of the

Kurmanji or Kurdish Language

E. B. Soane Author of ' To and in Disguise , etc.

LONDON LUZAC & CO.

PUBLISHERS TO THE OFFICE 46 GREAT RUSSELL STREET INTRODUCTORY NOTICE

IT is not so long ago that Kurdish was described by travellers as a harsh jargon, a very corrupt dialect of Persian, unintelligible to any but the folk who spoke it naturally; or again by others as an artificial language composed of Persian, Armenian, and Turltish ~zo~ds.It is neither of these. A little research proves it to be as worthy of the name of a separate and developed language as Turkish or Persian themselves. The early Medes and Persians spoke two different languages,Medic or Avestic and STEPHEN AUSTIN SONS, L1.1). Old Persian (that of the inscriptions), but the two tongues PI?INTEl?S,HERTFORD llave grown further apart than was originally the case; and while Persian has adopted almost as great a proportion of Arabic words as our own Anglo-Saxon did of Latin and Greek words to form modern English, Kurdish, eschewing importations, has kept parallel, but on different lines of grammar; and while frequently adopting a phrase or turn of expression from its sister language, has retained an independence of form and style that marks it as a tongue as different from the artificial Persian as the rough Kurd himself is from the polished Persian. The seclusion and exclusiveness which have been its preservation have also been the means of allowing a certain development into dialects in the almost inaccessible mountains which are the home of the Kurdish nation. As little literature arose to exercise its fixing influence upon the language, there has been no impediment to the glowth-each along its own lines-of the dialects, which are now very numerous. A 2 iv KURDISH GRAMMAR INTRODUCTORY NOTICE

Some years of study and residence among the Kurds terror of the surrounding peoples, and are ready for of various parts of ICurdistan have enabled the author to guerrilla warfare at any time. ascertain that there is a main Kurdish tongue, purest in In stating the fact that these tribes all speak the the most central districts of_Kurdistan and giving the Kurminji language, which is the Kurdish language, mention foundation for all the various dialects. must be made of the tribes which, living among the Kurds, From the changes which have taken place in the last two have received the name Kurd, and whose language- thousand years in the lands where Kurds are either a large among Europeans and Turks-has been called a Kurdish proportion or the whole of the population, it appears dialect. Chief of these is the ZgzZ, a tribe with many probable that the Kurds inhabited the regions between ramifications in Middle and Western Kurdistan.' The Uriimia and V311 Lakes and the mountains of the head- language of the ZZzz, while a pure Iranian tongue, has waters of the two great rivers of Mesopotamia, and also little in cotnmon with Kurdish in grammatical constructioll the Zagros mountain system to the south of that line, as and choice of words, and shows a few common features far as the Northern Lurish tribes or the ancient tribes of with the GiirZn and Lurish. Theorists have surtnised the Giirin and ArdalZn, now termed Kurds. Within these that ZZzZ may be an offshoot of the later Zoroastrian bounds was spoken the language of the Kurli?pzEh or population of Persia. Ku~dvzZnj;but when the power of the surrounding States In the Darsim Province of Asiatic Turltey, among waned, these warlike people pushed north and west till Kurd and Ziza, is found the Balaki tribe, which uses as now they have established themselves as far as BZyazid a vehicle of thought a mixture of Arabic, Armenian, and (long in the hands of Kurdish Beys, and a purely Kurdish Kurdish. city), Erzeriim, Erzinjin, and to the mountains north of The purest Kurdish races are probably the HakkZri Aleppo.' and Mukri. In these northern bounds they live to some extent as That the Kurds had in and about what we now know as strangers and nomads, though there has been a tendency Central Kurdistan been settled, and gained power and to settlement within the last two centuries; but while in security, finds a proof in the fact that a number of quite the nomadic and semi-settled state they are ever the brilliant poets existed in the HakkZri do:nains in the 'Leurs Bmigrations vers la Perse et la Susiane sont plus anciennes, Middle Ages, beginning with 'Ali Hariri, whose works are les 6crivains orientaux du moyen-8ge les y ~onnaissentd6jA. Mais still known, and who wrote in the eleventh century of our c'est vers I'Occident que ses colonies se sont dirigCes de prkfkrence. era in the ShamisclinZn district of the HakkZri (on the LA ils habitent la plaine de Nisibe, Mardin, et Urfa jusqu'A Alep, et Persian frontier, one of the wildest and most inaccessible en ArmBnie jusqu'd Erzerourn, Ani, et Alagoz, on trouve m&me des Kurdes jusque aans la province gkorgienne da ~omche'thi. Dans parts of the country). llAsie-Mineure on les rencontre dans I'Albistan sur le Dscheihan supCrieur, et ils s'dtendent de la jusqu'h CCsar6e et plus loin For some specimens of ZgzH the reader is referred to Forschungen encore' (Eugene Wilhelm, pamphlet entitled La La~guedes Kzlrdes, dberdie Kurden unddie iranischen Nordckaldaer, Lerch, St. Petersburg, Paris, 188j), 1858. v i ICURDISH GRAMMAR INTRODUCTORY NOTICE vii After him we know of Shaiith Ahtnad Jezri of the great account and died in the year 1784. In the south Halrkari, who wrote in the twelfth century, and whose there were a large number of poets at the court of the entire Dfvin has been discovered and reproduced by the Gfir2n Khans of Ardalgn at Sina, but these wrote for photolithograph process in Germany recently.' the greater part in the idiom of the Giiran, and no No other poet of note is lrnown till Muhammad Feqi great poets arose in Southern ICurdistan until the end Tairan of Miltis of the Hakkari, whose worlts are known of the eighteenth century at Sulaimania, since when that and who wrote in the fourteenth century. Following him place and Kirkiik have been the home of many poets is Mulla Ahmad of Bata of the Hakkari, whose MewlGd, and writers, both great and small, too numerous to a work on the birth of the Prophet, is still renowned. mention here. Between this poet and the next the HalzIzEiri had spread to The main tribal groups of the Kurdish nation are to-day Bayazid, whe~ethey became firmly established, and here the Milli Kurds of Western Kurdistan, the Hasananlu of one of the most farnous of all the Kurdish poets and the Armenian Plateau, the Hakkari of the lands including authors lived in the sixteenth century, Ahmadi Khani of Van, Bitlis, and east to the Persian frontier, the Upper Zab the HakkBri, whose many worlts, both educational and Valley, Jazira ibn 'Umar, and as far south as near ; otherwise, are perhaps the best known of all. He the Rawzndiiz tribes south of these, as well as the tribes established in Bayazid a school, and built also a mosque. west and north of Sulaimania, are of the Kurrnanj and A manuscript of his No bahiv, a metrical Arabic- Hakkari stock, and further south yet, their lands extending Kurdish dictionary for children, is preserved in the British to Qizil Iiubat and the Baghdad-Kermanshiih road, are Museum. the JBf, a Kurdish nomad tribe of great strength, speaking A pupil of his, but of little farne, one Ismail, followed an original Kurdish language much corrupted and mingled him in the next century at Bayazid. with Lurish forms. The end of the sarne century saw the birth of probably On the Persian side south of Uriimia are the Mukri race, the most famous of all the writers of the Kurds, Sharif whose language is probably the purest Kurdish to-day Khan of the Haltkiiri, who wrote in Persian the history of existing,' though each of these tribes has a large number the ICurds, the Shnl'rtf Nima, which is still the only of subsections, that of the Easananlii including such authoritative record that exists of the hi/story of the famous robber tribes as the Sibki, HaidarHnlC, and nation. Besides this he wrote innurnerable Kurdish books AdamPnlfi, while the Shekak, the noted fightin,a frontier and poems. tribe, are an offshoot of the Hakkiiri. The Bilbas are Murad Khan of Bgyazid of the Hakkari is the next probably a branch of the Haltkari, and were once a famous poet of whom there is definite record, but he was of no and powerful race, like that of Kawandiiz, whose Pasha in 1 Der Kurdiscp Dizwan des ShZcA AAmed won Geziret ibn 'Otnar Though differing considerably from the great bulk of the Kurdish genannt MaZa'i Gizri, with a notice by Martin Hartmann (S. Calvary tongues, and classed here as of the Southern Group, which is vastly and Co., Berlin, 1904). inferior, numer~cally,to tlie Northern Group. a.. Vlll ICURDISH GRAMMAR INTRODUCTORY NOTICE ix

the early part of last century was independent and ruled tlnd die iranischen Nordchald2er in :857, a comprehensive with an iron hand over wide lands. work treating of the and Zaza languages with It must be confessed that very little attention has been a long review of worlzs on Persian and Icurdish dialects, paid to the Kurdish language by English students; in and comparative notes and a glossary of Kurmiinji and fact, I think it may not be a misstatement when I say Ziizii, the main portion of the work being devoted to that so far none in this country have directed their a number of stories with translations. attention to this extremely interesting branch of Oriental In 1887 Prym and Socin published a collection of poems study. in the dialects of Tiir Abidin and (Hakkari), with Among Continental linguists between the years 1850 translations, entitled Kurdische Sammlungen (St. Petersburg, and 1890 some interest was evinced, for the greater part 1887). Many of these had been collected during a voyage by Russians, hut since then there are but two works, one in the Tiyiiri and Halckari country. These were un- of which was published by the French Government, and supported by any grammatical section, though a glossary which attempted somewhat feebly to treat of various was appended, a book full of interest to one who Persian and Kurdish dialects. The other is nothing but already knows the language, but of little to him who a photolithograph of a large manuscript in Kurdish (the has no means of learning it for lack of on the DLvZn of Shaikh Ahmad above mentioned) without any subject. attempt at translation or notation. This deficiency had ljeen filled to a degree by Justi in It must be admitted that the acquisition of any one of his Kurdische G~ammatik(St. Petersburg, 1880), but as the many dialects is attended with great difficulties, and I05 pages out of a total of 250 are devoted to lengthy it is not within the powers of all of us to spend long periods dissertations on the vocalization and dissection of the in Kurdistan, nor do I think many, even linguists, would vowel and consonant sounds, which for practical purposes look upon such an uncomfortable sojourn with any feeling might have been confined to twenty pages, the student of pleasurable anticipation. is liable to be somewhat dismayed by the apparent We thus find that most of the literature on the subject is complications of sound. The grammar, too, is somewhat the worlc of persons whose occupation led them to reside obscurely arranged, though very complete. in Kurdistan, and among the best of these are the Russian A year previous to this Jaba had published 11isDiction~zai~e students who had been employed in the Consular Service, Kuvde-Fmrz

The following is a list of the published studies and works SANDKECZKI,Xeise nach Mossul und durch Kz~rdisfannach on the language :- Lrrmiu, unternonzmen im A uft rage der Church iMzisionary Society. Stuttgart, I 857. CHODZKO,' dtudes philologiques sur la langue Kurde POTT,some articles on Kurdish in Zeiischt-z$t fur die Kunde (Soleimanie) ' : Journal Asialique, s6rie v, tome ix, p. 297, I 853. desMorgenlandes. Detmold. BRUGSCH,Gesandschaft in Persien. Leipzig, 1862. CHANYKOW,Vermiflelungin Sad$ Bulak. St. Petersburg, I 856. F~IEDRICHMULLER, Kurnza?tgi-dzhlecf der Kurdensprache. Vienna, 1864. The languages of Kurdistan are principally dialects of a main tongue termed by the Kurds I

sight often appear to be further from it than the Kurdi. the peculiarities of the vowel-sounds in one dialect, he These Kurdi tongues are to a great extent Perso-Lurish will find himself quite at sea with another which reverses dialects, in which a large number of Kurmiinji words these and uses others. The working sounds are, however, appear and occasionally some verb forms. universally understood, and are really the constant factors. Owing to the number of dialects of Kurmiinji, it is This view finds confirmation in the following : 'M. Justi impossible always to quote but one word or form for an a trait& longuement la phonetique kurde, les voyelles ont English equivalent, and the necessity arises of noting the utie prononciation peu fixe, ce que l'on doit attribuer, differences between the main branches, which may roughly au fait, que le Kurde n'a jamais 4td Pcrit. Au reste, le be stated as Southern Hakkiili and Mukri (Sauj Bulaq), meme phCnom6ne se presente dans d'autres dialectes." Haban, Sulaimania for the Southern Group, and Northern For the many inaccuracies which must exist in such I-Ial

PART I1

1~1onr~1.1~USES. PAGE Verbs : 95 Subjunctive Mood . 95 Preterite . . 97 THE ALPHABET AND PRONUNCIAI'ION Oblique Narrative . 99 Nouns : Plural in Kouns . . 100 THEKurds have adopted in all their ivritings the Arabic

Agreenient of Plural in Nouns and Verbs , . IOI alphabet, adapted slightly to meet tlleir own needs, as has Dative Case in Nouns . . 103 been done by other Mussulman nations; but the Arabic (;overnment of Nouns by Yrepositions . .. . 103 alphabet, particularly in its vowel signs and soullcls, does Consecutive and Chaldean Genitives . . 104 not serve at all adequately to express the Kurdisll values, Consecutive Datives and Dative Phrases . . . 104 unless one has learned to attach purely Kurdisll values to Cotnpound Locatives . . roj the letters, when they are still deficient numerically. It is Pronouns: The Snffixial Pronouns of the Southern in fact very muc11 like Turkish in this respect, for the Group . . 10.5 Arabic letters fail in exactly the same way \vith the voviels Conjunctions : The omission of Conjunctions . . 110 of that language. Prepositions : The omission of Prepositions . . III It is useless, then, to go to the trouble of writing The Plural Forin in Cardinal Numbers . . 112 everything in the AI-abic character and tl.al1sliternting it. CONS~KUCTIONOF SENTENCES. . . 112 as the word 1171-itten in the Arabic character catlnot give COATPAKISONSOF SOUTHERNAND NORTHERNGROUP any nearer appl-oach to its prollunciatio~lthan can English DIALECTSIN PROSEAND POE.~RY . 113 . literatio~l,and therefore its otiIj7 reason for prese~~tation SPECI~IENSOF PROSEAND POETRY,WI'rH NOTES . '34 here is lost. For instance, nTe may quote- PROSODY . . 160 .,.? bikhzia VOCARULAKY. . 170 9 jj? gzLcs ,171" 7,7402h +.L s/lk /" ~h(zi~ J ' The .Arabic cannot express the vo~veldl\tinction, n~hile English can. I have therefore adopted English llteration, adapted throughout. For the information of those who may read Kurdish ~volksthe Arabic adapted alphabet is quoted here. B I< UKDISH GRAMhlAli THE ALPHABET AND PRONUNCIATION 3 , tlle 'a' in 'ball ', nor as is the equivalent vowel in Persian. Ex.: khwdzin, to wish ; pdrz, broad ; i1, dark red ; ~/ldf?g, - a month ; sdkul, ice ; aZai, pepper. 1 a, if with as d ~ 2. a. The simple or short sound, as of 'a' in 'flat', is very common, as : mltrm, come ; /l(z?,f,a,go ; wash, black ; U k~ydawn,accomplished ; kkalzjs, charcoal. 3. e. This vowel, for which the Arabic alphabet has no L* L* t 1 J 1 as 'l' in El~glish; sign, occurs ol~lyin its short form, as 'e' in ' bet ', the long 4 when pronounced form as pronounced in English being represented by i. Ex.: eh, if; kendek, a little ; /led, a bee ; tern, fear ; kek, as 4 in Russ. c.roso helha, an egg. A III 4. f. 'l'his has the long sound of 'ee' in ' beet '. Ex. : c;l n diiz, ditzd, tnad ; hiw, light ; ish, work. 5. i unmarked represents short 'i', as in 'bit'. Ex. : 71/il, 3 v, 23, ii, ue, z2o the shoulders. > W, 0, (10 6. o represents the long '0' in English, ancl is but seldom a h heard without being accompanied by another vowel. Ex. : 60, for. Q- F, y, ai, ytzi 7. ji rliarlted has the sound of 'oo' in ' boot ', as : ban, to L- a, e (short) become ; chZji, a leaf. 8. u unmarked is like the short 'U' in ' put ', the -, i, yni, y (as in combillation of the two (U atid e) being seen in usta, ' but '), iai the neck. g. u has the value of '11' in ' hut ', and is but rarely met with. Ex. : vzukh, the brain ; dud, the heart. The letters ,J s, ,jZ, t, and s$i~iius Zenis are used whenever foreign words demand their use. 10. ii modified has the sound of 'U' in Fr. 'rendu ', as : khiin, blood. VALUESOF THE LETTERS I I. ii gives a sound resembling 'oy' in ' boy '. Ex. : daik, SG, mother; khwai, self. (a) V07tle1s 12. ai. Very much like '&' in Fr. ' b$te '. Ex. : aizhin, I. a is encountered generally between two consonants, they will say ; pni, a foot. and when unaccompanied by any other vowel has the 13. a0 can hardly be represented by any English value of 'a' in the word 'father', but not so broad as diphthong ; it is midway between the sound of 'a' in KUKDISH GRL13131XR TI1E ALI'IIASET AND I'IIONUNCIhTION 5

'fatller' and 'ow' in 'non1', and is usually only seen in e>;cept lZussiar1 ill Europe, but best described as a vttt.y nrords of the SG. Ex. : kiio, a sl

THE PARTS OF SPEECH female employ the words nnir, male, and 71zi or maEg, female, as- In Persian l but three parts of speech are acknowledged $sink-f-?lni~, a Inale cat by Persian grammarians-11ou11, verb, and particle, called $sink- f- 7112 a female cat respectively, after the -4.rabs, ism, $'l, and hnrf; and since Where the simple form indicates the mascuiine naturail)., the construction of words with adverbial and adjectival the word m2 or 7ntrEg usually precedes the noun, as- meanings is ruled consiste~ltly thus - the language gi~nish a buffalo theoretically containing no pure adjectives nor adverbs- vliEgi71zish a buffalo co\v the definition is adequate. It is not proposed to treat ICurdish 011 these lines, and even precedes on occasion where the flair is also however, as its words fall readily into the groups used employed for distinction, as- by Eitropean grammar. An elasticity of use certainly wiiid-i-nnir a male bear permits Inany words to undertake more than one function, gwca female bear P a property which, while, (as it is the same in Persian) it The use of the female distinctive word is largely ruled facilitates the task of the Oriental grammarian in his col- by euphony, and may be used almost indifferetltly in lection into thl-ee parts of speech, does nothing to prevent either position except in a few it~stances. us from classifying it in our own more analytical ways. THE NUMBER THE NOUN The numbers of the noun ase diminutive, singular, and plural, each with its own form. The noun in Icurdish is simple in its use, following regular laws in its cases, and since there are few but pure Diilzi~zutive Kurdish words in the language, and those few submitted ek, nkn, k. Final ck and aka or K. Tl~isform, which is to Kurdish ruie, it has no multiplicity of forms such as one found in Old Persian in the final nk, must not be occurs in the neighbouring Turl

rri/tt, cziltrhn, f/ek. A further set of diminutive forms is tile syllable ek rei)eated to tnalte the singular of a tzihkn (double diminutive), and ZLeK (NG form of nib, dilninlltive, \vl~enever it is desired to ~OI-111 the singular niitzhn, ~vllicl)is S G)- of X diminutive noun the si~lgulartermination in Z is used, jnshCtz/n, from pshi :L cat ,S will be seen in the exalnl)les below- jiicn/nikn 12 a Jew pZo the man kun,c,akni aboy(dim.) jjchiikaihz jchiik an!,thing s~nall pizoaka the man (dim.) dizhmzl~ an enemy ,ou/Z/eh gu/ a flower fc&~rzkni' a inan (dim.) ~iidz71iilLiah(z an enemy (dim.) . SG uses in very ral-e instances the affis gn instead kn ?,I, a boy riish~~zi~/aknZan enemy (dim.) of kn, nhn- hur?*ek a boy (dim.) T-/-~&/Z, froin 7,~tzi a road In no case would the singular diminutive be, for instance, (ha. The affis chn, n~hichis also founcl in Persian, is pGonkek or dizhnzinnkek, e~ll~loj~edin cel-tain lvords, as- Gal-e must be talren at all times \vith these affixes to bnhhchn, froin bZkh R gartlen distinguish bet~vecn the singular and the tiirninntive przz'chlz pni a foot termination, and the various co~nbinations in p111.ases seegfchtl seCgi a traj- (SG) ;ire instanced by the follo~vingexamples :- l'he most general of all is tile first qrloted here, tlle KILI,?P~I'I/Lhayyn I have one son termination in eh, trRcr, or k. hurn,ahi~~zhay~~a I have a son (dim.) kur?*nhni~rz/myya I have one son (dim.) Si~zg///,t7. dizh 112 i~zi7)~hnjyln I have an enerny The noun in its si~npleform is naturall~~ii~ the singul;~~- dishlniueklitlr htyya I have one enemy nrl~nher,but is dcvoicl of any indication of number, a~ltl diz/~7/linaklz71l,'znyjla I have an enemy (dim.) Inay then be used in the plural, or signify a plural it^, of c2'i.~h11ri1rczhni1/zhnjytz I have one enemy (dirn.) objects without necessal-il~.being inflected. ltrwtii~jfkoek knot one man of the111fell This confi~sion is guardeti against by the use of fi11al ~(ZZW~ILpiioahni Knot somebody of them fell eh and final Z as distilrctives for the singular- 111 this instance the singular forrn of the diminutive TIZZY man ~lrf~t,nzfieh one rnan gives also a certain indefiniteness to the statement, and p5io man pfcioek one man the #irronhuZ may be a man or a boy, the diminutive has) horse hnsjneh one horse relieving it of the absolute certainty of the first form that hich girl hidf,kichek one daughter one 71ra1z fell. These t\vo last examples are both SG ; the This folrn must not be conft~setl with the dimitltrtive NG \vould give- termination, and its use with it is very frequent. Since, livz7t nl?~-iiehfiezut honever, it n.ould be a very clumsy combination to have /iztrin ?~~T?'iiekikewt 10 KURDISH GRAMMAR THE NOUN I I

Plural g. The NG and occasiollally Mului of the SG presents an. The most general way of forming the plural is by n as a plural termination- the addition of Zn to the singular (simple or diminutive kurriia/lj KurllzZlyZ ICu I-ds form), though as a generdl rule among tile dialects of the kun, KurrE boys SG it is formed upon a word already furnished with the aka, which in this instance would appear to be nom but but it is not very get~erallyused. a euphonic use only, as the meaning is not ~lecessarily gal, al. Though never met with in NG and very affected thereby.' rarely in SG, and not being strictly speaking a Kurdish In the NG, as the diminutive form is not so generally termination, for the sake of record it is rvell to mention used, plurals are as a rule formed more from the ordinary here the termination gal and al, which is used in all the singular noun. dialects approximating to Kermanshah, and occasionally We have, then, the following forms in plural and in a few of those around Sulaimania, which lean in most respects to the KurmZnji uses- singular :- dush71iirzgal en ern ies SINGULAR PLURAL dz~sh7nitz al-n-w a7,awnl Arabs ash5 ' &shah &shi&/t Zshakc~n sag sng(zkn sagan sagnkdn khfi khZgnl eggs 7122l 711alaka 7fizlldZ~n 7/1ZZ(zkdn The NG presents a few examples similar to that quoted as the Persian use in the footnote preceding, as- The noun uilinflected by any save the signs of number is in the , as- 2. The NG has the monopoly of a plural in idwhich is haistir dachi the mule goes very frequently met with, as- zhenka nan tiakal the woman 7tzrrkes br end bchiik bchukza' childre11 baran cinbiri the rain 7-sins nti~zZf ?1151,zif id In e n Khwa if2l-i God created zhe~t zhefzid wolnen Accusative SEY serfd heads 5. The SG has lost the signs of the accusative case l Old Persian made a plural in the same way, and where the which it at one time pos~essedin cornmon with the NG, singular ended in ak the same use took place. In modern I'ersian the with the exception of the affix f, which is by no means ak has become eh and the old plural almost entirely replaced by ha. One of the few remaining examples is the word bana'eh, which, while it general and which is gradually dyin,a out. has lost the final ak, hzs retained it in the ag of the plural band@%. There thus occurs very naturally some confusion with 'THE NOUN I;

the nominative, as one may be confronted \!it11 a phrase Tile use of any affix is not compulsory, and as often such as- as not tlie accusative will be found to be absolutely pfia ~ZLFOh1/.zh/1( the Inan lcilled the man undistingui.5hed in form from the ~lominative. iiizpZ7~ibi~d the thief took the money a. NG also u5e.s the termination Z in exactly the same (ftr~~trzshin gilt Ahrnad toolc a \vifc way as it doei the final F, but as a rule it will only be found with a noun preceded by a preposition, and seldom, In the last t\vo the sense of the ~vordssr~pplies the meaning, but in the fi~.st,unless we know the regular order if ever, as a pure accusative. of subject and object in a sentence, it is impossible to Dnti.i~e clisti~~guishthe case of either one of the two pGio. On the m. The true dative in Kurdish is formed with the affix other hand, such a phrase as (?nl/ra fizz kz~zhtis ambig~~ous, /-i,~vith or without hi prefixed to the noun, as in the for though according to the syntactical rule ?F(nlrza should following esa~nples:- be the subject and the meaning of the sentence 'Ahmad hi kzzhikni/,~tg~? he said to the raven lcilled the robber', it is also possible for the signification of Menzed~id2 he gave to Lluhammad the sentence to be ' the robber Icilled Al!mad '.l In such Kkwi~~~tig2 lie said to the Khm

t Or, again, the preposition bi [nay introduce the noun Final 5 The second fo~mof the genitive, and that very without any affix being employed- generally in use among the dialects of tlie NG, is the bi hlr?llz~ynnfishfed Kutt he said something to all of them z affixed, as- vzin T~z~zhi to-day's bread p(ri. The SG sometimes employs in the place of bi the razh hnwtnt a day of summer prefixial word pnz, as- Khan td wilZfZ the Khans of the province pniut dZ he gave (to) me a. The third form, also very cnrnrnon in the NG, even chithiirdpaizhenaka? what have you done to the woman? more so than the preceding, is the replacement of initial d. Here and there an isolated example may be found by initial 6, as in the following examples :- of the dative in final dG with prefixed bi, as in the following bi khnfirz Khwadt for the sake of God example :- haspi Mgkho M uhammad's horse chii~~6il-2z~tdZ they went to the road zhi?zG 11lfrGf the man's wife dinnvciZpnigha~~zhe~iin the name of the Prophet Ge~itiz~e a with It may be used also with the final Z to the +fa. The simplest form of genitive, and that employed noun in the genitive case, as- exclusively by the SG, is that which adds t to the quali- geZf2 shewini the shepherd's flock ficative or word possessed, the parallel use to the iqafa in parZ fair5 the bird's feathers l'ersian. I

df~~tlFc5bi.-a knotd I saw the fellocv fallen in the Vocative lit~~znldi house The vocative is a case which may be formed with any c/ze7*c/~fInbEzair,dZ bz? tlie pedlar was in the bazar one of a very large number of expressions, usually ho, di?~cFzfdEpaighanzb~zl-n in the name of the Prophet halo, hoi, oli,jG, the last being employed in expressions of didcwfchi gi~xtGz seized in his mouth a religious natrire. 'The first three are mountain calls, and The initial di or h, however, Inay be dispensed wit11 if follow the name of the person addressed. it is desired to use a l~reposition~vhich has the mear~ing AuxiZiary IVo'ol-ds adAfixes used with Nozrns ' in ', e.g. bi or tizi or 7znw (lzciv),as in the follo\ving and It is possible in I

6. gelJ, ' a worker in,' ' malzer of '- 14. @K an attributive suffix- zrriri~zger a goldsmith, from znirin gold kkud@k sorrnwfi~l,from Kkud sorrow isirzger a blacksmith isill iron KkapGk deceitful kkap deception teltsuk coward tevs fear 7. ftz, ' full of,' ' at '- KkwZzzZk ilnportunate KhwrE= wish g-ka~1z62 distressed, from gkauz sorrow I 5. yiv, signifying the agent- cz'rieoshfn a glittering d~~iwshscintillation pniskin the foremost pnish the front bakhtyir fortunate, from bakht luck ki~yir purchaser kiv purchase 8. bir, ' bearing,' ' producing '- jzZtyir ploughman j71t ploughing deriobi~ a fel-tile land, from del20 the reaping 16. er, iv, ay, signifying the agent, or 'pertaining to'- g. K&, 'one who does ' or ' makes '- kzZcker emigrant, fro111Rzjch wandering yilotkir a peasant, fromjaot a plough tCir mulberry-tree tzi- mulberry drzlkir a liar drs alie g ring hifinger 17. win, ' a keel)er,' also ' pertaining to '- 10. fin, ' appertaining to '- devgnwin gatekeeper, from del~gate gundiilz a villager from gund a village pa\awin shepherd pas sheep I I. (121; ' holder of,' 'possessor of'- sekwin hunter sek dog g~?~dZr a cowherd, from giu a cow ~ciwin cowherd COW bildnr a bird bil a wing alrruswin a ring alrzus finger khizflaciir a treasurer Kkiznn a treasury IS. wer, ' he who talces '- xezufdir a landowner zewi land ranjwer \vorl

13. ikh, ' the condition of '- 20. nl, signifying the agent- gaw~zikhheat, from garyz warm sUtif incendiary, from sGt burning THE PRONOUNS

Besides these there are a few others, such as n&k and lC, 2, but the pronoun is not inflected, the only difference already attached to words imported from Persian and between the nom~nativeand genitive pronoun being one Turltish, but not employed apart from them. of change in the actual pronoun in one or two cases, as seen belorv- THE PRONOUN NG SG of me i nzi~z,2 auin Z min of thee z fa, g fa Z lu The personal pronouns differ slightly in the main of him, he^, it Z zuai, n zelni f awn groups NG and SG, and are as follo\vs :- of us i nzn, & 71lct i ninzcz NG SG of you Z ha%,2 h81/,f wni L nrwn I a=, n.cf, 71la,TI~~IL mi?~ of them i UZIL, 2 vnn i nw&u thou tn tzZ, ntzZ he, she, it uv, vn tro, azvn Exarnples- TV e am, TIZLI ainza kzcj2f ~~zin my daughter you ~~ZLIZ aiwn Z~E~Z&zwai his wife thcy win, wrzi nwifz 711a:n7*fazt~nrz their graves These, the primary forms of the pronouns, are the In the SG is found the wide use of the suffixial nominative form also. It must be noted that Kurdish is pronouns, which appear particularly frequently it1 the use strict in its use of the 2nd persons singular and plural. of genitive pronouns, and as these are con5tantly recutring LVhen speaking to one person the 2nd person singular in all sentences, they ale now detailed below- alone is used, no complimentary use of the and person - me, of tne -i/rz&z us, of us plural being permitted, as is common in both Persian -it thee, of thee -iti~z you,ofyou and Turki5h. The 2nd person plural is reserved for -i him, of him -ajtin them, of them addressing more than one person. As nominatives they which forms give us the t).pei; chawnm, my eyes, sei-it, thy talte their place in the sentence as nominative nouns- head, ser-f, his head, etc., which is ~n~~cllmole general in nz tirriliz I am going SG than the fisst forms given. The SG, ho\i~e~,er,malces IIL~~L~JaKi?,~inz I will buy use of both in giving them a slightly different signification, awn bnshn he is good for the first form has a stronger meaning thali the second, Ge~zitive and it is always used when the pronoun qualified (1.e. the The rules for forming the genitive are practically the .possessor) is doubtful or where clear distinction is needed. same as those for forming the genitive of nouns, that is to The second form is used when (as is usually the case) say, the name of the object possessed takes the final f or there exists no doubt as to the possessor of the quality 2 2 I

tftellkit bgsha tfenki urf~zbishtira NG zlin inin )they brought them thy gun is good, (but) TJLY~LIII is better S G /~nitzi?zzyilt $shekZioi bntda, fihehi min yi$sheJzi tii rlokir-YiT? It will be iioticed that the SG used the suffixial pronoun his bandolier is empty, will he buy 7liy cartridges or where possible, and in preference in all cases to the your cartridges ? separate pronouns, which it very seldom uses for the n&kintrlz bm-i rnin bn ya kurr Z tii objective except for emphasis, as- I do not I

NG 7na, may-a, bi~~zar~d As has been said, the SG prefers the use of the suffixial \to us SG ainza, biczi~~zct,pai nirr~n,-7~i)z J pronoun wherever it is possible, but in some cases its use NG kGz, wafra, biwai'~xa,haze would lead to confusion, as in the last example, for were to you SG aiwa, biaiwn, pni niwa, -t&z one to say hgnr wutftrznn it would mean ' if we said ', as NG viz, vinri, h~vn~y,i the verb form has no indication of the pronorninal ending, 1to them f f SG nwirz, bi czze~i~z,pai nzvi?a,-@E) the meaning ' he' being merged in the final of the verb itself. il4~i~zwould therefore supply a pronominal form Of this multiplicity of forrns the second in NG is the which would be appropliated to the verb. most correct and most used ; the third is but a cornpound or amplification of it, whose use is alternative. The first or uninflected forin is used around Rayazid and by the frontier tribes of the north. The SG forms are also Tlie possessive pronouns are exactly the same as those complicated by their numbers, but as with all the other of the genitive case, but Kurdish uses to a great extent forms of the pronouns the suffixial are used whenever the genitive of the reflexi\-e pronouns, which are as follows :- possible, and the following- examples will show better than explanation the various uses, as far as is possible briefly ; the general use can only be acquired after the student is more familiar with Kurdish style :- l'htse are formed by the addition of the word kkwn to the pronoun itself, which has the meaning of 'self '. Tlie NG va katitza vnn NG differs from the SG in that it does not join the SG wa Kuti~zajoai nwilzn and the), said to them pronouns to the syllable khwa, while the SG prefixes Khwa wa kutirzu pnzjli?~ 1 to the pronominal suffis. The reflexive pronouns are NG az bi wel-i gut tllerefore as follows :- SG 7ui1z kui7~zi' ,,.l1 said to him 7rzin kutln ptzii' I myself vzct khwa, nz khwn khwnuz 1 Iie gave to me i thclu thyself fa kirzvn khwnt he hi~nself (mkhwn Khwaf NG nc rlZ- kwai birinuzn ta 7 I, then, will give it to thee IIL~ kAwuuzi?z SG uri~zdi nzon biaurif 1 we ourselves kkwn you j~ourselves hztn khwcz khwatin NG dnr hntpnm rii bihd~z came out and gave money they themselves zli?~khwu kkwaj,in SG dar /mtpny*idipai aizun l to you NG ekgut uzn~.i 111 the genitive the NG omits the pronoun which if he should say to us SG hagnr wutipair~ri~z l precedes the reflexive particle, and the genitive forrn 2 6 KURDISH GIZAMMAlX THE PRONOUNS stands entirely as i kIiwa or 5 khzwa, follo\ving the rule Genitive i Khwn, 2 khwa i khwct~,z of the genitive for nouns and pronouns, as- do. do. i khwat do. do i Khwni he \vent on the roof of his house chii ser khini6 khwa do. do. i khwczmifz az kezjfkhwa drz~hii~~zI aln washing my clothes do. do. 5 khwntZn The number and person can therefore only be ascertained do. do. i khwny&n from the context in the NG. As the SG uses almost Accusative Khzoai Khwalltrz invariably the synthetic form, there is no doubt about the do. khwat person intended, as- do. khzotli 11li~jiZiKikhwa71~dushallt I am washing my own clothes do. khwmmin do. khwczfin c/z~sevi Rhini khwai he went on his roof avia pd~&'khwa~lrdrzn this is our money do. k/zwq&z ishi khwntin khzuafin you Iinow your ownaffairs best Dative bi khwa, khwarZ a'azi~zi~z (literally, !-our own affairs do. do. you you~~selveslinocv) do. do. do. do. When the SG uses this fo1.m in preference to the do. do. genitive of the ordinary pronoun it has, as in Persian, do. do. ;t slightly stronger meaning, and should be translated in most cases by its true equivalent, ' myself,' ' tllyself,' etc., In all emphatic phrases, as ' I myself', this pronoun is n~hereasin the NG it has metely replaced the ordinary used - genitive. n,z khwa dnz&ziuz I myself lioow The reflexive pronouns form their cases in exactly the atu khwat bzw~-ua go thyself, i.e. thou thyself go same way as nouns and are treated as such grammatically. We therefore get the forms- THE DE~IONS.I'RATIVE PI:ONOUNS NG SG These are as follows :- Nominative v/rin khwa, az Khwa hhwnuc fa khwu khwczt NG SG nw khwa khwai this nu, va, viu, va< z~i~JI, hi72 uza khwrz khwrt7)rZt~ that aw, WZ io han khwa khwrzfi~r these vin auzarra valt RAWU /E/[wctyntt those van, w&z awzna 28 IiURDISH GRAMMAR THE PRONOUNS 29

Hnnzv is so~neti~nesused in the same manner in tlie lie said to that Inan NG, atid the forms tzv . . . Khwn and wi . . . khzva, which from those your boundaries are found in the NG only, are used as follows :- from these chiefs czv 711ii%fkhwtz ~izeniwut that same man said it to me this man viz wig~~n~ZfK/Iw(ztilinzkir they looted that same village he said this it is not of these, perhaps it was of those The interrogative pronouns are as follo\vs :- it was this NG SG It should be noted that in the NG the demonstrative \v ho ? kZ .? Ki ? pronoun agrees ill number with the noun it precedes and what ? ch< chih ? chi ? indicates, but in the SG the plural form of the demonstrative which ? Rizhki, kizh, Rizhi~l? kEi~z,ki~r~ii~ ? pronoun is only used when the noun is uizde~~stnodon&, and what sort of? chtiin .? chiin, clZlz2lz ? whenever the noun is indicated the singular form of the Examples- demonstrative pronoun is invariably used, whether the ia who has come and what has he noun be plural or singular ; thus we must say- ki hit wn chi fie? ? done ? aul #Gogin, these men, not nuzEn pZogin zhevnciGii~kizhRigz~t?whichoftl~esetwodidhetake? nw kib?,aKin, those fellows, not awin kEdl*(thin Rkhi?z dir ~-~3rcl'n? whicli tree is a good one ? Besides these demonstrative pronouns are the pronouns- ki~izg~t/ijn/t.nwifii~,dawa?which idiot has done this? Ztiy, idfn, zti< dzterekn the other chur~pZoZn ? what kind of a man is lie ? hnmm, /Ict?,nw, nu . . . Khwn this same The first three of the pronouns above, ' who,' ' what,' and hn~faw,wi . . . Rhwn that same 'which ', are declined in every respect lilce nouns. the first being used after tlie noun, as- hrzisteridivz the otlier mule ;~~zilftir the other house The word hu does the duty of the relative pronouns, as- The first of the four forms of ' the other ' quoted is SG, nIivcr RU hit the man \v110 came the second and third are NG, and the last is common to hasp ku nz Kiwi the horse which I bought both. Hnvn7i~ and hczvnw are the SG forms and are used qnl'n K~L'nskni*~~KE?z g& the castle that the soldiers before the noun, as- took haifanz pi& pnil~z:nut5 this same man said it to me This pronoun is indeclinable, and when it is desired to l~arawgunn'rrhntililzii?~ Kird they looted that same village construct such a phrase as 'the woman to whom he gave THE ADJECTIVE

money' the phrase must be reconstructed to 'the woman chnn Inpin some of them who to her he gave money ', where the relative pronoun is hn~&Ketin both fell considered as a conjunctive particle, thus, zhe~inkrzku hi piivr hatin many came awn parcif (in. Similarly, in the case whe~ethe relatlve ha1~zz2kzZosh kird all understood pronoun is in the genitive in English, as 'the house of which I built the doorway', the sentence is inverted to THE ADJECTIVE ' the house which its door I built '; thus, khiain ku az de7.f The adjective or qualifying word follo~vsthe noun it wi chf-kir, or ' the man from whom I tool< the money ' ; qualifies, and is connected to it by the particles f, i, and hi, ~lr.%z?ffku nz zhizuf pn~ngirt, ' the man who I from him the last two being exclusively NG and the first common to took the money.' all dialects, as- hasp- f-spi' the white horse THE INDEFINITEPRONOUNS 71zfrGf-2-pfr the old man These are- giz;fa-ki-Ygnd the good tribe kas one In a few cases the adjective Inay precede the noun, as- jfeko(Jfn,yekitir, etc. each other washwil~z a swift (the black one) hanzz&as, gi~hkas,hcz~kczs everybody ~n7-&zilu a hornet (the yellow one) jlin sucll a one, so and so hfzbio a rascal (shameful father) chiskttk, tzj-htek, nnghdek something It must be noticed that the qualificative is treated in hfch, ~ZLC~,kliwt, chf, ~ZI nothing rJftir< ztilrf, rL'ftc,ad~%,etc. the other every way as a noun in the genitive case, and so constant is this rule that a noun thus treated becomes practically an cknn, chnnd some hur,du, /m7~lL'z1in,herriGk both adjective, as, for instance- hntin zke ser-i-chZ~zo desht2n-i-chGl Z~Y,~ZLYY, gnZek rnany /2n7~zU,gi~h/f: all they came from the mountain-tops and desert plains Examples- where chZn and chGl, in themselves pure nouns, become adjectives or qualificatives, and indistinguishable from pure has 1z5zZtzf no one knows (one knows not) adjectives in their connexion with the nouns they qualify. gzrti7z yehodin they said to one another kaniGKas dnzn~ri~zeverybotly knows Inversely, pure adjectives may be considered as sub- stantives in the genitive case when they qualify indicated jli~zfpaf~~~wz~ti SO and so said to me nouns, as in the case of tishtek cii he gave something htchi71~nijyn I have nothing qizh-f-~rnsh black hair chf nn~llrl'zwrz I have seen nothing which would be equally correctly trallslated 'hair of aw itzrf 6ta give me the other blackness '. 3 2 KUKTJISH GRAMMAR THE ADJECTIVE 33

