state organizations, regimes proved durable even with only moderate levels of economic redistribution. Where such institutions were weak, leaders could expand their popularity through excessive redistribution and risk elite polarization or establish a limited base but remain vulnerable to elite defections and popular opposition. These regime institutions were in turn conditioned by the intensity of intra-elite conflict and the differing ability of reformist elites to mobilize popular classes at the onset of their rule. I employ multiple strategies of inquiry, including paired comparisons and process tracing, to identify the causal mechanisms that link initial political conflict to institutions, and eventually to regime trajectories. BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH Berk Esen holds a Ph.D. in Government from Cornell University, with a specialization in comparative politics and international relations. Before joining the PhD program, he received a BA from Vanderbilt University in 2004 and obtained MA degrees in political science from Sabanci University, in integrated social sciences from Jacobs University Bremen, and in government from Cornell University. He spent 18 months conducting research in Buenos Aires and Istanbul and was a visiting fellow at Torcuato Di Tella University, Buenos Aires and Sabanci University, Istanbul. His research interests are in the fields of authoritarian regimes, social movements and political parties in the Middle East and Latin America, and political economy of development. Berk's work appeared in Middle East Review of International Affairs (MERIA) and Turkish Studies. In the fall 2014 semester, he was a visiting scholar at Columbia University. In February 2015, he will join Sabanci University as a postdoctoral fellow. v To my parents, Mine and Saffet Esen vi ACKNOWLEDGMENTS This dissertation emerged out of my fascination with the remarkable, yet surprising, similarities between modern Argentine and Turkish histories. What started off as a two case study soon grew into a much larger project that focuses on four countries and possibly has relevance for other countries elsewhere. My research has taken me to several cities in three continents over the years. During this period, I have incurred significant debt to many people who assisted me along the way. My gratitude to them goes beyond anything I can write in these few pages. My deepest gratitude goes to my dissertation committee, especially my adviser and mentor, Kenneth Roberts. After I met Ken during a campus visit before starting my PhD, I did not again consider another graduate program. In many ways, Ken affected my decision to come to Cornell and over the years I have always felt that I made the right choice. Ken was always generous with his time and offered great advice as well as support that helped me to overcome various hurdles in graduate school. Above all, I greatly benefited from his vast knowledge of Latin American politics, which made this cross-regional study feasible. Sid Tarrow played an important role in my development as a scholar. His sympathetic but critical observations helped me narrow the scope of this project and move forward with the empirical chapters. After submitting a chapter, Sid was always the first to send his comments and this project improved tremendously thanks to them. Nic van de Walle offered great insight and sound advice on the theoretical claims of this dissertation with the rigor of a political economist. His seminar in my first year at vii graduate school was my first foray into development studies and this dissertation brings me full circle to those days. It addresses some of the questions I initially raised six years ago during his seminar. Finally, I am deeply grateful to Sebnem Gumuscu, an expert of Turkish and Egyptian politics, who served as an external reader of this dissertation. Despite her busy schedule, she gave insightful comments and provided much needed advice during the tumultuous final weeks of my dissertation writing. I felt honored to have the chance to work with her. I was fortunate to attend an excellent Political Science Department, which enticed my curiosity to ask grand questions and provided me with the much needed resources to explore them. Despite its somewhat inhospitable weather, Ithaca proved to be an academically rigorous and intellectually stimulating environment and I am truly grateful for all the opportunities that I had there. At Cornell I interacted with an amazing community of scholars and graduate students, whose comments, questions, and suggestions guided my path both intellectually and emotionally in graduate school. Many ideas I pursued in my dissertation germinated in conversations at classrooms and beyond. Beyond my dissertation committee, Thomas Pepinsky, David Patel, Jonathan Kirshner, Valerie Bunce, and Peter Katzenstein provided valuable advice at different stages of my graduate studies. While working as a Teaching Assistant for their classes, Thomas Zittel, David Patel, and Gustavo Flores-Macias