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Developments of the Lateral in Occitan Dialects and Their Romance and Cross-Linguistic Context Daniela Müller

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Developments of the Lateral in Occitan Dialects and Their Romance and Cross-Linguistic Context Daniela Müller Developments of the lateral in occitan dialects and their romance and cross-linguistic context Daniela Müller To cite this version: Daniela Müller. Developments of the lateral in occitan dialects and their romance and cross- linguistic context. Linguistics. Université Toulouse le Mirail - Toulouse II, 2011. English. NNT : 2011TOU20122. tel-00674530 HAL Id: tel-00674530 https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00674530 Submitted on 27 Feb 2012 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. en vue de l’obtention du DOCTORATDEL’UNIVERSITÉDETOULOUSE délivré par l’université de toulouse 2 - le mirail discipline: sciences du langage zur erlangung der doktorwürde DERNEUPHILOLOGISCHENFAKULTÄT DERRUPRECHT-KARLS-UNIVERSITÄTHEIDELBERG présentée et soutenue par vorgelegt von DANIELAMÜLLER DEVELOPMENTS OF THE LATERAL IN OCCITAN DIALECTS ANDTHEIRROMANCEANDCROSS-LINGUISTICCONTEXT JURY Jonathan Harrington (Professor, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München) Francesc Xavier Lamuela (Catedràtic, Universitat de Girona) Jean-Léonard Léonard (Maître de conférences HDR, Paris 3–ILPGA et ILF) Edgar Radtke (Professor, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg) (directeur) Patrick Sauzet (Professeur, Université de Toulouse 2–Le Mirail) (directeur) école doctorale: clesco unité de recherche: clle-erss directeurs de thèse: patrick sauzet et edgar radtke rapporteurs: daniel recasens (catedràtic, universitat autònoma de barcelona) et jonathan harrington (professor, ludwig-maximilians-universität münchen) le 1er décembre 2011 There is a theory which states that if ever anyone discovers exactly what the Universe is for and why it is here, it will instantly disappear and be replaced by something even more bizarre and inexplicable. Douglas Adams, The Restaurant at the End of the Universe, 1980, p. 7 ABSTRACT This thesis analyses sound changes that affected the lateral approx- imant inherited from Latin in Occitan dialects, in the Romance lan- guages, and in a number of other languages from around the world. Chapter 1 gives a comprehensive overview of the research carried out on the lateral approximant; it discusses articulation and acoustics as well as abstract representations of the sound. Chapters 2 to 5 are devoted to specific sound changes which occurred in Occitan dialects at different points in time. These developments are systematically compared to similar phenomena in Romance and other languages. In chapter 2, I discuss the vocalisation of the dark lateral in preconsonan- tal and word-final position as well as intervocalically. It is argued there that Occitan and more generally Romance followed an unexpected pathway towards vocalisation, which cannot be explained by phonetic factors alone. Chapter 3 deals with palatalisation of the lateral in onset clusters. Rather than in articulatory assimilation, I propose that the origin of this sound change is to be sought in the frication which accompanied the obstruent + lateral onset clusters. Rhoticisation of the lateral, and its opposite, lambdacisation of the rhotic, is the topic of chapter 4. In this chapter, I discuss duration factors in these sound changes and present experimental evidence to substantiate the idea that duration plays an important role. Finally, chapter 5 looks at the developments of the Latin geminate lateral in Gascon and other Ro- mance dialects; according to common opinion, the Latin geminate lateral underwent a retroflexion process, and I discuss how this might have been possible from a phonetic point of view. Key words Sound change – laterals – Occitan – Romance linguistics – phonetics v RÉSUMÉ Cette thèse se propose d’analyser les changements phonétiques qui ont affecté l’approximante latérale héritée du latin dans les dialectes occitans, dans les langues romanes ainsi que dans un certain nom- bre d’autres langues du monde. Le premier chapitre donne une vue d’ensemble des recherches phonétiques sur la latérale. Les aspects articulatoires, acoustiques et les questions de représentation abstraite y sont notamment discutés. Les chapitres suivants, 2 à 5, sont consacrés à certains changements phonétiques spécifiques survenus dans les di- alectes occitans à des moments divers de leur histoire. Ces évolutions seront comparées de façon systématique à des phénomènes semblables dans les autres langues romanes et non-romanes. Le chapitre 2 traite de la vocalisation de la latérale