This substantival value of the apparent adjective appears proves the existence of the purely adjectival idea in in such a phrase as Kurmanji, as- rrashuka rr'aki~rir~z72a daka I will take black, not red raiga d~,aizktira the road is longer bard ginintira An even better example is furnished by a word so the stone is heavier purely qualificative in English as ' good '- the comparative form being made by the addition of ti~to SG pf5oek-f-bGsk the positive. To express the superlative degree a compound 1a good man N G ~ni~i-ki-rundl phrase is necessary, as there is no affix for the superlative degree. We must say ' than all . . . -er ', as- az yekfzhe ryndakzn girt I took one of the good ones rags Za kamC draizktiya the road is the longest, i.e. the road than all (others) is longer where rqmdrrkin is a perfect plural noun and its value and use absolutely substantival. and the use may lead to such a complicated phrase as- It may be said, then, that to arrive at the Kurdish idea of NG fla7na zhe humC-i-~~zfrGfinkzl azi dZt mezzntir a an adjective we must turn our adjective into a noun, and SG flaltza Za hamG-f-pf5oag5nki min dfvz quZZoti~a say 'goodness' for 'good ', for the Kurdihh idea on the last Ahrnad is the heaviest man I'ever saw ; literally, phrase is ' I took one of the goodnesses '. Ahmad than all the men that I saw heavier is In English we have in some instances arrived at the It will be noticed that the ~ot*~arativeform is placed at same use, for we may say 'will you have a short or a long?' the end of the sentence immediately before the verb, which meaning a short drink or a long drink, etc. The Kurm~nji has always to be the last word, and this position, that of has always done the same thing, and thus- penultimate, is that which it usually assumes. ' dralzhaka dakirrfyz kul-taka ? To say 'give me a better one' the same construction has will you have a long or a short? to be resorted to, and one must say 'give me one better than this ' (or ' that ' as the case may be), thus- where the object indicated may be any article, the name NG zhi wfyekfryrzdtir bida than this one better give of which is understood either by immediately previous reference or by optical demonstration. THE COMPARATIVEPHRASES The sense in which the word may be said to be purely I. 'as . . . as.' adjectival is in the instance where an auxiliary verb is used ' This mountain is as high as that' to join the noun and its qualificative, as- There is no parallel construction to the English ; one must rakn draizha the road is long say- bard girzna the stone is heavy ' The height of both mountains is one ' for we can immediately proceed to the comparison form, NG bilindfii iiardu chfiinyekia which can ollly be used in this situation, and which alone SG barziif knr d'ii keiien yekfka D 34 KUKDISH GRAMMAR THE ADJECTIVE or NG SG 'The height of this mountain and the height I I rz'ehoyek, yi~iza yanztr of that mountain are one' I 2 riehzrdii, dehududu, rlzuinza dw&zza NG bidz?zdfZ va kew hi bidindfi wf kew yekfa I 3 dehzisi, srr~zdn siZuza, zfida jG ,bayziii am kiif wa bnrzuf aw kiif yekfka 14 dehzlchav, chavdu chiyda, chw2rda 2. 'not SO . . . as.' I 5 rieh?~pe?lj,pizza patzza ' This is not so dear as that '; one must say, I 6 deh~~shrzsh,shi~zza shinza ' This is not of the dearness of that' I 7 dehuhaft, h(rvdtz hewa'n SG alnrt wa gzgzyanfawa nays I 8 dehuhesht, kesha'rz haizhda 19 riehuneh, nzizda 71 u ezrz'a 3. ' . . . -er . . . -er.' 20 bfst bzTF A parallel construction for this phrase does not appear 21 bfst u yek bfi o yek to occur in NG, but the SG gives an exact parallel in any 30 sz SF phrase desired, provided always that it be introduced by 40 chel ched hay, ' ever.' 50 pelrjn, pen+ pni~ya hay nezzfktiv, dzjzutir the nearer, the clearer 60 shest shaist The NG would have to use an elliptical phrase. 70 h~fta hef t5 80 kai~htz,hwlzt6 haiskti go tzbt, 7lu(.l nnud IOO sari SO,sziot 200 dzi sad tl'usuo, dusat These are as follows :- 300 sfsad s~risrrt NG SG 1,000 hezZy hlzzar, hezhil- I yek, ek yek I 0,000 rich hezav 2 dii diiin IOO,OOO sat hezar 3 S< szTm sfi7z 14,528 chirda htzir o painj sat o btst o kaisht 4 char chiv, chwir 5 painj pen?. The formation of the numbers, as is seen from the above, 6 shas/c shsh is the same as in Old English-'fourteeti thousalid and five 7 haft haot hundred and twenty and eight.' 8 hesht haisht The words kezzv, ' thousand,' and sat, so, etc., ' liuntitecl,' g neh, nah n ih take no plural form. One says, as in English, ' three 10 deh dah thousand,' sai keziv, 'several hundred,' chan sat. Nor is it 36 KURDISH GRAMMAR THE VERB 37 essential that a noun thus given a plural number shall take of the ordinary Kurminji verb, it is well to thoroughly the plural form, as in the following example:- learn them before proceeding to the more difficult section kaot pia0 (not kaot piiogin) seven men of this part of the Kurdish grammar. As these auxiliaries The plural form is, however, sometimes used (SG) to are almost identical in form and use, they are treated here emphasize the sense of number, as- side by side in order that the little differences which hezcir ntilnkitlihayya he has a thousand (i.e. many) distinguish them may be the more readily detected. houses The verb ' to become' is one which is used with nouns and past participles (verbal nouns) to form passive verbs, The only fractional number in general use is niw, nftna, and is encountered frequently. Where the English uses half; whenever it is desired to enumerate any other the verb ' to be ', with part of the active to form the passive, fractional number the Persian method is used, as- the Kurmanji uses the verb 'to become ', as- yek zki si one third (one of three) English ' to throw ' is the active yek zhe char (or charek) one quarter ' to be thrown ' is the passive and so on. Ordinal Nuutbers Kurdish 'to throw ' is the active These are formed from the cardinal numbers by the ' to become throwt~' is the passive addition of an or i, with the exception of the ' first '- '4s the SG and NG show some considerable differences, first paishin, awwnl (Arabic), yek< eyek the forms of each group are shown side by side here.' second dziwq duwan< dedii~in Itzflnitive third si< svin hnin, bcin to be fourth charan, chari, chwari ban to become fifth painji, painzZn, etc. twenty-first bis o yeki Present Indicative Aflr~native twenty-sixth bfs 0 shask< etc. The adverbs 'firstly ', etc., are not used, the ordinal I am, etc. NG SG numbers in their simple form being invariably employed. az hairna, hem, -elf2 min haiuz, /tarn, -im tcz ha< -T tu hai, knit, -i THE VERB aw hajya, -a nw hnyj/a, -n THE AUXILIARIES' TO BE' AND 'TO BECOME' nm haim, -in aiutn hain, kai?tth, -in han hain, -in aiwa hain, haitan, -in As a knowledge of the auxiliary verbs 'to be' and 'to van haina, -in awan hain, hayan, -in become' is essential before the regular verbs can be learned, It will be seen that each group also has several forms, each form and as they serve in a measure as a guide to the formation being separated from one another by a comma. 3 8 KURDISH GRAMMAR THE VERB I become, etc. nz drrbiinz, a'abiiin uzzn dabzlrz, nbilrr Aflrf/zative tcg cdabt, clahtt, bit tu dabiii, ctbiit aw dab&(&bit, bit, dabitin aw dab< abf I used to be, etc. I used to become, etc. aliz dnbi~z,da bt~z aims dabin, abin NG , SG ken dabin, dabtt aiwa dabiiin, abitz tzz Ctttbiilrz dam bii, hrnbii, bzidu~ T?& dabin, dabit n wErz cl'ctbi~z,abi~t ta dabet a'at ba, atbe, biiEit azw dab8 daibii, fbzi, be5 N~gative 1 am not, etc. I do not become, etc. a712 dczben daminbzi, ?)~ilzbii,badmin NG SG NG SG h~na'abzzn datin bii, tinbn, hiiditin nz ~ZIIZ,ninzr~z llzi?z nZl?z az nibiirz ?uin ndbilrz vin dabiin dayin b~,jjinba, bz~dyin fa ni, nZni tu nZt fa nidt tu nibi aw nina, nqya, tzilz~~ctnzw ?zijya nzw r~iht aw nib5 Negative (171~nt/zi?z, tzininilz airlza nitz nut ~zihin ui?~za7zib1n I used not to be, etc. 1 used not to become, etc. ~GJLnfrzrn, tiirz?zi?z aiwct nf/r hiin nibin niwa nibin uin utnin, funtntn nwd~zntan vdn ndbin aw& nEbi~z Prrefe~ite Aflrrnative I was, etc. I became, etc. NG SG NG SG bbu??~,nz hCEbzi~z,az bz? biim nz ballt ?/tinbQm bai, ta hibaz; fa ba bat kz bat tu bat ba, nw hdba, aw ba ba nw bzi azw bii bbu~z,ultz kibiin, nvz bbu biin ax ban ainza ban Afly~~mfive ban, /tan hiha?z, /lzw ba ban ban ban niwa ben I have been, etc. I have become, etc. ban, vin hiben, van 6G balz v& bfin nwiu ban NG SG Ne'qative az biima, biiina, habiiya, biiya rr'arlzbiia, arlrhaa, balna I was not, etc. I did not become, etc. tn beta, biiitrt, habQya, ba~~t datbiia, atban, bata, baijcz Bath Groz~js nw biiya, biina, habcyn, biiyn daibda, niban, biia nibe71~ nibiilz am bz?na, biiina, kabaya, bayn ch~llzinbaa,alrtinbaa, bana nibiit ~ribzin han bana, biiina, knbaya, bzzya (lata~lbaa,cztinhaa, bzina ziba nEbG~z virz bena, biiinn, /rabtiya, biiya cl'aycFnbzia, aydnbfia, biirzn , 40 KURDISH GRAMMAR THE VERB

Negative Conditional I have not been, etc. I have not become, etc. Aflrmative NG SG If I be or become nCbiivza, tunabalrr nantbaa, niballta Both Groups nabata, tzdnnbzX . notban, nibiita bibi7~z,bii?rd bibin, biiiiin ~abap,tunaban ~m65a,niban bibit, bud2 bibin, buiZn nibiina, tunaban nar~&zbaa,nibana biba, biiya bibin, buian nzbdr/a, tunabiin antinbaa, nibana h'eg'ative nibiina, iunabz?n nayinbiia, nibana nibi?~,nibiim nibin, nabiiiain Pluperfect nzbit, nnbiiZ nabin, nibiiiGin Afl~71zative nabs, nabuya tzabin, nabuian I had been, etc. I had become, etc. Future Both Groups Aflrmative bzlbar?~ bdbiirt I shall be or become babaz babiin NG SG haba bdbiin bibifrz,debiim dabinzawa, dabim, dabam Nexative bibi, debsz dabitawa, dab< dabs2 nibabatn nibabart bibu, deba dabiwa, dabf, dabii nibabai nihiibdn bibin, deban dabinawa, dabin, dnbiin 7zrZbZl6a nibiibdn bibin, debdn dabinawa, dabin, dabdn bibin, debzin dabinawa, dabin, dabdn S116juncfiveand Optative Negative I Inay be, May I be, etc. I Inay become, May I become, etc. With ni in the place of bi in NG and in place of da NG SG NG SG in SG. b&rz billt birlt bim I?nj9erative bi2 bii bit bit Positive bi, brZt bat bi 62, bibiya, biya Become ! be ! bi7z bin bin btn NG SG bdr2 bGn bin bin bai bz blitz ban bin bin bin bin Neg'ative Prohibitive As above, with ni prefixed. NG and SG maba THE VERB 43

Past Particz3Ze I I. Dabnizht min szdtZn-ifit. He says, 'I am the Sultan ' Been, become 12. Mi~zzai~,ki~v-ftzd ntm, I am not thy slave. 13. ZtZnZ wi tunna. It is 11ot his loss. NG SG 14. Gfit rntffii wZ ntna wi nZbit. He said to the man, baa, bia, knbaa ban ' This is not and cannot be.' I 5. Aw qnt wZ tuninn. Verily it is not so. USES W TYE TENSES 16. Dillzi/dZ rzinin. They are not in the house. (a) Plr~sentIndicntive 17. S& tir I-mfizdabi. Next year it will become the While the future has its own form, it is not at all custom. unusual for the present indicative of the verb ' to become ' In example g it is noticed that tlie word dnbf is to perform its duties, and it is permissible to say, for translated as 'it would be'. This is owing to the rule example- that narrative of any kind must be an exact quotation of hnihk dabdnz I shall be tired what happened in the past, as if it were in the present. hailak dnbz~lznwa I shall be tired The literal translation is, then, ' I knew "how it will be ",' without there being any difference in the sense. where the use of the present indicative of the verb 'to become ' is used as a future for the verb ' to be '-see (a). (b) Present Indictztii~e,second fonlr (ajixial form) . The same use is noticed in example 14, where the word This form is that which is most generally used, and it nzbit indicates a future sense. attaches to whatever is the penultimate word of the In this manner the 3rd person singular verb 'to become' sentence, the ultimate position being its own, as a verb. acquires the meaning 'to be possible', and is used in that Examples of present indicative uses- signification very frequently, for by saying ' it will not be' I. Haw5 sZr-a. The weather is cold. a meaning is conveyed that 'it cannot be', and this is one 2. Htw ~iizkin-a. The moon is bright. of the commonest uses of the verb ' to become', as- 3. Min ka~wini-m. 1 am a caravaneer. pfZo nZbf bz;farri a man cannot fly, lit. 'it will 4. Atfig2oj-Z. Thou art a fool. not be that a Inan fly' 5. Ainrnje~zgkar-in. We are fighting men. hagar nbt bolrs bfai?zaZ ii you can, bri~lgit for me 6. Aiwa sQlker-i7z. YOUare beggars. azZni7n ?cZbt I Icnow it will be impossible 7. AzvZn piskn-in. They are miserly. 8. Diortskf gedi shZh dabi, shih gedi nbf. The beggar (c) Prese~ztI?~diL-atizv forvz-haima, haim, ham, ctc. nriest becomes a Iting, tlie Icing becomes a beggar. It will have been remarked that the affixial form of the g. Milt 'uzazZnf chiin dabt. I knew how it would be. verb as exemplified in (b) could not be used unless it had I o. Min frtnsti khiditt kasfk-ign. I am drunk with the a word to which to affix itself. Where none exists, then, thoughts of one, the complete form must be used, as- KURDISH GRAMMAR THE VERB 45

kickli7~zZZ-a? isthegirlathorne? ' was ' or ' were ' and the other the meaning ' became ', as in anti, kayya yes, she is the followin,a sentence :- Whenever it is desired to contradict a statement or to SG jtZ~n7~nisZKk ba piskz dii IFZ~~Z~~h~k6ii e~nphasizeone, this form of the verb is used, as- formerly he was ill, but after two months became well ir&oz/zsGr nzjlya it is not cold to-day where the first bii signifies ' was ' and. the second bn chiil~?tZjlya, zz2rsZrkayya how is it not, it is very cold ' became '. Exainples- ta @,o%?Zf71li7zi? are you my rnaster? najkii 6&1rz na .l7nusanrzG~za ZghrZit kai~t I a71z thy master nor Jew was I nor Mussulman This form of the verb is also separate whenever it has kaf sad KhuZam mflz kabiin the meaning of ' to exist ', 'to have being ', which is one I had seven hundred servants, lit. ' there were seven of the most general of its meanings, as in the following hundred servants to me' examples :- Kkosrii o Makmad o Far,$&, hrsZ skzzda ban NG dfsant Z~zbdgfrZwZkayyu, vn qawi mE7ttii1-5 v&z kain Khosru and Farhad and Mahmud, all three were so there is (of them) at Rigiriwi, and their appointments princes are many kar chf kaistr kabzlna bir?*tn Za kar Kas a'& s&ozikayya they took all the mules there were in every man there xists inercp dihurciistZnZ zZf k 4iz Besides the ordinary signification of the preterite it Inay there are many in Kurdistan, lit. 'in Kurdistan also stand for the perfect in describing an action which has many they are' just occurred, as in the following example :- zkind gnin kayya SG kar ista sii& 6ii he has just mounted, lit. 'just it is my wife, or 1 have a wife, i.e. 'there is to me now a rider he became ' a wife ' This use, which would appear to be incorrect grain- SG ailz ghaza2a zuu~dakkidaRZ kay)sa matically, is common to Persian also, which makes free there is but a little idea in this sonnet use of the form. The NG, however, does not appear to employ it to such an extent as does the SG. (d) Preterite It will be noticed that both the verb ' to be' and the (e) Perfect verb 'to become' are the same in the SG, and that the NG also possesses identical forms which are very generally Examples of the use of the perfect, the one form of used. It is possible, then, to encounter two words in which expresses both the perfect of the verb ' to be ' and a sentence exactly the same, one having the meaniog of the verb ' to become '- 46 KURDISH GRAM3lAR THE VERB 47

NG I

The regular perfect from these forms would be nwfsrint I have fallen, etc. and chlyGm, but in the second case the perfect would be chzi~lzrZ,the pronominal patticle being placed between the (1) (2) (3) root of the verb and the sign of the past participle for dam kawtazva nr~zkawtawa kazvtu~na euphony. We may then have- Kawtuta dat Kawtawa ut kazutnwa kawtua dai Knu*tase;n i kawtnzuu chzimr-Z n wTsrZr~z chzit~~i kawtzlna datiz&/cknwtawa 7/zLi?z Kazutnwa nwfil-Zt Kawtuna datZn kawtuwa tZn Knwtawa ~hzir~ nze.~firG kawruna dayZiz kuwtazua yGn Kawtawa c/Izi~l&~l-d n w hrGn chzitZnl-Z nwTsyZn Examples- chlyLinr2 n wZsrZn chwGr jar la hnspnm Kawtnwa Tlle general rule for this formation is that whenever the I have fallen three times from my horse root of the verb ends in a vowel the pronorni~lal particle halqn halqa zi@ h&ri qubbai wa naorGs Knwtawa precedes the sign of the past participle, and when the root ring by ring the tresses of the heavens' clouds have ends in a consonant the pronominal particle follows the fallen in the midst sign of the past participle. Where the root of the verb It will be noticed that here a singular is apparently used ends in a vowel, necessitating insertion of the pronominal to agree with a plural noun, but as haor, 'clouds,' may be article, the extended form of the affixial pronoun is considered as a collective noun it is not incorrect, although generally used, as seen in chzimrG, etc. A few verbs form the verb does not always agree with its subject in number their past participles and perfects in both this and the (see Part 11) manner first quoted, one of which is the verb chzin above pni kutu~?za I have said to him cited, which has an ordinary perfect in chlma, dam chziwa, etc. The perfect may be used where it would appear that the preterite should occur, as in the example quoted under Plu#erfect the heading of preterite in kPta~yarr/zKishZwa. This use I had fallen, etc., lit. ' I was fallen ' follows no rule and is optional. (1) (2) (3) (4) a7?z kawNwn Kawtzi bz~yn' dam KawtDwn hzwtGi~ The Pevfecf in r5 at knwtziwa Kawtzi bzif dat Kawtziwa KawtGt In Sulaimania and the Southern Mukri a number of i Kawtzizua kazvtl bzi dai Kawtzizua kaevtlwa verbs form the past participle (and from it the perfect) tnGrz Kawtziwa Knwtzi bzin da71tZn kawtziwn kawtzha with a final YG, as nwfssm, written, and chziri, gone, and tan kaze,tziwrz Kawtl bGn datan Kai~tzizun k(tzut9~za others. yan kawtziwa Kawtzi 6zin rt(ydn KawtGwa KzzzvtGnn 54 KURDISH GRAMMAR THE VERB 5 5

The use of these four forms is quite optional; the fil-st Conditional three are more generally used in the northern portion of As with Persian, the conditional mood is considered to the SG district and the last in the south of it. be formed by the prefix agar, ' if' (kagar),to the preterite, SulaimZuia- either form (I) or form (3), as follows :- meskfnivz o bo kkwolt hatr nektki /litC??z bo bCna7wa If I should fall katcm (local song) (1) (2) I am poor, and for a sweet-smelling earth had I come ktrgczr kawtm kagrtrtil kazut to her, for the smell of it I had come hagw kawti kczgarit kniut la saridim kawtCwa I had fallen upon him hrrgar kazwt hgart kawt hagay kawtin kagar7i/in kawt hgar kawtin kagczrtin kawt Future hagay kawtin kagar-Zn kawt I shall fall, etc. The future conditional is formed with the perfect tense, as- (1) (2) (3) (1) (2) dakawam daha.nw?~zawa dib? bzkawa?iz kagar kawtima, etc. kagara~nkawtawa, etc. dakawz dakawt(zwa dibi bikawf Strictly speaking, then, the Kut-mZnji cannot be said to daka wa cl'aknwtawa dibf bikczwa have any real conditional mood. dakawin riakawnawa riZbt bikawifz do. do. do. Subjunctive and Optative do. do. d 0. Present I may fall, etc. The use of the future is exactly as in English and has (1) (2) no idiomatic use. The SG sometimes uses the NG form hi bfkawam hi kawat?~ of the future, which is the same as the first form quoted ki b&.~wi ki kawi but without the prefix da. The second form is very ki btkawa ki kawa common in Sulaimiinia and the surrounding districts, while ki btkawin ki kawin the third is an emphatic for& which is not very often ki bzkawin ki kawin employed, having the meaning 'I certainly shall . . .' ki bfkawin ki kawin This third form is a combination of the future indicative Past of the verb 'to become' and the conditional of the main bim kawtawa biman kawtawa verb, meaning in detail 'it will happen that 1 . . . ', whence bit kawtawa bitan kawtawa its empliatic signification. bt kawtawa btin kawtawa S5 KUIZDISH GRAMMAR

For the present tense of the subjunctive another form rd, ;is : kishm, ' drawn,' kuzhrd, ' killed,' nwisrd, ' written,' exists in such verbs as permit of it without producing kGtr2, ' pounded.' an ill-sounding word, which is but the form (2) of the This form is not Inet with outside the middle and future with the particle ki and bi or bp or bf instead of da. southern Kurmiinji. haz dakam baitawa I desire that he may come Particle Present In the verb under consideration, however, the word bikawawa is very clumsy, and its use would be avoided This part of the verb, used only as a verbal noun, is very owing to the junction of the wealc consonant w and the seldom etlcountered and is formed by the addition of to short vowels. It1 such words as baimawa, bikha~zawa,etc., t11e root, as, hew< 'one who falls.' the use is perfectly euphonious. Examples- A second forrn exists, also a verbal noun, which has the value of the present participle in final -dn, as mzmn, 'dying,' ai ki bichim ! oh that I might go! baizha baitawa tell him to come (lit. tell him rC2n, 'going, current.' that Ile come) CLASS 11: THE REGULAR VERBOF THE NORTHERN bai{vz birrzia ? may I tell him that he may go? GROUP bida bikhwam give me that I may eat wd kiyd ki bim kawtawa he did so that I might fall Injnitive kewtin or ketin, to fall Imperative It will be well while perusing the forms of the NG This is formed of the root of the verb, with or without to keep those of the SG in view, for though there are the prefix bf, the prefix usually being omitted wit11 considerable differences, it will be seen that in the main compound verbs only. For the simple verb the form is they agree in at least one form for each tense. bikaw fall (thorl) bikawin fall (you) Present Indicative A very general use is also with da prefixed to bi, as I fall dabikawa, dabikawin (1) (2) With the first forrn the negative is az dikewiln az dikewima, dikewka nakawa, ndkawin, or makawa, fnakawin (Erzerum) and with thc second ta dikewi ta dikewita A-ndkawa, A-ndkawin, or &makawa, &-makawin aw dikewa, dikewc aw dikewina dzkewiti/t Particz)Ze Past am dikewin am dikewina The participle past is formed from the root with the hiin dikewin hiin dikewinn addition of t'i or < as kawtzi, kawtf, or in some cases of van dikewin vdn dikewina S 8 ICURDISH GRAMMAR THE VERB 59

Examples- As in the SG the preterite will be found to be used waku du gEr jawani lilce two young wolves they in place of the perfect, as- dikewina niwt fall in thk midst disZ aida, wa neki qurbin once more it is the festival wa ddewina ria qishlaghi and falls to the road to the kat and it is come near to summer lands the Sacrifice (fallen near zhe sari ~nali dikewin and they fall from the roof to ...) khwZra to the ground diZbanda5-i ma zi@akaf kafti a loclc of my beloved in kaman a bow fell (In some of the dialects of the NG, notably that of Jazira Preterite and the surroundings, the correct and original form kaftin \1 I fell, etc. is found.) Imperfect (1) (2) (3) min, mu, az kewt, ket kewtim, ketiwz az ketima, ketina I used to fall, I was falling, etc. ta kezvt, het kewti, ketf ta ketina, ketita (1) (2) (3) aw kewt, ket Kewt, ket azu ketia mu daket az katimawa daketim, daketima am hewt, het Kewtin, kefin am ketina ta daket ta katitawa daketit, daketita hGn kewf, het kewtin, ketin hGn ketina aw daket aw KafGwa daketia ~nnkewt, ket kewtin, ketin van ketina anz daket am katinawa daketin, daketina h8n daket kGn katinawa daketin, daketina Forms (I) and (2) are the pure preterite form and are v& daket vZn katiniwa daketin, daketina most generally encountered among the eastern of the Examples- northern dialects, while form (3) will be met with in the bi qunaght daketina they were coming to a stage central and western dialects of the NG. aw harrg zhe sari khaina every day he used to fall from Examples- daket the roof tu bider ketf thou falledst outside (thou The first form is the purest and is used in the north- wert evicted) eastern of the NG dialects, the second in the west of wa dr8 wa zyttian ketina and they fell to lying and the Hakkari country, and the third is very general in the slandering western portion of the NG generally and also in the waZepishtGaila GeGketia and he fell in pursuit of Hakl<~riand south. the relations of Cesa The forms above quoted may be met with as dekewt, c&-r 'unsurZn chnr tabi'atin four elements are there, and dekeft, etc., according to the pronunciation adopted locally, ar aw bifntznntwi2 ketin four natures, if they fell in and this applies to all parts of the verb, as has already been their proper stations seen in the preterite. I

Perfect Examples- I have (am) fallen, etc. am awrE c&-r j5r zke that day we had fallen four kaspini kkwi keti 68 times from our horses (1) (2) 7rta or min ketfa az Ketima di MainzE keti bE so Muhatnlnad had fallen ta Ketta ta Ketita piski ZiZinZi ketena after that the Zilanlu had aw Ketta aw Ketia fallen am ketta am ketina Conditional kdn ketta kzin Ketina If I should fall, etc. vin ketta van ketina (1) (2) Examples- ek kewim ek Kewtim az Za ishqaZ pai ta koti I from love of thee atn fallen, ek kewit ek kewtf Ketifna miserable, at thy feet ek Kewt ek kewt wa RetinapaiA- haspi and they have fallen at the ek Kewin ek kewtin feet of his horse ek Kewin ek kewtin The perfect will be found frequently used for the ek kewin ek kewtin preterite, as- The conditional in its correct form (I) will seldom be zke chZi kitina kkwiri they came down from the encountered, and when met with will be seen in form (2), mountains which as in SG is but an adaptation of the preterite to meet the needs of the conditional, and examples of its use are In such case the context will indicate whether the verb not very common. Examples- is used in the preterite or perfect sense, and this use will be ek tu &- zkwf if thou give of them found most generally in the dialects of Erzeriiln add the eh az kar~im if I go surroundings. ek v& kewin if they fall YZuperfect SzrQzrnctive I had fallen, etc. I may fall, etc. (1) (2) (1) (2) pitin, mu, az Keti i5E az ketEna kew i?tz bikewim ta Kett bE ta ketEna Kewit bikewi aw Keti bti aw ketuna kewa bikewa am keti be am ketz2na Kewin bikewin k8n KetT bE kdvz KetEna kewin bikewin vin KetT bd vin ketEna kewin bikewin 62 KURDISH GRAMMAR THE VERB 6 3

Examples- ek wka bikempasht Kewt'm if I do thus I shall fall wa ki talaf nzkewin that they may not fall aside stgkadizznh-tinlasarita when the robbers come giskk karra nav diskmen2 they may all go and fall Kewi7t they will fall upon thee kewa giskk bimer~a among the enemy, and dilem dibikewa khwzra my heart will fall may all die hzperative hash bikewa bimerra may he fall alld die Fall tell him to go baizha bickta (1) (2 bikewa dabikewa Su@mctive Past bikewin dabikew in I might fall, etc. In the second form the prefix d- may be separated from biketiyn biketilt the rest of the word, as in the following example :- biketf biketiri gu dz tc biz&ztji'k&ka najikttua biketa biketin he said, know that it is my place, not yours Example- amirt di ki Lashund- dizin biketin he gave the word that they might fall in pursuit of the robbers This form is very seidotn seen.

Fgture Particz$/e Past Fallen, ketia, kewtf I shall fall, etc. The second form is very frequently met with in NG with (1) (2) (3) the meaning ' wretched ', ' miserable ', and in that form kewa?n dibikew im bikewim seldom has any other meaning, the first form being kewt dibikewt bikewt generally used to signify the pure past participle. kewa, kewit dibikewa bikewa zke say&- ketfa kk.wirt hew in dibikewin bikewin fallen from above kewilt dibikewia bikewiu For the purpose of more facile comparison the verb of kewi?~ dibikewin bikewin the SG is here tabulated side by side with that of the NG.

In form (2) we encounter the same use as in the SG in 1n.nitive the use of part of the verb ' to become ' to form the future To fall tense, but the first form will be found to be more generally NG SG used. Examples- ketin, hatin, kewti~i,kaftin hawtill THE VERB 54 KUKDISH GRAMMAR

4Ex,., IQEX B'QX S: %%%%B%taaa3 KUKDISH GRAMMAli THE VERB 67 ConditionaZ NG SG ek kewim ek hewtint Ragar kawtim Ragar~ekawt ek kewit ek kewtf IN I,., IN I,., Ragxr kawti hafarit kawt *Q** U a a a ekkewf ekkewt Rng-ar kawt izagnri kawt %%%-Q ek hewin ek kewti~z Ragar kawtin hagarm& k nwt d 0. d 0. do. do. RagartZn kawt do. d 0. do. do. Ragariifl~kuwt

- - kewim bikewim ki bikawam ki kawnm -. kewit bikezoi ki bikawi El,., ctxx ki knwf 'X 'X 'X 'X 'X kewa bikewa ki bikawn ki kawa QQQQQQ 8 1% a .E ?$$$6g kewilt bikezoi~z ki bikawin hi k~wi?~ 60666 Q $$$$,, do. do. $ %%h% d 0. do. .A .A d 0. d 0. Q+ d 0. do. 2 a Su@%?tctivePast NG SG bikatim bi~kawtawa bikat f bit do. bikata 6i do. bikatilt bimau do. do. bitan do. d 0. bzycflz do. Imperative S C: bikawa dabikewa bikaw dabtkawtz bikewin dabikewtiz bfkawin d&bfkawin Particip/e Present NG SG kewf ku wf KURDISH GRAMMAR THE VERB

Particz)fe Past rri bzin to rise, exceed wi khestin to light NG SG rri ketin to lie down wa reslZfZn to vomit ketfa, kaotf kawtzi, Kawti, kawtm wa gariitz to turn back wa shardin tohide,preserve wa hitin to come back wa kirin to open (NG) rzi hishtin to throw on, get wargirtin to take back Kurdish generally uses a number of one-syllabled words under way war infn to wrap up,place to form compound verbs, some of which are as follows, and YE ntsktin to sit down (NG) within which give certain modifications to the meaning of the verb rzi khestziz to throw down wargarfin to turn back with which they occur. The commonest are- day hain& (SG) tai kirrin to pour into, fill dar in% to extract, taigaishtin to understand &-, YZ, with the sense of ' down '. separate (NG) (SG) dai, with the sense of ' flattening ', ' breaki~lg'. dar kitin to emerge tai khestin to cast into had, bar, wa, war, with the sense of ' up ', ' over ', ' again ', darki~~intoevict taidEn tofill ' back ', ' off '. hiw khestin to collect, throw shirdenawa to choose wa, with the sense of ' open '. together kirdnawa to open ri, rrZ, with the sense of ' stopping ', ' stilling ', ' up ', ' on '. der, with the sense of ' out '. The affix awa is used only in the Mukri, Hamawand, ta< with the sense of ' in ', ' with ', ' to '. , and South Mnla-i dialects, while all the prefixes awa, with the sense of ' open ', ' out ' (SG only). are common to all Kurmanji. There are, however, a few differences in the form of conjugation of the compound Common examples of the use of these and others are- verbs in SG and NG which are shown below. As the bar din to give up, re- Zai khzirfn to blame student will recognize the parts of the tense by seeing linquish had stin to rise (SG) the. 1st person singular, that person alone is quoted for bar khestin to cover, fold halgirrin to lift up each tense. h- nishtin to sit down (SG) kaZgarfin to return The NG uses three forms in certain parts of the verb- &- nZn to place halbzhirdin to pick out &- khestin to cast down, had far~fn to leap high (I) R'here da is part of the formative of the tense it is take off rri kirdin torunaway(SG) omitted in the cornpound verb. &- girtin to surround rri wussdn to ha1 t (2) Where da is part of the formative of the tense it Zai &-n to strike hard YYZfarrfn to fly away precedes the verbal qualificative particle. dui khestin to beat, hammer rrZ wushin to cause to roll (3) Where da is part of the formative of the tense it dai kirdin to squeeze (SG) (SG) retains its normal position. There is no rule governing this usage. 1 This verb is doubly compound, being rra-wa-sdn or sf&, and iu other dialects (particularly I

but rule (I) will be found to be more general. In both In the conditional and subjunctive, as the prefix da is cases the imperative lo.;es the prefixial bi. not used, the verbal prefixes tai, der, etc., are used as words For purposes of comparison three verbs are quoted here- preceding the verb, and do not alter its construction it1 any way. The pronoun, however, precedes the verbal prefix. In$nitives NG tai kirrin, to pour into; der kkestin, to take off; ~wz#erative wa kirrin, to open. NG tai ka, der kkn, wa kir, or wa ka. SG tai ki~din,to pour into ; der kkestin, to take off. SG tai ka, der kka. Present In dicative The follolving table of most of the qualified verbs shows NG az tai kem, az dderkkem, az wa dikem. the usual treatment of the present indicative, and is quoted SG lnin tai kauz, tni akam, tai dakam, min. der kkem. at length, as no rule governs the usage of the particle do. Negative Verbs are marked with NG or SG accordillg to their use, NG az tai nzkem, az niderkkem, az wa niikem. and those unmarl

INFINI1'IVE PKES. INDIC. GKOUP INFINI'L'IVE PIZES. INDIC. GKOUP dZ liqzrt to be hanging dZ liqinz NG kal takZndilt to shake hal ttrkfairzim dZ CiqZtz dirt to hang 05 liqin i~n K G hal w(ssh5ndit~ to rase, scatter hal w?rshai~~irlz dZ weshi/z to tumble dZ zueshim NG abroad dZ ZgerstZlzdin to set light to 0'2 Zg-eel=c.iaillim SG kal W?USZ~J to halt hal ea~ssi~n NG h- weshn?zdi/~ to throw, cast dZ weshF?zivzim ha[fa?-rtrz to jump up hal rizjraanwz d~ hat it^ to come back cii tainz hal kal~diti to uproot utterly hal daker~ifn dZ Khaftin to lie down du khawam SG . Lai 2l~zrt to bring togethe~ lai dhitlirn NG dZ nishtir~ to sit down rr'a nishk SG lai hainin to bring together lai airziyn SG G% hishtilz to place a'& dhili~rz dlaikkinz NG lai khestirz to strike dnr anin to fetch out cr'ia'at-init~z NG {lai kham SG dar ainEn to fetch out dar Caiuiln SG lai khwarin to please lai dakkam dar khestin to separate didarkhem KG lai RhG?,in to blame lai dakhwnran to fall out dar dikewim drr kewtin lai dZt to pulverize lai didem NG dar hatin to emerge, appear dar taim ihi aiatn SG hnl hatin to come up, ferment hal tainz lai garfin to seek lai garrim httd awitin to throw oneself hal awZzhivt NG lai hZtin to be able, con- lai failtrt ktrl anfn to rise hal dinim NG venient hnl birri~z to raise hal dabi??z XG hi kirrilz to smash lai daKam had birrilz to chop up hal dabikl~t SG hi kirdin to smash dui kanz hal birdill to raise hal dabi~n SG FIG bCn to arise YYZ dabzm hnl bzkZrdin to select hal bzkai~,i~lt SG YY~birdiz to pass away, elapse YYZ bird@(has hnl bestin to tie up hal dabesivz NG elapsed) hnl parr& to dance violently kal parrim SG to spread out 7,ri dak@hfnzilz hal kewtin to happen, light hal kewim to fly away r~5azjrerrim hnl paskzll to grip hal pazi~n NG to lie down 7,ri rZiziln hal pichZndilt to cause to roll up kal pichZainiuz S G to pledge,accompany rrZ diwestiyn hnl pichfw to roll up hal ap fckim S G to stop, remain YY~zoisim hal parrin to jump hal dzjirri~rz N G to halt, stand rrZ wussim hal garrfZn to return kal dagar~iftz to lie down rri Kewinz htrl RishiZn to spread out hal dkskin7n N G to kiss YY~danzGsi~n hal wrtstin to suspend hal awasitlz SG to swing, roll rmwushai?~ht hal girtin to lift dal dqirrim (causative) KURIIISH GRAMMAR THE VERB 7 5