provided excellent role models of effective teaching. Lastly, I am extremely grateful to Tina Slater, who, with her energetic spirit and positive attitude, always made sure that viii I met all the deadlines, satisfied important departmental requirements, and solved problems which to me seemed like bureaucratic nightmares. Reaching the end of my educational career makes me appreciate and acknowledge the inspiring teachers I have had over the years until I reached Cornell. Matthijs Bogaards, my advisor and mentor in the MA program at Jacobs University Bremen, was instrumental in introducing me to most recent research in political science and eased my way to Cornell. I benefited immensely from my undergraduate courses taught by Matthew Ramsey, William Caferro, and John Vasquez. I am grateful that Professor Vasquez allowed me to take his graduate seminar while still an undergraduate student. Lastly, Chilton Watrous, Ersin Aybars, and Hafize Deger, my high school teachers at Robert College, instilled in me a deep appreciation of history and literature that proved useful throughout my graduate school career. To say that graduate school was challenging and stressful would be an understatement. My friends at Cornell offered support, advice, and encouragement during difficult moments, while sharing my happiness and having fun with me. Together they made life in the cold and small Ithaca more bearable. I learned almost as much from my comparativist colleagues - particularly Don Leonard, Igor Logvinenko, and Philip Ayoub - in the cohort as from my readings. Satyaki Prasad, my ex-flatmate, was one of the first people I met at Cornell and I have greatly enjoyed our conversations and benefited from his friendship during the ups and downs of graduate school. Many thanks also to Emre Ekinci, Can Dalyan, Deniz Yonucu, Khaled Malas, Gokce Gunel, Oguz and Asli Tarhan, Murat Keyder, Bhavna Devani, Deondra Rose, Janice Gallagher, Pinar Kemerli, Simon Gilhooley, Defne Over, and ix Steffen Blings. My deep gratitude goes to Amy Kohout, who witnessed both the joys and excitement, and the worries and disappointments of my pre-fieldwork period. Last, but very far from least, is Lesley Turnbull, who made a surprising but very rewarding entrance to my life in the beginning of our final year in graduate school. She spent hours listening to me talk about various versions of my theoretical framework, Turkish politics, and Latin American culture, tolerated my panicky state of mind during the last few months, read the entire manuscript and gave valuable feedback, and shared many happy moments in Ithaca and, then, in New York City. Without her support, friendship, and love, my writing would have taken longer and my life would have been duller. During fieldwork I have benefited from the assistance of several institutions and numerous individuals. In Turkey, Sabanci University offered excellent academic contacts, library support, and work space, not to mention a stimulating intellectual environment. Having studied there for a
Load more

Recommended publications
  • The Generalized Theory of Distortions and Welfare
    LIBRARY OF THE MASSACHUSETTS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY Digitized by the Internet Archive in 2011 with funding from Boston Library Consortium Member Libraries http://www.archive.org/details/generalizedtheorOObhag 7 working paper department of economics THE GENERALIZED THEORY OF DISTORTIONS AND WELFARE Jagdish N. Bhagwatl Number 39 May 1969 massachusetts institute of technology 50 memorial drive Cambridge, mass. 02139 THE GENERALIZED THEORY OF DISTORTIONS AND WELFARE by Jagdish N. Bhagwati Number 39 May 1969 The views expressed in this paper are the author's sole responsibility, and do not reflect those of the Department of Economics, nor of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. : The Generalized Theory of Distortions and Welfare The theory of trade and welfare has recently developed independently in seven areas which have apparently little analytical relationship among themselves (a) Sub-Optimality of Laissez-faire Under Market Imperfections : It has been shown that, when market imperfections exist, laissez-faire (other- wise described as "a policy of unified exchange rates" [5]) will not be the optimal policy. Among the market imperfections for which the sub-optimality of laissez-faire has been demonstrated are four key types: (i) factor mar- 2 ket imperfection: a wage differential between sectors; (ii) product mar- 3 ket imperfection: a production externality; (iii) consumption imperfection: This paper is the result of thinking and research over a period of many years, originating in my 1958 paper on immiserizing growth [1] and developing considerably since my joint paper with Ramaswami in 1963 [2] on domestic distortions. Since 1965, T. N. Srinivasan and I have col- laborated on research in related matters, pertaining to the theory of optimal policy intervention when non-economic objectives are present [7]: a sub- ject pioneered by Max Corden's brilliant work [12].