vélarisée en position préconsonantique et finale de mot aussi bien qu’à l’intervocalique. Je propose dans ce chapitre que l’évolution de la vocalisation de la latérale en occitan et dans les langues romanes en général ne peut être expliquée à par- tir des seuls faits phonétiques. Dans le chapitre 3, je discute de la palatalisation de la latérale dans un groupe consonantique en attaque syllabique. J’y fais l’hypothèse que l’origine de ce changement phoné- tique est à rechercher plutôt dans la friction qui accompagne le groupe consonantique du type obstruante + latérale que dans une assimilation de type articulatoire. La rhotacisation de la latérale, et son contraire, la latéralisation d’une rhotique sont traitées dans le chapitre 4. Dans ce chapitre, je discute des facteurs de durée dans ces changements phonétiques et je présente des résultats expérimentaux qui soutiennent l’idée que la durée y joue un rôle important. Finalement, le chapitre 5 regarde de près l’évolution de la latérale géminée latine en gascon et dans d’autres dialectes romans; étant donné qu’il est communément admis que cette évolution est due à un processus de rétroflexion, je discute les chemins possibles de ce changement d’un point de vue phonétique. Mots-clés Changement phonétique – latérales – occitan – linguistique romane – phonétique vii PUBLICATIONS Some ideas and figures have appeared previously or will appear soon in the following publications: • Müller, Daniela & Sidney Martín Mota (2009), “Acoustic cues of palatalisation in plosive + lateral onset clusters”. In Proceedings of Interspeech 2009, Brighton, 6.-10. September 2009, Rundle Mall: Causal Productions; 1695-1698. • Müller, Daniela (2010), “Phonetic factors influencing /l/-rhoti- cisation in Greek”. In Botinis, Antonis (ed.), Proceedings of the third ISCA Tutorial and Research Workshop on Experimental Linguistics, Athens, 25-27 August 2010; 117-120. • Müller, Daniela (in press), “Le sort de /l/ dans les dialectes occitans : vélarisation et palatalisation”. In Rieger, Angelica (ed.), L’Occitanie invitée de l’Euregio. Liège 1981 - Aix-la-Chapelle 2008. Bilan et perspectives/ Occitània convidada d’Euregio. Lièja 1981 – Aquisgran 2008. Bilanç e amiras/ Okzitanien zu Gast in der Euregio. Lüttich 1981 – Aachen 2008. Bilanz und Per- spektiven. Actes du neuvième Congrès International de l’AIEO, Aix-la-Chapelle, 24-31 août 2008. Aachen: Shaker. • Müller, Daniela (in press), “Un estudi critic de l’evolucion /l:/ > /ã/ > /d, d Z, tS/ en gascon e en gardiòl”. In Actes du colloque « Nouvelle recherche en domaine occitan : approches interdisci- plinaires » Albi, 11-12 juin 2009. • Müller, Daniela (to appear), “Retroflexion de la laterala geminada latina en Gasconha – apròchis a travèrs l’istòria de la lingüistica”. In Actes du dizième Congrès International de l’AIEO, Béziers, 12-19 juin 2011. ix ACKNOWLEDGMENTS A number of people have assisted this thesis in its transition into the real world, and I would like to thank them for their efforts. I’d like to thank Patric Sauzet for his support throughout the past ten years and for innumerable last-minute reports and recommendation letters. Thanks are also due to Edgar Radtke for accompanying my academic development since my very first year and for supervising this co-tutelle thesis. I am greatly indebted to Daniel Recasens for his close reading of preliminary versions of this thesis and his perspicacious and perspicu- ous comments and remarks. I hope that this final version will live up to them. Several of my colleagues have read draft versions of some chapters: Mark Jones has given me useful comments, suggestions, and research ideas on /l/-palatalisation in onset clusters (chapter 3), and Chiara Celata and Thomas Field have provided important feedback on the chapter on retroflexion of Latin /l:/ in Gascon and in other Romance dialects (chapter 5). Moreover, a large number of colleagues have responded to several of my queries on LinguistList with references and discussions of topics pertaining to /l/ in a wide variety of languages; thank you to all! My early research on /l/-palatalisation in onset clusters (chapter 3) was carried out with Sidney Martín Mota, and Ana Paula Huback pointed me towards the idea of frequency effects. Finally, Athanassios Vergados and József Krupp made sure that the translations from Latin in Appendix A are correct. My office-mates Stéphanie Lopez and Aurélie Guerrero corrected the French short abstract, Aurélia Lassaque the extended French summary, and Bill Spruiell, Trey Jones, Mikael Thompson, and Thomas Reiss prevented me from doing any harm to the English language. Especially Tom Reiss spent long dull hours and interesting minutes on reading
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