INFINITIVE PKES. INDIC. GROUP INFINITIVE PRES. INDIC. GKOUP rra W~S~TII to swing, roll YYL.?w?dshi?z wa stindilt to cause to stop zwa stain z 7n rri hiskfin to leap rri dkfliin NG wa ski~tirz to hide wa dishiriln NG ~rigirtin to maintain rri a'agir~iwz wa kefti~t to predict rva kawem NG YY~kirliin to flee rri aiknm SG wa kiyrin to open wa dakem ~1.nki~ha~~din to swing (causative) rri kizkaini~~~ wa kusktin to extinguish wa dakiizhinz rii ~EII to fall out rz2 debim swa keshfn to withdraw wa dkishfn~n NG rii kskindin to pull out rG dshkainir~z N G wa keshi~r to withdraw wa kishifz SG 7.E khesti~z to throw, fall down YG akham SG wa gi1.21rdin to turn back wa dag irai~zim N G 7% kiifrin to bury (a thing) YE dakanz wa garriin to turn back wa dagaryi~n SG YE kka~~in to demolish dariikkiainim SG wa g-irtin to talie'back wa riaxivim YE nishtin to sit do\vn YE niskzm,ni~~~N G wa gGrin to change wa riag-Grim rzi hishtin to get under way YE kiliu~ SG wa gii~iizrdirz to exchange wa dagii~nirri71.z tai kii.rin to pour into tai kern NG wa man to be left behind wa riiirtainim tai kiydiiz to pour into,wrap up, tcri ka~n SG wa hatin to come back wa tar?% place inside way gayindin to overturn war garainim tai war i71ir~ to rinse, wash t(zi war dhinim war girtin to dress, raise war a'ag-iri71z tai kkestirz to throw into tai kha;it zuar girTin to turn round war dagarim tai zelar &-n im rinse, wash tai war didefn tai gaishti~r to understand tai d&aii~l tai hililtin to immerse tni dhilni~ri?n taikbzrdin to stir taik abem There are but few irregular verbs, and they are for the wa bastan to imnlure wa dabasinz nlost part the same in NG as in SG, and in most cases zvn bahfn to seize wa bahilit have the same irregularities as the corresponding verbs in wa palAin to clean wa pal'zkivz Persian. wa jenkin to shy, be alarmed wa jenkiw For more facile reference they are tabulated on p. 91, wa Kkestin to light wa dkkfnilli the 1st person singular only being quoted. to drink, consume wa khwam to arrange wa di nir~z to untwist wa dirfsim to vomit wa draishillr A large number of verbs which are by nature intransitive to cut, split wa riiyczhim may be made transitive by the insertion of the syllable to stop (involun- wa styn -in- between the root and the infinitive termination, and tarily) 7 6 KURDISH GRAMMAR W THE VERB 77 which changes in most parts of the verb to -fn- or -iain-. Examples- wushtn to be disseminated w~shnndin to scatter shkzn to break shkanin to cause to break aishin to ache aishandin to hurt pfchfn to twist pfchZndziz to cause to twist tersfn to fear tershin to affright The present indicative of these verbs is (callsal form) daw@shaink,dashkfainiwz (SG),dashktnim (NG), daishtnifn, dapZchi%im, daterskifn, while the prete~ite(which is but the verb with the infinitive termination dropped) will be wqshZndim, shkZnim, aishandinz, pichdndim, terainzin. This rule is applicable to any intransitive verb where a separate verb does not exist to express the transitive meaning, as in the case of hZtin, to come, which has iizZn, to bring, i.e. to cau5e to come. Following the rule above-~nerltiot~ed,the verb is quite regular, the main parts being as follo\vs :- Infinitive shkzndin Pres. Indicative dnshkainif~t Preterite shkzndillz, uza Perfect shkZndinza shk2nd Imperfect ma dashhand Pluperfect shkzndf bbum Conditional shkazizim Subjunctive bishkainigfz Future shkainim 1111perative bishkaina From this form a verbal noun is formed of the past participle as shkZndz; a broken thing, wyshhdi, that which is spread about, rishindf, a thing poured about, and so on, The construction of the parts of the verb presents no and so from these a passive verb may be formed with the ctifficult!,, and they are as follows :- verb bfn, to become, as. we may say Infinitive ki~di~znwn PIeteri te ki~d71znwn shkindi dabi it will become broken Pres. Indicative dakamnwn Perfect wn kzi.dma, wushindi dabf it will be spread about w&/z kirdzwa which avoids the ambiguity which we have in English, ~fzakivdunwi Imperfect makirdZw2 Conditional kamnwi for instance, when we say 'it is broken', when it is not PI ~iperfect Kivduwn bzi~n Future dakamiwi evident whether the object has broken of itself, or whether wn?~kirdzi bii a known cause has caused it to break. The Kurmiinji Subjunctive bikamnwn I tnperati ve bikariwc must say either shikiwa or shikia, ' it has broken,' or shki~ldihayya, 'it has been broken.' In tile perfect and pluperfect, as the natural form of ,411 example of the use is seen in the phrases- the verb ends in azua and tlle addition of nwn makes a cu~nbrousword, the prefixial forms are generally used. dgli shkiwanz shkitzdfta, khwat la khwai skki, atii . It \vill be noticed that in the imperative the verb takes daskkiain?, cha ? its true form bikar, which it does not do when used si~nply my broken heart thou hast broken, it broke of itself and without any affix. (if) thou art breaking it, what shall be left? ax taBg o bilitaGgi dashidininz I will tighten the girths and the overgirths The infinitive is not the fundamental part of the verb. This is found in tile imperative, and to the imperative deshidiizfm, from shedindin, to cause to become tight, of (less the prefix bi) is added \vhatever syllable provides the which the intransitive verb is shedrin, to become tight. infinitive, which strictly speaking is a verbal noun. For rumi khwa hezhindia, he shook his lance, from hexhindin, example- to cause to tremble, of which the intransitive verb is hezhiin. bi-~rri,rootisrrz?, infinitiverrcin, togo hi-zhnr zhnr zhirdin to cl~oose THEVERB IN -awa bi-kha kha khestiz to throw This is only met with in the Southern Group of dialects, bi-she shz2 skUstfz towash and only in such verbs as those which in the Northern hi- kaw kaw kawtziz to fall Group prefix wa with the meaning of ' open ', as wa hivrin, bi-KuZZn KuZ&L kuZErzzic tocook to open, which appears it1 SG as kirdiniwn. hi-p9.i ga~z ga?yi2n towantler Such verbs are rare, the only others much used being From the above it will be remarlced that the terlninations shirdilziwi, an alternative to hal bzhirdin, meaning ' to ~vhichform an infinitive from a loot are -irz, -dziz, -stin, -till, select' ; hitzlzawa, ' to return ' ; g'hkti/zawa, ' to shift,' etc. -n, and -2tz. 80 KURDISH GRAMMAR THE VERB 8 I

With the root thus supplied the presellt indicative, of possession is expressed by the verb 'to be' in the future, conditional, and subjunctive are formed : root, rrzi ; following manner :- present indicative, darrGim ; future, darrziimawa ; con- I have = there is to me, m&, or ma.kayya, or where the ditional, rrGim ; subjunctive, birMim. pronoun or noun is separated from the verb by another Froin the infinitive less the final n and its supporting word, milt . . . -a vowel the other parts of the verb are formed : root, zkir ; Thou hast = there is to thee, ta kayya or ta . . . -a infinitive, zkirdin ; infinitive less n with supportiilg vowel Example- -i-, zkgrd; preterite, zkirdim, ma zkird; imperfect, dam kai bizirgkn, derdf milt piirya, @ cka derdf ta kayya ? zka~d, ma dazkird ; perfect, zkardima, mazkirdawa ; ' 0 merchant, I have great sorrow,' he said ; ' what sorrow pluperfect, zh-rdzima, zkirdzi bzim ; subjunctive past, hast thou ? ' bizkirdim, birn zhirdawa ; past participle, zkirdfa, Similarly, other parts of the verb ' to have' are furnished zkardawa. by corresponding parts of the verb ' to be ', as, for example, From the above it will be noticed that, given the imperative and the infinitive, all present tenses are ktzf sadsiiwirz' nrin kabzin I had seven hundred horsemen co~structedfrom the former, and all past tenses from the When the pronoun is preceded by another word the latter, and with these peculiarities in mind any verb (except suffixial pronouns are often used, and this is by far the the irregular verbs specially mentioned) Inay be conjugated. most general use in the SG- The infinitive alone is not always sufficient to form pZr& kayya I have money the verb, as in some cases what appears to be an infinitive pirit kajya thou hast money termination is part of the verb, as in the case of besti~, pgrgfkay~/a liehasmoney where the infinitive ter-mination appears to be stin. This, piram bzi I had money however, is not the case, and by the imperative, which is bibesta, it is seen that in is thc indication of the When no word precedes the pronoun, and it is still desired to use the suffixial form, one says- infinitive only. (In the dialects of the Kermanshah district this verb kaima, I have kaita, thou hast kayyat6 he has follows the Persian form, and makes its imperative the word being formed of hay (= kayya) + pronoun + a. in biwalza-Persian biband-thus making the infinitive In the same manner a preterite is formed- termination still, and the verb an irregular one.) bgma, I had bziia, thou hadst bzif (SG), he had, etc. The extreme southern (Lurish-Kurdish) uses the Persian (I) THE VERB 'TO HAVE ' verb dgsktan, which may also be heard among the Jaf Neither NG nor SG possesses any verb ' to have ', in this (a tribe speaking corrupt Kurmanji), with its southern respect reselnbling both TUIkish and Arabic, and the sense terminations- KURDISH GRAMMAR THE VERB 83 ~nitzdairiw Zwza daiyimi/z To fill this deficiency the modern language has made tn dairft Zwa dai~itin use of two compound verbs, the meanings of which awa dairit ydna daiyzydlr approximated to that of wgill, and which are kaz Kiydi~z, to take pleasure in, and by development of the meaning, The NG uses also the follo\ving form :- to want, and gerek 68n, to be necessary, and by development wi~fikayya, we have ward kayya, I have of the meaning, to want, to desire. dd~ikayya, you have tari kayya, thou hast The first verb is conjugated exactly as a compound verb vinni kayya, they have viyd kayya, he has which does not change any of its verbal fornls, simply tat.5 bn, thou hadst, etc. lnari 66, I had pefixing the word haz to tlie various parts of the ver-b The SG, as a rule, does not use the full form hajya, kirdin, which is set forth in detail in the section on irregular except to emphasize the statement, and will be generally verbs. The use is as follows :- found to use the forms -%a, -ta, -a, -%@#a,-fdtza, -@nu, as : Skaihh daZai haz daka7n naghdekf ZaZif tzi bai7~zawa piriaza, I have money ; pirita, thou hast money, etc. the Shaikh says, ' I should like to come and see you. From this use originate such common expressions as for a little while ' chita ? ' what is the matter with thee ?' literally ' what hast The conjugation of the verb gereh 6Gn follows as thou? ' and the possible answer, chfwa ? hichfn ?lZyytr, a compound of tlie verb 'to be' when used it1 the sense ' what is the matter with me? nothing is the matter with of ' to have', so that if we replace the word par5 in the me,' and in the preterite, as: aw r8ozha ki ?+yi na &wit examples quoted under (I) by the word gerek, f'ollowing 68 nn atnit 68, ' that day that thou hadst not " this" nor the last rule given for its use in SG we obtai~itile meaning "that" in thy face,' meaning 'that day thine expressiot~ ' to wish ', thus- was inscrutable.' gerekma, I want gerehita, thou wantest, etc. (2) THE VERB ' TO WISHJ IN THE SOUTHERN GROUP gerehm bzl, I wanted geerekit d6, thou wantedst While the NG possesses the verb kkwdzin, ' to wish,' 'to gerekm dab< I shall want, etc. want,' the SG has lost the use of any such verb, and now Examples of the use of these verbs is as follows :- possesses nothing but fragments of the old verb zuiin or kaz aikam ski~birruim I \van t to go to tolvll wist., ' to wish,' ' to love,' 'to desire,' which \bras conjugated harm5 haz aakafi ? do you not want a pear ? thus- zi, haz niham Zai no, I do not like them Present Indicative : dawiiw, dawif, dawai, dazuii71, kaz aihaw chwZr pazm bisfazi~zin, khu aw wahkti dawiin, dawdin, dawig+z, dawft, dawi, dawi~l,dawfn, gerekw bzl dawh. I want to buy four goats, which I wanted at that time Preterite : wawist, tawist, awist, mdnwist, tdnwist, kaz aikai wapaf biryai if you please, go on foot ydnwist. bno .? v~zib&z chi gerek~~za? w11 y ? what do I want It will now be encountered rarely except in poetry. with fatigue ? 84 KURDISH GRAMMAR THE ADVERB 85 whe~etu8g-u and rind are both adjectives used adverbially. (3) THE VERB 'TO SEE' IN THE SG This is extremely common. Like the verb ' to wish ' this has lost most of its parts, Noi~nsand a preposition may be used together to form and the preterite and perfect are the only two at all an adverb, and the usual prepositions used in such generally used, and those usually in the sense of ' to find '. connexiorl ate ba, 'with,' bar, bf, 'without,' wa, 'with ' mad< I saw or found mdfwa, I have seen or found (SG), as- The meaning of the verb ' to see ' is achieved by a clumsy ba danga purr hit, bt dalzgi ckC compound, ckiopai kawtin, which means ' the eyes falling he came very noisily, and went sile~ltly upon'. This is used for past tenses, while for the present The common adverbs are as follows :- and sometimes the past also the compound pai dzyir bCn, araq bay< baJi yes Examples- ' to be apparent to one,' is used. ni, EGO no ( awjir chiom pai kawt, mar pai tu dzyir ~tzyya? beli, baliri< baski, bashki SG) perhaps 1 saw it that time, canst thou not see it? dab< skiyad possibly 6Co (SG), zheri (NG), chunks, Zabari because kagar ch-07%pai kawtawa dam kiizha'awa. cht8r,chtufz,waku (NG),chlun,chi(SG), how if I had see11 him I would have killed him. chun KZbm hita mil, minil i khwai paishi chioakini dzyir hio, avqk (NG), wi, whi, awandC, thus, so, in this nibC, b zhe?zakai$ersi, chaoitpai min&lakin nikawti' ? kzls&?z (NG) manner kuti biokim chlun pait dz%r nin, d+ira chaoakinit a~yiikh hardly niszkha. zhibocha? sebebcha ? chi~ri?chitu ?(dll why ? why not ? A fellow came home, but could not see his children. NG), b80 ? buochi? (SG), labaricha? He aslted his wife, ' Hast thou not seen the children ?' vzaani chn ? (SG) why not? She said, 'Little father, how is it thou seest them not? G'at absolutely it is obvious that thine eyes are not whole.' albet, haZbet certainly, of course chzq& (NG), chan how much or many bas enough THE ADVERB charrdek, chani some As in Persian, no particular form marks the adverb, biqis (NG) as much as geZak, qawt (NG), z8r which is such by its meaning only, and in many cases the pwv; extremelg,much,very adjective is employed in what we should call a purely hinrii (NG), cznzchat~i(SG), azuanda so much hindek, hhg, endusk, hinda (all NG), adverbial position. For example, little, a little ham, tuzek tufigu hit wa rirdqsrrik2'r he came quickly and spoke well ~ziki,nhi, anzckZ (,ill NG), fsta, hfsta now 86 KURDISH GRAMMAR THE ADVERB 87 paishin, jiri~z,bZri formerly shezoidz; rtiishiw yesterday night pishiwz; ikhiri,du@zZya eventually, at last hay rzizh every day, daily aw waklrt, aw jir, @ri, wechcighf then gallek, paikawa mutually, from one kar ? cha sZ ? chi wakh ? &&fighi? when ? to the other gawa, hay zejakht, ki whenever wa kevuditz, layekrtdzk, yekedh (NG), together a7~yZr(SG), gzr, avjir this time Lagaliek awjir, wakhtt that time har hfwi (NG),rnaiigigana, kar magga monthly chanjir ? how often ? har sil, wasiLf, sZLza yearly hunt; ekz, dahi, kizlzZ yet amsZl, avsil, ZsiZ this year di, dfsi, disin yet again ~ZY last year beleztir (NG),bartir, wartiv, sutir sooner pairir the year before last zhwi skunciZtir (NG),ciirtir, shzkntir, later lakiii? kiii? kiwa ? whence ? where ? brdu7~rZ

TIIE CONJUNCTIONS (b) Zabarf chi wit kuti The common conjunctions are- for what reason didst thou speak ? 0, wa, u and (C) ~ninZam bin0 tu law khwirawa ne,' in

4. d, to, for. Often demanding a final f to the noun. Further examples of the omission of the preposition- Example- (a) zhwi shunditi~tarrim Vin hitimi shirt I came to town after that I shall go (to) Van 5. ba, bzii, with. The use is not very general. Example- (b) gdinim hayya harri7n chZn ama hit bui berii this one came with his brother I have the idea to go (to) the hills (c) hazir qurzish wi di 6. ZCgaZ, ZZgar, diga!, dzgar, with. Examples- he gave a thousand piastres (to) him (a) aw shziZd dzgali min kiri 8. bi, bai, u~ithout. that work he did with me g. pai,pev, for, to, after. Examples- ( b) min Zagak hama hitill-t I came with Ahmad (a) hazhar qurzish $aim di (c) dZbinin ~zand%ari tii he gave (to) me a thousand piastres bring bread with the buttermilk (b) az purr ZGmi pai wiri gzi I said many evil things to him Note.--It must be noticed that though we use the word (c) paii buchzi $aim biaina 'with ' to translate Zaga!, etc., it is confined to the meaning go after him, and bring him to me ' accompanying', and the word Zaga! cannot be used for such meanings as ' by means of' which we express also by It may also be omitted as- ' with ' in English. (d) saw purzishi diT, for saw qurzishf paii & 7. bi, zua, at, to, in, by; wa is only used in the southern he gave him a hundred piastres dialects of the SG. Examples- (e) gut&, for gutipai mitz, or gutfpaim (a) bi rziozh chrFKf, bi shio zergtir he said to me by day thou art beautiful, by night more beautiful 10. bco, zhibo, for, to. Examples- (b) chzi~vzbbi shi~a'i (a) baizha bzio kibrG I went to the town tell the fellow, lit. say to the fellow (c) bimd knz (b) buo hawzzii bas daka I stayed in the house it will be enough for all (d) amr bi shi~ikchikir (c) zhebo hitin; ta haisterek khzet5zi he commanded to the shoemalcer for thy coming thou wilt need a mule Where the preposition means 'in' it may frequently I I. bii, for, with the meaning of 'in exchange for ', as- be omitted, and two of the above phrases may quite bii chen aid5 (SG) for how much wilt thou give it? correctly be- I 2. ber, Zebar, Zawar, war< paish, Zapaish, hi%&-, zhzbar (b) chum shirda and mdldd nzdm (NG), on, in front of. Examples- THE PREPOSITIONS g2 KURDISH GRAMMAR (a) bari chawakGnt (c) dizzn fnin nek Rashl Beg on his eyes they brought the robbers before Rashid Beg (b) labari kkwat (d) karjZranin dacha nek (brahim Pasha in front of thee every now and then he goes to Ahmad Pasha (c) Zajaishf kirwina 16. nezlk, nezzik, near. Example- he is in front of the caravan pndek nezlka Khoi a village near Khoi (d) bar derf sikini 17. lasar, zhlr, zlr, say, labiir, belin, on to. Examples- he stopped before the door (a) chl sari gdza &-ri sekini (e) azi labari kula ta rzinfwz saleki went on a branch and stood there I will sit before thy hole for a year (b) rriwussin lasari rratga (f) az zhibari darga wai derwini kir they stopped on the road I was guardian before his door j c) Zasari' io chum I 3. d~nta,duwi, shl~, shun&-, lapisht,pisht, behind, after. I went to the water Examples- (d) daZak labini keuakin xiegaf daka (a) harra dumai the marten lives upon the mountains go after him 18, zhir, bin, lebin, khwir, lakhwir, under. The secoild (h) m2 bum la sh~&dikirwin hatifn and third are NG only. Examples- I was tired, and came on after the caravan (a) bin ard&- (c) benairi lashcnf under the earth send after him (b) Zakhwiri shakhaya (d) lapishti chGn hitin, wa milf khwa la dumai khwa bti it is under the spur (of the hill) they came from behind the mountains, and their tents 19. tai, taidi, inside. This is generally used with the came after them meaning of ' at the bottom of '. Example- 14. bey, dour, ladour, lagair, around. Example- ivaka tai dfzia ? is there water in the pot? Zehem bey min r~ndta df ? 20. zhiniv, di~tiv,diniw (NG), Zatliw, nio, ~fifig,i in, among. hast thou seen that they who are around me are good ? Examples- 15. lali (NG),ling, nek (NG),jaish, beside, to, before. (a) dinfwf akrid aw shlli qawi zaida if-a Examples- among the Kurds that action is a most shameful thing (a) harra Bizidt lingi Ahmad Pishii (b) kir nav neklli khwaf go to Rayazid before Ahmad Pasha he took it in his beak (b) jarikzni khwam har lafif khwam damTaina .(c) aw ki laniwf damia ZaduZi nia my own money shall rest beside myself what is in his mouth is not in his heart 2 I. berambey, baribar, bey&, opposite. Example- mali ma berambera khainn jghci bz; my tetlt was opposite to the house of the Agha PART I1 22. niorcis, ZanZoris, between. iilso means (as a noun) ' the middle ', ' the centre '. Example- IDIOMATIC USES AND CONSTRUCTION nior&s am dii shZkhin rrazgaya between these two spurs the road runs 23. tir, tirik, dftir, khair, bil,jfGla, excepting, other than. I. There is in English a certain class of sentence These propositio~ls require the use of the i@fa or which we construct bp the use of the subjunctive mood conjunctive -f- when used with a noun or pronoun, as following a present indicative or preterite, as in the will have been noticed from the examples given, excepting phrases- 6Eo, 60, zhebo, pai, 62; bai, ba, bi< bci, wa, a, di, zhe, 2nd ' I know I should fall' La, which are true prepositions. All the others are really ' I knew I should fall ' nothing but nouns used prepositionally. ' I think I should say' ' I think I know what he would say' In all such instances the KurmZnji uses for the second phrase the present indicative, thereby changing the narrative to a direct one, making the transposition of the above sentences-

' I know " I am falling " ' ' I knew " I am falling" ' ' I thinlc "I say "' ' I think I know "what he says" ' which are in Kurrnanji the literal translations- dazaniut dahewim ma zZnf dakewi~/r dafz4 Rrim debaizhi~~t hush dakal~trlazanim chi d(ai (SG)

2. In a somewhat similar manner in English we express the meaning of necessity by the use of an implied or IDIOMATIC USES AND CONSTRUCTION g6 KUKDISH GRAMMAR 97 expressed infinitive in the complelnentary portion of the In the second sentence it should be noticed that the sentence, in such phrases as- present tense is used, not the past : this is a constant rule. ' I know what you should say,' i.e. ' ought to say ' 4. The past tense of the subjunctive is but rarely used, ' Tell him he .should pay a lira,' i.e. ' ought to say ' and then only as a rule with imperfect tense forms of the ' Tell him to lift it ' indicative mood, as- In this connexion the Kurm~njivery properly uses the ' I was wanting to kill him ' subjunctive (which has an indirect imperative value, as is The infinitive form should be transposed to 'that I might evident from its distinguishing imperative prefix bi-), and kill him ', the Kurmfinji being then Ma dakhGi bikuzhd~zf. would form the above sentences in the following manner :- 5. The NG occasionally uses the future in the sense Dnzznifn chi baizhn, ' I know what you would say' of the subjunctive, as in the example BakhwZzim har~ifn, SG Baizhn paii liraek bfda, ' Tell him he may pay a ' I should like to go,' the word harrim being a future fortn. lira ' . The use, however, is rare. SG Baizhpaii hali bi,oir~at,'Tell him he may lift it' 6. In Middle KurmZnji and SG a division of the forrn of the subjunctive is permissible, as- In the second and third examples the absolute di~ect form may be used, and often is enlployed in preference to KGsh ku biut baya, ' Oh ! that he might.take me ' the subjunctive, as follows :- instead of IGsh ku uza bibaya, or SG Baizha paii lif~aekbida, ' Tell him, "Give a lira!" ' Chi wagit bit kawtawa, ' Whenever thou mightest fall ' SG Bnizhapaii hnligirrcr, ' Tell him, " Lift it ! " ' instead of Chi wapit bihawtita, which is also permissible. 3:The use of the verbal noun in the infinitive form is very usual in English, as in the sentences- 2. The Preterite of the Indicative Mood ' I want to go ' 7. It will have been noted from the chapter on regular ' He went to town to buy a horse ' verbs that there is a good deal of intermingling of the where in both cases the infinitive is a verbal noun, admitting tenses in KurmZnji narrative, and one use of the preterite of the following transposition- is to express the future or future perfect in cases where the future perfect follows another phrase as a consequence ' I wish that I may go ' of the action thereby expressed, or as a sequel to it, as in ' He went to town that he might buy a horse ' the sentence- The KurmZnji uses only this latter form of expression, omitting, however, the pronoun ' that '. Tlle translations of 'As soon as I hit thee, thou wilt die' the above then read- The thought, in KurmZnji, so soon as the first part of UakhwGzim bzchiw (bichint = ' that I may go ') the sentence is uttered, leaps to the time described by it, ChzZ shiyda haspeh bikirya (bikiwa = ' that he may buy ') and expresses itself as if from that standpoint of time, H 9s KUKUISH GRAMMAI: IDIOMATIC USES AND CONSTRUCTION 99 when ' having hit thee ', ' thou art dead '. This peculiarity Harru kafta berkk vn chzzn a sklina of the language will have been noticed in other cases, Harru kafta vzin dekerrin zkgina where the most graphic form of narrative is sought after Haf sad min d~bard~inzh'qnid o sindina by means of this utterance of part of the sentence in one Haf sad min ZehZs kirrin divan dastinn time, and the sudden transition of thought and expression Haf sad min dekerrin zkginn to the moment indicated as a sequence of the introductory ' Every day seventy lambs went out to graze ' (pret. ckln) phrase. ' Every day seventy drew their sustenance from me' The above sentence must be translated therefore as- (imp. dekerrin) ' Seven hundred I freed from chains and prison ' (imp. NG Ta va lai bikkenivt, kun mir, literally dehardin) 'So soon as I may hit you, you died '. ' Seven hundred of mine took clothing from my hands ' The following is a more involved instance- (pret. hiwin) ' I know that before I get there he will have died ' ' Seven hundred drew their sustenance from me' (imp. DazZnijjz ki higai~fz,mir, literally dekerrin) ' 1 know so soon as I may arrive, lie died.' The preterite will be found in subjunctive and conditional The graphic nature of the narrative may here lead it one phrases, in the following manner :- step further than the preterite to describe the future, and NG Heka kkw(zdifursan di it would be equally correct to use the perfect miria for the ' If God should give opportunity,' the preterite di, preterite mir. ' gave,' being used for bidai, ' should give ' It will often be found that the preterite, perfect, and I1'agar wki bl imperfect are interchanged and mingled in the sentence ' If it should be thus,' the preterite bl being used and with exactly the same value, but to all appearances for bibuiya, ' should be ' unguided by any rule, except, perhaps, that of euphony, or in poetry, rhythm, as will be seen from the follo~ving- 3. ObZique Narrative SG Yirgu din am g~dadas hi das vnada This form does not exist in Kurmanji, which presents Gutiuza durr dznai' ama zka- ta,o ta zki mini all narrative as direct, i.e. as a quotation. There can be no reason here for the use of the perfect, Example- for gutima (perf.) should logically have exactly the same (I) He said he would like to see you. value as gu in the first line : ' She said,' and ' I said '. SG Gutf kaz dakam Inlitin bkai~z Part of a poem here quoted, which in English would NG Gu dukkwizim nek ta bairn use the imperfect throughout, shows the interchangeability Both, literally translated, ' He said, "I wish to come of the use in Kurtnanji- to you."' I00 KURDISR GRAMMAR IDIOMATIC USES AND CONSTRUCTION I01

(2) I asked who he was. This custom also applies very regularly to names of S G Pirsfvz Kird kTa spaces of time, which, as a rule, are only given the plural NG AzipirsyZr Kir Kia form when a definite number is not specified, as- Both, literally translated, ' I asked, " Who is he? " ' (4) A W La riizh&zitir bii (3) They said they did not know, so I told them to tell That was in other days ; but him to come to-morrow. (5) Pen]. rzq. shun&- taim Pin gu 7na nazinin, gutim baizha sz2beh- bait I will come five days later Literally, ' They said, " We know not" ; I said, " Say (6) DC ;tning shund2 that he come to-morrow."' Two months afterwards On the other hand, we find, not agreeing with the 4. Plural in Noum above rule, It is not always imperative that the noun, even when (7) PCshF dii mahin wawa obviously indicating, a plurality, should take a plural Come after two months form,' though the Kurmiinji is more attentive to the use of the plural form than the Persian, the colloquial language (8) Hat2 d# hiwin pai airad8 maya of which almost forbids the employment of the plu~al Till two months do not come back here form in the majority of cases. No absolute rule exists for the whole language, but Examples- certain dialects observe that above quoted, while others (I) Of plural form omitted. prefer the plural in every case. Examples (4), (5), and Hazhir hasp ?ndF I saw a thousand horses (6) are from the North-Western NG, and (7) and (8) from the North-Eastern NG. Instead of kazhir has&& vzdi, which is technically correct and just as often heard. 5. Agreewzent of Plural in Nouns and Verbs (2) Sat quriish dE, instead of Sat quriishin dai When the noun has a plural sense, without showing He gave him a hundred piastres. a plural termination, the verb must be in the plural just (3) Az di hazir qurush wa haspekf cha bida~rza as if the noun were correctly inflected. I will give him a thousand piastres and a horse. Example- (2) and (3) In these instances the singular use is regular, SG Diz la barzawa hitina K~w~Y for the plural form is very seldom en~ployedwith the Robbers came down from above names of coins, and just as we say, 'a fifty pound horse,' where the singular form diz agrees with the plural form of and not ' a fifty pounds horse ', the Kurd says haspf pen* the verb hCtin. Zi~af,and not haspipenja ZirakinT. On the other hand, nouns which are properly inflected in the plural do not always secure a fully developed verb, l See also Justi, Kura'z'sclre Grammatik, p. 246. I02 ICURDISH GRAMMAR IDIOMA'TIC USES AND CONSTRUCTION 103

but this is sometimes more apparent than real, as the It would seem impossible to fix any rule for the exercise preterite, particularly in the NG, does not show the pro- of this peculiar elasticity of the grammatical agreement. nominal terminations in all cases, while the SG sometimes One more example, from Middle Kurmanji, further does so (from which the disagreement of noun and verb demonstrates the peculiarity- may be noted). Shint'un o Is2 chzin bi rgvfdi Example- Kelokhiya dZd bi red5 Hefta Turk bzi Simon and Jesus went out on the road There were seventy Turks And saw a skull before them This is NG, and might equally correctly be Hefta Turk bin, but as SG would also use bi, thereby ignoring the 6. Dative Case in Nouns plural verb, it appears that NG does the same, as it seems The dative case properly so called is formed with that in narrative the subject of the verb is regarded as certain prepositions, or by the addition of f, and sometimes concrete, and its component details disregarded, for in the d8. Rut these prepositions may be omitted, as may the rest of the phrase of which the above is a part there exists final < which occurs only in NG, nor is there any rule to a good example of the use, which the student can better determine any such procedure. appreciate by observation than by rule. Example- XZste TurkZn o Kurd&n hit, hefta Turk bzi, sed Kurd Hiit nzil, dirZf di zhinha, chz2 chZn bzZ, epur A~hibun, hitin teslfmf Uris bin.l He came to the house, gave mone~7to the woman, It is noticeable (I) that where the actual numbers of and went to the hills Turk and Kurd are not mentioned, the plural forms are Here wiz, zkinha, and chGn are all datives without given to the nouns, except in the fourth sentence (epur showing any sign of the fact. Aghi bin), but where they are specified the nouns take One may say also- the singular form. (2) The verbs all disagree in number Hit n ?~zZlf,dirif di bi zkinka, ckzi bi chf&n from the apparent number of their subjects until the last \vliich is correct and equally usual. two sentences, where, by contrast with the preceding This peculiarity may be noted among the exercises in singular verb forms, the plurals appear, for we have style which are cited later. sed Kurd bi epur Azk& bCn 7. The Government of Consecutive Nouns by the Preposition . . . Kurdin kit The preposition precedes the noun and its qualificatives kntin teslfmf Urzis bzin and the noun takes an accusative ending, as-

From Forsckungmz ii6er die Kz~rrl'erzund die Iranischen Nord- Nek Mahnzzid Pishi? ckula'aer, Lerch, I 858. Hefore Mahmud Pasha IDIOMATIC USES AND CONSTRUCTION I05

Hut when a number of nouns be governed by one pre- ( I ) Dinyi khaiiZi sahar baw didai bai khwibd2 position, the last only takes the inflexion, as- .4 world of thoughts at early morn to those sleepless Awn bi vai tarzi dayii insif o insinzyat2 eyes Here we have a long phrase governed by the preposition Here the word Khwib, or rather the compound baikhwib, hi, and the nouns governed are insif and insEnzyat. Vai is a qualificative of the noun dtdn, but being the final word htrzfda+i (this degree and extent of . . . ) is but a of a dative phrase (governed by the b of baw) takes the qualificative. It is seen that insintjat takes the d;~tiveinflexion. accusative 2. SG (2) Qurr biserichz2roch2wi b2vi&fzbivkar2mbiokfaZ Mud to the face and head of him whose father 8. Consecutive Genitives and Chaldeun Genitives was the son of a ruffian, a son of a rogue (I) When two or more nouns, each acting adjectivally, KarimbEokz; which takes the dative -di relating to ser follow one another, and the affix i is to be used as and chErock2w, is part of the qualificative phrase thereto qualificative inflexion, the first qualifying noun only is so relative. inflected, the following ones using the form thus- I o. Compound Locatives Khizmat2 sk&i Ai~2nt (I) Where the locative is formed by di . . . -di, and The service of the King of Persia the noun to be put in the locative is qualified by one Zlza karant2 hazmb skihff following, the second takes the final -di, as- From the mercy of His Majesty [of] the King dedevi kizhikfedi in the mouth of the crow (2) Chaldean genitives, which are confined as a rule to This rule is invariable. Middle Kurmiinji, will be found intermingled with the (2) In consecutive locatives the first takes the prefix i inflexion used by these dialects, as- and the last the affix, as the whole phrase is considered a iMin habun haf sad zkinf dgufj+a locative unit, as- Min habun kaf sad zhini d sh2fa'@a di~zilo odid2 in the house and rooms Mi?z habun haf sad zhini kafzaf@a didiG o zerdi in heart and soul (lit. in heart The first and second lines (last word) have the Chaldean and heart) d, while the last shows only the Kurmiinji inflexion to zhin. I I. The Su@xial Pronouns of the SG g. Dative Phrases It will be recollected that the suffixial pronouns of the Where the dative is formed with a prefixed bi. SG are- The dative may be applied to a whole phrase, and the SINGULAR PI.URAI. actual noun which is in the dative case may perform the -712 -m& duty also of the subjed and of a qualificative. In such - it -tin cases the dative di comes at the end of a phrase- -z - iin IDIOMATIC USES AND CONSTRUCTION I 06 KURDISH GICAMMAI: 1 07

and the difficulty of their use occurs in the absence of any .4nalysis of the foregoing- case ending for them and their occurrence in every case (I) and (2) Lafwd2 and Lni~fzdi and position. Consequelltly their use must be carefully (I) Zni + f + mdi = verbal prefix + him + I struck. followed in a number of examples to gain a knowledge of (2) Zai + m + da = verbal prefix + me + he struclc. the custom that rules their use. Below are a number of The only apparent difference is the length of the vowel examples which are analysed. It will be noticed that it in the middle of the word. is quite possible to confuse them with the pronominal This furnishes a rule that the accusative suffixial terminations of the verb forms in some cases. pronoun in a compound verb comes after the verbal prefix and before the verb and its pronominal prefix (I) Lahdi. I struck him. (the subject). (2) Lai112dE. He struclc me. When the verb is simple the accusative suffix also (3) Rutit KY~,or rt2tiZnit kyd. They stripped thee, precedes the verb and its pronominal prefix, as in- or, thou hast stripped them. (3) Rutit ky&, or ~EtiZnitKI-L~. (4) KizlicEniin. They killed then). Analysis : Naked + thee + they made. (5) Bi~di. He took it. Naked + them + thou madest. (6) Dagi~riwzfun. I take them. Following the above rule. In the first example the (7) Bikhwiz. Eat it. suffixial form of the preterite is used, for the salce of (8) TadZb~zt. Thou gavest it to me. a more convenient word, but it is also permissible to use Oh that he might take me! (g) Kish KZL bimbayn. the rarer form, rzztitiin Krd. That I may buy myself (10) Chwa7~pns?nbistiainim. (4) Kizhdn&. Here is seen the objective suffixial four goats. pronoun with a simple verb, and when the suffixial form (11) Ckan pirayinit dri? How much money gavest of the preterite is used (i.e. the form using pronominal thou to them ? suffixes instead of having the subject before and detached (I2) Saw jivit bbzim gait nzjya. A hundred times from the verb) the objective pronoun comes last of all. I may say to thee and thou heedest not. Analysis : Kizhdn + iZn = the!, killed f them. (I 3) Piyarn di. He gave me money. (14) PiYijgndZ and (15) Pi7G dZ?fzi: I gave him (5) Biydf money. Analysis : bid + f = he took + it. (16) Qst Krd ? Did he spealc of thee ? The preterite alone may furnish the form birdi (thou (17) PZya~rzanitinbid You took our motley. toolcest), the meaning must be gained from the context (18) Sevi~nbivriwa. I have cut off his head. This example, it will be observed, follows the rule for the (19) Wutiskf. He also said to him. suffixial pronominal objective and simple verb. ICURDISH GRAMMAR IDIOMATIC USES AND CONSTRUCTION 109