    [Show full text]
  • This Thesis Comes Within Category D
    * SHL ITEM BARCODE 19 1721901 5 REFERENCE ONLY UNIVERSITY OF LONDON THESIS Degree Year i ^Loo 0 Name of Author COPYRIGHT This Is a thesis accepted for a Higher Degree of the University of London, it is an unpubfished typescript and the copyright is held by the author. All persons consulting the thesis must read and abide by the Copyright Declaration below. COPYRIGHT DECLARATION I recognise that the copyright of the above-described thesis rests with the author and that no quotation from it or information derived from it may be published without the prior written consent of the author. LOANS Theses may not be lent to individuals, but the Senate House Library may lend a copy to approved libraries within the United Kingdom, for consultation solely on the .premises of those libraries. Application should be made to: Inter-Library Loans, Senate House Library, Senate House, Malet Street, London WC1E 7HU. REPRODUCTION University of London theses may not be reproduced without explicit written permission from the Senate House Library. Enquiries should be addressed to the Theses Section of the Library. Regulations concerning reproduction vary according to the date of acceptance of the thesis and are listed below as guidelines. A. Before 1962. Permission granted only upon the prior written consent of the author. (The Senate House Library will provide addresses where possible). B. 1962 -1974. In many cases the author has agreed to permit copying upon completion of a Copyright Declaration. C. 1975 -1988. Most theses may be copied upon completion of a Copyright Declaration. D. 1989 onwards. Most theses may be copied.
    [Show full text]
  • Between Majority Power and Minority Resistance Kurdish Linguistic Rights in Turkey Ucarlar, Nesrin
    Between Majority Power and Minority Resistance Kurdish Linguistic Rights in Turkey Ucarlar, Nesrin 2009 Link to publication Citation for published version (APA): Ucarlar, N. (2009). Between Majority Power and Minority Resistance: Kurdish Linguistic Rights in Turkey. Lund University. Total number of authors: 1 General rights Unless other specific re-use rights are stated the following general rights apply: Copyright and moral rights for the publications made accessible in the public portal are retained by the authors and/or other copyright owners and it is a condition of accessing publications that users recognise and abide by the legal requirements associated with these rights. • Users may download and print one copy of any publication from the public portal for the purpose of private study or research. • You may not further distribute the material or use it for any profit-making activity or commercial gain • You may freely distribute the URL identifying the publication in the public portal Read more about Creative commons licenses: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/ Take down policy If you believe that this document breaches copyright please contact us providing details, and we will remove access to the work immediately and investigate your claim. LUND UNIVERSITY PO Box 117 221 00 Lund +46 46-222 00 00 BETWEEN MAJORITY POWER AND MINORITY RESISTANCE: KURDISH LINGUISTIC RIGHTS IN TURKEY Between Majority Power and Minority Resistance: Kurdish Linguistic Rights in Turkey Nesrin Uçarlar Lund Political Studies Department of Political Science
    [Show full text]
  • The Fallacies of Distributism
    NOVEMBER 2003 The Fallacies of Distributism by Thomas E. Woods, Jr. n certain disaffected pockets of the politi- A family possessed of the means of pro- cal left and right, more and more voices duction—the simplest form of which is can be heard on behalf of an economic and the possession of land and of the imple- Isocial system known as distributism. ments and capital for working the land— According to the celebrated Catholic writers cannot be controlled by others. Of course, G. K. Chesterton and Hilaire Belloc, who various producers specialize, and through popularized the idea in the early twentieth exchange one with the other they become century, that social system is best in which more or less interdependent, but still, “productive property” is widely dispersed each one can live “on his own”: each one rather than concentrated. They contend that can stand out, if necessary, from pressure the market order undermines community life exercised against him by another. He can and introduces an intolerable level of insecu- say: “If you will not take my surplus as rity and anxiety into the economic life of the against your surplus I shall be the poorer; ordinary person. They would, therefore, but at least I can live.”1 limit business competition and implement a system of punitive taxation against firms For Belloc, then, the great advantage of dis- that had attained what these writers consid- tributism is that it gives the household a sig- ered excessive economic concentration. nificant measure of independence. A new I do not for a moment doubt the good will introduction to his Essay on the Restoration and pure intentions of those who support of Property describes his view of “economic distributism, and indeed I count some of freedom” as something that “comes from the them among my friends.