(6) Dagirri~iZn,as in No. 5 Analysis : Analysis: Dagirrim + izn = I take + them. par2 + yZn + it + A-=money + to them + gavest thou. To place the dative meaning of -yin beyond doubt it (7) BikhwZS would be possible to say chan pZrZitdZ pazjin, or Chan Analysis : BikkwZ + S = eat + it. pirayinit bo dZ. This follows the rule in No. z, but must not be confused ( I z) Saw jZrit bZaim quit nzjyn with the subjunctive bikhwif, 'thou mayst eat.' (8) TadZSmS. This example is somewhat involvkd, Analysis : Sawjar it, bZaim, qai t nzjya = a hundred times to and is analysed as follows : ta&-S + m + S = thou gavest + + + + to me + it, which shows a new use, the dative taking thee, I may say, heed + to thee is not. precedence of the objective. This follows the general rules. (g) Kisk Ku bimbaya. The formation of this is an (13) PZf~5mdZ. This must not be confused with PZrZ example of the splitting of the actual verb form to admit mda, ' I gave money.' The meaning in this case can only the objective pronoun. The analysis is : . . . Ku bi + 7% + be ascertained from the context, but in using the plirase, . baya = that + sign of the subjunctive + me + take. to obviate any confusion, one car1 say pdri paif~zdi, or (10) CkwZrpasm bistiainim. The pronoun (-mof pasm) pZr&rn bo di, 'he gave money to me,' using a dative is here in the dative, and must not be confused with the preposition. genitive value also applicable, giving the meaning ' I may Analysis : Piri + m + di = money to me he gave. buy my four sheep', which meaning cannot assert itself (14) and (15) PZrZZmdZ and PZri darn;. We have save by the use of the reflexive Khwa and the formation of examples here of the two positions of the pronoun, as the sentence as chwir pasf Khwanz bistiaininz. cited in (10). As a rule the dative particle will be found in a position (16) Qstkrd?or with thevowels omitted in pronunciation, precedent to the verb where possible (i.e. where there arc Qsait Krd? This is an esample of the genitive, and must other words in the sentence). When a pronominal particle not be confused with qsa itkird = ' didst thou speak ? ' follows the verb it cannot have the genitive significance, which sounds precisely the same, the short vowels being and must be either accusative or dative. To obviate inaudible. To define exactly the meaning one could confusion between the possible readings of such a phrase say qsa lait Krd? using a preposition (La = from, of), or where the dative is intended, the preposition bo may be qsaZ tu k7d ? used immediately before the verb, as ChwZr pasvz bo bistiainim. Analysis : Qs + t Krd = speech $ of thee did he make ? (I I) Chan pZrZyZnit di ? If the genitive meaning of (17) PZrZminitZn bird. This, though apparently some- -y&z be taken, the translation is 'how much of their money what confusing, can have but the one meaning, as may be gavest thou ? ' ascertained by eliminating the impossible readings of the I I0 KUIZDISI-I GlZAMRIAR IDIOMATIC USES AND CONSTRUCTION I I I two suffixial pronouns man and tan. If we dissect it, Examples- assuming nzan to be nominative, tan remail15 without any (I) IYG hit, di nazininz chi dakat logical meaning, by virtue of the significance of the verb Literally, to-day he came, then I know not what he will used, also, according to use, the objective precedes the do, i.e. if he should come to-day, I Itnow not what he nominative. will do. Analysis : (2) Min dakzizhf, bikztzh ! PZYZ + man + itan bird = money + of us + you took. [If] thou wouldst kill me, kill ! SG (3) Saw]%it bZaim pait nzyya ( I S) Serim birriwa [If] I tell thee a hundred times, thou heedest not Analysis : SG (4) Ha3 bikalu dakzi.vhimwa ser i ?JZ hirviwa = the head of him I have cut off. + + + + [If] I please, I shall buy it Note that a short vowel (i instead of L) reverses the The conjunction ti, 'up to,' till, 'as soon as,' can be meaning, as in Nos. (I) and (2), mispronunciation (sevi?~ omitted where its sense approximates or could be ex- birviwa) giving the meaning 'he has cut off my head '. changed with agw. ( I g) LVutishi (5) Zait bikhem, da~izi~~f We have here an example of the verb and dative [As soon as, if] I strike thee thou wilt die separated to admit a particle, for euphony. The analysis This is not very generally encountered. is : wut+ ish+ Z= he said + also + to him. The regular The conjunction wa, o = and, is sometimes omitted, construction wutZisk would have run the risk of losing the particularly in NG. value of the 5, 'to hiin,' by a shortening of the sound, implying then ' he said also '. N.B. JVutishi may also mean simply ' he said also', The prepositions which may be omitted are bi, pai, a, for the form wuti is a simple preterite 3rd singular, and Lr, di=' to ', and n'i and naw=' inside '. In some cases it separates its final vowel to admit -ish, particularly in the dative or lvcative terrninatio~lreplaces the omission, the dialect of Sulaimania. This, of course, is the case but in others there is neither inflexion nor preposition. with all verbs, not only with wutin. Exarnples- In perusing these paragraphs, the student should keep (I) Hit khwar dznisht m6L before him the table of SG verb forms, Classes I and 111, He came down and sat in the house which will 11elp to elucidate the duties of the suffixial Or, fully inflected, pronouns. NG Hat a KhwCrz; danisht di malda I 2. Ouzission of Conyknctions SG Hat l'akhwaro, dinisht lamd The conjunction agar (hagay, ha&, ek, eg) is often (2) Chun HaoZZr, for Chun a HaoZiri omitted (as in Persian) both in NG and SG. They went to Erbil KURDISH GRAMMAR STYLE AND COMPAKISONS "3

SG (3) Namh-Z for Namh-paf Though the rule is very regularly observed, the demands I gave it not to hi111 of effect or emphasis permit reversals of the positions of the adverbial phrases, more particularly the transfer of the The omissions of prepositions should be noted from the complement of the verb to a position before the object. Specimens of Style. Note the last sentence, which, in the text from which it is 14. tavdinal iVuvzbe,f.s taken, reads : Qiri awf askej,i Kk&i vZjzi zke atvifid f It sometimes occurs that it is desired while enumeratitlg iVavagkit yinza kazav savar o pta bev hew key< Also in the sentence subai Kkwai kati mali, it is permissible to a quantity to impress upon the hearer its magnitude. In such case the numeral may take the sign of the place mdzf after the subject. plural, as- Poetry, however, avails itself of its licence to a wide extent, and inverts the sentence or disorders it just as the (I) Zke pZnzdakin zaidi hab2n demands of form, metre, or rhyme may demand. There were more than fifteen In sentences containing only pronouns for the (2) HazirZn jir Zaanat bisarf bividi object, where they are enclytic, the order is naturally Curses a thousand times on his father's head reversed, the pronoun in its affixial form coming last (see Remarks on Pronouns in the Accusative Case, in CONSTRUCTION OF THE SENTENCE Part I). In all simple sentences the almost invariable rule for For the rest, as above remarked, granted this main the order of the main components thereof is (I) subject, rule of construction governing subject, object, and verb be (2) object, (3) verb. observed, the non-essential and complementary parts of Compound sentences may present, apparently, some the sentence are placed at will of the speaker where they difficulty in their resolution into this order, but no difficulty best express their value in the whole phrase. will be experienced in separating them into (I) subject qualificative (whether adjectival or adverbial), (2) + STYLE AND COMPARISONS object + qualificative, and (3) verb + qualificative ; when it will be seen that the order usually observed is- As in most simple languages, the style of KurmSnji is, (I) Adverb or adverbial phrase. as a rule, direct and forcible, particularly in the most (2) Subject. northerly groups. In Persian and dialects allied thereto (3) Complement to the subject. a weakness of narrative appears in the superabundance (4) Object. of conjunctions emplo~7ed, and Southern Kurdish also (S)Complement to the object. shows this feature in a measure. The NG, however, by (6) Verb. omitting theln very often, gains in force, if somewhat (7) Complement to the verb. abrupt, and hesitates to use any word that is not essential. I CONSTRUCTION OF THE SENTENCE '15

------p ------p p Adverb or Adverb~al Wold or Phrase comple- I Word or Phrase Word or Phrase Ph~ase. SU~J~C~. mental y to the Subject. Object. complementary complementary to the Object. to the Verb. -, ------Az dt dert awdat l I certainly the room door I will open I hardu b9,afdZ vni fwdra zhe nachB*f hdtin 1 1 both his brothels at evening from l l hunting 1 diz Ketin n maZeKf va ! thieves fell upon a house and 1 [diz] ntiqdZf,ekf diraf l birziz much money 1 tool< Subai AZtf 111 the mo~ning came to his house digalf chandZghdlar,nl~ sacif ciakhzuan ku d@dt Pasha rzinish tin withseveralgentlemen the meal eats ' who are qeated iv~th 1 the pasha DzgaG chand ngh2ZarZn Ku digaZf pasha j~zinishtin Wlth some gentlemen who wlth the pasha are sitting KziKi KhwcFja chzi ser KhdniG khwa One day the khwaja \vent to his housetop Lasarf Khanf l fsht vai ?ayya On the housetop his ivork IS A mrzizh has nnzanf To-day one knows not Ista [awa] jaz& f khwaf teZab daka so\v his own place seeks la ntwi dfdai giri- jzishishi aria -ya , ydn~ndZ- fierce turmoil in my tearful eyes l / is Zhe ye& o dz? l van tdEn l I l dibivvin From one anothel I they plunder I 1 take Qarf I awf askert Kh2nt ~~ajzf ydnza hazdr 1 I ber hew zhe atvafid f I savdr opZ 1 kerz Maydghif Then I that infidel :lsker eleven thousand collected from around I Kliani horse and foot

P- P ! P b Maragha I 16 KURDISH GICAMMAR STYLE AND COMPARISONS I 17

The following examples display this simplicity of style, Jazira ibn 'Umar, etc.) is by no means so simple or direct and are translated literally :- as the pure NG, nor so forcible. Putting the last example into SG Kurlnanji we should Rrzya khwa girt paZGnn khwa He took his road : filled his :- tai kir agir dana say, gaZz2na pipe : put fire to it, his pipe obtain the results below koishd : qazrld bdzhairZ kir, smoked : set out to town, arrived BiZbiZ chzi ser giZi2 ddrf, ban Kir. BazeK hdt eh via gaishta bdzhairi, zhina did at town : saw women, saw chil- bilbiZa bfhhwa buchaka did: mazind did, etc. dren, saw men, etc. B

NG S G TKAX~IATION NG SG TRANSLATION hafa sali, bi hal, nawt Pirish bzz o hafta a man who had lost Isiiuiil dabaizha av Ismail daiai - Ismail makes his Deli Ismiitl Agha sdlekf, wa ziwir, nawt his fortune. He was ujd'yha, hzin bichina gat aiwa bichin lewai arrangements, and da@fin har jaranan Deli Ismail A~hayan old, seventy years, and vui deri irzika skzilaka ishekim hkyya bash then says to his wife, dacka nek Ibrahi7n degzztt. Jar~i?z bi bi enfeebled, and his fitinhayya,balkidurust cha bibi. Zhitzaka wa ' Get up, take thy son Pasha wa ahwalikkwa jdrekt darrzZt lut name was Deli Ismail biba. Zhin wa kar kurraka darrzzin a to Shaikh Ibrahim's zyada n'aka Pasha zaf Iwram Pasha wa hal Agha. Now and then ciadina nzala Shaikht. ~ilzShaikh. Aw house.' His wife said, o hena'ek tishtehididafa hawali khwa da'ruti. lie would go before Yai rzizhi zhi ruzha rtq'zsh rzq? j12ma bzi, 'Why should we go to vai. Rzizheki disant Pasha #ai chishtekt Ibrahin~ Pasha and ini bzzya ku Pasha wa ku Pasha o khalp the Shaikh's house ? ' zsmdil Agha dacheta hendek o zzlrt didiiwa. recount his citcum- khalp ha~na zheboi gishti bo nwzeizhtjama Ismail says, ' It is a nek Ibrahf~i~Pasha wa Dtsa~zrzzzkekt Ismail stances. The l'asha nmaizha int taina dhain 60 mizgaotaku. place ofpilgrimage; go khtzrjeki ~lakhwaeu Azha darrzza lai would give him nlole rnizgafti Waqti salai Wakhti salam Ismail there, I have an affair, Pasha dabaizha vai hi Iwr~imPasha ddwai or less. One day again Ismatl Agha tapancha Agha damdncha perhaps it will chance irziki farrt hazir nini~z $ara lai daka. P~ishri Ismail Agha went clibini benishi dakata lazhinTZkawai lajishti well.' The wife and Ku hinada. Ismazl pak daiai ku umr~zj before Ibrahin~Pasha her pishta khwa vai claka, wa KiertEsh aika boy go to the Shaikh's A~kauw zhi zhwac jariif~zpal npya ku and cla~med money khanjari zki dakafa La pishti wa rlarrzia house. That day, too, khaben- sel daba viz btamit. Ismatl A,yha from him. The Pasha bar puskta khwa wa bo mizgaot wa la sari was Friday, when the laita mdla khwa kitek la7n psa kZni hat wa says ' that to day I rlachata mizgafti wa rraiga Iwram Pasha I'asha and all the tajrt~zchnhabzzya tizki rlhait bo mali hhwai. have no ready money lass? i rid Ibraht~tt bar dhait Pasha wa common people went Aka wu hendeki barat Dnnz#nc/ZaeKt hayya to give thee'. Ismail Pasha naizakt rzZfina khalgish dhaina miz- for common prayer to omlla datinagewerika thhi daka wa tzzzeki Agha at this news be- Pasha wa khalp zht gaoto wa nwaizhijama the mosque. At the khwa wa khenchaira der?nAn o gziia tai comes infuriated and taina ~nizgafti wa dakhuznin wa khalas finish Ismail Agha khwu dibar pishta dakha wa rni dabusa comes to 111s house. napizaizha iBi rtakan debin dasta gai yek o puts his pistol under khwa rra daka magar pisht i khwai wu kierdi He has a blunderbuss, wa khalas debin, bar dzi bi day &chin. his tunic in his belt, Pnuranza vai kushtina khwuish debasa #i.rhff. and primes it, pours in hew bider dikewin. Ismaz ZA~hadernachit and his dagger also in Ibrahim Pasha habuya, Qasdi wha bo kizhdint a l~ttlepowder and a Is~zail Azha birler satkt Pasha dhaif ku his belt, and goes to ku chiranz z;7z;7artkherji Iwra~nPasha bzln ku bullet with the object nakewi wakt Pasha lai Ismttzl Aghd the mosque, and on nadayn min. Avi bochi arnjitreki khar- of killing Ib~ahim faitin ku zhi neki bibzzrit wa birrtza bi the road of Ibrahim Ismail Aghai zhinekt jektvz naddwa. Am Pasha, for ' why this Isnzdil Axha bibgrit der Isnznil Agha Pasha, near to him, pir o kareki d~hIsnzdiL' Agha zhi~aeki time did he not give wa bider hewit Ismail dama~zchaka ar~7zaj takes his stand. The dwdnza sdli habzz p* o kurrekt deh me alnls?' This Agha tajancha didata rlekisht bani Pasha wa Pasha and people Isrnatl Agha tadareki dwanza salt b6t Isnznil Ismail Agha had an tanishta Zbrahi7~z datapai7zt. Gub Za come to the rnosque durus daka, vari da- Axha ta&irt hal old wife, and a son of Pashar wa agir shalt pishti Prtshd la and read the prayers, baizha zhina khwa ku dagirra jdrek daiai 60 ten or twelve years. ctakadin Gull'a la shaZa rfaka Za#uosti bdoshi, and being finished rrtt ba, ksrikhwa biba zhi~ziku halsa, kurra- #ishta Pashdi dikawit wha rni dafarri bi disperse and go out in wa karru mdla Shaikh kit biba mdli Shaikh wa rlabzira zlri sari du?awa. Lagaii groups. Ismail Agha IbrGhim. Oari zhint Iwranz. Zhinc kufi parsayan l'ar8i chari~zt Pasha chil $ainja does not go out, and gutia k.u zhibo chi a7iz ku bo aifnrz burr~inbo dacha wa darbaz daba. khiznzachibzin. Ajnjar when the Pasha passes bichina fnala skaikhi? 7ndli Shaikh ? Digal'i Pdshai chil Ismail Agh6 tai agai near him to go out, KUKDISH GRAMMAR STYLE AND COMPAliISONS I2I

NG S G TRANSLATION NG S G TRANSLATION @enja khul&uim ku Zwrdm Pasha Ismail Agha aims his wa 62' aghn dumihia LudiZyLf?~ pat dabt outside and burned it habzin. Oart Isnz6iz biguLat nakaot. Istaka pistol at the Pasha shziZf mzilahaza ndkan btkan, nzirdin o zhdrZZ w~th fire. Ibrahim Aghd clwagara ku Isnzdil Agha khen- and fires it. The bar di baita aqli 7~an zhin o nzindhkcinian Pasha, too, had been Pashat bi guZZa ndkat jairi daktrha ku bi bullet passes through iZd dukan iniyin wa kharnzjdn nzyya. wounded, and for the dada khanjart kzira khenjairaka bik14- the stuff of the Pasha's zhin ozdrfZk wa,qhama space of two months wadaka. Ibr~ihtm zhiwa. Ao ptaoagan waistband, and scores z~dndd ninnh. underwent cures and Pasha ku bi khanjar khwayan farrian the skin of his side, became well. The bikz~zha. Aw khul~~nziZanno Pasha wa IsmrliZ and glancing off goes wife and boy were eu- h dawi niwa Aghd wa dean layan afar. With the Pasha pelled from the town, Pashat wa ZsmatZ brtnddr daka, wa do there were forty or and there were two or Aghatkt dean zhi chiZ jainja ptaoagan fifty attendants. Then three cousins of his zhwat brindar daka, Zanawt nzizgaot biao Ismail Agha sees that whom unjustly they wa awdn chiz penja dabin. Chun ku ao Ibrahim Pasha has not seized and killed, and KhziZamdn dintwd miz- Zsmaztptr o haft& sali fallen by his bullet. destroyed their houses gafti jaran paran ba jarek paigirt dakh- This time Ismail Agha and homes. The daka. Chan ku aw watin wa dakawa draws his dagger that ICurdish tribes in this Zsnznilptr o kafti sal[ Amjar jiaoagan b6nz he may kill him with manner do not think bzi ijart pat Za sqddaikf dana milijat kalstdni- the dagger. Those of the consequences da Za wa daka. @ri yan bo nada wa bi attendants throw of a deed. Whatever khulam gahana sari kierdakan hay Zanaoi themselves between comes into their heads vai ia'i m;iald YY~ban mizgaotaka Zaiddn o the Pasha and Ismail they must do ; the nadaf azu datna bar kuzhdini. Lasht hai- Agha, and he woulids death and bereave- khanjaran dt niwa nan Zadarawa wa 6i two of them, and the ment of their wives mizgafti da hushtin iLgir sGt&m'in. Zwram forty or fifty servants and children cause wa bi derawa rCer dnin Pashaish Ertndar baa scatter in the mosque. them no sorrow. Zasht vai biagir satin. wddai d72 mdnz dar- Ismail Agha being an 2. The following specimen l is of the dialects of Wa Ibr~~htmPasha mdni dakat cha bG. old man and some of NG zht brtndzr bzit miqdar Zhin o kurrakai La seventy years, his foot North-Eastern Kurdistan. For purposes of comparisorl dzi mahan maalaja shnrda bi deyridn kird, catches in a prayer rug the middle colurnn is a SG rendering of the same. kt.irin sagh btii. Aw dGdn sZBn kurri- and he falls. This time N G S G TRANSLATION zhin o kzir i vai zhai nzzdmish ZaZ be, awd?zish the attendants quickly Ruvik ba bizin La Rewi ba bizink bo A fox and a goat zhi bdzhiri surpzn bi bai pezai ydn girt throwthemselves upon uzdl aiga~ian: fizdz di'arian, wan zur weregoing honle ;they kirin zua dzi seh pts- o kuzhd, wa mdl o him, and giving him purr a bzin: Za bfrka tinZ bd, 60 bir digarin were very thirsty, and mamtdt vai habzin bi khanzzynn darzzkhest. no time to rise plunged digarian birek din. bZryan di, Zebin tuozehi looked for and found ghair hap girtin wa Taz$akakrfniKurdan har their daggers into him Debinda khebik av ao bd. Wana zar a well. In it was a kushtin wa mdl wa wha bai haoshk Za and killed him there khdnidt van kharab shunda ishi j'ikir in the mosque. They From Lerch, Forschungen uber (lie Zi'urden und die Iranischen Riyin. TaifaidiAkrad ndkan, chi baitawa brought his body Nordcha Zaer. STYLE AN D COMPARISONS '23

NG S G TKANSLATION NG S (; TRANSLKIION kabzi. Vana purr ti tinTtZ Rayya kajiz bzln little water. They were n,rkshandijn &. Ruz~t yarinz kir4 fzz lader with him.' But the bzzbzzn be kirs kdtin, bsaib yan ~zakirn! dR very thirsty, and so, bi jirsa v~zirtekent RI? ck G, nzini~hnakshandi fox jumped up on the 6ashi saimish nekerin, farrtna btraka wa disgusted, and without ki, kai ek apili ta dZ biderawa. Rewi La;n goat's legs, and got ketin dire, purr av Royan ZZZY kkwdrd. thinking, hurled them- ria te& baa, feni purf qsa kent kid,wuti ku, out and walked round khwarin, pasha ek Tuozeki tir d~?khwaz- selves into the well and ki bziu, pashi tii neketi wo bezin kagar agil la the well. The goat beder kavin kkwdst, tin bider bkainawa, drank much water. A bira, ta vai chaghi zinji tu awdnda qi~h saw this and said, reik naain nacharnzBn. 1-raigabibert ckdo dtar little while after they apilek dushgr~nid 622, tu d~zinakaoti la Comrade, we were Bizin bi ruvtra @ hi, niyya, pakyan kaot. would like to come bz?cLT. Ri kkatiri fa, biraku, lam zerifi both here, I beftiended ma bera av hhwar, ek Bezinka ~utipsi rewi out, but could see no shugkzili nzin Layya, aqilit huskkit dakiu- you, and you got out, am beder kevin rai kzr brakam aomdn way before them, and ,pi, chi. dawa,kkairkati, .?ski;n. but youhavenot helped tuntna. Ruvi gzZ ki, kkward bo der bikewin so remained helpless. hayyiz, Ama ,qzttt o me to get out.' The qasavat maka, kevrlli raiman nzyya. Xewi The goat said to the YrzZL. fox at this laughed, min, ezi dlzbarekl g haZojal ~aka, fox, 'Brother, we have and said, '0 goat ! bibininz ish dlla ai?na bnoki71z,disan, bzanim, drank water, but for if thine intelligence beder kavin. Bizin gz2 shala der kewinawa. our egress there is no were as much as the ki tai tertibiblka. Ziuvi Rezin gufi atzZ fendek way.' The fox said, ha~rs in thy beard, g-zi ki rra ba sar ni@a bika. Rewt guti kal.rd 'Do not make a fuss, thou wouldst not have nzngt.W - kkwa $aidin yast ba, destit lebari little father; let me fallen in,thyw~tswould biber divardi seri dz~warS~Y o shakkitish see, please God we have been at work. kkwai bikzilocka daina siGi ta min shall get out.' The Good-bye ! I have kkwave be berZ divZ1. bichim banipati ta, rfer goat said, 'You think work.' This he said di ez bikski~lzseri pii cki~z, wa lnpdshiisk of a plan.' The fox and departed. ta beder kevif~z.Pdski min dekshai~tinzit said, ' You get up on 3. The Kurrnanji in the left-hand column l of the azi ta bikskini~~zdeer ladurnwa, ~zinza her your hind legs, put ema her d~izhe khalas dzzk Zamwza kkalas your fore legs, head, following is NG of the Central districts. As in the bibin. Bizz'yz vvrt tertiba bibin. Bizin lam tagbir and horns against the previous examples the middle column is the SG rendering purr be,oniizmish hi?; ZIZY kaz? kid shad ba, wall, I will go up on of the same. ha$ h?,gz~ 7lajZrsenda guti awanda zairikt your shoulders and NG SG TRANSI,ATION la nzin tunu, feni ruvi La nzin nzyya, kuoshkl get out, and then I will Rustant suv(ir 68, Rusfa?lz szdwiir 627, Rustam niountecl ki laalim bikai az fent ~,ewZ ku frzirillz bikat pull you out too, so czw o Bnizkan, Gurnis, awe Raizhan o Gurn?s, with Baizhan and wai bikenz. Hallza ruvi il;zinish wukzz kiskki 110th of us will be clear kd$r barkat, barn? va IzajZr kaofa bar?, ldz Gurnis. 'Thepaganled, baz ~tiiser pi.? bezin awa bikam. Hanza of this .' The goat \vns chtiiiki~dtd biizhairi ckian biriii. .Yhnri and took them over the 6erZer het, lekanda btra rewt bdEz ZnsarZ delighted at this plan, I~zctzinderrtnegutavaye ~Tfizanderilni di, ,U mountains. They sa\17 die Bezin Zsh paii bizin, ILZ cka, and very glad, and bfizkairai mazinde- sha?i Mdzanderii?z Mazanderan town. via di, pzz hi, hevali laaqer? btraka deeqnrZ. said, 'I could not have rune, $a fatkirit allzafa. 7'anzdskciydh He said, ' This is ?%in,min o tzZ vaira Bizink am iska rzt, thought of such a plan bzi, ?%abitara ydrdinz gutZ,J&ni7n, vtin o tzi till the fox taught me ' From Ziitrdische SamnzZun$.ert, ErzZAlun,g-en, und Liede~illz kir, tzz beder het? fa az lawai bzzn, nzin bo it, and I too must agree Dialekte von Bohtan, by Albert Socin. AND 125 1 24 KURDISH GRAMMAR STYLE COMPARISONS

SG NG TRANSLATION kira', shari Mazan- Mazanderan town.' tu lchi tgarki? Gu az khestin, latafiulizydn and laughed and gallak mazina. Bai- denin galik giiordya. They looked, Mazan- ljftzdZa rii~5Mnzan- deri kird Gutifz ' oi stoned him. The zhan guti kh.IZdlz2 tu dai Baizkaiz g~ttvzdrizU deran is a great town. derdnt dgarhirn. Yeki zkiizhka bao 4iz bo ku children followed him, chdvi bnzhait idasttni? at# itir am sharaka Raizhan said, ' Uncle, pti kul ~rzcilhahaha arrzzi ? ' Guti 7nin bo and the elders followed G?? az nazctninz. Btzi- chlzzn astiaini Guti, how then wilt thou aw qasradd l'ed'nwi mAli divi Mdzaiz- him, and stoned him, zhan gu az leta milt nazanim. Bai- take the town ? ' He mazenderdaia, gzivac &rant a'agar?-imawa. and turned him frorn texbiri bikem. Gu zhan guti, nzin 60 iu said, ' I know not.' uvaitera, gdvag avait Yektan gut, ' Mali their hillock, saying, de6aizka Btrizhan. taxbfri bikanz. Guti, Baizhan said, ' I will pusht pairs, dkkir lezi nzal?Zn, haha, Rwu ' 0 wretched hedge- Baizhan gut? kkalu' a'abedai, Baizhan. Bai- make a plan for thee.' lakhwa kir chz2,oaishta gasrZ dtvt Mdzan- hog, what art thou g" ckakai d khwa, zhanish gut, ?FzamZZ, He said, ' Speak, qasri, chz2 nai dergahi derania.' BaiZzekt da, after?' He said, ' I iufi d kkwa o rakhshi chika khwat o jilkn Baizhan.' I)aizhansaid, qmrt kkulaitzrtd guti dts&z baZz di #.rhti seek the house of khwa behela Zehera tu kkzlat wa rakksht ' Uncle, thine armour juja di kiva cki ? Gu purt, pashi rraigat di, the Devil of Mazan- harra bdzhairi bi- kkzwat laira bizr da, and thy clothing and az a'achunz salal ladi- ckz2 wa gaishta gasri, deran.' One said, iassasina beraina at2 birrz?a la shard8 thy Rakhsh leave here, van?. Kkulama ,out? ch2Z ndwi der~ai. 'Accursed,there!There chdva destini. Guti jasist bika, bizan cklzzn go thou in the town wafarra. Gu dkarri KhuZdnzanptnzhii- is the castle of the Raiz/z/zn,ahibikkabari b

NG S G TI~ANSLATION Azi telai bikhemi zhekulla zlie ,Amin telaka taikham la aish mit, hitivza La1 kkiz- is but a hedgehog,'and darda o la darda, nzatit bekanz.' said neither ' salan~' Zhini delal zhe miri koti, Mairi Zhini juana la piao nafasal, piao nor ' rahniatullah' nor del21 zhe zl~ini koti, natai zlami la zhin na shirin, tiayana ' barilratihu '. ' \&'hat hedgehog is this, like kushtin o natai bardan. kuzhdin o nayana bardan. a man?' The Devil of Mazanderan said, Dalaila aishana, Dalaila aishana, Dalaila aishana, Dalaila aishana, ' Whence comest .4zi tamburek chiliem zhe Amin tammtirek bikem, la thou?' He said, ' I lthastuwa mars hiskani miira, am a. hedgehog of I'ersia.' He said, Azi tela bilthemi zhebiski yara, Amin tailaka taikhem la giidala ' Thou art a hedgehog Azi davi dainim lebin gui giihara. yara of Persia ?' He said, Amin damakarn diinim bino giie ' Yes.' He said, ' For giiara what camest thou?' He said, 'I am thy Dalaila aishana, Dalaila aishana. Dalaila aishana, Dalaila aishiina slave, I am come to serve thee.' Azi tamburelt chikem zhe Amin tammiirek bikem, la khastuwa chulia hisltani chiillta, POETRY ilzi tela bilihemi zhe biska buka, Arnin tailalta taikhem la Nha az nazawijim, dosti ma pirchaka buka The NG example1 (left-hand column) is of Middle Ista zhini nakhwazim, ku duosim Kurmanji, of the ??G, and the right-hand columll is the pchiika. pchiika. SG rendering of the same.

Dalaila aishana, Dalaila aishana, Dalaila aishana, Dalaila aishana, Dalaila aishana, lemin o le~vai Dalaila aishana, lemin o lam di!i, Chia bilinda, ta nabinim, Kaifaka berza tu nauinim, diji, lemin o le~vaidi!i. lemin o lam tli!i, Dastilih~asarsi~~atabigarinirn,Dasi khwam ser sir^;$ tu 13azna ta kulilka nii hamili, Bazmi tu gupika, nao shiltawi, Ladinyai vaka ta az nabinim. begarinim De o bavi ta sar min o ta chfina Daik o baoki tu la mill o tu, Ladinyai waku tu mill naiiinim. geli. dakan gilawi. Dalaila aishana, Dalaila aishana, Dalaila aishana, Dalaila aishana, Laila letnini, 1,aila lemini, Laila lemini, Laila lemini, Azi tamburek chikem ckarda Min tamrnurek biken~,chwarda Tarlti ta nadi~n hatta kherini Hari tu nayam, ta kherrini parda, parda, rnil.inT, rnirdini, Az tir burna zhe vai gUti17i. Ma tir biia lam kutina. l From Kurdische Samnzl~ngen~ErziilIlungen, und Licder ivz Dialekte des T2r 'Abdin. Prym & Socin. I 28 KURDISH GlZAMMAlZ POETRY I29

TRANSLATION differences of actual word use, of pronunciation, and of Dalaila Aishana, Dalaila Aishana, construction. It will be found that the Erzerim dialect The hills are high and I see thee not; (the first specimen) is a well-formed and expressed Oh! that my hand might reach to thy breast, language, complete, dignified, direct, and free from those There is none other on earth like thee. elementary types of expression common to the other two examples of prose. A certain use of Arabic words is Dalaila Aishana, Dalaila Aishana, permissible, occurritig in the same context as that in A 1~1tewill I make of fourteen strings, which Persian employs them. And the strings shall be made of my ills and griefs ; 2. The second prose example is very elementary, A comely wife and an ugly man, a handsome man and absolutely simple and direct, with good enunciation and an ugly wife, come neither to killing nor forsaking. but little corruption of sound, while the third, the dialect of Bohtan, is slovenly and corrupt, badly pronounced, and Dalaila Aishana, Dalaila Aishana, showing signs here and there of the Nestorian dialects A lute will I make of serpents' bones, which are spoken by the Christians of those districts. With strings made from the loved one's locks, Also, while the other dialects select a certain set of And my mouth shall be for its rings and pendants. g~ammaticalusages, making each its own, the Middle Dalaila Aishana, Dalaila Aishana, dialect mingles them, here appearing like SG and there A lute will I make of sparrows' bones, resembling NG, with often involved style and sometimes With strings of a young bride's curls. on~issions of conjunctions which make it apparently Not for me the wife, my love's yet young. difficult, defective, and involved. 3. Yet the same dialect lends itself to a well-sounding Dalaila Aishana, mine, and of this heart! poetry, sonorous, of a ringing metre admirably adapted to Thy form a new budding flower. the spirited yet mournful tones of the Kurdish music, Thy father and mother complain of us. which is, as we should describe it, ' in the Gregorian scale.' Laila, thou art mine, Laila, thou art mine! Reverting to the comparative features of the three Nor will I leave thee go till the moment of death, prose examples, as an opening and introductory sentence My plaint has wearied me. to the narrative, we have in each, respectively- (I) Biwakk~ihukumati ZbrZhim PrFslii Za BZzZdZ, zhe I. The foregoing examples display in the NG three separate dialects, that of Erzerirn, that of Bayazid and agkazdi vai derz maiyz@ daulat dushgcni ha&. the Caucasian and Azarbaijan districts, and that of the (2) Xuvik ba bizin la mdl digarian, vZna purr ti bun. Middle or Hakkari Kurdistan, and they should be carefully (3) Xusta~nsuvar 60, aw o Baizhan Gurnis, kZ$r barkat examined by the student, who will learn from them many ba~aiva chia kir. K '130 KURDISH GRAM~IAIZ YOE L'KY {Jr

The adequacy of the first sentence is remarked, in that of example (I) in its use of prepositions is absent here, it is direct, introducing immediately to the hearer the two and while the preposition is to be expected frequently principal persons in the narrative, the time, and place. in this dialect, approaching more nearly, as it does, to the Inflectiolls are full and regular, the grammar is exact, real SG language, which uses it so freely, it has not displaying a specimen of at1 already formed language, adopted any of the SG prepositions, while ignoring those ceding no point of style to Persian itself, which would of the North. read- To be remarked also is the use of the Chaldean genitive, the prefixial (4 which appears in chaRf d khwa and juZi d kAwa. The plurals are irregular ; -2n,-i, and -Fd are all used, as opposed to regular uses in other dialects. The second introductory sentence (2) gives an equally direct and adequate narrative, but very simply put, no S uc h phrases as ckz2 bazhaiyf, ghaidtn b8,zhaiy< zki& redundant word being used: the verb is, as is precisely did, pclizlka dZd, of which tautology is the distinguishit~g correct, in the imperfect indicative, 'they were going,' feature, are very common, and as a result of the app~rent but the secondary sentence, van2 purr ti dun, is not poverty of the style doubtful meanings occur, and the connected by a conjunction to its predecessor, and this 5tyle itself appears weak and ungraceful, a hybrid, having omission, which occurs throughout the story, makes for alike missed the inflections of the SG tlialects and the a great deal of the apparent simplicity of the style. No \irnple narrative of the NG tongues. attempt being made at elegance of co~lstructionthe result In poetic forms, however, this same style stands out in is less pleasing than in the example (I), but the narrative creditable contrast to the florid and artificial verses of the is very forcible, as is well exemplified in the curt last SG,by its very repetition and fine periods, which the SG sentence, ShughzZZi nzin hayya, gzt, chz?, lit. 'My work is, does not attain. The comparison between two in Dalaila said, went '. Aishana may be noted, but not sufficiently well, for here 111 the third article of prose (3) every characteristic being a translation SG gains in fol m and choice of words. of weak and involved style is found, together with a 'The little differences in the uses are too various among corruption of pronu~iciatioil and misuse of words not the NG styles to be fully remarked here, and the remarked in the other examples. Most noticeable of all student can orlly, by making himself familiar with thei~ is the repetition of the word gut, gut< gzi, meaning 'he ci~aracteristics,detect the variations which, apart from said ', as Bnizlian gutf, KhiZC gz?, ' Baizharl said, " U~lcle," l This combination may be mistaken for the northern plural in -id; he said,' a type of narrative seen nowhere it1 English the Chaldean genitive is, however, typical of this dialect, which usually forms the plural in -a or -an. except it1 its most illiterate dialects, where an exact This word occurs once or twice in this example, and it should be parallel will be frequently met with. Then, too, the noted that g and h are pronounced separately, not as if representing preposition /a is used for several meanings ; the precision the guttural &, but the co~ubinationL(;. POETRY I33 132 KURDISH GRAMMAR general style, mark one dialect from another. Nor is it The indiscriminate occurrence of all three genitive to be imagined that every dialect is represented by these forms will also be noticed, while (I) and (2) preserve a three examples of NG and one of SG. Every village more regular use and canton has its differences, minor, certainly, and in- Prepositions and conjunctions are omitted continually, sufficient to nullify the general knowledge of the main and corrupt pronunciation exists throughout, noticeable stem variations, but differences none the less. in such instances as hail& for hailznd, chitoffor chitun, It is a good plan, for determining the principal variant ho for her, chavi for chun, givag for g8vnkht, shkiva for features, to compare the verb forms employed, when the zhkua, and many others. diversities exemplified in the verb tables will be seen Example (2) makes free use of the Turkish verbal possible of allocation to various groups. noun in -nzish, which is not generally employed in other In the verb 'to be', it will be noticed that while all esamples- three examples above use the forms ha& and habGya in scri7~ish forethought chntlznzish burst preterite or perfect, (I) confines itself to habG and uses it qazdnnzish profit chilishmish worked regularly, while (2) uses both indiscriminately sometimes rx'ushzimish pondering gechmish passed, missed and (3) uses bG in preference. The use of habG extends shishuzish blown up kurnzish well thought as far south as l<;~wandiiz,the dialect of which is otherwise tnpmish stamping goanmish betraying entirely SG. .~ndmany others. In the present indicative of the ordinary verb all three use da- as the verbal prefix, but (3) e~nploysthe form dai + {:g::) + verb, as dai kiva chi, for ki'a daihi. In the preterite, while (I) and (3) use regularly the correct preterite form, i.e. the infinitive ~ninusthe terminal -12, (2) takes a final -n which again brings it to the infinitive form, as in bZrka din, which in (I) or regular NG should be birka di. This dialect, however, uses to a great extent the preterite form which affixes pronominal particles. Example (3) uses da with the imperative, as da baizha, which is a feature of the SG. It also uses -Z as a suffixial pronoun, as -iin pai Kivin, ' they did to him,' for the NG bi vaira kerin. Another SG feature in example (3) is the word h6 or ho (SG hay, her, ha, 'ever, every '), which is rarely seen in pure NG. I34 1'iURI)ISII GRAMMAR SPECIMENS OF PROSE AND POETRY I35

ANNOTATED SPECIhlENS OF PROSE AND POETRY

The following is one of the stories from Jaba's Notices et Rbcits Kourdes, being in the dialect of Erzeriim and the N.W. Kur~nanji. TEXT n'lirzui Rashi habu l zhe taifidi Izididi Vani bu lakit~ One Mirza Rashid there was, he was of the tribes of the qawi3 diz o haramzada, awi bi Ith~vanaql dikir4 ku az Van Yezidi,l but a great thief and ruffian: he used to digali yeki Sal~nasinawi Memed b6ina5 bera o dust. ielate of himself the following, that I, with one of Salmas,2 Daitn az dacliurn zlla atrafan inin dizi dekerin wa haivan Frequently wa ~nalbi shaw taina Sal~nasi~na!a dasti berakai lthwa by name Muhammad, was brother and friend. Me~neclwa dii shaw wa seh shaw lamala Memedi clemam : I would go, and from the surroundings I would rob, and -.ljari- Meinedi aw mal wa I~aivanidi dizi dibirra Khoi the animals and goods at night I would bring to SalrnSs o Urunli, van daran dafurutin wa bahaidi va11 tanin, to the hand of my brother Muhamtnad, and would stay balli-elci dirafig dadaya min, we bahraek zhi zhebui kh\va two nights and three nights in the house of Muhammad : haldigirtin ha bivai tarzi shash haft salakan ma dasta then Muharn~nadwould take the animals and goods to berail" digal yelz o du kirin, va qawi dust o ashlla buin. Khoi and Uriimia3 and at those places would sell them, Pashi chiirelti l1 az chiirna kenari l2 Tabrizi, bishaw naiziiki and would bring their price, and would give me a part of Rashi. The ICurds, particularly of the north, corrupt nearly ail the money, and would take a part for himself, and in this Muhammadan names, as hlukho for hlulla~nmad,Ahmu for Ailmad, etc., while in the south the col-ruptions talce different forms, being manner for six or seven years we assisted one another, Hama for Mullammad, A!la for Al?mad, etc. and we were very great friends and acquaintances. After faifidt Iztdfa't Vant. An example of the extended genitive, 'of some time I had gone to the Tabriz district, and at night the tribes of the Yezidis of Van.' Note that the for111 quoted in Part I for the genitive of nouns is used. qazut, f~-omArabic ,P; other dialects usually use ga[/ek or 1 Yezidi. The Yezidi are a peculiar sect of people who exist among ;burr. * bi khwa naql dikir, lit. ' to himself relation he used to make '. the Kurds, but include also in their ranks Armenians, Turks, and butna. Note the use of the perfect. Georgidns, though in very small numbers. They are widely spread, R dekerin. Dekir would be rnore usual, but this is one of the being found from the SinjBr province of Mesopotamia to the dialects which affix -tz to the singular of the imperfect. Caucasus at Tiflis. Their tenets are based upon a veneration of CZe/zdm, imperfect, as with other verbs in the context. Satan, and explanations of the little that is known of them and their van ttaran, regular plural of the compound awde~t,'there.' religion may be found in Layard's and ifs Remains, Professor dirtif, 'money,' from the old word dirkam. T. Williams Jaclrson's Persia, Past and Present, and other works. 'O a'asM beya, 'assistance,' lit. 'the hand of brotherhood '. SalmPs. h town in Persian territory, in AzarbaijBn, inhabited by 'l charekt; for jarekt. Persians, Turks, and Kurds. l? kendri in this dialect means 'district '. Khoi and Uriimia, two towns near SalmBs, in Persian territory. l36 KUKDISH GRAMMAR SPECIMEKS OF PROSE AND POETRY I37

bazhiri zhe qafilai bishawa m2i.l Hajieki tujar digali near the town encountered a caravan night-befallen. seh bari haisteriini qumash zhe karwan hendeki diir A Haji, a merchant, with three mule loads of cloths, gets dachit min khwa lasari rai wakii mariPn diraizh kir, a little way away from the caravan. Then I gave no wakii haistir naiziiki rnin biiin, haizhi shaw \va tari bu, wa mercy nor leisure. I sprang upon the merchant, and jinqin, wa tujari ku lasari bareki suvar bii zhe haistiri without delay seized him by the beard and beheaded him kata ardi, idi5 min aman o zamarl nadai, ghama ser and left him there. All three mules with their loads tujari va biia muhlat bi rihan girti sari zhai kirri di I took, then I hid in a ravine, and by day I concealed jhida hisht har seh haistir digali barani awa ri kiri : hidi myself in gullies, and when it was become dark night min khwa awita nhiileki g wa bi riizhi di nwalidZ1Okhma I brought the mules and loads, near dawn to the door of wishart?, wakii biiya shawi tari min haistir digali baran rny friend Muhammad's house, and I went to the skylight naiziiki siibai inana l1 deri mala dusti khwa Merned, wa az and I then called Muhammad. Muhammad came to the chiima sa~ikulaka min hidi5 lcazi Memdi keri. Memed doorway, I brought the loads down, and took the a~~imals hatia derawa l2 rna bara inana lihwari wa birina mali wa into the stable. When Muhammad saw those animals haistir kishana twilai wakii Memdi aw haistiran va baridi and the loads of goods he was very delighted, and paid qumashan ditin qawi sha biii, izzat wa iltrama min kirin me honour and complirnetlts. I then stayed in quietl~ess az zhi dikhanikai lchalwat razarn va hisai biim, wakii biiya in the house, and was at ease. At night Muhammad said shaw Memdi guti min, ku Mirzii, tu ijari harra shiila khwa, to me, ' Now, Mirza, go to your own affairs, but until lakin hats dii hiwan pai airada l3 maya lewi~aniawa 1na1 two months are past do not come near here, till I have diskazwa mat. Note that the form skawa is the result of affixing sold the goods, which are a large quantity. Then after awa to sknw, giving the meaning-, not of 'night ', but of 'night- two months, come here and take your share.' I said, time ', a use tliroughout I

rniilaka ziiwa hats az dafriishim, piishi dii mahan warra 'Well, let it be so.' I went to my own house. When aira bal~ralch\va biba. Min gut kii bilani wusii biba."z the period of two months was up, I again came by night chiima mala khwa Wakii muddai dii mahan tamarn biiya before the door of Muhammad's house. I saw that he az disani bishawa hatima bar deri Merndi. Mill dit awi had built for himself a new and large house. I said to zhi boi khwa Izhani nanii wa mazin bin3 ki~-ina.~Mill myself that. ' By God ! Mul~arnmad has truly reaped lihwa bi khwa gut kii Wallah Memdi zhi van mali dizi5 much from the stolen property, to have built such a house. gallalc diraf paid2 kirina, alva khani miini insha kirina, These m;lliy years it is that I come and go, and his house awa chand sal bii ku az dal~atimo dachum klianii vai har had always remained the same.' In short, I went upstairs wha bu. Khalasa az chiima sari bani bari kiilalca min before the lattice and called out,' Muhammad, Mullammad, lrazi kir 1;ii Memed ! Memed ! warl-a ! deri waka ! Idi come and open the door!' Then Muhammad gave no Memdi javaha min nadai dast bi jairan Iciri tufenlc answer, and callrd to his neighbours that a robber was bidastida hats beri deri \va agiri ~ninkeri. Kiria hawar coke to his house. So I fled, for the neighbours were all ku cliz hatia mala min. Idi az riiwim va jairan ber hew gathered together because a robber had come there. So biiin Itu diz ilatia. Az zhi re~vim;va zhe diirawa min I fled away, and hid m),self far away. Afterwards by day khwa wushari. Pashi biriizhi min zhe diirawa mairiifek I sent a man to Muhamrnad and called him to me. tvari Icir wa hlerned kazi neki khwa kir~,~hle~ned hata Muhammad came to me and we saw one another, and neki min va hew tiii dit g wa min guta Mernedi awa chabii I said, ' Muhammad, what was it that by night you did Itii bishaw ta bisasi mill inZ,1° \\.a ta zheboi cha ~vhakir? to me, and what for ? ' Muhammad answered that 'After ivIemdi jawab da)-a ku pashi ta khiii rnali wa haistiran you went the owner of the goods and mules appeared and paid2 biiya wa zalimat daya min, khwa harnii istandin gave trouble, and tool; all from me, and took it away, so wa birin, idi tishtek didasti minda namaya, wa pashirt nlla that nothing remained in my hands, and after now the idi diistia min o ta nina, bibali rnin wa maya," agar idi friendship between you and me is finished, come not near - - jarelti dini ta bii12 Salinasi az di baizhim awa diza wa ta me ! If once more you should come to Salmas, I will say, bidama girtin.13 Har chend mill lawahi Memdi kir gu insaf " This is a robber," and give you to captivity '. However, ' zawa, ' much.' pieces ' ; na tarramdsk na marramdsk, ' neither robbers nor [the ? ?nahci?z. Note azahdn and kiwnn, both used in the same sense signs of] robbers.' and context, being alternative. dust . . . kiri, lit. 'extended the hand to '. bih, ' let it be !' wusR, ' in this manner.' Other dialects use kazr neKi Khwa krrz; Note that the subject of Kiri is min in isan or wha, the latter also occurring in this dialect. the preceding sentence, otherwise the meaning would be 'called 6ind kirirta. Unusual in Icurmanji, being an Arabic compound Muhammad to him '. adopted from the Persian. The Icurrniinji is cki kirin. hew dzZ dif, lit. ' saw one another '. van ?ndlidizi, lit. 'those proceeds of rohbery '. l0 bisari min ifzzd, lit. 'thou hast brought up011 my head '. Kkdni ~ndni. A pair of rhyniing arords such as is Inet with also " bibdli lnin wa nraya, lit. 'to my side come not again'. in both Persian and Turkish, the second amplifying the meaning of l2 bii, subjunctive of hdfin. the first, while without signification itself. Cf. harda mama, ' tiny l3 ta bia'av~afirfin, 11t. ' I will give thee to the seizing '. I40 KUKDISH GRAMMAR SPECIMENS OF PROSE AND POETRY I41 bika zhe hinds mall tishteki bida rnin Memdi chiri mili I entreated Muhammad and said, ' Be just, give me kiri.' Az qiiriindim.2 Pashi mill zhe jairanidi vai bikhaf something from these goods.' Muhammad abused me, so pirsiara hali Memdi kir. Giitina rnin Wallah atn nazanin I expelled him. Then I asked secretly of the neighbours zhi kideria Memed qawi Izhwai mal o ha1 %*a, va zheboi regarding Muhammad. They replied to me, ' By God ! khwa khanamana zhi niwa bins kirina, wa ashek zheboi we know not whence Muhammad has become so rich and khwa kirina wa nha qawi khwashha! biiya, magar Memdi wealthy, that for himself he has built a mansion quite new, aw mal o aistir birina Tiflisi \va feriitina wa zaf deraf and bought a mill for himself, and now is most happy, naya. Wa bihila a\v shiila digali min kiria ku avi tnali unless Muharnrnad has sold those goods and mules at bitini bikhwat4 va nadaditag min. Idi az tlachar biii Tiflis and brought back much money.' So by meanness bishawa hatima mala khwa, lakin derdi Metndi maya he did this to me that he might consume the proceeds didili minda, hats ltu safara Riimi va Airani qiimiGa himself, and give nothing to me. So, helpless, I came by biiya dizhminai. Ijari mill shaweki chil suvaridi Kashii night to my house, but the ache of Muhatnmad was in piw khesti? az biima balad, wa rnin iniiya kenari Salmasi, my heart, till the expeditions of Persia and Turkey niwi shawi daori a~vahiam zhi haspan pia biiin, va da occurred and war btolte out. Then I, by night, tool; tnairiif lin5i haspan mai, rnin si mairiif inaya daori mali forty horsemen of the Rasl~i. I was the guide, and I Metndi az birnala vai balad bum, z'he kiilaka pia biim wa hrouglit them near to Salmas. At midnight near the town min deri vakeri, am chiiina niwa mali wa min Memed we dismoutlted from our horses, ten men remained with o zhin o zariik girtin. Memed debaizha Amall ! Mirzii ! the horses. I brought thirty men round Muhammad's min keria, ta maka ! 9 Aman ! har chi ku mal hayya biba, house, I knew my way about it, and descended at the min nakiizha, rnin guhdari nakeri l0 seti Merndi zhai kiti, lattice and opened the door. We all went in, and I seized wa har chi rnal o ashis biin talan kiri wa inayi, bishawa Muhammad and his wife and children. Muhammad cried, hatin, wa rnin zheboi haifs Memdi av mal o talan livS11 ' Mercy, Mirza, I have done wrong, do not likewise. suvaran l1 pari vakerin, da12 haifs min zheboi Merndi Mercy ! what there is take ! but kill me not ! ' I did not namina.I3 heed, I cut off Muhammad's head, and took all he had chtr kirin, ' to abuse' or 'insult'. and came away at night, and for revenge of Muhammad gziranriim. From the causative ve~bqurandin, formed from the I divided his goods among the horsemen, so that now my 'l'urkish J$, ptohibition, forbidding.' enmity against Muhammad exists no longer. qawikhwai?n~ZokdZ, lit. 'himself powerful in goods and condition '. bitini bikhwat, lit. ' that he might eat in solitude'. 9 min ken-a, fa 7naka! lit. ' I have done, do not thou [likewise] '. naalzdita. Negative subjunctive na + dadi + t + a. In SG the 10 gulzddri kirin, 'to l~sten,'lit. 'to do + the action of+ having ears'. second 4 or both, disappear, and the word would be nadatyati or suvdran. Note that when a genitive particle -ifollows, the plural nazyyatt. in id is generally used, but when the plural noun is not inflected it q@nztor qaotni, from gamin, ' to happen.' takes the plural form in -an. rashi. ' The Black Ones,' a northern tribe. 'so, finally.' piw khesfin, ' to collect.' l3 Lit. 'the revenge of me for Muhammad does not remain'. SPECIMENS OF PROSE AND POETRY 143

The following is a story in the dialect of Miish and Van districts :-

TEXT TRANSLATION An old man at Miisli told a story that years ago I was Mairiifi Ici kal la Miish chirtiki kir ku salan bhiirtia, azi wealthy and rich, and owner of a house at Diarbekr, and purr daulatlu va zengin va khodi la Diarbekri bii, mall Iny wealth was much. I had servants and I had horsemen, min di dasti rninda purr habii, lchizmachia min habii, I had children, atid I hacl also a son who t1ia11 all the young savarii mill habii, zariika min habii, laulielc min zhi habii men was braver and more clever, by name Ahmacl. One jawiinilc feni vai nabii bidiltir, niivi vai Ahmi. Riieki day Ahtnad was wallcing in the bazaar and saw a ver), Ahmi di charshiiida digaria qizi purr delali di. Chii beautifill girl. He followed her, and went to the door of the girl's house, that perchance he might learn who were shunda vai, chii ber deri mali qizi belani bezanit bav o dai her father and mother. He asked much of the neighbours, qizaka kia. Purr pirsii vai la jairiin dilcir, gutin va qizi and they replied, ' This is the daughter of a robber, whose lnirii ki diza, sllukhla vai purr Itharapa, talalla kar~vana \vorlcs are very evil, he robs caravans and kills men and dalca, zhen o mir dekiizhin zariik purr lidast vaida biin bi women, many are tlie children made orphans at his hands. sivi, lchwadi qezalca vai didat. Xhlni vaira bhist, hivi Icho God will overtake him.' zhai neket, hata mali, gii, biivalcarn, qat qizi zwijim. Kho A4hmad heard this, but was not dismayed, and came zhai hirs hat, gu, kurri min, nava bava ltho goiinmish home, said, 'Father, assuredly I will marry this gil-l.' I was angered at this, and said, 'My son, betray not thy maka, 11ava ma nuhH rrunda, dideva Ichalqida purr rrunda father's name ; our name is now respected in the mouths zhe boi chi shukhula nasakhi dakiri, nava ma koti dabii. of men. Why do an unworthy deed? our name will be Ahmi gii, purr rrurid daba, gii, chii zuqai, wa idin ruined.' margek gechmish biii nahat. Dii mat% wa seh marg ,lhmad said, ' Very well.' This he said, went out, and zhai bhiirt ehzi nahat. Azi ra bii chii ber deri mala 111erii then a month passed, and he came not; two months ki diz sekitii, ban Icir, zhineki der hat, gii chi ishi ta hayya ? and three montlis passed, and yet he came not. I arose and went before the door of the house of the robber, and stood, Az per2 gii lauliii min vallda bii lakideria ? Gu azi chava calling. A woman came forth and said, 'What business bezanim ? Az g6 rnairui ta kho dikhainidii tunna? Gii, hast thou ? ' I said, ' My son is lost, where is he ? ' She "a, chii chian la rria Bashqalai. Azi pirsa vai Icir navi said, ' How should I know? ' I said, ' Is not thy man rnairiif6 ta chia ? gii Bainava,l gii, der ber hew ]

1 BainPv, i.e. ' The Nameless ', or Bainiiva, ' He has no name,' is thy man's name?' She said, ' Rainiiv.' This she said, a refusal to disclose it. and shut the door, and went away. I44 KUKDISH GRAMMAR SPECIMENS OF PROSE AND POETIZY I45

Dili min purr bii, hat khaina kho, dit zhin o zaruk My heart was full of grief. I came to my house and gishk bihev o din rii nishtia, digrin. Azi pirsia van, gii, saw my wife and children all seated while they wept. khabara h6n chia ? Giitin, yazmishek zheboi ma ghaisht, I asked of thern, saying, ' What is your news ? ' They ek bilzhiiini, kho zhi geri bikai. Hzi gii bida min, dii said, 'H writing has come for us, if thou read thou wilt dasti minds, vai khwan, dit yiizmisha lauka khoia, diba, also weep.' I said, ' Give it me.' They gave it me Bavi min, azi la pishta chiana digali Hainav chiirna dizi, and I read, and saw it was the letter of my son ; it am purr talan lriria, la kenari Sairt o Hedlisi gallalc mal says: 'My father, I went to the robbery, to the backs of o paira bi hew ins, kir bin ardi, askar hat a seri ma, ma the mountains with Hainav, and secured much loot, and rewin, askar nial din, birin, id7 azi o Ihinav birclii o ti collected much wealth around Sairt and Bitlias, and o bai tain ma, purr sara, zwisana dakhwazin baina buried it underground. Soldiers came after us and we Diarbelrri. Ek mairiilr weri kir lauraira henelr paira fled, the soldiers found the goods and took them. Now pai ma bida, disai bima mali kho, ani lauki lrho la\\rai I and Bainav are hungry and thirsty and have no food. It is very cold, and winter, we desire to come to Diarbekr. chian o berfi diini~ri. Send a man the11 here, and give me a little money, once Az dushii~nishbii, braki kho ban Iris, ku mairifata vai Inore that I come home, or thy son will die in these purr bii. Gu gishk rrund dabii me ek tu be ine'ra am mountains and this snow.' pevra harrin Sairtil lauka ta bibinin, binin waira. Azi I pondered, and I summoned rny brother, for he was gii feni ta rrunda, firsend bu,2 bichin Sairti Am savar a man of much wisdom. He said, 'It is very well that bun ketina ria Sairt, pashi char painj shewan gliaishtina we go together to Sairt and find thy son and bring him Sairti zheboi khabara lauka kho pai heland. Vaideri here.' I said, 'Thy thought is good, if possible we shall awderi persa kir, lrhabar zhai tunina, mahriitn ma. go to Sairt.' We mounted and set out on the Sairt road. Am di wagarina rig Diarbekri ghaishtin bijemi dergai, After four or five nights we arrived at Sairt, and sought bist o si zaftia ser i ma Icet, me girt, na per.;% na mess2 news of my son. Here and there we asked, [but] there kir, ma dibi~inmapis khana, dakhinin mapisi. Ruki din was no news of him, we remained disappointed. ra ketia bii bum, danxi dhait, difikrim mairiifelc selcini ber So again we took the road to Diarbelrr and came nigh deri, dalreni, dabaizha, Ta lauma min kir, azi zheboi the gate. Twenty or thirty gendarmes fell upon us, seized dizhminia ta lauka ta biria cliGli, diz bii was% min, \\a us, neither asked nor inquired, and took us to the prison, pashi am talani purr kerina hatina Diarbekri, talanani rna threw us into confinement. Another day I was lying down, a sound comes, I look and see a man standing 1 am pevra har~i~zSairtr: the final -ra ofpevra is the - before the door, he laughs, says, 'Thou reviledst me; ending, which affixed to pev gives the meaning of ' together '. The I for enmity took thy son to the wilds, lie became a robber final -i of Sairti is of course the -iof the dative case. $send 6u. Use of the preterite to express the future. like myself, and after we had plundered much, and we persa na mersa. See previous story, ' Khan5 mani' were come to Diiirbekr, I accused thee of our thefts : the L 146 KURDISH GRAMMAR SPECIMENS OF PROSE AND POETRY I47 1a ustiii ta khe4tial zabitlaran khainia ta girtina wa mal.5 police seized thy house and tool< thy goods, and thy wife ta birina, wa zhen o ziiriiki ta biin khizan. NuhS qiza and children became beggars and mendicants. Now is ~ninzhena lauka taya, am di mal o kliaini rnazinda ru my daughter thy son's wife, and we are installed in a great house in comfort: thou art fallen to grief and miser!,.' nishtia bi hisai ta keti bi zhari o zahma. Va gii, chu. .This he said and departed.

The following story is in the Central dialect of Northern Group :-

Jarek zha jars; rahmat le dei o bavi guhdarn,3 gundel; Once upon a time, mercy upon the father and mother habii mazin, sultanek tai habii, yelc kahni le gund hay\.a of the hearer, there was a village, and there was a lord of zhe kahnia av vadakhwan. Ghairi kahniai avi vai nina : it. There is one spring in the village, from which they rnarelc mazin hat, kat davi kahnia, av girt; nahaili av bait]. drank water. Resides the spring there was no other lchalqi gund merin, zhi tihna, giitin sultan, avi kaht~ia water. A gteat serpent came and fell upon the mouth nama tai,5 sultan rabii hat seri kahnia, narin 6 din marek of the spring, and stopped the water, did not let it flow. mazin ledavi kahnia. Sultan gii bukuzhin, ~nardavi vai 'The people of the village [had nearly] died from thirst chai bii,? zumani vai garia, gii, Ya sultall khwadi ma and said to the Chief, ' The spring has no more water in nakuzhafi ta nakari ma bikiizha, gii ~hima?~gu w~lo.'~ it.' 'The Chief arose and came to the spring, and looked Gu lnuradi ta chia? Gu harriizha ina kachikek bida min in, and saw a great serpent at its mouth. The Chief said, az bukhwim, azi av bardim. Kerin o nakarin l1 ulaj zhai ' Kill it,' but the snake spoke and wagged his tongue, and nabii. Ruozha ina hat, kachkeg danai,I3 kachikai khwar I3 said, '0 Chief, till God does not kill me thou canst ZV bards, bard% hats ivari, ivZri a~ girt, disa hats ruozhi not.' He said, ' How ?' It said, ' It is thus.' He asked, ' What desirest thou?' He said, 'Every Friday give me l Lit. ' 1 threw it on thy neck '. Lit. ' one time of times '. :' One of the common forms of introduction to a story, cf. gu hubN a maiden to eat, and I will free the water.' Do what they o nabs (in the same dialect), or the Persian a+, J9 d,from \vhicl~~t would, there was no help for it. Friday came, and they is possibly taken. gave a maiden, whom it ate, and released the water till Note that this dialect seldom uses the gen~tivepatticle -ci, but sl~owsthe tendency to the SG -i throughout. evening; at evening closed it again till Friday. Evel=~. tai. Also iai kabo, a purely SG idiom. narfn, from nai~in,' to look at,; a SG word. XGfirki~ilz. chi?tza for chitun. davi vczi ch,zf hi. Lit. his mouth took form' or, as we should l0 wulo for 'ze~kci+ y + U, or the SG whatu. say, 'he found his tongue.' l' Lit. 'they did and did not '. khwlz~l'i?tztz ~ttzknzka. Note omission of the pl.eposition rk l2 Notice SG use of suffixial pronoun -af, 'to him.' (' if ') before kkwrzll'l; l:: Sotice SG use of suffixial -ai in the ol~jective. 148 KURDISH GIZAMMAR SPECIMENS OF PROSE AND POETRY 1 49 ina har in kachkeg dedenai, o av bar dediii, 136 daori kachi Friday they gave a maiden, and it released the water, till it sultan, kachi sultZn khammeliindin,' zhzhiv o zhzhair, av came to the turn of the Chief's daughter. They adorned betiini chti davi kahnia afrit la Iiichi sultan digari hat davi her with gold and silver, and alone she went to the spring. kallnia, kachi sultan di, ra hisht kachi sultan,2 mar di afrit A demon sought the Chief's daughter, and came to the ra Ilisht kechikai sultan, m5r deder ket hat afrit.3 Sultan spring, saw the girl, threw himself upon her. The serpent o bazhair defarrejin.4 Afrit o mar sharr dekan. Afrit saw the demon had seized the Chief's daughter, and came shiir kishand o mar davi kho vakir, ra hisht lil%i afrit, out at the demon. The Chief and the people peeped at didavi khwa dani. Afrit shiirek linivi vai khest, kir dii the snake and the demon fighting. The demon d~ew parchaqachik sagh zhziki mar beder ketin. Khalqi a scimitar and the snake opened his mouth and seized the b8zh;lir sha biin hatin, afrit birin mala sultan, li12i khwa demon's leg in his mouth. The demon slashed at him, der~niinkir. Sult211 gutia, gii ya Af~itmali dinya bikhwazi and cut him in two, and the maiden came out whole from azi bidem ta, chima ta kachi min khalas kir ? gu Khair yii the snake's belly. The people were delighted, and took Sultan, az na mehtaiji mali dinyaima gu lai Ta che devi.7 the demon to the Chief's house, and cured his leg. The Gii iro deh sala la kachi ta degarim, gii Vaya kachik Sultan said, he said, ' 0 Demon, ask [what thou wilt] of sl~kl~\\~ara~biba. Afrit Itachik ani, binai mal. the world's goods, and I will give thee, how hast thou, Sultiini mars behist, afrit bravi kusht, marek nehisht l0 released my daughter ? ' He said, ' No, 0 Chief, I am belrl~wariiZni, hat paishia afrit. Mar ledaori afrit jevian not in need of the world's goods.' He said, 'What desirest dedii zherna~a kusht, wadan, mair, kachik zhi standin. thou ? ' He said, To-day it is ten years that I seek thy Sultani mar2 kechig bir ker khwahi khwa.12 Gu bravi daughter.' He said, 'Here she is, take her for thyself.' mill ta hebandi, zheboyi ta hat, ltet kahnia. Rozhi ta The demon took the maiden, to bring her to his house. The Lord of the serpents heard of it, that the demon kkanzmeCandI'n. A word apparently peculiar to Middle Kurmiinji. had killed his brother ; and collected round him all the Wote here and in other instances the inversion of regular order of object and verb. 5elpents and came after the demon. The serpents col- Omission of preposition ser. NG would give kat setZ ajkft, and lected around the demon, and he killed two, they bit him, SG the same, or hat 60 rrfrii. and he died, and they took the girl from him. The Lord Peculiar to this dialect, and a foreign word. Lit. 'made two pieces '. of tlie serpents took her, as for his sister. He said, ' My nu . . . cliiy8i?na. Note separation of m and mu, ' I an] not.' brother loved thee, and came for thee, and fell upon the devi, from wain, ' to wish,' a different verb from kkwazin, which also occurs here. \pring. The day thou canlest tlie demon came and killed Jkhwara, would be NG zhe bo Khwara. 5mira. Note plural in -d. " jevian, L collected,' from Arabic root v '0 nekisht, ' left not,' i.e. he collected them all. l2 Lit. ' made her his sister '. I5O KURDISH GRAMMAR SPECIMENS OF PROSE hND POETRY I5I

hati afrit hat, brayi min kusht, ma afrit kusht o ma tu n~ybrother, I Idled the demon and brought thee, there- ani, nabi ta lekhwa mahar beltem. Riinisht lemala Sultan. fore I cannot marry thee.' She stayed at the Lord's Chala~Yg Afdal lekalaha jumania bii, zhenik vai ha&, Ilouse. Chala'n'g Afdiil was at his castle of Jumania, he had gallilr qanj bii, marek zheni vai wadii. Hiit le Sultani a wife, very pretty, a snake bit her. He came to the Lord rnarii depirsi derman zhai bikhwazi. Hat lemala Sultan of the serpents to ask and desire a cure. He came, and pia bii. Chi di? Kachikelt zhe shikli insana hayya lemala alighted at the Lord's house. What saw he ? A maiden Sultani mars, chaitir zhai nina,' habiind. Sultani mar2 in the likeness of manltind, most beautiful, there in the gii, Tu che devi? Chala~YgAfdal? gu Yeg zhemara zliirli house of the Lord of the serpents. He loved her. 'The min wad5 az hatim jern ta dermal1 dekhtvazim. Gu ~nair, Lord of the serpents said, ' What seekest thou, ChalaZg ~larnaira.~Gu Mair. Gu waki mair, az khwadaima azi Afdal?' He said, ' One of the serpents bit mj7 wife, and ra Iti~n? Vaya af kechiki zhe tarii badali zheni ta. Grl I am come to you for a medicine.' He said, ' Is she dead bar2 bi. Kachilt ber, laltaliihi dani, kaif dekin. 01. not ? ' He said, 'She died.' He said, ' When she is Yelt sbaw z!amek4 zhegundi kechika levaideri mihivan dead, am I God, to raise her again ? See this maiden is t)u, Itachil< nas kir, dai naker. Hat mal, chii, gut Sulta~l, thine in exchange for thy wife.' He said, ' Brother, let it gii, YZ Sultan, gii Chia? gii Kicha ta lakideria? gu Afrit be so.' He took the girl, set her in his castle, and they bir. Gii Khair, na le jami afrita5 gii Vai lejami ChalaGi were merry. Afclala, gu Uerast? Gu, Ma di. Sultan ra bii askerik One night a youth from the girl's village was a guest cl~aikiro chii I

The follon4ng story is in the dialect of the Southern Group :- TEXT TRANSLATION Dajainl li wal

For purposes of comparison with Kur~niinji a sliort example of the semi Lur dialect of Ker~niinshah(called Kurdi) is quoted belotv. TEXT TRANSLATION I

]last la charkli i khwai a1 gird wa hazrat 1.6 asilal) I~and from the spi~icile,and the I'ropl~et turned to his i khwai kirdan wa farmain 'Alaiknm bi dini '1 'ajiiza, !.ii~li companions and said, ' 'Alaikum bi di11i 'l 'ajiiza,' that is to Iwish bin la dini i3pira zhin. Ashiim arz kirdan, fediii saj-, ' l3ecome also of this olcl woman's faith.' The com- tu biinin ye11 far~nashki watit * i~nanafah~nim Wazrat p;inions pleaded, ' May we bc thy sacrifice, this that thou far~naiyeh ki das la charkh i khwai a1 gird ).an%iishit hast coinma~ided,we do not understand.' The Prophet ki i charkh wa i -biiclliki ki la dast i uii~la,ta nagerdani~n7 commanded, ' This, that she withdrew her hand from the spindle, that is, she says that "This spindle, of such small- awa nagerdit.\4ya9 i zaniinal l0 wa aslnanal 'iva i gawrai wa gardin i sitaral chi taur bi san'a girtii~i? ness, ~illiich is in m\. hand, till I turn it not, it spins not ". flow \\ro~ild these earths and heavens, of this magnitude, turn without a Creator, anti the revolution of the stars ' Iiur~nX~ljihrZ ,qi~ \\.it11 which this dialect follo\rs Persian. Being translated ;rnd other verb forms all ;~l)>enceof particle to replace the Persian ivord for word into Persian, it requires no abbreviation, nzi- c?r l

7 Kurmanji ho~/v-alzcz'i?r,fi/l~71^1- dz/r,etc., Persian w&'~,f language not origir~allyin the dialect. The idiom is, iri "urmanji gnwldlr, fiheur kii.ilt, etc., Persian u+~,P. Kermanshah, becoming merely a Perso-Lur tongue, and Ay~t,the Persian interrogative introductory word. Kurmanji ~zrtr'cin, khttn/i7~,1'ersi;ln bwj. rote the 1.ur and the people n.ho rise it adopt with avidity new words. p:irticulariy of Arabic origin ; for example, a sentence lilce tlie follo~vingis reckoned quite good ' Kurdi ' : Bi visitat Rlsrat i nzas/t,hakz u KisiZat i ~/zi%j,fz~l-sEt i shalvfiibi naj~CFshtiu!,where the only pltrely non-Arabic word (besides tl~econjunction) is nayns/zti~~z,and that mongrel Persian. It is hardly necessary to state that Kurmanji is not understood in I

chi Kkwa~kwaz7la 6ibiaitit1 POETRY haz@ ?)zakfz?f i nza&@CJ As the heading 'Prosody' to this sectioil would have (2) Rnjzz i Makhbz?n (;lzzufta'iZun mufi'ihn, twice) demanded more space than is at our disposal, it is better - -/ - V - ,J - (twice) as in the lines to limit the subject to a brief and elelrlentary examination zauj o ~qi~lchnzair o zkin of tlie poetry of the Kurrniinji without going into technical 7/2kztn zauybta nisi. details. (3) Xay~zali nza@Cf (fi'ilitu fi'ilntu fi'ilitu) Kurlniinji poetry, of which an enormous quantity exists, - - - - - as in the line mostly in the form of folk-songs, is of the simplest types, - - Frzkhadh 7-8na Lharas diza shzfi Zfwa. the rhyme and metre being of that elemental nature to be - expected where the poetic is the outcome of an uneducated (4) Kajaz imutha??zman i si6i11z (f~zustaf'ilun,four times) -- V- --V- --v- --W - as metrical prompting sense. The KLIItis being generally a people who love legends, bravery, freedom, and ~vithal in the line are naturally gifted \vith tile linguistic sense, have evolved, (j'il bika~;ishaq bihir, i&ib biqat, azg'ar binail: or, we may sa!., perhaps always possessed, songs, some (5) Kajnz i nzu~afal (mustaf ihkn, twice) --v-- -- of which are worthy of high rank as dignified verse, the W - - as ill the line finer that it is purely spontaneous. The folk-songs are akh&zr chi kiska, n&uzar cki sCra. untrammelled by the intricate convetltions of the 'il?~z (6) Xajaz z' nkhrrzb (~lzaf'Clu,fi'ilitu71, twice) i 'ay$ which makes Persian, Turliish, and AI-abicverse so -- - - v - - as in the line unconvincing, and often so flot-idly pointless. pZshZ 61gZza mnrkab. It is true that some poets of note have lived in Kurdistiin (7) Mu/z:arih i nzugamnzan i akhrab (nzaf 'ulu, fi'ilitun, who have adopted tlie laws recognized by the Arabic and twice) Persian languages, and written verse in the conventional --v -v-- forms, usually tlie qasida (' purpose-poems '), ghazal (ode), (8) Haztzj i akhrab i nzuthammnn (vzaf zlu, mnf2'flun, La+"- and tarkib-band (strophe poems), and occasionally twice)

--v V ruba'zyyit (quatrains), and there is one well-lcnown poet, -- V V--- Xhrnadi Khiini Hakkiiri of Bayiizid, who has actually (g) f

used are the follolving :- V--- V--- W--- W---

I. (I) Hazty' i r~zakfcf i ~/zcz&&Gf (feet ~~ztzfi'ilz~n,fa'Clz~?~) (11) ~Wu?zqa~-ibi maqgir (a metre peculiar to Persian) V------(twice) (fa'Clu, four times) each ~~lisya'or line being the same, of whicll the poet sajSs --v v-- M 162 KURDISH GRAMMAR POETRY ' 63

2. Turning from these very conventional metres and TRANSLATION verses to those of Shaikh Ahmad Jezri, also writer of a divan Find a way to see her beauty, unveiled and not in or complete collection of poems, we find arnong his verses darkness, qasida, ghazal, and ruba'@yat, but the diversity of metre A hundred times I can see her flower in the garden. is less, resulting in greater simplicity of styles. The When a wind comes from liere and there, throwing ordinary Persian rule for rhyme is observed in the qasidn her curls in confusion, and ghazals, i.e. lines I and 2 rhyme, and after these every At every breath a hundred hearts fall caught there second line. This is the form which has also commended in the net. itself to a large number of Kurmanji poets ignorant of the iVote.-Though one or two Persian words, foreign to rules of both 'ihn i 'arcd and '~ZIIZqifia (prosody and i Kurmanji, are ill the verses (he#, and xu&i), the rule of rhyme). phrase ax K&i bibfi, which would give a Persian meaning The most usually remarked inetres in Shaikh Ahmad ]read as Persian, signifies ' I can see ', wliich in Persian Jezri are- \vould be 7zan ?nftav&am didinam. (I) Rajtx (ntustaf'ifun - - -- four times) and Of the Northern and Middle poets these are the only some of its variations. two whose works are available here for inspection, and (2) Hazaj (nta$i'i/un - - - - four times) and some the consideration of the folk-song verses is really more of its variations. important, as they are the true songs of the people. (3) liaynal in some of its varied forms is used, but the As Kurdish poetry, so long as it is confined to the complete unchanged, or sal&, metre does not memories of succeeding generations, is inseparable from appear at all. The poet has avoided all the the simple tunes to which it is sung, stress and pause peculiar and rarer metres and has contented are very marlted, and as the music is very usually synco- himself with these simple straightfor~vard ones pated, unexpected accents and stresses occur. throughout his divan, which is a bullq~work. 3. From Sociri's Collection of Middle Kurdisll Folk-songs (stressed syllables are accented)- As is usually the case with poets using the conventional ZantdlZ feviish ZZ/tKi I,uu(~Z(E inetres, a good deal of Arabic occurs in the verses. CaKzj%t u n'hel' u ayiiZt H fair speciinerl of his style, in the metre 9.ajaz i sZZi?/t HzisnQd Yhszf lah&Za (~?zustaf'ilul.t,four times to the line), is the following :- Dhs Z(z Kzi7,si snn'ritai. ChZvi half?~b2l.t bidin nad$n?,da yZ t21.i bibifz Sndj5t.i az k2i.i bibin guZ aai dillawn 6aKhchadi. BZ'i azuinf Zaw Zemaf Kztd qisht o xuvi sev chigf Her dam hex& dil dZ Kewi khnl Law dedZ ~~zidinadi. KURDISEI GRAMMAR POETRY 165

To appreciate the actual values of tile short syllables, it must be noted that the song is to a melody counting three beats to a bar, the song commencing on the third beat. The long (or accented) syllables usually therefore, as is (I) The metre of the poem is irregular, considered in natural, should fall upon the first beat, and such will be comparison of syllables to the line and accents, and only found to be the case. Where two short syllables occ~~r when set to a melody can it be properly fixed. To give together they are equal to one short syllable occurring it a name according to the rules of Oriental prosody between two long ones. This peculiarity is common in (various forms on the base falaZa) would be impossible. European verse. Placing beats of the bar above the To a Kurdish tune, holvever, it goes regularly enough. syllables, the pause-lengths of the syllables would be as 'The metre is generally speaking a variation of below- Verse I - v-w-V-V-V line^: 3 12 3 12 3 12 3 12 3 and the first lines of each verse, respectively, give the v-v- b - v --- U following results, the redundant short syllables being slurred and al~nostlost in the recitation.