    [Show full text]
  • Peron and the Unions
    UNIVERSITY OF LONDON INSTITUTE OF LATIN AMERICAN STUDIES RESEARCH PAPERS Peron and the Unions: The Early Years Torcuato S. Di Telia PER6N AND THE UNIONS: THE EARLY YEARS TORCUATO S. Dl TELLA Institute of Latin American Studies 31 Tavistock Square London WC1H 9HA Torcuato S. Di Telia has been a Professor of Sociology at the Universidad de Buenos Aires since 1985; and has taught at the Instituto del Servicio Exterior de la Nacion, first between 1987 and 1990, and again from 1993 onwards. He was a Visiting Exchange Fellow at the Institute of Latin American Studies, University of London, in 2001. British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library ISBN 1 900039 49 4 ISSN 0957 7947 © Institute of Latin American Studies University of London, 2002 Printed & bound by Antony Rowe Ltd, Eastbourne CONTENTS Anti-status-quo elites and masses: a model to build 2 The heterogeneity of the Argentine working class: myths and theories 7 The heterogeneity of the Argentine working class: the facts 11 Social mobilisation and mobilisationism 17 Mass society and popular mentalities 20 1. Mobilisational caudillismo 21 2. Rank and file associationism 28 3. The transmutation of lead into gold 33 The concept of the autonomous working class organisation 33 The organisational models of pragmatic unionism and verticalismo 42 The trade union leadership at the crossroads of October 1945 45 1. The skilled artisan unions 53 2. Land transport 54 3. The riverine circuit 56 4. Manufacturing industry: textile, metallurgy, glass and paper 58 5. Building and food-workers: the bases of communist expansion 58 6.
    [Show full text]
  • Distancias Relativas Con El Corazón De Las Cosas. La Autoridad Peronista Haciéndose a Través De Los Informes Secretos De La División De Asuntos Especiales
    História Unisinos 23(3):414-424, Setembro/Dezembro 2019 Unisinos – doi: 10.4013/hist.2019.233.09 Distancias relativas con el corazón de las cosas. La autoridad peronista haciéndose a través de los informes secretos de la División de Asuntos Especiales Relative distances to the heart of things. The making of Peronist authority through the secret reports of the Special Affairs Division Mariana Garzón Rogé1 [email protected] Resumen: Este artículo describe instancias del incesante trabajo de creación, sosteni- miento y transformación de los lazos de autoridad en el peronismo durante su primera década. Para ello rastrea, a través de los informes secretos de los delegados de la División de Asuntos Especiales de la Secretaría de Prensa y Difusión, cambios de escala producidos por los propios actores con fines prácticos. En un primer momento, el artículo explora la importancia que tenían los ajustes de escala impulsados por los peronistas de provincia en sus viajes a Buenos Aires y en sus contactos con altos funcionarios del gobierno. En un segundo momento, atiende a la reflexividad de los delegados de la DAE en tanto articuladores de escala para operar como mediadores entre la vida de los lugares y la na- ción. En un tercer momento, explora modos situados de “desobedecer obedeciendo” que pueden detectarse al desarmar una idea de escala absoluta y oponer una mirada de escala relativa. De conjunto, la investigación muestra cómo los peronistas creaban, disputaban y transformaban las escalas en las que debía ser emplazada la acción en curso, produciendo al mismo tiempo una autoridad en el peronismo centralizada y vertical como consecuencia de esos procedimientos.
    [Show full text]
  • Market, Transition and Developing Economies 1
    When Does Trade Hurt? Market, Transition and Developing Economies 1 Kala Krishna Pennsylvania State University and NBER Cemile Yavas Pennsylvania State University September, 2002 1 We are grateful to Don Davis, Elhanan Helpman, Abhijit Banerjee, Jim Anderson, and participants at the 2001 ITI Summer Institute at the NBER, the Fall 2001 Midwest Trade Conference, the IEFS session at the ASSA in 2002, and the ETSG meetings in 2002 for comments. Abstract This paper argues that labor market distortions present in transition and devel- oping economies coupled with indivisibilities in consumption may help explain the resistance to globalization prevalent in many of these economies. We assume that workers differ in ability. In a market economy their earnings depend on their ability. However, earnings are independent of ability due to a common wage set in manufacturing in a transition economy and because of family farms in a developing economy. Trade can have significant adverse effects in this setting. When the economy is productive enough, a high income autarky equilibrium can be sustained in a distorted economy through a high income, high demand, high income virtuous circle. However, the distortion tends to make trade operate in a way that destroys this. Our work suggests that trade liberalization without structural reform can have serious adverse effects in transition and developing economies: there can even be mutual losses from trade. 1Introduction This paper argues that labor market distortions (LMDs) present in transition and developing economies may help explain the resistance to globalization that is prevalent in many of these economies. For example, it is often argued that trade had significant adverse effects in transition economies, in particular, on the ability of workers to afford highly valued but inherently lumpy consumer durables.
    [Show full text]
  • ALI KEMAL and the SABAH / PEYAM-I SABAH NEWSPAPER By
    LIBERAL CRITICISM TOWARD THE UNIONIST POLICIES DURING THE GREAT WAR: ALI KEMAL AND THE SABAH / PEYAM-I SABAH NEWSPAPER by ONUR ÇAKMUR Submitted to the Institute of Social Sciences in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts Sabancı University July 2018 © Onur Çakmur 2018 All Rights Reserved ABSTRACT LIBERAL CRITICISM TOWARD THE UNIONIST POLICIES DURING THE GREAT WAR: ALİ KEMAL AND THE SABAH / PEYAM-I SABAH NEWSPAPER ONUR ÇAKMUR Master of Arts in Turkish Studies, July 2018 Thesis Advisor: Assoc. Prof. Selçuk Akşin Somel Keywords: Ali Kemal; Armistice press; First World War; Liberal opposition; Sabah newspaper The First World War that lasted from 1914 to 1918 occupies an important place in Turkish History. However, in comparison with the Turkish War of Independence, Ottoman experience of the Great War remains a relatively under-researched area. The Committee of Union and Progress (CUP), which ruled the Ottoman Empire during the War, constituted a dictatorship and kept the opposition under strict censorship. During the armistice period, political pressure was lifted and the press became a platform for criticism about the wartime policies of the Unionists and its consequences. Therefore, this study primarily aims to analyze Sabah (from January 1920 onwards published as Peyam-ı Sabah), a leading newspaper of the opposition, with regard to its perspective on the War during the armistice period. The emphasis of the study will be on the editor-in- chief of the paper, Ali Kemal, an iconic figure of the period, who had been very influential especially in Sabah’s analyses regarding the War and the figures who were responsible in this debacle.
    [Show full text]
  • The Tragedy of the Locals
    Research Paper 41 | 2016 ENERGY, TRADE, AND INNOVATION: THE TRAGEDY OF THE LOCALS Chiara RAVETTI, Tania THEODULOZ, Giulia VALACCHI ENERGY,TRADE AND INNOVATION: THE TRAGEDY OF THE LOCALS∗ Chiara Ravettiy Tania Theoduloz z Giulia Valacchix January 20, 2016 Abstract This paper analyses the use of different energy sources in a dynamic trade model with endoge- nous innovation. We consider two countries, North and South, the first with high environmental concerns and the second endowed with abundant fossil fuel resources. In this asymmetric setting, the South specializes in energy production using fossil fuels, causing local and global environmental damages. The North, instead, specializes in other manufacturing and imports energy inputs from the South. Endogenous innovation reinforces this pattern of specialization over time. We show that the North can unilaterally stop the use of fossil fuels and avoid a global climate disaster with two dif- ferent strategies: either redirecting the comparative advantage of the South towards manufacturing, relocating the production of energy to the North, or buying fossil fuel deposits in the South. These two policies have different implications in terms of monetary costs and environmental outcomes for the North. The choice between the two depends on the valuation of the environment, the energy requirements of final goods’ production, the starting time of the policy and the time preferences of the North. Overall, however, there is no costless way for the North to stop unilaterally the use of fossil fuels. Keywords: Energy, technical change, international trade, comparative advantage, fossil fuels JEL Classification: F18, O32, O38 ∗The research leading to these results was funded by the Swiss National Science Foundation under the Swiss South African Joint Research Programme (SSAJRP).