The second lines give-

1. U--W-vv-W A false accent sometiines occurs, as is seen 0x1 the fourth 2.-w-v--V-W syllable of line 3. 3. w-v-.V-ww-w (2) The rhyme which runs tl~roughoutthe poem (which The third lines give- is a very long one) is -atai on the fourth lines. The first, I. - v--vv-W second, and third lines in each verse rhyme with one 2. v-v-vw-v another, but with considerable latitude allowed for 3.-"-""-W-" differences of vowel quantities, witness example in second The fourth lines give- and third lines of tile last strophe quoted.

I.-v-WV--W 4. From the same source as 3- 2.-v-vv-W Benrzi~faynz'n i~nimi' N8dk avnn qad az dcr

3. ---""-W Azif?z kknZidZ ~rzashiir Qad nakhwumn ta'ami being uniform. Qenj 5 Kknrid o 8mZ Hat2 sari n5kam ziir. I 66 KUKDISH GRAMMAR POETRY 167

(I) Metre. The above displays a very regular and Chb~*a.akhaiRzfi~ya gi~,t?a C16sed around the heithenish simple metre, alternating long and short or rather foemen accented and unaccented syllables, the lines commencing Hn'chi ai Kushtz'a A11 therewere they sliughtered alternately with and without stresses and the number of Yed? vai g irtia. All of them they cAptured. syllables in the line being, as a general rule, regular. (I) In general the metre is regular, being variations 011 (2) Rhyme. Each verse contains eight lines, and W-W-v-- without exception alternate lines rhyme. Certain groups of lines will be seen to exactly coincide 5. The next extract is from one of the long poeins with one another, when, a phrase of the music ceasing which are called in the South qatZ3; or 'string-poems '. to repeat, the metre slightly changes a.i well. which may be extended to any length, according to tlie (2) Rhyme. There is no regular rule for the rhyme in singer's memory or powers of i~nprovization. 111 many this type of poern, except that it seems to be to continue cases one line is sung by the leader, and the next by the same rhyme as long as possible. The rhyme in a chorus, or where, as sometimes, a line recurs, such line is -a(-&a), being a simple one in this dialect, will be sung by the leader in solo. As the Kurds say, 'You majr loti iced to persist for some distance, tliat in -m,being as start anywhere, and cease when the breath gives out.' common, finishing after less duration. iis in 3, a long or stressed syllable is twice as long 6. The following example is from a poem of the same as a single unstressed one, two of which together equal in type as the foregoing, but shows a greater regularity of pause the single stressed. As a guide to the metre, each metre. A certain arrangement into couplets may be line is translated so that the stress falIs with the same ~ioticed,i.e. as in the type referred to under heading 2, values in English as in the original- where alternate lines rhyme, with this difference, that Yeg Anzar uyeg AZi'na One mar the other ~ii in the type quoted in 2 the rhyme continues through the Ashhbi hitz'na Their f6llowei-s with them whole poem, it changes here after an uncertain number of Nezi'K? dair? bkna Appr6aching nighthe cdnvent couplets. Kajirjami bdnn Ro6nd it were the pAgans SStin @ojZfz hbarv? TZri Kir shamsa 9ninGower Ashdba barikhwn' Zni diina The c6inrades let him g6 Agi1.z eshq8 yndiwz SZyai zu@i 'ad+ before them dfihnat o de~difer~iqi Sha??z'ider bld? zelivz? A'rnar ,-he dairi dhKetQa cmar from out of the c6nvent B~tmnazabcn 'aL?f?z Mzya parv&za 'asiy came then Az dukhum sund? bq2nZ~z Min ,avazini hitiiya Paizht meqdbili ka'ji~aKa'tia H6rli1ig hirnsdf in the f6ce Hayz begur'8na 'azfvz Yauman 'abiisan qanterir of the p6gan Gay nadi xz/zi~zheboma Gnr nab? 60 ?nila zu@n Ashhbzja Amay dzltzja The fdllowers saw thus Urnar Chnn chi II/+zZsEkalim Nafnsek bZy? nesfnz B~iiraqhailzniya High they bore the sti$ndarcI iMinnavaitin KhuM o kausar Minnavaiti~khuld o kausar her hilheshiya ChArgCd then the Army BighFjann6t iinna'ivz BZ&?jannit inna'im. 165 KURDISH GRAMMAR

(I) Metre. Each line consists of two feet corresponding (b) Hagar diC ghaz'144ibb tGyf taid2 bf to the Arabic measure fi'ihtun - - - -, but in Bidastf Khwat dzzam de~b?na qu~bin. reciting the poem the first and third syllables are sIightly (I) Metre- stronger than the fourth. The metre according to Arabic L'd-wV-UV--- nomenclature is ranzaL The second, fourth, sixth, etc., v-ww-v--v-- lines drop a syllable at the end of the second foot, The penultimate stress syllable in the first line is presenting - - - - U -, instead of - - - equivalent to the two last short syllables in the second -U-- , giving for the couplet the very common Arabic line, and is therefore paused upon and accented more than and Persian metre rafnal i ma&&z2J; or couplet type, of the other strong syllables. which the poem itself is an example. The same metre will be observed in the following (2) Rhyme. The last lines of the couplets rhyme as couplet :- a rule, but it will be noticed that the rhyming syllable -im Lnbo RhaZqf hheZati 6nKhshin vz2cha is interrupted by two lines ending in -ir, when the first Khalit? nzin hnntu Khzt khuinn qurbin rhyme again resumes its place. Farther on in the poem FaZu~~fch2wnkinit nd nawtnf the rhyme changes continually. BinilF$tnn 6ns nabi~tnapurbdn. 7. Between the poetry of the Middle NG and that of (2) Rhyme. It will be noticed that the rhyme in all the SG there is a considerable difference. That of the thtee couplets is on the penultimate word of the second SG poetry which has been committed to writing is mostly lines, in -fen qurbdn. by the numerous poets of Sulaimania, who, in touch with 8. A poem by Nali written according to Arabic rule of the education of Baghdad, have imported a very large prosody is quoted below- quantity of Arabic into their verse, which is also more Kz' ta hatuf Zn ntronzfdf nnnzi b2s conventional than that of the Middle Kurmanji. La hzji E intix2rzzi2'i nn7mi b&. The follo~vin<~sfrom the poems of Nali, a well-known La s2yf zu& i tu wa shaw dz'/*czizlZa writer of the early eighteenth century :- La subh 21 nz7r i kl'twtrl-shidinnlrzi 65s. (a) Bo har has? 7%i?2 dzlia, tarfq? Ki anznnnt Hay 'dshuqf bi chars, La rrai Khauf o khtrtar nzi, I;aZa/l ta? wa ka i71zshaw ~uo~hi~~~i~zbi Dnidillz hamu shaw ~~rdwa,bishiw riiw? ser shakiut La xnkh7tz 8 bahhnz i nihfdi nn??z265s. Lam kzl ha niir?~ca,na 'az'nu na athar YHE. Hnw2disji?n o dzirin bu bi snqi (I) Metre. The metre will be found to be regularly as La buzm ijZnz ijanzshidt nam? b2s. follows :- Z2aq?b o mudda'? hnr dEk fa hhwad2n -/-v--- W v--v--- Hati chan s2'at?Kfidf nanz2 b2s. for instance- w-w------w--- La sdy? qaaU i nzaoxztn f di zulfi hay 'iskuq f bi ch&a, la rrai Khaufu Khatar mi. La Nil; sha'r i taswidf nami his. 170 KURDISH GRAMMAR VOCABULARY 171

(I) Metre. The metre is that termed Hasaj i ~tzusaddns bi. for NG hirfn, SG birdifz, to take i rna&~jhzif,of the model feet ~~znfn'flun,vznfi'flun, fi'zZz~n. hi. ,, ki'shnn, kfshian, to draw, suffer, pull ------v-- d ,. d&z, datn, to give (2) Khy~ne. The second lines of each couplet rhyme ch. ,, chG11, 6hfif72, t0 g0 011 -fdf nam2 bis. Rn. ,, Raftil, Kewtin, KGotill, Retz/z, to fall These few examples suffice to show that tlie study of Although it is beyond the powers of a vocabulary of but Kurmanji poetry, in its form and metre, demands far a few thousand words to give any great selection, it has more space than is at disposal here. Also for the correct been sought to preient such words as are of most general understanding of much of it an intimate Iriil 7tis alone tinyi, tini I /&die also hh, ish hi%, zht (inicl. dia.) 1l alternative char adultery gzinn I always g-isk-zahht, hanzz2- tern advance (money in) paisiLaki, 1 wakht faiskin, (loan) qa~z,I ambush fic~nin,heshir l dzin amidst /anew, /aniw, /anan / n- - (v) hibar ch. laber Kn. ammunition (l'e~~~rano galfa bEto gulL(1 l among see ' amidst ' lapazsh ha. chunn l paish, chunn bevi, da'azbanz, bizubrz 7%) birbezhin, hbar ch. l dazwZna betih adze fzsha~n,twshi ancient kuhan, Kewin hewnar affair ish, unzzdr, shu/ZhZ, kZr lawbnsti and 0, u, iln, wn affectioll rE2osti khzonzin khzlnsh anetnone diEzi{E.n ge?*ek bzin anger K&, g%, harrCsha, rih garriisha, affrigh t (v) tersi?zdin I wnsz2 after .$/zCn, pish, (E'iiw~.pai, inn angry 2iz, bihim, h$i'=. wlrsz7, sil dunzi an~mal haivan, chnrvn, bezhib afternoon pZskinZ1mzrz2, (late hi%G~, ni71rnvz7clTu- yiindir after~~oon)ZwrFvn ' 1 wa ankle qu fapai' l ch z) afterwards /np~sh,gr~sh, piishiiw2 I zhrgrish anklet pZi7ztl?.n, p&wn?zn again di~a~l,i&, dwEm, hid / idin, dZn, 2/21 ish, iti7: annihilate teLefinr2'z'lr duyZ~n annoyed ta?zgazZr,hijii=. siZ age sal, (old age) piri j hiit fartaa annuity sctfillu KURDISH GRAMMAR

NG another &f?; Zdi din, idfn armed pewketi answer ja wib,jib Armenian A ~uzeni (v)yhwib,yZb din armour zir ant wCr, 1nai7,C armpit 1 bini biosh, antelope isk i /zct7gziz anvil sindin arms clzek, silih any kfch army (Turltish) asker - (generally) s$ih anyone hachkas, kerkas - (Persian) leskker any thing /Inch

, NG SG I NG SG astride sawiv l bake (v)pnhti?z,paizhi~z 1 hulfcfn at bi, La, rii baker nd~i;ui,,idsiaiiz,niin-'jel-,ziehf l atom wzirdik, hzlrdik, d2q+t kurik p(tiz/~ l attack (v)bi~fdn bi., pal2?7z2?,d21/ r,~az;in,qaynn, irznzzin l shilii attempt (v)tngsh Ki. I bz&zn R. &re- (ofan account) i~zni I I I bEjz~';n (v)(an account) giii riciri 1 I l-z?z/lin k. attention peresr& gued21-i 1 pEk k. auction uznzid l l balcunj, aiwn?~,t~~nrza l aunt pzi7,, auit~, kR/llti/I., ~~s/z I bald k~chel I I kal ~tlitik bale t~t l pisilti 1 [";%a austere hiskK sl-t hzl l gz&k I g&mzsR , tuo) authority a'(zs'/ztr/2t band band, ki,~ht l autumn #Eiz, /nifzEn, khnzdri 1 bandage pec/ziR avalanche ~sk~tn ~eni ' Rkz~n~~Gzva - (v)pechnt~iiin I yebjfi~dili I avarice /,e.ezil'z; kis/zkni~z~Rf pi5 kni banish (v)surgun R. I shirbednr k. await (v)$&%, c/mwarf b., bankrupt hal shiRi2, uzetzdebiir , l C/L~WK. banquet ckeshn,jazzh/z shni, fl-Ewiiz ' r/~/laiwinf awake hzs/zyZr I wurvfE hare tooted ptrikhios, pni7,Gt awhile d(zmeK i chigheK bareheaded se77 22, sc? kol, t&f se7 gut, l se~*k/mos awl dirZoslz 1 serwekzrf I axe twr bark puost tzul, qdik - (v)pash., nwtin , hnpknp R. barley jz/L juh babbler ctezzcckil, rl'ewderii barn R2cifn, auzii~,, ~nnl-aR, I baby pchzlk, zZn%K h211a bachelor ~ZSIIZ~Z,~Z.S(I W&' barren (of females) kishk, Khz~stz'k,qisf~ baclc pishi, ~nili~z i.~tiGY backbiting ghaibnt, l2o7rzn barricade ch(zp5~ baclc\vards pishtipisht barter (v)wtc ,r/~h2sfz'n b&r R. bad kioti, pis, khnr@ &zuil basin knshz 1 hag Kfsn, (leather)yhntn, nrvnn, (for basket sebed, sew< irruchzk, l ZZ~?,, tzliR milk) .\eh tiizkalz, bastard t~r-Es,kel nllz ziil pnrzzl?~ bat Bn?,cke71zih,she~~~sher/la c/z&kckEk- baggage p17'0plis, (0f kG[n a woman) bath hamirrz pjqztprai- bathe (v) han~a~lzR. / CBva k. zhik battalion t2bztr , N 1 NG SG KG battle shm ?,, dawn,jrzg ~ bellow (v) bo~f~,hovfil. /le1,7*in be (v)bzj~z, bzZirz, h(zi~z 1 1)ellows h21 r'cz d(znz bead ~lzzlr,(black) shawn, belly zih (small) gzi below libin, bill, &ZI' nzlk, tch, Kz2j ' dirzdek nuhad, belt pishtirz,pzsh6enK,jisht slinrih dnndzi;k bench pehn, tnhhit beam kuu"huLh,~~(ti~ga, d(zste/i. 1 t+ bend (v) chanri~z, (caus.) chtc- bean Lii bict l ~/tnndi~zkew21zci?i~'il~ bear hivch, wi?,cc/l,6i1.ch benevolence guhdZri, k/rZdi?- beard Yi, ?-ih ~%cr'airz bent kezdll, theft beardless huesn 1 I-LZWEL kz~estn benumbed (to become) fewzin, beat (v) lai rriFiz, /ai hhestin hi~~ieuti/z rx'kin te7;-itz beautiful jzlan, hhryu@/,shfitn rZel& S$&, ~~(zeffz bereaved Ruvdz~nrin I keszl' beauty sevqi I seji/ziti, =er< re?@izi, beside tanzj-h,/~>IIL zhihn khz~oshgiif besides =hi, c/lZZ/2,jarkfdi1l,i& beaver ~treikZ.i~i I bet //zePj because 60 I zheho I lehnr, 6110 -- (v) 7lze~j/z. se?, d8tr.Gfn beckon (v) dnst lib2 h. l bitfas b2% k. betray (v) &pn~di~~ become (v) bu~z chcri ban 1 bed h S W 1 hiir tizlshek better chetiv, chzhtir ~zcr'tir, (of a garden) kavt 1 qeniytrr bee helzg, ~11llnish2hzngi'io1 1 edczwn between %$v,nZv?,kist, bniiz beetle g2l2iichn kisih bewitch (v)jZda k. I beetroot LZsih, sny bier d2r-i-r1tait,dE~afa~7lr before (time)~ZJ-~E, jaishfir bnrtir biestings fcrzl, f~7G~h17 1 hhz/Zjrdz~?- (place) l'abnl*,6ra1-i hi)rd2 big gllnzi~z,~PJ (1, gi~ beggar snlhir, pnlesik,p(~~.~ni ~,uc/zu/i.rf?- hhzu2z~rh hint1 (v) hesti~z,gi7.i d2~z che7r nlrdirz l /zct.l' h. begin (V)dnst pai h. hircl bdd2; tniv, qz~s/r l I~ZLWZ beginning b(trt birth GLI behead (v) sev bi~llz se?/zhnigi~fill (v) (to give bii th) zZn s~ekrirf7~rii7r behind pzsh f, lepisht I (rarr) (in the rear of) iii1n6, didurn /nshdn bit (of I~oise)zzu21za biznzik pnsh, /i/iu7~zn, pni. bitch dniiik, [ZaiZa shzrnn'rt bite (v) w(t ~12~z,gazfrz,j+tri(i&z l l belief bn~ir fi~Znnzish l 1 believe (v) 6ivir R. 1 indiirrrish k. 1 biter gi,szl h I bell zalg, (sniall) seTgziia zhe?zk,cheniz 1 bitter tnZ, blcish 1 bitterness taiiti, t$t bold bitumen zz;ft bolt bomb l black Yush l blackness rrashiatf bondage asw, hapis, hasti , 71r,tpis blacksmith Zsenge?, l bladder 1,z~cini7z,7,fkh/?Z bor~e hst.sk,k/z(t~ta blade g ~~nn,12lt~?)t,71zn:udE book defteel,, htct ib I blame (v) Lczi Rhanxi~z book-keeper cieftu-cinl* l boot hiash, s8n-Z1z,chehnre l (of nlood) blanket (hairy) nzCFOj l 7 eshik - (colo~ired)j@>n boot~nal

NG brave @(in71z fr, izi, dildir broken shikf2, shki (ground for sowing) pastfwa bray (v)serZn broker ]'l4 71Laz breach ~fch,ged bronze tun]; zel-fir bread n&z, (thick) kulni77(1, (thin) g~aqyi, brook Zwz;lz 7%bZ7, fernf tiri, (fora broom gesih, gezik, gizZ sfmnik journej,) broth shzi ~fbn 11nirdz7 brother 61-5, kik (by one breadth pinf $eh%

NG SG carve (V)t~n~ht~, kzishtt)/ change (n) (small cash) gzZrt?z l stones only) (v) (change place) case see ' box ' gt~histi?z cash pim, pairn l (h7-ay - chap (v)telrkf?~ shag Bi. cask khnd, kodt character dz:L' castle kushk, kuchk, gala charcoal pel, pal, -ik castrate (v) bashnndin, Kishnndh. uRhtn k. l chaste cat ps??k,psi?&, Bfka ~ 1 ,*ishi cheelr gzllh cataract shu rrik cheese painfr, churti~z kesk, gnwi catch (v)gildin chemist ...- dernzn7tferash, njzichi lI caterpillar tutkin boqtk cherry ,yiail'&s,- (sour) baiiLak cattle dai-,nl, l sazunt chess set~injin keshik l chest .raT-j cauldron gn,~n?~ I l chestnut shnh bnl'z2, shihba~,~ cause sebeb, sedent l ~/znk - (colour) shi kz;~-ni~,kslt cavalry .YU?U~Y l (v)jat~~ kiin, ktltin jioilz cave zcZg-/zn,zhgnot,nlt~~rhn~-(~ , 4nZzdaz jg?k, ~>lrhkcz chIIchZ!ok, cease (v) ~GSk. dikeiok ceiling brF/r, serbnn I i (cockelel) celery L~*ius,Ke7-ef-\. chicks fraka, j'zjik cellar z(fgha se?,dZo, chief serek, khnn KhundikZ~. I ohtrk/mn child zivl-llk, zira pchztk, huk ~zi?znL, cemetery ~/z~zcn~.ist&t,gu~istn~~, ' l 7l/?tdL?l gnbrzf~~ childhood zfiz~~-z?kt,zirz2tt I pchaki 1 nzini.6, centipede hnz/ln~.pni,khishi I l 1/1?2d(il'i centre nivmis chill sa?,iti, sn?,f l 1 zuqulll century satsnLin ~ chin chin, chinka zi?zj certainly df ~ chisel askrznn, galanz l chain zenjil, choke (v) khengin, khenkin l chair k~~=rf,peki, ttkhtch(z chwirpai (causative)Khenk&zdifi, chalk kecl('lt/t t(zbn'shi?* j sifiio khenqnndin chamber zhC7 odn, hujm ! choose (v)bzhnrfiin, hnl b,~hnrdin, hn/ chznin champ (v)jut/l klltin, kzin jnok slinrtZinawn chance (b~7chance) yekjn;- chop (v) shiknndin ilshti hanjzndin chandelier paichiri chopper fwr, biwq hnltrz I chapnjagh change (v)gzI~t)z,g3hzIrilt l bzknrdin, Christian gio;; nnsn~*rF l 1 churn nzeshka KURDISH GRAhlhl AR VOCABULARY 189

1 KG SG cigarette jgh27.a i clove nzaikheh cinders Rhol'i k/lo&zkrwz? cloven (hoofs) cinnamon gag2iLa I clover snzpn~,f,a circle hhisht, gejer ' dzigh, hlfwf~L~LJ I, club Kutek, chz~~z2g-h cisterrl c/iiZ, chn~,h20 7, snrziq /ich cluinsy ciesgi~~i~z,deschej citron t1~7,ffB]' coagulated ti~,has, khas rich, h{zL

I tit!, shnl- bnz/lizzl- l b?,ziKL/z civil terza~rznn,Khz~sh~21 ~ l coal Reunze/,ibnvd? ba7*dii>hnl??si clan K/L~C,6z ~ik,tiva hC 7 coarse 712ezzn ga uv-5 clap (v) terqinriin lapLa La k coast Reniv clash (v) cheqindin 1 coat ~(tt?,,pnch claws chzivzzlk, )zihiik ch i~z-r coclc knl'a626, kalcrshfr clay RC?,, hzi~ qurr cockerel f.l,7,Z]. clean piKizh, $K, te~rzts i cock's-comb hikzll', $i$o?rrr (v)pnkizh h., temiz L. ) .zua baiezhi?~, cocoon iziiza, kulusink uSafrzishtin coffee qliwn clear ~r~bh?~n/t,S~J;sz .U&, coin 5ee ' money ' 7 n(~~hi~ coition grr/z clench (v> I CIL euuzhZ?,di~z colander pals ?LiKn71 din cold 527*, .?L1 772 clever cnivik, zhel*,ipd shrrtzi* colic 02 & irti?~ cliff Kczn, hnndii, kn7~zar collar ~tstz~wn~zhn, n~iLwinkn cloak (camel hair) a62 collect (v)pzie,khesti/z, bihew (felt) faraj? Khestilz, haC khestifz (woman's) chirCkhiZ ' collyrium Kid clod plich, chZ112 colocynth girzh2l'n -1 close (b ) hesti?~,didin colour ?'e7Zg (the eyes or teeth) ~rzic/~i)/(l'in,guecha)zrEin coloured ~el3&i11,naqshf~z , nik2ndin ~ comb shn~zek,ski !.?ell.,12eziK I (v) hitill, vavF~z l l come cloth qn71~ush,hhiiri, chllkh 1 (for a tent) comfort an, hzj-ni nzihzi t I [i(zeu2r comfortable h&, tan2 (for a tent) Kewlz 1 command (v)fn?,?1zz21~ naid K. (of cottotl)j2zl commence- bar?, 6nriIz clotlie (v>bev K., ver gi~,ti~z ment clothing ]?L!,h~7y;jidZh hnrg commerce tzqZ7at, cliosti~rdi n, cloud a~o7~,hawr bid2ohistFrz j~torm-clo~d)taw? ~ l cornmission (errand) se;n2rzj.h 190 l

NG I SG NG cough &A qzlJ cross (n)khick l - (v) Raf in, quf i~ 2Ekhiil - (v) derbiz b., bhgrtii~ l council ketyZ~??uvz I crosslegged (attitude in sitting) count (v) ishnlnrtin, h?sh?rzirfit~ zk7izz7-dzii ck2ru~i7xi l countenance chzjr, YG, sZ1jrat dawz~-h-/zno cross-roads c/lir?-L I rZsfhenir country wnlnt JZEIISL~JL crow kizhik, Kndlarrish, gohin, guy couple $2 t qzrz'R l couplet (rzrlz, L(??? :k crowd (n)jewit,qa~abirzgh l courage ~G2~?7zi?,i,di/d&~i &2i (v) wtrpastin, hala??z2kzd. l court (ji~nlz crown t2q courtyard (~os/z I bet let^ crumb iulZrd, hiiisd 2~7*%h, cousi~l kun,-i-?rui~~rd,kich-2- tG~z'~11 l beriirii UU~~/ZZZ,pis~ttn~~~ (v) ghnichindrn 1 cover (v)p~~shnizdzn o7,tnzish k. I crupper p2Ldziw, qushqlzr'! bzr gala crush covey --, - (v) Lai R. nleresindin tiliqi~zdin COW ?//Q?L&~(Z halo cry out (v) bin R., hawiy hi. ' ka- Ziz, niLi~t (milch cow) chiL cuc1<00 pepGR coward teg=tGk,te?,sz?nek 1 qiLs, gidi cucumber kh(zGr cowering te??zsi cultivate (v) chn~~di~~,=netk.,jGt R. izkCtiil cowherd gnbnn, g awirza l CUP pida, j?nyan, pi2r~ 1 crab kerkinj, kerzknik i qerl::hi@ (\vooden) kuodik l crack (v) rli~zihi. l I shnq bi. c11pboard kz&2,clzii2w - (n)di~zi jewszv shag cupping d72zk l crackle (v) chiqZn?z,clzagac/zaq k. I I curds ntist cradle bishka,jz~czL2na ~zntih currants Ye,.e,niZa craftsman ZUUSS~ l barihik currycomb rri@ cramp JirzR, sew curtain parcia, khiwt cranium finLa, shilk I curved Ker, cheft, kKzw~ cream tl~kkn~~,?,Gshir, sershi~ . cushion @iZaba, bE&a bnLiv, ai7z qniv~i,sertfl, tz~shTr l cut (v) birrin, arq&~di~z jZ,.-kiz.%, credit n'nirt, cl'i/~ Riyii~(rare creditor kh~fdc~in,tehbk2r (XI) b~trt,j$hi,n crevasse kan, slzFzu, qal5ski cypress siwr criine gabihat, gz~nn,sfich crooked kkzin, chzj?, ki~:kruv, kesh, khG~i Zi~,,L~~isn2~ k/r67,, kiL dagger /I.he?zje?, crop (of a bird) ~~mwi I ch z'qz'ldin - (small) chekcheki cropped (of ears, etc.) Rentik qil daily ~27ozhZna 194 VOCABULARY I95 , NG dale daoli defender berzdn, $ishtband dam bend, sadda l defile tn~g,nwila, det.banr( (v)chiKi?~din, lebargzrtit~ de~,tenk,Kala damage z2t1, Khe~ir,zerar defraud (v) khepindin damp taw, shil, ni7iz delay dra~g dampness tarrii, shih delicate ~znxik,il dance imlpar~i,r,c/,op

NG SG detach (v) wa vesuin, wn k. clismount (v)$% b., di baztn detour pfchik I +~~lzich disorder tiwlihew, tzjeku devil diw, shaitin l dispel (v) bZio K., javiz k. devour (v) dit-indilz, diwu7,itz shkirzriin dispersed b&o, jar-in, parfwn dew sheru?zzhz, awink displaced /eh, Ceq dexterity da~t/i,~f disposition khzi, khulq, tebfet diamond hah~zi~ tliipute qivill, g-ee/j, du.~ dice chik tis dissimulate (v>lidzz did;/ g+tin (v) chik laiztirz I tis klrestin dicsolve nv h., bznv hi. die (v)@?Ldin uzirf~z,siqiti~~ 1 f~zi~~ditz distance dli:~fi, dzZvaka difference niv,fery, bain 1 distant dzir difficult sakht, cEzihwiv distil (v)spi k., nraq gi~rtin dig (v)kn~icdi~~,halkandi~lba~~ kandin, distinct dfir*,ishikiv, paia'i kulin l distress teckiv,te~paz&,z; tcrqj digest (v) giwfrin, giwii.rF~~dzrt I azm bi. district l$di, diw, Ke~tirz dignity pijla 1 ditch rhd, khanaq,.jnz~v. dinner rzini~hie 1 slli~~z divide (V) K., pn?,i- -zn k., sun qatinrx'zir bosh h. dip (V)tLUqU772 K., 1~zi1~n?~di7~ bahrf rii nfi~z direction be7-avitz, Ci I hani divine khudif dirt chivk, nrivivi, ~rzuvtio, l diviner filch< jz'ldir fist dizzy pq dirty chivkijz, pis, khun l d o iv) (v; chadpi~zn'i~~,pis k. dock (V)(tails and manes) disagreement diZnzii?~,~iiCchi~,kki l disappear (v) taik rhiin, wundi b., ~ziwfnh. nldzynr b. doctor ?~&ishzkivb I dog szjin, slrl, (~vatch-) disappointed pnk kotfa, kikd kotfa (pariah) gn1iz2l disaster beli, qii7~za (?v<(wild) discomfort bfhisif,nihzj-if n&iski?zi; tzlrf,(hull t- chatun i ng)]ezr7-ik, discord see ' quarrel ' I (shep- discover (v)dfn, rl'oakawa ~ ' dillazera herd's) disease ~zisikhf,birflir disgrace (v) zhechiw fkhestifz Ce ?~(zzar doll khesti,i dome &?L 7712,: dish dio~f domestic (animal) kedi, frznli' dishonour sharjn, RhajECet I donkey her; hev dismiss (v)jav@k , f,/m k. hada k. door del*

I NG doorkeeper drunk sat,khwash drunkard ?n~zikhw2r doorpost dry hishik I zCwc7 dough dryness // ishiK i suwii dove duck hkrdek, wii?.dek, 8rde'eR.' down ~nk~Gvf I dug g~~hal~ dowllhill selebin, sernkhwiv dull kkh, kkd) k8L dowry kibzn dumb bizamin, LZl l dragon bhdahaka dusk iw&,a, hi@%?,, k/zu- drairi niokha, niv, shurrik rzwi, khurazerd draper chzzk/zlerzZsh, ba,zi,z dust tzToz, khuo! draw (v) kishGn dwelling mnl, Khilz 7% 1-2 ishtia (caus.) kfss/mntZilz dye 7-engR, drawers shawil, del.pat dread sam, ters dream khevi~z,khiv ditirz each her, ho, chi, gish, gishk - (v)khevfiz diti~z,khiv each other yekidi, yekitzr,jr/ekodfi hew odin ditir~ eagle aizo, q(zrtil,aqo~rashka dregs khult, turf,bilzi ear gzzh, ,.zla early zk dress jilik, ji!, barg, Ki72j earring gwira, gllhara - (v) bar h. p8shZndin, earth ikh, khw!, ?,rash, am' 1 pz~shzn earthquake gzdrr~zalarza,bihhrza 1 drink (v) va khw& ease /zi~z,i~ai drip (v)pnlirzdin, &lopa K. pazitzi~z, easily hasdn, his2 I 7ifiziNji east khwirisnn, tifhczlsin l drizzle rashisha, ?zanzz,l easy hisin, sitiai I drop a'LoFn, shirta, chi?, eat (v)khwarzlz (v)di khestb, 6ar dzx, eatable KhwireK fkhestin, Khestin l eclipse 7~9.girtin l drove (hird s) $a/, gala ecstasy shidn uzergi I drover shCirl, ginan I eddy (dust or snow) 1 6irdwiz/z drown (v) khenkin, kketzkGn edge kencir, liw, drzuz (trans.)khe1zR2?zcli~z I edict fertmin drug denlzin edifice khanzi drum diwil educated khwnjzdio - (kettledrums) tapu! eel uznraka a~z SG NG efface (v) hishawtin, 96k k. NG end (aim, object) pak, effervescent kud,~Losh 1 $0 Z;E efficient kliurt bnwi endeavour taZZsh, bxiva l egg kek, hilka, hia khi endive vnsnfi~k,t(2.Zczt(tr?,n I hindzjba egg-plant bainJ?an endorse (V)7 Cbnr h. Egypt Mzsiv l endure (v) ytr2fiz eight hesht enduring (indefatigable) bifnw, either (whichever) chi k&tr, I he~rj~ek jinhishik her kila, her kizkn enemy dizhnz in - (when follo\ved by yn energy taw, g/i'lniret ' or ') dnt na enfeeble (v) zibh2ndin elbow etzzshk, bndanishk, biZa7t~z&W engineer nzuhandis kunirishk 1 engulf (v) linwlc7,nlz elder (old man) rfsji enlarge (v) IIL~Y~TLA. eldest (cbild) nukkri 1 nzlzik enmity di,-hvzi~dhkin I /./L ZZI?L eleven yanza, dehnyek enormous b@iwZn l elm qaradi~~,paraEghdcli i enounh has l h else id?, ?tip; din, ditir 1 1 enquire (v)piii-iZrhi. pai 6nZnndi11 elsewhere k itzi; jai~i?;ja idi~z enrage (v) qit~fii'lnn, hnr K. embarrassed shen~zit,shentzzlk entangle (v) mivyek k. tnik bi. embers pad, pnl.n12, ntishka, @nit,dhe7-tlz enter (v) hntiznnaa askil, pzll entertain (V)?~~ni-dnlli R. Rhztt k. embrace (v) biosh k. ~ enthusiasm tn&s/c (n)khan~ish, kzzsh, biosh entrails see ' intestines ' emerge (v) der hitin, der ku., hnl entrance del,< de~gn hatin entreat (V)ziwnhi k. emigration KUch etivelop (v)$&shnnciin,pfchnn(li?~ eminence barn< ba~,zhzZ~,, envoy nai7,rLTza, welrikevia bilit/i- zhzlr, l envy dikhesin, has7,at empire &uZet, orket equal he~wyek, hewri, I ~t~ir~n employment fsh, snnnt I hiz?j~&, bernl~zber empty pzlch, bntiZ, khEZi- w~lla equinox no]-19;kenminzzZt I encampment havn~,,havirgi, ' evil, equip (v) 7% besti~a enclosed gZ';t~tz'a equipped jzukeft, hal bescia, ~ enclosure beden, cht, ddgirtfa equity zitsnf; dnd encou~~ter benkka equivalent be7,izK I end $2shitz, salfa ! eradicate (v) hnl K., hal kczndin 1 NG NG SG erect 1,2t exile (v) sicrgz2n K., dev k. 1 shdrbide~*X.. - (v)c/tni k., gai h., ha/ (v) SUI~"Z~)Z,tar~amish l shirbidev khestin exist (v) bhurti~c,bun, hain ermine zvershdk, 7~za~.shik,1 exit del; tri I q(7qu7/z l expect (v)pZin,chiwart b. errand Zsh, R&; sepdrik , expel (V)rJer k. dzhzZtzrz, ! error khaZat,sz~ch,shZs/r I I gzildrzdirz eruption (skin) dd??&a l expenses khey; 7nakhZ7~q I escape (v)vZ bEn, n.2 K. 1 expensive gi~it~ I essence /ra~*aq experience shiva,"n< g-e~febin I1 establish (v) dd vtidn,dZ riiaanindi~i ieki/ii~idi~i experienced zhihitra, devhitia i hiv a21-hZtia Europe Fam~cgistdn experirnen t i??ztcin l evaporate (v) bz7tz bi hazvi, hido b. expert wussi, hussi, shiraaZ 1 even (smooth) takht, ~u7; expire (v)jZndd74 hill& din ' snciz explain (v)tal gehdndin, ha( gutirzl - (so much) hati, hayd, l explode (v) tz~g/zGn,taqEnci!ilz ti extend (v)$& ha. ri khestirz ! evening iwi~pa, hirrgzi~,khu- i exterior d~~t 1 mwn l extern~inate (v)haikandin,der ka~zdilz,l /ffftzfkn/i(ii~~ event uallj. ptis/zw, dunzihi Zabin or dibirzdd l ever hichwakht kandilz, ~nerdrzdilt 1l kz~~hdi~iZz~~f every gaZek, gi.rhk, her, ho extinguish (v)kaahdin, wa kuddin i zyame~d~zditi/ tzj5dadz'n evident (iijZ~,nshikdr 1 JOIZC~PYk. evil pis, Mzuii, kori 1 khzi"' extract (v)der hi., der kishtrizdi~~.1 ewe 7/rih,birindir, slink der fiznn I exaggeration saichi extravagant tirabdr, dasbid 1 examine (v) fa7/~ZshdK. uznisa R., eyebrow by< b?% l 1 1 jisisindi~z eyelashes I barzhdn, 7itZ,zhi?zk , I excavate (v) Kandi~z,kuZZn eyelid pishtichiw, gicdg-a i exceed (v) sZd k. eyes chiaw, chif 1 I except ~~raga~,mar l (yZf b. - (ofa needle) ku~i,ku/l I excess fel,tFhi, zaidt I l 1 exclude (v) in hiltin excrement g/?.(of animals) Ids fable hikdt 1 chiriik excuse (n) bhiria gn~ipz face ~ii,chzzr, ehG~ochdw exempt bekhshia, te~khin exercise (v)garvd~z~Tillgarr drtn factory kdrKhdn5 exhausted uzi, nzdya 1 faggot tag-a, tagha 204 RUIzz:~hu fall (v)Keftin, kewtilz, rzt b. keti~z kao tin feather tGk, par, 9arr.a (v)(fall forward) 7/21 da'amokhwi?- features dz~lz,ch/?y Khestz ?L Rantill fee Y?ZZ>, ??zu,~d (v) (fall out) I% 6211~ 1-izinn feeble cn7; cibfi; kzth ti: ;l/ii~i,pot, - (v)(fall short) kairit hiti ~zupsnnb. biw(t,~hz 1 feebleness - (v) (fall upon) izhCt~~z, pnl079~n~fdill r7.n hishtin l feel fdlse d1~27,churGk feign falsel~oocl d7,zZ felt libad, niwid, bia, fame 9~zr1ashG 1,;) niv kwf~,t.ulk, bokusi~z~ fa~nily khnnzt, tfra, khGyin, female ~lzai,mn d2zT qngh fence tai??zin zi/z?' famine bi~siti, kai7lzf qnhti ferry sefina, K(.rr{ak gn~i~i farnous nznnshz2r fervour ta&s/z fan b&wr~s/rnin bnm?~hn festival JkYh?i! - (V)bnzwrls/mndziz bnwushaint feud Rku* I1 K. fever LW, ta fanaticism taZ(rshZriftz,tisib (scarlet fever) khGrih, 1 1 szi~.fih(z fancy fe~zi.felzd, fuk~ berow, kh/~shr-/ik - far (121 l- l (to have fever) t-z k. 1-zjzfindin l farrier nnlbnnd, ~clhand few kaim l tennr farther dG7*ti7, field chemen, mzi~ki?z dhwnng fashion 1,as7?z,tczr.: l be7,kuut fast tu7%&,tiud fierce bnzkia, bisi~n fifteen jninza, dehopevy' Fasten (v)bestin, pfvi din 1 l fifth fasting pelfhiz, rGz?zfg&in c//z?tzi I 7.c~h21 girtin peryi; pepyit~z pen~siui?z fat (n)cknor 1 bn,w/??z,bazi fifty peiyiz -- (adj) qnkto, zwiz I fig hn~yi-v,hazhzr I fatal ki,~hdzizi fight je7%, ctwslii, sha?*l- piwchulc, father &h, 6621, bbok 1 knf~ghn, father-in-law khze~asGr(.rr,kknzGra l jnwanz;bh fathom bn~uishk (v) sha?r k.jengiu piwchzin, &l-nikhir~ 1 VOCABULARY 207