    [Show full text]
  • Libro-Negro-De-La-Segunda-Tirania
    REPÚBLICA ARGENTINA LIBRO NEGRO DE LA SEGUNDA TIRANÍA DECRETO LEY Nº 14.988/56 BUENOS AIRES 1 Libro Negro de la Segunda Tiranía * Comisión Nacional de Investigaciones * año 1958 1958 INDICE I. Decreto ley 479, del Poder Ejecutivo, creando la Comisión Nacional de Investigaciones. II. Decreto ley 6.132, del Poder Ejecutivo, dando por finalizadas las funciones de la Comisión Nacional de Investigaciones. III. Discurso del excelentísimo señor vicepresidente provisional de la nación, contraalmirante don Isaac F. Rojas. IV. Discurso del señor presidente de la Comisión Nacional Investigadora contraalmirante don Leonardo McLean V. Decreto ley 14.988, del 16 de agosto de 1956: Comisión Nacional de Investigaciones. – Publicación de antecedentes, documentación y conclusiones VI. Decreto ley 8.127 INTRODUCCIÓN Razón de este libro – La tradición nacional – La libertad, la igualdad y la democracia: principios esenciales del pueblo argentino. – Infiltración de las ideas antidemocráticas. – Preparación de la dictadura. EL DICTADOR Sus antecedentes personales. – Su concepto de la conducción política. – Su visión del pasado histórico. – Su doctrina. – “La Señora”. – La auto-glorificación. – El mando sin término. – Su enriquecimiento. – Su caída. EL PARTIDO OFICIAL Cómo se constituye. – Cómo se desarrolló. – Cómo se sostuvo. – Cómo elegía sus candidatos. – Su disolución. LOS LEGISLADORES DE LA DICTADURA 2 Libro Negro de la Segunda Tiranía * Comisión Nacional de Investigaciones * año 1958 Los viejos parlamentarios. – Cómo actuaron los legisladores de la dictadura. – Cómo se los vigiló. – Su acrecentamiento patrimonial. – Los legisladores provinciales. MEDIOS DE PROPAGANDA Y DOMINACIÓN Una página de la “Política” de Aristóteles. – La propaganda. – La prensa. – La libertad de prensa en la tradición argentina. – Martirologio de la prensa libre.
    [Show full text]
  • American Capitalism
    AC/No.7/June 2017 American Capitalism PURSUING PROSPERITY, 1953-1961 Louis Galambos Johns Hopkins Institute for Applied Economics, Global Health, and Study of Business Enterprise Pursuing Prosperity, 1953-1961 By Louis Galambos Co-Director, Institute for Applied Economics, Global Health, and the Study of Business Enterprise, The Johns Hopkins University About the Series The American Capitalism series is under the general direction of Prof. Steve H. Hanke, Co-Director of The Johns Hopkins Institute for Applied Economics, Global Health, and the Study of Business Enterprise ([email protected]). About the Author Louis Galambos is a Research Professor of History; Editor of The Papers of Dwight David Eisenhower; and a Co-Director of the Institute for Applied Economics, Global Health, and the Study of Business Enterprise at The Johns Hopkins University. His major interest in recent years has been innovation and, in particular, the interactions between individuals and organizations in the private, public, and nonprofit sectors that foster entrepreneurship in America. 237 This chapter is from Louis Galambos’ Eisenhower: Leadership, Identity, and the Middle Way, forthcoming at the Johns Hopkins University Press. CHAPTER TEN PURSUING PROSPERITY, 1953-1961 In January 1953, Dwight Eisenhower became the leader of an American economy that faced three major challenges. One stemmed from a postwar settlement that had laid the foundation for a second globalization of the world economy. The first, British-led globalization of the late nineteenth century had been destroyed long ago by the First World War and the retreat in the 1920s and 1930s to nationalism, then to autarky, and finally to war again.
    [Show full text]
  • Leadership Style and Diversionary
    Syracuse University SURFACE Maxwell School of Citizenship and Public Political Science - Dissertations Affairs 2011 Leadership Style And Diversionary Theory Of Foreign Policy: The Use Of Diversionary Strategies By Middle Eastern Leaders During And In The Immediate Aftermath Of The Gulf War Kilic Bugra Kanat Syracuse University Follow this and additional works at: https://surface.syr.edu/psc_etd Part of the Political Science Commons Recommended Citation Kanat, Kilic Bugra, "Leadership Style And Diversionary Theory Of Foreign Policy: The Use Of Diversionary Strategies By Middle Eastern Leaders During And In The Immediate Aftermath Of The Gulf War" (2011). Political Science - Dissertations. 104. https://surface.syr.edu/psc_etd/104 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Maxwell School of Citizenship and Public Affairs at SURFACE. It has been accepted for inclusion in Political Science - Dissertations by an authorized administrator of SURFACE. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Abstract The diversionary theory of war is one of the most speculated about and debated theories in foreign policy literature. The theory argues that government leaders who are confronted with public antagonism over domestic economic, social, and political problems sometimes start wars to divert their populaces‘ attention from domestic problems and therefore to survive politically. Numerous foreign policy conflicts have been interpreted as being diversionary in nature and it has been commonplace for analysts to examine the domestic politics and problems of countries that engage in international conflict. Specifically, the use of force by US Presidents against external actors, such as U.S. President George H.W. Bush‘s operation against Grenada and the First Gulf War, and U.S.
    [Show full text]