KG 1 SG figure bezhi~z,bazlrl, bazkn five pelrj 1 filbert $?lug fix (V) chai k., grFi K, htri 1 v~n:?*n'nd7'n file (V)swindin, swi~zk. - (n) swnn, ~iirat fised g&%, Rutin l fill (v)pidriT k. flabby sts (by ramming in) flag ~~ishnn,Eaidng l (cartridges) ha/ bestin flames g(zrr,gz~~i I pait filter (v)p(zl~znin,s&f k. flash gash filth rhirkf~z,qgzizhf, nzir- flat tnkht, srQn, pan dirZ, /l& ford bfinf*,devbnns freeze sihul bestin, q21,isfi qlrf~zitz, l yakh 6. forearm :ind, $7227 skEpirsi b. forehead nnwchiw,jeniR, ini, freight bnv silk fresh t&&,nzi foreign ghafrib Friday ain5, zlrti, j'unza forelock to(ziTz friend dziost foreinan sel~i,wussn, husfi friendliness dl*ostz; did forenoon tnsht, bainnt, berani- fright ters snarz? frighten ters&~din foresee (v) lnbar dztz'n, Zapfsshwn frightful sinznik rEiri7z frigid (temperament) forget (v) shebir chz?n Khunsir P KURDISH GRAMhIAR VOCABULARY 21 I

NG NG SG frill firiskk, rusks gallows dir, qatznira l fringe ruska, rfikuk, bisk I gamble (v) 6azin dzZrdnin, frog boq d2nZn from la zke gangrene keu, nisfir front bey, beri, debardz gaol Lapis, ?napis, frontier serhad, sZmirt, senar dasZKkZrza froth kef, kewek garden mz, bikhcka paris (rare) frown gurjckiw gardener mzwan, bZkhckawin (v) 7nelvkzrt garlic szr frozen ~Zkulgirtia,yakk bca skipiffzi garment j'ilik,j?l, 6arg kefy' frugal ninuk hiskik gate derga, qipi fruit fniw,fi-ki, fiqia gather ckixf72,chiindfrz, kal K. frustrate (v)bqar K., 6zJfar k. ckiqa~din,bti.kew K. fry (v)biriin, biriskti7~ gathering (of persons) ~~OVZ, fryingpan tZ.iua, sail >wit fuel shiwzti, skewiti, Zl-dii gay s/ta, aza fugitive yew< rewik gaze fami~ki full pirr, tizk, f2 gazelle nsik, hisik fullness pirri, tizkq tiri general1y eph-fi,zziuti~ , kevwakkt funeral slzin, nzazZr bi. qabr generous mevd, dastwakirri, funnel gzya, niti dilwzezfir, karant, fur hulk, kkziri, tgk ]>?inme 1 dtarrin, qin genius igil l furious 4 l furnace ngir,fz?r. gentle Zsta, yawisk he!, kziri, kzilisk gentleman jiami~,~&gkza, @ha 1l furrow fury qin, wasii, sil gentleness ~rar7ni fuss halopal, pe79itin genuine asil futile piick, bikkud get (v)gif-fin future piskin, piskawa, giddiness galji; sergarriZn liwqask,pewa giddy gnlj; sevgarjfi,gkiz/z l gift pgl~~ztz,diyZyi 1 gable gigantic purr ntizin, qawi zar gawyii gadfly 7rt&3Fn gain gilt ze7 kiskki, zel kiLdii ~ gale tfifil~ gimlet bu~g-hqbitnt ! gallop ckirlep, ekir.pel, gkir haz, bez CLwimil ginger zetyafi-l, kok (v) beziudin cLavlep bi. bazitz, gipsy qanzchi,jifGana i I bnzinciin gil-dle see ' belt ' I 1 KURDISH GRAMMAR VOCABULARY girl kich, giz, hunt l h'G grassy 61gG girths hzirfs, beytank grating fdr give (v) dzn, dZn gratis haruct., beli~h,Rhun 2t , NG K~UOS~ l l glad s/m, shid, l gratuity pnnzczd, bakhshish glass shusha,jinz grave gzir, III~Z~Y,gzi1,~z, q(zb, l glistening (i~'a~~ki?z,che~~zitiik I gravel ~ik/c,Kz'wi~~~zain i glitter (\v) rz'rdoshZtz, berep& 1 gravy awgzlosht I glove Itrp~ch,riastkesh 1 lepik, slreiik gray bos,yi?rz gIow ruklzii I graze (v) lwa~ZII, chel-~IL glue s?tisfri12j,chesp I (caus.) fzotzmndit~, l glutton Rhura, ferekllzwir chel,i~zu'ilz gnash (V)cheqindin I g-rease chnor gnat ~rzaishk,s~zai~hzi(a I paishzi, greasy chao~zn ptzishik great ~1u2zzit,gir,biLiztf, vzest~~ l go (v)chzin, ha~f*in Greece h? d 71r I go out (fire) w(z nzirctz,fautfn nziriiz green LhfniT, kesk, sinz, ~hin goat bizh, siiwurz, tisktzir greeting safiu goblet yZ7tz l grief khuduk, hi, riiirriii God l(l~wadi,Khwi grind (v) Lai bi., hi h. I gold znir, iZtiin - (flour) kirztf~z,hirin goldsmith zairi~zger grip (v)girtin, haf pasRi~z ~ good (adj) ~1 lind, perzj, clztz, bikfr bash, chik, grocer drrqil khwash wash groom szihter - (n)rr-z~ndf,~ZI*, fiid'z , - (v) tiftzir k. goose SON&g23 gross p"&o gorge Knl, nwil, shZw ga(< nstarlh grotto s2gh. go~~rd gut~dtrk,kuebl ground a?a', khziod zewi government daufat group chstcr, tfia, bir gradually keflzk~JIL ' grow (v) (a plant) hni~hfnb. l rzTirr, sioz b. graft (v)pntrz211zaorptziwZn k. khrzsCin grain d2Qa, dendek, dill, lib growl ,~z~rrsna I grandfather di$FpZr, ik grumble g71~Z'ZhCr~, 7rre~izhf11, grand tn o t her d2jf7/,dt;v21~t2zCn, diyn gh2L""znn grandson naun guard piszwin I (unripe) grape fr-a

NG 1 SG gullet zengeizih, gel? happiness ski, skid< K~UOS~< 1 gully /%7?t< sh.fw,/i?r dzl'sezukf l gum benisht, saqiz happy shi, khz~osh,ddsewh gums (teeth) pzt, KUrf hard heshk, eshk, saKht hursh~z,tir gun tfenk, lfek hardly ten< aryZkh yyaq gunny lzisk~z hard liess heshk< eshKf, sakhti harshat< l rraqf gunpowder ct'erynin, taizek, birztt ' tZ?FttZ gutter TZ~V,niwkh, niwkha, hare Kezurishk, ke~~zuishk, shzrrrik ke~gzt gY psum gay; 3s harm zfin, zerar, Khesir 1 harness tiK?zirlz, jihn I /rGsit harvest dirzin, jztkhztr, I habit ain, Khzt, ~asuz kharrrtan habitation nbadirl, ivil~i haste halopal, ajala l Zezi k. gzq' 6. hail tairk, tarza, z@ek hasten (v) zC b., 222 k. 1 lez K. hair qzzh, $fir, vzzt (of horsemen) izhiitin hairy purrqizk, bifnii hasty seqyernz half n fze, hat kiio, Kioh 1 qidgh hall dfzwink/mn hatch (v) hal inin, kirr kewtilt 1 kurK diniirz halt (v)rri wustin, wustin hatchet bizwer, t7~,tz~shak - (as on a journey) hatred rtizhnzini, dixhninati 1 halter pazrtbe@, hawsir hatter Kiioker I halting-place v&; evzr, qu~ragh have (v) ban, bziin, dfrin (rare, I hawk washi, serger, 622 charkk, hammer chakuch, tukhmikk 7eishkgerek hand dast daz hawthorn ,owaizh handful wzisht, chenk, kurmik gunzal, guel hay gzn handkerchief lachik, das?nil man"gZl haze tarn, wzi, mizll, hub2 1 handle dasak, KiirT hazel $nGq handsome /%in, daZd he iv, io, iwa hang (v) (trans.) hal iwfstin, head ser, Kala kal best&, bestin, headman kekhna (Persian diRati hal hishindin Kurds), milkhzif (intrans.) iwiz b. health @l, paristi, khwashf 1 hangman qannarachi healthy sikh happen (v) qa wnzin, kewtin,~FYZII hear (v) bhfsttn - (auspiciously) pak heart diZ, zer I fnan, rist b. heat germ< genrzikh ~ 216 KURDISH GRAMMAR VOCABULARY 217

SG heatheti gawr highlands cklnu NG heaven behisht,jinnat hill chti, bail, gi~ik,halatn I hrdi, fapal heavy girin, qurs, gavi hillock be@-a I t(2pziZct l hedge pezh him vaz; iT, ai l hedgehog jzijf, zhzZzh.Z, zkzijka hinge Ir(Z22, Y~Z heed (v)guhaZrik. hip kulinj i&k heel pin^, @%ark hire kir~i,kiru height berzi, be?-zharf,belinf his -t, -fwai l hell dzZzki, dzizhikh, hit (v)lai d., lai khesiiu, jehanninz fai khzirtitz, gat R. help yiri, bar

NG I SG horse (strong) cho~,g~vchik l 1 hunt rrk,znchfy ~ hunter rviwze~in,nachfi walz (good goer) ~~iwin I hurricane frtlna, tofin,gan.ab/In l - (stumbler) dastgf~ hurry (V) see ' hasten ' (gel di I ~g)hashn, kishi, &dich - (n)see ' haste ' akhta 1 1 hurt (v)(intrans.) aishfn piirkin / din 6. - (ambler) i6n (trans.) nishinrtin -- (race-horse) 1 deza i husband shl, merd -- (stallionj ta?ziznLk,fiL1 11 LI t kuk/z, Repay, shiki'izr horseman suzli~ hyena KeftEr, pali~'~ horseshoe fzil sal i hospitable nnfzdir, kavanz i~laivin~erest liy pocrisy YE,dr.ai, tlurlti hospital ?ziristi?z,bi~~zi~,khinrr hypocrite rtakir, diLchivCk, dur 22 host (of the house) khUtl~l2L 1 khdvaaduiril hypothecate (v)@%din hot gernz - (as of spice) tu43,trrtzd l hotel 7izfvinkhinf I az, nza 1 flzin hound hachik ibex pnsakewf bizin2chfE bizinikewi hour sit ice sihul, szhir, bestelek house 7nil, khini, qu~zigh 7.Ui~ishtta idea fen, hush, jikr, guf+zin~ housekeeper KniwinzZ I idiorn zernn~z how chzin, chazwin, chtu~z I kusan, chtof; CALZIII idiot shit, dfn, kelegiiez l I l chtar idle p2ich, batil, tenber l wilZ l how much charz, chigis ~ ' idol l 1 put howl (V)UCU ~f72, &Y% if 66, agar, hngitr, ar, var haki, hak ~ hug biosh, bizk ignite ( v) igirh-n, wa khestin l digel*stindin huge see ' gigantic ' ignorance nazinf l humanity ~jzerdagf,wzerft? piioati, ignorant nazin, nakhwundf 1 pi2of ill bfmar, nisikh :raukeri l humble di!lz iz~z illegitimate (child) turs, Ka~Gvl I 1 ziil./in*rz2

humiliate (v) skkiudin shkr12?zdin illness aish, nikhushftf, l humility diZ~zizvt f I n&sikkf I hump kuz gdez ill-omened waishUm, shCnt I hunchbacked KC:, kaevin l KibGs qUez ill-tempered ~fk,badfasii hundred sat, so l illumination chirikhwini ~ hunger birriti, bhchf, birchiii, 1 illumine (v) chfr~stin,ruhni K. I rlzhz'n K. birchiin imagination fir, huosh, hush hungry birsi, bivchf I imagine (vj gunzin k. l VOCABULARY

NG SG i rnmed iatel y vryZy< bqirek,JZLT warrinrz kerista, injustice bfhaq, bfdidc kerist2Ka ink 7;tzdrakew immense bqfwin inkstand dwtt immerse (v)nuq or nuqu??zK. innate ziKiu~iki immersion @m, nugfni immune berf, his& askin innocent impatient niszdbd?; nisabrFt innumerable impolite ustar, %is& inopport LIII~ im portun ate ruchdkir, khwizik birhzizgiw, l adabsie sllrpena inquire (v)pil=FyarK. impossible nit, nibt, nitta niwzi inquisitive bip i7-S imprison (v) hnstf, mafis, hapzi K. dzisikk K. insane shft, dtn impudent bikaii, btibzir insatiable chawbirsf insect in new, tai, dinfw,ntv, n'i 1 nio jiltbal; ke7,uziK insert (v) tat h., tfi-i K., tat hi. incendiary satil I bukhzi~;bsnza inside diniw, tii< taidi incident serhiti, gio7?zi 1 insomnia bfkhnwi Ruskkd incision byin,~'z'ghiz instant (of time) denl, tdzek behnek, pel, inclination khw2stagin< khwist incomplete kem,Kzirz,nuqsLFn l nitaeuize~ instead zhepezh,yi~t incomplete- Ke~;tzisf,kenzt, nfwish- 1 instruct (V)destzil- d,renbfh h. instructions destz?~,terzbth ness K2n nitwdwi incurable b&innlmin l insufficient kefn, him, Kaiuz indeed dt, qat, ristt l insult dizhwzzn, chtr, ztwt j intelligence hush, hl~os/z,ngz independent Khuser, Rhutsk i' Khz~Kh2vand indication nishin, rLyirt, shzir~ intelligent zini, Khuihush I intention 71zirinr,nzurZz, khwist indiscreet ({em dirti, dew wake7.i i infect (V) be/qitfiz(rare)' faad inferior (n ) z/li?~i~z,cht~dast intercede (V)khitir giytin inflammation teshezrk interest zaidi, qizinj tanzd inflate (V)b2 K., #f h. a"2ds interfere (v) trtikei or tfw 6. influence dashlit ((ins-hnlit) , interference taiKe4 ttw information Rhabrz7. l 72ab2, hnzh interior nfw, zhdr i nio inhabit (v) rd nfihtin, di ;~mtshti~~ li interpret (v)tc7,zztm5nt K. inhabitants ahl, u~r.rdum,khnlg interrupt (v) berfn, be?,indin inheritance iYis intestines y-iKhwn?; hdl-, ,Z~Y~ZW, iniquity gcun, sz2ch, qcrbi(irtt rziwf injury ziCin, zerar into see ' in ' VOCABULARY

SG , SG NG intoxicated sevkhwash l jerk (v)ju~nbindin,laizindin l intrigue dzibZaa, hewziti?~ 1 dini jewel ziuat, gawker inundate (v)see ' flood ' jingling jinzz l,jij%iL invade (v) &hziti?z, kezeftinaser join (v)biyek K., or bestin, tzw invaluable bihhn, biqfuzat l1 khestirz invasion azhzitin joint ~'U~~zishgi,gz~eckik, invent (v)ditifz l bares 1 invested bidamc,w&hi, serabin ' (x'a~~~okhwar joking te~~i~ta,laiz, ~~lahauakl hannka, investigate (v)paihilindin, pirsyal. k. jesesinr(in serwasey invisible wunda, nnd@Er, I journey YY~,rvewiti, safer niskkir l joyful shad invite judge qn-"t invoice juice aw, gerwishz involved bitewhew, taik juicy 2zvd5r iron asin, hisin jump (v)bn~Zz din, halferrzl~ or irresolute dCdi1 parrfr~,hl awifirz irrigate (v)~wdin irrigation nwdai just irritable dz:L'~zn~ik,Rhapkhupdk justice nzerdunzdcir? island j?zira l hiwfga(rare)1 (extreme it QV, vn, vai SG) itch (V)khzrr.%, gir K. 1 / its hfvai, iivai I hfniiwa keen taid itself Khwa, kho I kkwai keep (v)gi~ti~r,dirEn (rare) keeper -wnn (affixial) l l kernel Last?, danik, h2kul jackal cl'l~qnz l l kettle tenzZr, sitil jacket sntr, saCtn 1 ~iiiiam, ,I key klila 1 chekuzn~z kick (n)painek,shaq jail d~isikhnna,?~lapis,hapisl (v)pai lai dzn, tai hal jar kz@a, khuvz,jer, d2n l;tlirg&za kid kahr 4 gisk javelin pelindar kidney gurchi, gurchik gulch ~Z{Z, jaw esk&chf~&~a,hastii ~ guvdrFla ch i7Q)a kill (v) kushtin, kuzhdin jealous kunzresh, reshagurnin, 1 dfkhesi kind dilsuoz, hebbi dilpis I Itindred khiznt jelly nishaista I ~ king pzdshah, sultan KURDISIi GRAMMAR kingdom darrlet, orhet kiss bzistz, 61tosha, 7'1,i:tlzi~i11 bizk(z -- kitchen ishK/mni, nzatbrtkk shi(r1- (rare) 1 z~trl-d kitten kittik,jujkapsi@(r lane l knapsack tu~wct,Kheltik language ci~zEz,~Zi?&?7/, hi:zt~i~r knead (v)gf~tiKK., pa9e.z K. languid szs, shzZ knee zhnd, hizhtzi, ~hz?K lantern f2nds,fiztia1- I 1;11ife Kaird, Lair lard L hn07., ?'2?71 large knit (v) biftin ?n&cf~z,gz?, gaw ~(i k110ck (v)hi dCn larlc ch2h i~ k/io~tn lass knoll girdz3, tapu/k, chki kick, Renz kenishk last knot gZY5 pnshfiz, pttshz, ffkh2'1. (i?~wif11 latch chejgkel, q2~CZnf;g-ai- l

1 NG SG liniment merhem 1 look (v) berewindin, tanzishi jkriin, seh k., rwindin, lining hasir, istar K. l rizrzizn*G R.. i ?L W~Y~?LjG link khishtizinjir, halqa I ferejtn linseed bazr, twketin 1 krkrk looking-glass ibgtna, ninik I l lion shair loom taan l I lip liw, lich 6ewd loose ski[ barralik liquid awaki, rain? loot tili~,chlqiw tihezo, tilehi, I list defter, siah l hir.z'da listen (v)gz~ediriK., gah git tin seh K. lose (v)(asa battle) bazin bhistin - (mislay) wand2 R., bemi R. litter trrkhtaravin ~ I galit R. little (adj.)pchak, wCfd loss ziin, KhusYin 1 - (quantity) hendek. l rzaqdek lost wu~~da,t~~iachia. gum I bemi Kenrek, tzkek, henek, andaska lot pir, pir t, 6r1/r~,bi~ bash gisek lottery pishk pianpi: live (v)zhitz, zi@-ai k. loud budrrng love (v)Khwcizfi, wai~z,ew% livelihood ish, shukhul l hha?'tin hebirz, 4ewZn lively f (zisak, chasp2rd - (n)sanle as infinitives l I l l liver jer-g, ]irk 1 gezeb lover berdilik, khuzgilz, cMkit khashaw FS living zht, zindzz low ~zzcillr,khwar, bin l lizard ~fzi~,t;iZk,wzinuilka, ~nir,?rzalGRa, lower izimter, zhZ?,< nzi7,22, bzzin?~zzzhink qarnpu- Khwivin (v)nizzm or khwir inill l ' weak I load bar 1 persenk luck bakht loaf nin luggage kelomel kerpdl loan qarz, da~z l lukewarm shzla, shirgenrz luscious , loathe (v)did tew b., dil tir b. I iwrtiZr, shiyZn l lock 4@d l l lustre d1*50shfic,ruhni? I - (hail) pizhik, kezi, gul, bLk, t~(ik, l pirch te??zerfi 1l - (v) qz/t;lindi?z,qz$l R. machine chel,kh, 7fzakZ?lrt l locl

NG SG NG 1 SG make (V)cha K. 1 chai k., yrii k. divs K. match Ri7-dft,shkh6 tn, ~nalady bfgnrirz; n2sZRhi I i,~znjtl?- gzzgz i'd l male nail. matter see ' affair ' I malevolent dil~-rash,di@fs knnnkish (13 U S) kf772, ~hi7'k malice 7~fk,Ki~z mattress diishek rnallo\v tuokz, tuoZka l mauve f oCek l man 7?~nir,pii,~mn'/-E,f I I ~ne file, ~ua,n/in manager sevek, sevkiriiia mradow nlczrnxa, i~laishn, 71raz;7;bzhun, l l inane bizha 1 chauzen, 71/i~k, I chirrren manger hZkhu~,&Khi(z 1 Czfe~, ill i~*knn l manhood 71~ailfti, 7;rzeifdftf rneals chnisht ~nd,tii~~, 1 I manifest a~hikn~,,dear 1 Kiirini Je76wiiz 1 l mankind uzerdrt71z,ndanz, zilsin mean dc~stenk,ddu~t I l'(zch07, pTsk manliness 7?zfi*2ni,plaontf, nzerftf meaning taf, ?/zi?z2 manna gezo rnealliles~ n'trstcnRz, khisti pi/,chfik, manner sin,j%r,te7z 1 mantelpiece ji{zisht(~kht(~, 1 l jFnchz7,7'izhd manure frfi,zihil l I l h@, 7zizi77z manuscript d(zs7zwfs measles sllrik, szll-fsa many g(zZek,p z17'~, zizir.! zaf I zlir measul e pizonn, pfwcz map nag^ ha - (v)pZwin,pfvzn, pn~n~h. l ~narble 7ze7~ze~' meat gllosht, govd mare 9nif1z mediator nEze~chi,be?,ewZ7z, margin g$;&,?*ekA, Ken5r l nZwa7gz mark 7rish2n 1 dui*ziw medicine de?*uz2n market ~/r~zrs~z,~harckq bazhar- ~neclitate (v)hishk or hish or$h k I marriage niiiri, zZw21i.g iri i gi~deki,nisZ sii/?in wrz71zriin l marry (v) 7?zi~fk., 71znhr k ,~wzjl%, meek Lvtfn, kazc~tia,ftrpa, 1 l gohnstin meet (v) rrist hitin, lebe7*zjck b. tzkh hatin marsh ~na7-u-cz,dazj-/m hez , l'ejz~ meeting hanjz~71lez be7,heze~@(r: I marten d(z!rtk, sn7~Erk kiiazk, kzzzhcz (encounter) 7,tist h2t 6e~2ika tzkh mason jGotkczr, den2 rnelotl qayj-pas, kiZak, gundEr, I git~wi massacre kuzhdin melt (v) (trans.) riw K. I massage bshiuil'in, shelen l (intrans.) 2w 6. ( hiIiZ9z master kh7~dz;khavend, mii; rnemoranduin s2hf l igha I memory hi?, ha+ I mastic binisht, saqiz khivZ I ~nend (v) (patch) $ina h., l mat chikh, has+ I lawnn dE ijinin l l 232 KUHDISH GRAMMAR VOCABU LAI

1 NG SG merchandise kutd, pertzl miss pai d2n (too low) merchant bL4zirgoZFn, tuj& mist mizh, tuwz, tzioz dcltlnn, kkzZc mercury ziwa, jwa ~nistalce siich, qusz?~,Kkctlat shnsh mercy LZdd ftahm - (V) khepfn, , gzil message kknber RhepZn, Khwirctln I skish b. messenger qnsid, paik mix (v) faik K., trtik bi., tiru k / taik din metal nzaadan mixed talk, tizz, Zihew laik mew (v) MZW k. mixture tikd tiwhew mews tZoLi, pZga [noan huwir, nkh, wit, wikhl midday niwavfi moat chd, Khcznaq, j5wr midden kuliwek, moist skil, tarr giriz ~nolars tizu, &h kiktiiz middle nizbris, nfwiK hnli mole 11zzsh5kwet.n l middle-aged raskkd moment giw, pel, tlevz deknek t8ozek midge st~~izhik,mizh monal ch khzfnrikir, shik, suZt(In1 midnight nfwttskn~ Monday d@skemz? dcskenz ~nidwite money pirtt, pul (rare) divcf migration kz?ch mongoose boagin st~zz?sha- milk shfi kklr ~t~ti - (v) dfishin, dz?tfn monliey nzaimzln mill 2.sh rnonopol y it?ztinz ndhir miller ishawin montll stnnng kiw, st~tak millet garts lnooll 712iTg,~tm@ashizf 1 hi^ mince (v) wiird, kcf~dK. more putr~tiv,zaiti~ 1 pitif*,bitir YCY~~I, mine (pron.) f~~zin,hfmin, Zt~~n~ct, morning siibi, subbaini baiini kinzara, iimin morsel hut, pnr I pekk, jzcfzek, Le$ minimum kellzteri 1 ~h~tz,~14nnz l mint purga, pzzzhnn mortal stnfftin,7rzirdin minute daqiqn mortar h571tz~,kiwniik mire kurv, khnrrik, quw mosque 71zizgewt mirror ZzvFncz, niZga, ninek moss bedrall/aY 1 u~~zikh miserable ndckiv most epur, pur~i,22, sz?r, z@rtzff misery zhirf 1110tll pipcztz misfortune kawik, baddakhtf miss (V)(in shooting) mother di, d5iK - bili than (to one side - ser K. (too high) mother-in-law Khsfi, khaz~r,dist~zltdr VOCABULARY 23 5

music musician mutrib, stet,Cnf l musk ?/c isk 1 muslin khn~z,kh&na niound tepaia, tepziiek must cif, ge:el*ek ~noutit (V) S~ZU~Y6. mustard kherdt.1' mountain KP~Ki~h, kzu, chi(r Musulman Mz~slil~z,Islinz mountebank lzjti, qizr(zchi mutter (v) ~rzertxhin,wun' K., mouse ~ILZLS~,7nishk gz~rzzhi?~ mousetrap tel(z mutton gz'ishti pas moustache sirni/, mouth ei(z?/z, n'nw mouthful f(z?y~,Zlk,~IL#$UI,I- nail bislnnr, ~?zi.~~ln?, move (v) (cat~s.)trrk2ntii~, - (finger-) nhuk 1 ];L 71zZndi'n naked ?,et, rzls ; t6zi (in trans.) fnh@n/E./r. name 7znw, ?z.znv nape stzZ,pi~htnllzil',pishtlstll1 napkin p~~hti?~~nl,pi~hki? pnshik narrow tenk y'elllzk nasty pis, nnkhzw(zsh,chepel - (from place to place) nation miLl(zt 7.2 gtdzZs/in,gn/lnsfin nature c2IZ4 khzl tabis, rlelniz nauseated ~izk~iy,ciilteul tnovement je~nzIsh,taknn navel ?zEwk,?rivek much g(rrclle/l,z(zz2, pur-r near ~zexfk,nek - (so much) azvanchs, neat pikesh, tarrzG h i?zel(z necessarily di- wi mud he/< khnwik,gurl*,~ZLJ- necessasj. zefyek, 12nsi~n,hawyi' rnug s/re~,bn,sherbik, /@S neck nstZ, nziZ hafkyafk mulberrv tw t~ziLwn?~k,ustzZzui~rk 712 ilnji?n, tlluleteer aisti~win,knl-wnnr (paclting-t~eedle) murder (v) khtm k. szishz ?L murderer khuinf, Khuintz'2r needy bitisht, bic&-ht murrnur (v) (as of water) shz~~in negotiate bnzhnr h., ~(tg~(hn~ti?~ muscle b&, bnn.\h, ~~zircha neigh (v) k??li/Zk. rnusllroo~n kinrk, qZrc/z neighbour d)-awsz;/hzi.2n,clziciwkr~ KUKDISH GRAMMAR VOCABULARY 237

KG SG neighbour- luot, puoz P,d gujr hood , ( bivd neither ni ...nn ... l nosebag izira, /zirz/z 1 3~7, !

nephew zzRYYR pts7)ziltr I b~Zz& nostrils kkz7?;Ehzirk,h4ot I diwi~~, 1 Kh~arza dzjt'frk i R7(?zih7f nerves ~ik,rih, jni 11ot YL~ nest kadin, KGln~ln,(in tkhonra, yir notch kernch net tzder, dam 1 nothing haid, hizh, kut, tu l (for holding chaff) I notorious ishRn7*i, nznlzshiif, 1 rmshkn, reshik i nourishment tnisht, Rhmnrf?~ I ?id, tnin hh~lnf-dzi~ never hnichwakhit now ist~z,hezerisf2n,k~nfis/t.~1,niki, nhn, l tstnk(z new uo, flew, tcZza ' nzshk nnekn I nohi, rrniihn news kknbnr I nib& he~%i, new year sersd nrlekn nice Rhwosh (of d pers011) bef*hi@~W, s(r~knr: niece kichnran~,kichkhah, rekleva~ 1 rizif?zant number czzh~~ri?~,/zzzk1/z5r nigh zeztk, nek 1 ~~uptials girdek, gfrf 1 SI~7. 1 night .+~Ew,shim nurse cl&'lz nightmare ~mshnkhnw nurture (V> 1 6ikhodf k., khiwn~u'ik. nine m. neh Khudint K. nineteen nusda nut ninety ~zz?t,navait l nutmeg 1.0 7 l nipple ch t(.hik I enisik serivzi71rk no no, rln nobility begziiti, zqiFgh 1 gZwraf oak-tree llfi~fb(Z7,/7 i I ~tza~f~~ttt oath sund I i SZ[I'II~,SILL?% lloble obedience ifrft,f(zv/ltn~, /cillgi~t 1 fizr~~~~nbaii noise obey (v) ihFt K.,ftz~~~lfirzhal noisy gzrtziz l nomads obituary fitthn, skin 1 obscene pis chiwshzil- obscure ~(FY,tnYi none hut, tu, hnich obstinate knlahishk l nonsense p Echi, pGchibaizha, obtain (v)gzzlftin, kal gi~tzn gsapGch obvio~~s d+ir; fi~kkat,i nook &/isha,kuma occasionally bzj;F?itz j&ek, ji7927,i 11oo13 IZ~IIZN?*G,1ziwarz2 KCRDISH GRAMMAR

SG I KG occupied kkarrik, gf~,cl'nstg-i~r 1 order (v)fevulGn nazd R. occurrence pnidi, gnomifz - (n)feruzin 1 %a, ocean derk origin binyad, piski%, bey* ?rink (rare) odd tak 1 li72m ornament (v) khn?~znzel~ndin l odorous Lonniir, bend& ~ 1 orphan sfiui odour buon, ben I I ostler 711zkter l offal girishi, kzi,izk< g-emir pisi other idf, diti~,idin, itif,, df offend (v) aisknndii'ill,ttlf~ipzdin sil k. otter sa@wi, ~~z%wi,sakivi offended (v) (to be) aiskifz, tturi?z Ottoman /Zzl111f, UsuzCnZi ought bnyst, (inf.) bain, (pres. offering guf,bi~ itid.) he ought,' often pu?,7yZr (?I/, zaid ' it must,' etc., diban oil run I d7~n I dibai ointment nzet4zei/l, sevadGkui a %wz(z, l our f7~2,ki~~zi, irzvr, old kuharc l etc. l (persons, etc.)pir, kil, serei l out cl'c~f, de~f~zwtz,biclel,, ikkthiv hidemwa, lider 1 zhede~;teber olive .sazt outco~ne pnsh2n omit (v) l~rbfikeu~ti?c outlaw sz~~xs~,tQ.~i'~(z?~~is~ l on se~,laset*, l;rzhEv .- outlet (le;I'Z,7% kunn once ~afrek,dznek out-or-the-\\,ay awa~?',livi one eh, yek outside same as ' out ' one-sided wali oven fG7.Z; tendGr onion $f~~i,:,$(~z'i~lr*,- over lese~, sheser open wn overcast hnwr g-i~tk h~~~zlzi(z(in f., - ( \ ) ZLJIZ h. 'to cloud (intrans) erla b. LIP 7, opening Runi, de~i,skaq hn7,zhz1~ ophthalmia ckiwnisk, chnwzkin overflow (v) r1.n 6 opinion kiskik, fend, mi overhead Zeser shesev opium teviik, 2fzGn overhear (v) bhistin oppose (v) lapisk wusin or overlool< (v) (to pardon) bhllrtzi~ kfik~Fn overtake (v)piwg-(zisktin, g-azskt~jz,l opposite bei-Cnzber, lebar, $isk l~zipisktin(or cotn-/ option Razj: zkktz% pout~tisand the opulence d~zuletnza~~cdz;zezflini simple verb form or air< ni,J ini,3/nn g-ekekzn) orange pu?,t~gil overthrow (v) 7.G' or d2 kkestin VOCABULARY 24 r

1 NG overturn (v) vllr or ha/ga~-&zdzn,I palsy Ierzin gnlbnndzn, qa/b R., , pan tasht shwena, rig wushgndin, h(?( lczrq?zn wushin, h(rl pane jinz wush5ndzi.l pannier Lsi?; histf~ owe (v) qnm b., dnin b panther zjsek, pelenk owl bniqz~sh,627711 paper /t7nghCzd,kngn~ l owner khzii, KhuClri, khivnnd, parasol sniwnn, shenzsi RhunTtf, Rhu(i2n, parcel besteh khwrrdi pardon (v) bekhshh, bhC~t~z 0 X gn (cau5.) bekhshinu'itl , - (11) behhsh, buhzi,, bzZr pardonable bekhshkn??,beklishy2r l !)ace Rnw, ~(zv,gn~ pare (v) tal'rFshh, ReL'tFshttn pack bi~,tn parents dai o bav, div o bnb packet besreh parish 71z~zhal packhorse bergi?; (2;~wnr parliament hanjunzan, 711qZis pack-saddle kurtin, n~nlill.,paLik l parrot tllti part padlocl< P$/ pn7,,pE7,a, hut,put, bahr, ~/~~lnl,shop pagan bupe7fest kutek, kutuka pall sati/, diiol, old, (for i (district, country) I m i l k i n g) chi/dzish l rievnn, lid< India pain (11)uish, zhn'n, z&*, k/4/ l (as in ' to take one's l (v) aishfi part ') tiuz /iZn (causal) aish(indin partiality L~~z'Y,YZL~PZ~ I liingZ7~ !~aitlful nishiiz, zhan.& no partner hew- affixed to any of 1 h&n- affixed paint re7. the words meaning to any of painter ' part ', pairiir, the words pair she~fik,hewbciz meaning palace I part '. palanquin partnership hewbizi, shernRa palate partridge kuot, sisk, hew, pal. pale pass (v) bhuvtin, bdvin, bhll;,~%, bhn~~tin,also with paleness spiti YY~'prefixed to palm (hand) kef; qa?izch, above, dibnr kit~in, n Cvuz is t cli%czr Rewtitz, dar- (tree) d2rikAz~rnla 82,~b. VOCABULARY 243

I NG SG pass (v) (causal) bhzirtdncl'in, pebble .:uL2rt .harG/a, ber- 7-ikk bhur2ndin 1 ban'& passage bhur, buhr, bwir, peculate (v) czshiw h., liizi K. r,2bz2?,< dibnr pedigree ,-nl/a, zn passenger sev~zishfi,rewi pedlar ~h~~zrl~chz,k2cgZy passport tezkeri peel puost t/lwz?, q8Zzk - past bhiiyiicz,bhiirtfta, bGrfa, (V) (i 11t I ans.) gi7,wrFr R. puost kaL bhnrin, also with hatin rm prefixed, blrhzi,, (tram.) qish&tut p?dost kancz'z'?~ chuina senk, 7 Kalzikn, paste pGKkin, hewfr 711fkh pastime ba,-L Pehlevi Pahlzo2ni pastoral shewin, sh272nf pellet gu/zi:k pastry hem% pen grrLam, Rhima pasture lwal; dGn - (for animals) ske.ictiz, , ~~z/~zelrFn 2ghil, patch pfrza pn@n, t2, bi~fzizh,' 7~zaS/Z(~lg(F - pinnn, pincz k. paich&z.gGw,ku~zshk1 path 7~Yi -- (for lambs) kuosn patient biderg, tab2t pencil ~l~zd~?/i,Rhonwfs patrol pnsban, nnonchf, penitent ptzshi71~2n,pashi keshikchz penknife chag L, qrrla7nte?,ish pattern ~zef~zGna people ~>rerriutunr,khalq l inirGj2n, pause (v) wust2rz, wt~ssin ( ?/lC~Gfi(z' pavitlg her(@M osh pepper beber nlrzt paw 4 perceive riitin payment pnr(r. 6/22, $/[l,IJLZ~L~, perch sh2kla 1 71121shd perfect sikh, tel~nl~~ bekeiiiisi nGR perfume b/ton, behil~ , perhaps brzl, balini, debi 1 bnshk peace peril see ' risk ' peaceable period riall~,71z/~d(irz thigh, 7/zezh l peach perish (v) nug b. talk chGn peacock perjure (v) sund hid7fE kh. 1 peak perjury sundE drzi suindi rZrG, pear crlestGr, izin permit (v) hiZCn, hishtin pearl Persia AjP712, F2ris, A i~nn VOCABULARY 245

NG l SG NG l SG Persiati Ajwz, Firis pistol drl~z&cha gziom, qzll persistent birhiqczw I szfperza pit ke?,i,gfr, g,l person kus, 1~2czir I tan $tlio pitch ,:zft, qfr perspiration khE, cbZz2, 6altag place l gah, l'i,jhioiz, shcn 1 perspire (v)khcci&n,chz?k., ha~fnqk. l I - (v) nfi~t,di l drier perturb (v) (reflexive) tziriin kh~Z7,5-zctrt, plague derd din,kuk khc~~fshin plain (lesht perturbed teE&li/, tzirt(z I telGiv,khcrfa plait gfs, bfsk, bishk petroleum naft plane (v) rfenfn,~~enn k. 1 1~2;-chin photograph ctkzs, ask I - (11) r~nda,wnn I physic clir~vzin I l plane-tree chezir pickaxe kula9g plank takhta cht(indin pickle tirshf I I plant (v) di chiknnrz'in,wushi- chiklindin 1 piece pn~,pn?.rt, k~t,921t I ZUV~Z, shy, I ~(FYc~~z din,cla wushincl'in I linza, tan, 1 plaster 'qv; Rigit* 1 plate tepst, dn'oyf i pierce (v) tf chzin plateau deshti berz diiigfr l s~ntin platform sak?? pjg z~uriz,huriz play (v) b&fi plgeon kiwtir, kiwok pleasant khwosh rind, genj, , pilfering hcrd(zdiz, pnshi, /iwzpnsh,p2shti?~ pt operty F, h< Rhudnni 1 R6.ii:i fihivnndi preserve (v)pnrfitfi,wnshirti?~ ivzs K. prophet $rtzhha~r~ber press (v)/(zi R., gewnshfi'n, proportion see ' portion ' l l g1;1~ishn~~din prop1 ietor Rhudzn, kkzZ ' hhuti2, Rh22111 Khivand pressure giw ishifz prostitute frF/zis/ln, qjenz lt3che1, @nriir pretext bhana, gFn protect (v)khz~dnni' R., fihz7i K., l Rhz~thini'h., 1 kh2vandi h. pretty jiznlc, ch~,chnk, the shnpd/, spih, pishtczwnnz R, 1 hnleszll dal24 Resi pnwil~zK. prevent (v)ptshwcz gi~tiz, protection ptFwnr~,Rhud2~zz; l Khudni l Khaz~andi gi~tziz,pnk or pniK Khuiti, pishtnwiwi Rhestin protector piskfawn?~,pnwZfz l previously see ' formerly ' p-ovisions Khw&*i~zi,Khwa~dini price bhn, bn, pnl~a,qi71znf, prudence hush l hz;-hnn prune see ' plum ' pride &W, kn/ahishkf public (adj.)ns/zRar,ci, dqdv Rh Czy2 priest (Cl]ristian) Keshish ne~.is,hiris, pull (v)Rishtna, Rishindz'n pnrrz - (011t) dev %an - (Muslim)feqa, nzali? (UP> ?/i or rii fiai kishi2n prince beg, shnk~n Khundknv kishzn~~ l print (v)ch2p R. - (down) rii Rishfin or prison /Iclpis,nzilpis,diisrFKhnnngi?,tz-khnnf Rishinriin prisoner hc@ischi,si@~Fnl; ,:iwGl pullet jigi'k dcsahh l probable dabi pun~ice-stone ber?,-orbe?*~iahnnzdnz~1 1 Kz~chRazeb~wzann.zR proclamation fir1112n (extremebG) produce (v)der knn ~ de7, ini~z punish (v)pnigzrtin, pai gthfn 1 profit qnznnz; cnitif puni511ment yhz2 ~ profound h$7,, I pupil s/tngi}*d progeny zn'777h, - (of the ej.e) mshZnit gi@ra 1 $chllhcFi~ purchaser Izzlynr, biKti.9, progress bnvchz?n, E.er,Rewfin pure nsil, kh6rzZ Il pt ohibit (v)man' K. 1 ::$Ln, purple tF/ I cnrlgfn purse kis, Rfsrz prolong (v) ril aid K. pursue (v)$i'w or psi K., bishriwa bnid diin 1 pro~nise pawnr, qaw/, wnrh 1 or bishiin or bishundi promontory shrFkh, plloz, Kish 1 Rn . KURDISH GRhMMAR VOCABULARY 2j1 NG l Rfm, ziikh race (n)(horses) B&, bez (v)piZtii~n,pila~1~2m(fin, ptrstin, - (ofme I 1) ~tziZLat,titfa p2Za wn K 1 &h27filz radiance 7-Ckne.b,drioshi (v)nGn, d2 niin, hiZin. 1 radish tu?? di hilin kisktin, raft RaLnR

di hzshtin l rafter gumga, fir, chstak (on) be7 R. rag a'e~tiha,piliska, kewn, Kirkzln Ruhnn (aside) ld diirz or din ( Rut, keqil putrefaction masZ rage t227; g&, Kin putrefy (v)masiin, di razi2n raid ctzczfiiw (caus.) 7,azindin railing tnig~zin,~lzahjar raimerl t ]?l rain (V) bi?,in quadruped chirwi - (n)bif,in quagmire hu~,htzm?*iK, KhnwiR, rainbow KeskdsCr, ishCgi~~nn Ku YY quail kamawif~a,gartzwit,a, qa~iR,ve?*di baldintl.rrsh I quaking Lt~i~z,jutt~in hizzhf~z rainy dimz;.h, birzsk quality jz7~,jins, jisirz raise (v)kaZg&tin, mist R., blin I wi k quarrel (v)tu7*i%n R., be$-,-R., haZ &in, ' (n)fir?*tina, fii?; shanp gea dzi,:, haZ R~shin~iin l ' shc~gl~itr~ raisins ~tziw.Rishnzish l benisn. ram bntynn, guch gi!tn rampart becien I quarrelsome sktzwkel- ge&i~, ram rod ZUIIZ~,hirba quarry (hunting)nizchil; n6zv sizwir rancid timsh quarter iwi?,/t.tz,ch&*eR 1 chzuil-ek range ha72aw question pl*syi?,,pirsi, pimsi rape cu?$esti ~ quick .c, tu@ l rare Rem quicksilver ziwa, jiwn rascal ta7,isbiv, tnmin~biwk, idiz, saga, quilt ltrzf; u~ghn?~ knt-i~~zbnwk,hizbiw, sCtZ?,, tuliz - (v)hzinin, wi hiinin I dczghaZ quince deh rase (v)7-z~nztzndtiz rattle (v)che Gin - (death rattle) kherin rabbit rave (v)paiiwfin ske~~~i~~indin rabble I (rare) I SG raven refine (v) seji k. (metals), qnk k ravine kendil, shcu, nzihiw sZsCn, ?zkrf/, reflect (v) husk K., $Rir K., wla l ?zw~/ 71zni7z raw khnw, nijnzhia ~ri?jnlZiia refrigerate (v) sir k., zu~rzor zug~/~k. hisn~zdzfz, ray ruknek, rt~hnii,t2w, t(zi?,izh iizuizimiin brzisk refuse (v) ga6Ck ni K. jnik khestin razor g6 ~nn,jZsin I egal d (v) mi~in,nwirir, jihirin read (v) Rht~zizm,khwindin t~kn~L,?shL,?k. ready r??~znn,h&ir, 2nriwn regiment fa./' reap (v) dirEn, diy~itzn,derii K., iegister defter l ch inin regret see ' sorro~v' ! rear (n)&;W, dug?zihZ, duwii I reinforcement pirt, nrf, zuzd2d reason sebeb, sea'e~jr leins Inghnw rebel (v) beri b.. is? b. I zo?*bader fin. I ejoice (v) slii(ii K. l receipt gaisht, i/~~zikhabnr ' bnrtbzin relapse (v) wn ka. 1l dzq2m Rn. recently /nzCwcz, /nnC sha,-U-wa - I elatives khiznz, Rhaun, Rhish , reckon (v) zh~~n~or hi,-h~?zir or I release (v) ber din his/zvznr R., ksaib K. , relief hisif,isii reckoning hizhmir, zkmi7; I zh71zirti religion dfn, biwir hishmiy,, hsaib remain (v) ~~znfn,7.5 westin recline (v) see ' lie down ' 1 remainder nz2i, ;r/zctyi 7u~ikzZ recognition nis remark (v) dui K., da~~K. recognize (v) nnsin, nds h. l remedy dav~nin recollection bi7, remember (v) bi??K., /nbir b., birin recommend (v) s$i?,t.ttn, 1.5 sz9nrtin remolse $ask finin? recompense urusd, 6rzh7/, zqi'nt, I remote dG?* paz'renj I emove (v) In' 6i. beznftin, reconcile (v) ask or ishti d lepitindin recover (v) ha/ or 7% or wn girtin renew (v) tisa R. (to get well) sikh b., I renounce (v) dast hnkgivtin, dast m khwosho b. grirtzn, toba R. rectangular chn@hi renowned b@w, manskzi?*,ishi- kewshi red s?2hra, sur, nk Kari red breast fendeg-17 La rent Kigyi, Rirt reduce (v) Kent R. - (v) KZ% or kiri k. jeszrzindi~, redundant zni4 $2~77; gaZZck pfsnfiz reed pcz nztsk I eope~i (v)(a wound)du/in&iw2 reel teski I epairs (zsg~iri,kandu, chn k. ' qni R. repent (v)pashf~~znnb., toba k. revolt (v)be?<, as< ynRhi replete ttr, tizkf revolve (v) g-a7,7,fnn, cke~,Rhnndin repletion i'frf,tizkftf reply (\.)jib ot-jnwnb (l revolving &'27'?', 3fln7?', $4dP.Z repose kiscii, fsnf, tirna ~ren~ascl ;~tzusd,p271zu~d reprimand rheumatism bcc .- reptile ynnawd7,, yZnwdr rhubarb ~,fuZs,~2zicrnd reputation naw rib pnlrs~2,pn?,ns~? request (v)kkdzh, ci?e rkhns k. rich zeGrZn, ~1llnld2r - (n) khnzfn, de~,Rkds - (offood) cCnf, dCnf ric1,es rmil: ~i2zeilet,khzifti require (v)gerek b., h&% dt~zvla?~zrtrzf rescue (V) 74n R. ride (V) JUZLJ~?~b. reseln blance s&z, hews&, kewj,cnL~ rider suw2r resemble (L.) ~FZ~TPZ,~r~tnin skebiz, rifle tfcnh! tfk, ifeng sheh2ndi~z right 1-25 t resentment kirz, qfn hmf, sfl I irn kiiu, kennv reserve bnrshzZ,d5n2n,kn&z1~~?n (lC3~irtztt l ince (1.) tczi her d2n, kehzn reservoir &nu,- lick, sa?,i?q' i rind priest residence ?IZ~/,khnnzl ring nrr~uszc~dna,tr?~zz~swnnrf. resin bezuskt resist (v)n2kfknn, nikirhtin, barzpfci zuz~ssnn ringlet bti, pilf~~k,hfsk respect ?G,ibzir, ndn7, buwrznt ripe gchig, Rfskn rest (V) ~521,z~ni b. ripen (v),qehi?z result L~/L~/L~/ZZ;dc~~nf,pn~/tf?z I-ise (v)ktrl' kntrn, knk wustZn, retain (v)gf7,icl., g//i~icl. Yn kntin retainers pi5 kt?gzn/,ben/tn/, risk y'ukul/z,Rhatczq hia7/z?zi paisk7rz2/, khuln?~z river c.hnuz, nw retire (v)pnshch.. pn~hidnch. road rr-t, 7*7*rti, rH retribution pe,zn. sczn roar (v)K'I?'Z~ return (v)zuczgnfyfEn, hal g-aGn, roast (V) (intrans.) bevishtzlz, 7i~nhntin, beshzlzcm berzhnn kdtin,d(Fhntin,kntin (tran S.) ber,dzn~zdi~~ nwn - (11) heriskticr, kebnb revelation Rnwsk rob (v) dizfi, ?&it R. revenge dizknzin f tol robber (liz,jenia - (v)dizhnzinf st2ndin fol sdEnn7in robbery clizf VOCABULARY

NG , SG robust gavi, khu~t eh4 gurbt,- 1 siL, bzt2m ruler 1)- . - (for lines) ?Gstikesh roclc bald, niisir, zlizif, 1 g-avzr, slcg run (v) mzuzn, liEg din, ni K. rod tzl2vza l l tiL gyt Russia urus rogue see ' rascal ' rust zhe@-, zhenk roll (11)t?i$ l I-ustic gu?z(Zi,ZidizuZ (v) gz?,r b., 1-2Z~~LS/L;YL guz~esfiz, gilo b. rye ~ashrtzsh gindz2l- b. l (L]p) /zalpechin(2'in,SLYI $echindz?z I sable roller b2ngz?,2n, b&ngi7,~-tin in,62% g2 [in, sabre bingi7,tlirFn sack rolling-pin tirzonzk, ti?,?z2n sacrifice roof sel-, brFn, ser/zhinl l sad room =hi??; odi (in the meaning ' the1 e l saddle is room ') shztn l l saddlebag root ~ihfi,rishuk, rib saddler rope birnd, punk, bn%r, 7% t ?men saddlery rose gul, guoi guolbnkh safe rose-tree g u[(l(Sr,cii~~agu~ safety rot (v) ~,aziEn,ha~reshk saint - - rotten rtzzza, rEcF 1.azi2, pzkh salary sale rough ,:ebz? saline round khisht, giw; gll-over, ' gz?2owi~ salt che?~kk ~ khi7'y salute royal shnhi khu?zdk2ri same rub (v) shiIin, bshaicin, hzsiin bshiwtzjz,szizjl 1 sample ~uishtin, sanction prkiiniliii, ~ sand l f?,kinn'ziz, I Satan I ?1zizd2n, satchel Saturday rubbish 772zl-d27, saucepan rude usfzi~,bindab, bibrzl2 adabsz's saucer rug fersh, bol*~islt. savings ruin RelEzun, ~:lai7,~Fi~ 1 sh2)zr,s2, savour 1 kiiruir ~ s a m VOCABULARY "9

NG SG l NG 1 SG say (v) see ' speak ' ~ sea ~rdjyi,dinizi, bbrzhv i scaffold &v, pannn?*a I seal yaziv I scale (fish) benek sealing-wax hk, l&, UZC?IZ scales (balance) ternzzin, 1 shT7z search (v)g(z~~-f&z,Zafzav~i5n, l l& ZLI~T ?~lrtznak. te?GzG l. prn i ga wiEn I ga?7i&z scalp puostise?* skzlik 1 season fksil scar dckk, durcw l second dzi f, dGnni,dzievi, dz7nrirt ~ scare (V) khnvinn, ~~(zy'enknndin secret penha~zi scared (v)(to be) wajenkin secretary nri~5,katib 1 I1 scatter (v)(intrans.) b(2w b., skik 72b., secretly bAi?i:i, bikhaf 1 zhep&zi pnvnn b., kal wushiil pzj.hi/zh, 1 security ptrnhnnf, nnzniat barwztshtn, sedentary cqu~di v&2 i dkabin, l sediment Kh71Zt, lu ?*L /eLis/za see (v) dztin sTChk., 71z(zzu'aK L/~~zw$~zh. (trans.) b&w k.,panin 1 dkabnndilz, seed tzii~~,tzlw, kth 1 h., hnl wushnndin b(xr seem (V) I shibin 1 7fa7z~dnn wus/liinCiiFz1 seer yZdz7knr I yiizticii, zlai,tmriin seesaw tf~,n~gCza scattered binw, pay&, 6eiislitli i seize (v)gi~lti7z, 7I.n gi~rtizil Y tin, ' das school ?fzaitrFb,milikht?ni ' (z?f~,nn w?rs/mrcdziz science z~inni,il7~t select (v) b,zhnrziz, hnZ B:hnj,dziz skni-di?~, scissors ?/Liq nsh slinv- (for sheep-shearing) 1Zib1,iuk ch~v(F dinnwn scorch (v)sz7tZnn'in self Rho, khwa si (rare) scorpion dzlpzsk/l-,KuZizk, 1 self-control khog .+tin, khogi~ti dr~nznw~k2~Ztr selfish Rhopessn, @sKa 1 khohebfi, scoulldrel see ' rascal ' 1 1 jnnhebftc , scout jnsis, gcisid ~ sell (v)fevdshtziz, fe?,clhtin 1 scraps pnri, kut, ktw*tzi pij~tiK,nz~vizh send (v)nnvdh, hen2~*din, shnndi~c bamnnz; bif-fk. pelek, Kev sentinel pnsbnlz, ptwnrt scratch (v) Kkavishin separate (ddj.) u'hf,]?i ~ - (v)jiiK., jidn , dev wcl qclttnn, scratching kl'tn~zg?nK I scl.eecli-owl tu/z Khestin ! zhibej,hew k screw pnich. gal*?;jaw, (into equal parts) (intrans.) burght l pWiiin scum Kef (trans )pzj.hi- scurf rishk, k~ishk rnndin 260 KURDISH GRAMMAR VOCABULARY

NG SG separate1y jii, tent, zhi share (v) see ' portioll' serpent wz ir I shareholder paidir, bahrdar serval1t Rhb~nachF,khul~ivr niwker sharp tiish, tfzh serve (v) khizjrzet R. sharpen tuzh or tfzh K. service khiztuet, perestiri l sesame gmji l sharply tuzh, ti%h set (n) destek sharpness tuzhi, tizhf - (v) di nGn, wa di nian, sharpwitted tushfiy~z, zairek di hflin,di hishtin, shattered shz;En,shzkG,piri$ivi hlrk bestin shave (v)t&h K. kur k. (of the sun) iwi b. I _ shavings fa&Shtt,push settle (v) (as of people settling I skznin, war, , she va< &v,iwa in camp) di vzas- ' or evii' X'. l sheaf kclish, bnwsh rindin ~ shears (for sheep) hebrirrk settled (as of people) dinii. 1 khujihi 1 sheath Railin di ma-rindfa 1 l shed hc~nznr seven hpwt, heft - (v) ri b.. di riskandin seventeen hefda, daohewt 1 sheen rir~iosh trriir seventh hewti, hewtin, hefti 1 sheep pas, pas, marr, shah seventy kewta, hefta shelf tekhta, rafa several chan I I shell pz20st 1 qilik, derar severe t7~72,tzlzh, sakht sd shelter sfvnn, chivdag l severity tufgi,tundi, sakhti s~tt I shepherd shzzn sew (v) dGrinrlZiz I dtrGn l shew (v) nishin din shackle paibend, kelewcha shin sivck shade,shadonr saidev, sf I ke~est 1I shine (v) ruknik d., dyioshfn chi~ztstin shake (v) (intrans.) tak%n, shiny ~,z?hnik,ifdir, awdi~ shakign, j>~vztn ship givti, kesktf l (caus.) tnknndin, I wushi~zdin l 1 shirt kkis shahindin, hnl shiver brz takana'in,~'umindin shoemal

I NG shoot (v) nuitin, tf~rR. silent (to be) diw gill-i (L shop dukivz silk hirnrtGsh, 2wrskenz short k~wt,kin, RziC silkworm kirlntz ha~l/zzl.ch, - l hnie~nr~ish,- iwr- 1 l shot srich t~zn shelrz I I shoulder shin, se7-~tid,7rzid silly pztck, batid, wndi hefan-, diwn I silver zljd l shout (I-) din R., /z<~wnrRis/~nn silver-gilt zfwyiI(lzts, ziwhesh 1 rckesh j kiiin,bii;iii similar wastin, zwakc, zuaki shovel pirzi hest fli~ simpleton pay' khiiu, khFuL~l show nziolnndin, nzihn'n d I simplify (v) his& R. hhiimi k. shower pada, peleh l sin g~7zi,s~ck, ~ZLSZLY , wabiZ, shrit~e na,zarga, zr?zcirttzi l fiztrtln shut (v) bestzlz I di drin, pni huehindin since /awtzRht, da1,ztj h indi, rii dtin I .shnitlnRht I shut down (v) di bestln, di din sincerity tiilpnki, 7-nsti shuttle ?tziRzI, 7~zikz?R i sing (v) RhztGzin, khwnndin istinin, zirfn I shy (v) wnjenKlut, yii~h. single tek (adj.) S~EI'IIZ~~ bairzi1.m sink (v) nliq or nugun: b.. sick nisikk, nnkhwosh, ~icbtndich. I bznznr l sinner gunikir, sztchhir i I sickle dis, tu ~dis i diszTIn sister RhoishR, R&, Rhih, I hoer%- sickness ?~?sihhf,~ziRhw~zshz; khne@- I btl~zi/-i sister-in-law 61-ci~hiiz,Rhwilb/zziz rJish 1 Oiinhho Wi. side din, dfw, nIi, Ii, per, bnsh, chenk, 1 sit (v) re nishtin, rli nishtfn l telref takha ~nl situate (v) (to be) keti~z,Rezcltin, 1 sieve bezhenk, hai/ik, tcdok, 1 hftin I i piht situated Refia, kewtia, Rcftm i sift (v) be shindi?~,bezkfn I bitin six shnsh l s~gh nkh, zun‘~/z hefytin size anrkr, ~;tizfnati 1 g,nwr'?i 2kh Riskfin 1 hen'iuzdin 1 slre~ver shzsh sight (vision) ~hnzv,chcFf; d@hin bGzii skill puns!, pu~t,chnr~~l l t dftm l (v)pztost haI knnclivz, zrrn 7'~7tfrz i (gun) qnrnwul: sz$n l gzl w?n, gzt7,zh in, 1 sign nishin, d

NG is~n&Q,(blue' sky) smell bden, &on, bekin kewa sh@z,(twillght) (v)bzTe72, bzion, behzn K. zrtrgatiw smelt (v)Gw K, h~&zdi?~ slab takhta, aZZsh, alin smith henger slain kushriwnn, RushtGn smithy 2serzge?,khnni slash (v)bhdndziz smoke (v)Khwardin, khwiyi)z wn Khwirin l slave bend< zerKif*;*i I ~eberz,grifn (n)dz?, drid, dzik, dziRal I slavery benftf sm~ky ciziin slay (v)Kuzhdi?~, kushtzn smooth huZzT, si, takht I sledge pikhil, kirsha smuggle (v)qichiqi bi. I sleep (v)Kheffin, niwistin, smuggler qachipf l nustin, YYG Kheftin rni ,-in snake ~nir (caus.) Khefindin, snare did tahr,fikh l nwindin l snatch (v)haL~/zQii d,piZGmiv 61: 1 (n)khzw, khiun, ncst 1 (heavy)khil- 1 sneeze (v)pizh?nin,behnzhirz kulf~ lllash snore (v)pirkhrFpivkh K. sleepless bfkhiw snort (v)few*7~zinrr'in, ferrZJI'in sleepy hzinfzki71,nrifsti Rhiwn)znkn -. (n)frrnza,prruza, fr~zha sleeve biZ, KUY< gziZ 1 hrichik snout [ail, Rep, Repri, pzIoz slender naffa@ok, birik I zriw snow bafy, bawr, wafr slice qish I l snow-shoes ZakGrt slide (n)RheshiK, surr* 1 s 0 whi,ZWUS~, VUS~)Z,WZL~O, slim nawteng, nawtenk / z~iw,zI1.a~~ I ulo, hzizdi, Gwnnd sling daf I paZl~l(iaerxt so much enda, iwanda, hindi, ~ slip (v)surtn, kkeshzKfn I nlistziz, zeZirz he~$+f,azuqns slippers shiltzik, Ka lash SO so011 as ti, Ki, wa/a7,i, ZJIari slippery suru, KheshiKf l 1 soak (v)khisziciin, khzkindi;~ slope (upwa~ds) hawiiiz, bei.iillii- / be~,os/z~ir*, sobs ask, iska bevzhzi7, I scr(zbi7~ -. (v)KGZin, isKa hi. 1 (downwards) berzhir, nz'shriw , ~i-1 s~~,iRhzrlc?l-. socks gzieriwa pii, dciCrzhiri shiw, ~PY~,YF,I1 ber,okhw(?7*F 1 I sod ~hf7k2 slouch (v)paiKishandziz soft nawn slow askan, hGz;yaw&li 1 ! soil urd, KhwoZ, ikh,rrlrsh (ofa person)pazgi~fin l - (v)pisR., Zewtiyz l sly hfZa, zai~eh i solder (v)Zhi7n K. small pchzik, bchrik, bchk/a, kichik, Bin soldier esker, nizivz wrird, hrird, ~UY 1 sole binqai smallpox kiwla, izvlfk, khzzl'i 1 solid kursha, qaw< qazin 1 1 NG SG 5olidit~r gul/ziati, kwshnfi speak (v)gz~tin,ruutin, bnizhziz, ' ikhnftin gsn h., kutin SO ln e chnn, henek nzchin. a@ khnberdk~z someone kn c ek specimen ni7iz2j-na something tishtek, chzshtek, tzj-hki .- speck birek, dnnek sometimes j(uaki, jZ~*nn,7% shnn, spectacles c hnwnnk, chnwni7zek, j2rjliFr ai7zeki son kurr, kzi7*, link, sir-fi speech ZZL~II~~,,-Gin son-in-Id11 zrfwi speed fLL?%i, tulidf, BZ?~? le z f, tli~?kT{z song z~ti~,2n,/rFwt=h, speedy tu tund, tzt )z KhCznd spend (v) khe?jk. ~I qedF7z soon YZI sphere gul?i, g/!lovcr- sorcerer y;Fdfiktir spider pirik, ynot2nn sorcerjr J~FCJZZ spill (v) ~ichri~zciin,1,i.sh2?zcii~z ~I sore (ad i.) nzshin spin (v),rar~Y&z, cibi ITPZ - (n)Kulibn l sorro\\~ ter~ki,diltenhi, /./L lnlu (caus.) gn~rri271, girl sorry pashit inn chz;tlrr??i, d2, zibig,2ndin khalrzi~z - (v) (\vool) ~*isfn,tishf k. soul j2n- spindle (\vool-).- (iz?kh sound (n)~"mng- spirit ynn, hzizrfs, uzls - (adj.)snkh spit (v)tzw k. SOLI!) shfij,zevz, 2zyuosht spite dizh ?/Li7~ i, 7,ik iour t~ splash prGshtz, pij,izk source 7i~nk spleen pishik, zn?f2nu sow (v)fu neuith, tGuz WZL- split (v)(in trans.) sliiki2~z, z~lari?ti?~, sh2r~rZzE, chnnrli?z shagg bi., derz bi. gnlishi~~ - ) 7lznlZ7s (trans.)shi/t.nnclin, qczlash2~1r2i'?z space pnrzi, jni, ji/z dersri2iz,.shnqq zun h. rvrt rzdfnrz- spade bzkl, bazr di n spar? bist, b2j-Jt spoil (v)khnl,(@ k., ~~re?~izdilz spanner hulz7ch fnw t2ndin spare (v)pnl-zzin,bhiiit.fin spoon hawsha, kewchik hnsk, hnsklc spark d~,~bska,pi? isk, chirsk, spoor In, rich, shzlldipni, pesek, jilrik gnqai sparrow kuchnzln, ch2j-kf,chz?Li, sport 7.17Iw, rlznchi7' chu~nzkn,~llnluchhn spot (iirzrn spate lr~fiw,li~, shzli~, spout (V) (forwater) see spawn 7~znsikern ' gutter ' VOCABULARY 269

NG SG sprain (v) ha din, bi verdin starch niskii, nisbisa start (v) (journey) Kewtin a ri, spray (v) awzrshincizk I spread (v)pi)~R., khestin, run rf hewtin, 6irf hew- 1 diniin tin, rfglrtin 1 spring (water) kinf state ??/L% (season) bakir, station qunzgh, v~anzil bah&*in stature bezkn, bazkm anivz stay (v) fnifn,m zoustin sprinkle (v) wusknndiz,paher R. l l sprout (v)riiflr, riwz k. stead). piilti, qawi spur (of a hill) skikh steal (V) (iizfi 1 (equestrian) gishsfn steam bukkij- I hul~lz,bGg steed ckirsui I SPY jisGs sti I squalid Kotfa, nichnr, ckir- steel pzili chenk stench bnon@is, behini- bcnl;Ekaj~cFw square chnyg uh k/zari$ step kiw,gizn I 71iisizi squeak (v) chirfn,jij~fn,jiqk, l zrkin stepfather ba7~ig.a squeeze (v) laz k., palkkindin, kal stepmother dirni~a l felkhindin ,giwiskfn stick (n) dir,(for burning)~ii*ric., l ckfleka, hizhink squint chiwmiiin, ckaev- - l khwar, ckawshEsk, (v) ckesph I 1 lekiin rig bfn (caus.) chespnndin 1 I stable paiga, piga, lazwli sticky chespin 1 stage (of a journey) vzanzil, stiff hishik, raqq l pnigk stiletto kirik sting in) zkCzhF, chb staggers (horses) shkzfsh g@ gi7,tin staircase pilakin, erdnvin, - (v) gezin 1 stingy ninuk hishik, p2ka pizwavabin, salil, I stah (rare) stir (v) taik bi., rha?,aqinciz?~ stallion tarn5zalk, ta~tia~tias$ stirrup i~z?~:n,kEwzhu71~, l stamina hn,-h, hi,: awzeizf,han~zhe12-i, I =egg? stammering gu?xr, lil, tit 1 stamp (v) ard kiitin, khwok stitch tagzla, hira kgtin stoclti~lg gGriwa stole11 riiucia, (of goods) fdiisf, pzzi stand (v) wzdstin, wustin, I hak wustan yirlizi star nstiri, stir, stirii, stomach zik h istirii stomach-ache sikaish, pZjhaish VOCAGULAIZY 2 j I

I SG SG stone barn: hnrr, kd~~i~, strong khzsrt, bitnw, vnshl, gdwir jehl, bizz?~,si, q(75c11 p'hi- (offrui t)cheqila,rliF~ciX struggle kushti,jernikh ' see also ' kernel ' stubble gnidsh, su~zit stonemason barterish, kewirbi~: stud du,o~za 1 barbir study (v)khzudnJln, mdi h. 1 stool chdrpat stuff (v)Zaz'pesti%, pestin stop (v)~uustdn, YE wustin stumble (v)76 khestin ! PLZ~/ni stump kofarn (caus.) wustsnriiu st~~pid X7e7; @oj, pa@irin knkd I stopped up git'id, gi?,iwa 1 bnivzeshzt stopper tkhd~lj,devf submission fi7,~lzdnheri I store (ZIII~FT, kdrZin such ZW~~(F,W~ZO, wusnfz stor~n fzifdn.furtuna, blige~ (v)nlezhin, ?~~z,"htin, ~r~itin story ~.hi?,z2,sen5w4i~iZ., (v) nlez hindin ddstdn sudden @ji~ik,zhenishkFwn I stout qa&o s~~ffer (v)kzj-hmn, sirin, czishGn, stove (Fgirddn, bughnij,i kishin,parishEn b. l suffering :dr, aish straight 7Gst suffice (v)dad d., bes b. stranger gharib sufficient bes strangle (v)khankindzk suffocate (v)khanhindin l strap pni~ii suffocation khankin, khankzik s~1-a~ shaknr straw kah ? stream c-haul, chdw suit (v)Zai hnfi~z,/ai khwdrin ~ street kzild?~,kz2 5ull; (v)7'ik k. strength taza, zzl~,hi,-, irn- s~ilph~lr gl"ird l l suln1ner hdzvin l stretch (v)draizh k. summer sd?.tnn,sdrdn, i/dq, stretch out {v)rd khestliz quarters ~o=d72 summit ser, seqir ges, gnz, lies17 (reflexive)777 hewtin SUll tdw, tiL atdA hatdf; l strike (v)pztidn, Zaz' hhcstin, hatiw, his, 74ch, 1 khestz'n, Zai ddr~ ~,dorh,nfziozh, 7'11, string rGi, pat khu~,khnwiv strip (v)l'llit or z27it or ?'CS or Sunday Yekshnn~zl,Yekshmlz tdzi b., shZ(Fndin sunflower yz?zhzrmpevest,be?,aftGzv~ stripe ti/71za,te/ sunrise khwarha/dt, v?ihaZit 1 VOCABULARY SG SG sunset Kh wn?*2zu2,Khur&~d XG khu?,2w2,nmbzih2n s\vordsman shirgnr supervise (v) ch~iwR. sympathy hewderd, ser,k/zzunshi I supper 2sh, chaisht2sh2w, syrup &sh~@,shh~, difns shfw supplicate (v) l2wdhi h., k2Lkiin suppose (v)gunznn R ,ferz K. table ch27Fni; pnishtnkht(z, suppuration chirk, kf~iz,rRn c/cishf~c,dast~nstnkhin surly ustz?r,rik tag dz2 k surround (v) ch2lpar girtin, pai tail kilk, dzjw, dunk, dcizil. boclt gar2nd!iz, d2 g irtin tailor de~zi,te?*zi 1 s u rrou n d ings cha?pn;., ch2?,2kh, take (v) birin, gi/,ti-zl.tilz,st272UTi7z gari,aka take off (v) [JZ khesti~z,hak girtiz, suspicion gzmctlc her girtin, hnk sustetiance Rhw2?,din, Khw2ez, khestin, de~h/zcstli~ I xi, xzigaZ, zg&za, tale chtnrk, dlistnn, ~liga~~ se~buhi~,K swallo\v (n) ~faskwda,rashk, talk qsn k., btzizhi~z,gz~tin tfkhnftz'n parasilka talker (excessive) pul-t*bnish - (v) same as ' to eat ' pznrrqsn, cEnnzbitakE?z tall draizh, bilirz swarm (bees) ku~~2r,Ru~izn l swear (v) sund khw2rtn talons chil.nz2k l sweat chi?; RhzZ, ha7,aq tamarisk ge,~~k,~exG~e1~1,d2?,a~ezi~ swede turp, tur tambourine &W, dhz?k, (lhEl, dZu! dust< kedi I sweep (v) 711(iZttc,gesfR h. tame l (v) kcdF R., dasti k. l sweet sh irfn I sweetheal t khuzgFnl dz:I'Rrt, del-&:/eh tangle leek or Mew pfchGz (l'asgi?,Zn tank lngnn, hio;, lid I sil-inj;ber~tz~i sweets shi~~frzi tanner dabngh swell tap chertk l tape qnitZn swim (v) mnZn K., 11zalew2ab., tar qzv, xzft target n~wz2/q;2wZj subrif R. I swimmer maZaw2n l task ish, Rnr, shlll, sltukhul swindle (v) khep2nlL'in, lepincfiz, tassel rfshzik d~zferzi-shttn taste tZ7?? l scilollen 2;usn, b2 gf~,tia l tattooing kctfn,Kiit~nrz, khil sword shy, shTr l tax bn'j l tax-collector 6qlpii; nnzbishnr l KURDISFI GI

I NG NG SG tea chnz ~ thanks shukur teach (v) &st d.,fair K., hail/ k , l that (deln.) &v,rFnu, vni lilri?%i-K., bzr d. (re].) hi, Ru teacher khwZya, hCrikef,, thatch Kepnffi fairker theft dixf I pisi teapot chaidn~ ~ them zGn, awin, zunn I tear (v) (intrans.) kiZishtin, the 11 Ezy2vt zua/chigkf,1 tilishin, tilishtin, wnrjiFvi, fna, fdi~~l bizdiZn I Ltiv (t~ans.) rie~,i&n,biz- thence ZEzude7fq ,:hnze~devi, LZwl~i dindi~z,tilzj-hindilr, Zezv[z zhorda, ,:hevn I pntindilz there iwdevq on;~f(r"n,nova, (n)tef,lnnishR, fen/zniziK, stit*, liistiv /io?,n,Ziwai, nwdiw, I nshk 1 dnek biwnidn, ha, zioi, l tease (v) sevbiser din, /ipi~,diK. ' iw$av, iwidi teeth dnn, dimin, didin, there is hayyn, hi I 1 dwin, @in there is not %inn,niyya, tunnn telescope dzi ~*bi1z these vnn, nrlrin I tell (v) see ' speak ' they v&, win, nwnn l temper khu thick hastz;~,ILJ l 1 tempest gnl-?,nbn,bigelf, bihnwr: - (of liquids) has, Khns, tzifnn f?,tuna tiv, tivn I temples same as ' forehead ' tliicltness hasturf, ustzi?,i ten rhlz thicli-set hestikkgr/,2n,k1q2r I tenant Ke~,chi,Re?,fke?, thief drz 1 tender nkik,geushek, ;tle?m l thigh tz'shk, ?,(in,khed l tenderness ?znziKt,nnr~miti thin tnnzik, s?,iwn ~ tent ~ni/,~hndil,, dnzuu?,, l - (of beings) /a?,?, 1 Knw~z,rnshkiin, I thilig ti~ht,~hisht ~ vashl/~iZ,Khezlt 1 thinli (v) hus/z or hushk K., l tenth rinlif, hhnn I fz~/f'i?'ilz,zvn ftriin terminate (v) zui hi., pnik rifn, thinness tnnziki l t~//~i//~R. l third s%?z,~fi. .511112& l terrify (v) te~,sindziz l thirst tizitl; ti, tihnn tl;lza,o L terror ten, S~TIL l thirsty tllzi, tz l test (v) tint K. thirteen ~zrmzn,zfirln, ~C~OJ?I testicles thirty sni l I

I NG l SG KG SG tongue zwin, /lisrudn, zeseiain, 1 a??, I traveller ~rveiii,1-evendt, re- uz7nin l wn@, rewf, ?,ez~ik to-night avshnw, ishawi 1 anzshiii. traverse (v) del-has b., hhii7,tin too ish, sz. zht l tray sinl 1 tool dastknr, nsbih, avisn 1 treacle cfcshij top ser,, selyf~, 1 tfip l treasure Kh"", '~YY l torment ~ZZT:zir, zn7.itt, kul tree trrFr torn dirtn, charind trefoil sep nrrrz l torpid szs 1 1 trellis qzrish tremble (v) lerzin, rq'Efin, haizhfn torrent chant, radn, lif,lifawf l tortoise kid Kesn/2wi, Kaisi 1 g~l7>ik, trench see ' ditch ' , pishthnstd triangle selZ,oGhn touch (v) dast R., ki@izstin tribe bir, tl~n,qio~~r, il? (n)berilzas, peh~zi., I tizfrr, nshtftI; rtsh fret l touchy dil'n(.?siK I trickle (V) nw,7~7~R. towards hindi, ?ziK, /a/& 1 trigger p&n towel &haoh trir~ltets Rhislii7, tower buy. I trip (v) pai Khestiiz, pni (in' town shir, 62zhir, b&liaz'?, lhestz'n tif-z$zn townspeople Khalqlbizhair, IIZ,~~ tripod sehpnl uinibi&aair, khnlgz- trot ZZ~R,lok. i-nzoEn shir trouble pel-fshn'ni, zE?/tnt tikil, Kh I~CK1 tracks see ' spoor ' I trough Rcl; RGY~,71znrnn I trade (n)pnish

SG Turk l uncle IIICF$/ZT~, 2712, (Fp Turkey K~LTJZ uticlean nZ$2R turkey 9/22 Yi~hkflllz'~7~f - (ceremoniously) ~zcj/s Turkish R~~nzi,7.z~~k.T 1 uncultivable nErFz/zz?tf,nnknrt turn (v)(intrat~s.) ~cln or htr/ ' uncultivated blshGr l or wnv gnr?,Znn, undecided rzUdz/ l swzi.fn under ~hi~,/ozhf~, ~hezhfr, (tt ans.) mn 01 h(z/ 01 zhfrdn, Bind2 war gn~wf~zn'ilz,wn 1 understand (v)tnz gehfz, tnigaishti~z., wn g(zr?& gzrtin, b2 cirin n2s K. swinin dz n I undertake (v)dasgif,tin zln 7//i/fnt - (n)nnobn, Bash 1 I bznvrz K tl~rnip shtrihzm 1 l l undo (v) wn K., (12 wn K. turpentine RizwE~z,rilerebin I undress (v)];/(JEI' fnnn,jil~tier turtle f,apqn,liiirk BhestZiz, shiLf2n tusks ha& (trans.) sh/2lzc2'in twelfth dun'nzai uneasiness ~znhis,f, tiish twelve du&za, dehuc2il&)z, unequalled Bfhevd, baiwasi, dehudz~dzi baihr~zi/ t~venty bzs uneven n&2, geed twice dzOZ*, dz?b27, t~nexpectedlj. /enzshRziLlct, twig ch21, ~2it zhen?shkha twitch (v) rtz2ivi%na R. i unfortunate BadBaRht, bf bakh! twins /?W< jfwzX, l%/ziL,ji?f l /z;f%ao unfriendly neir,dizh7rlin twist (v)$ichfn I unhappiness di/tenRt, hu/, Kha7f1 (caus.)pfch2ndin, also unhappy ediltenk, Bhnmfii, hi&- hiiiiigiz l the same use as for 77zny/t, finz1zl l the trans. of 'to uniform (adj.)yeksin,yeL~?;r l turn ' unjust bfdEd, bfpezn. chi~z2h 1 twisted wn/i, Zibi/i unleavened bf~znyiz two dedz2, dz727~ unpack d2 wn R., zin K. I unparalleled Bfhezd unpick (v) h(z/ hehf?z,/lr1/rhi27l,hnlI ugly nisht?,f~~,n2yi?rF?z, chrixdix, hnZ taRf2n, chi~Rfn,Rirft wn 1,ish2ndi?z urn brella snz;d&, shevzsf u nraveI (v) wtt 7.ts2nrlii~ u11- 125- untie (v) shn?,nznti~l,clZ wn R., ~ unanimous dizzu2neR, bztnl-eRf zvn R. 1 l NG .- untrue ni7,nst various ]U 7tan untruth d1.Z ~ vegetables sewzi unwell bidn71z(Zgh,knz fsi: veil chLFshllr, 7-27 wand unwillingly bidil', bilikag bikh~r~ii,~' oii~ai vein ~eg,re&, pn f unwind (v) wn res2ndilz, wn pi- velvet vznkh7~znu chnndiiz I verandah niwan, girish UP zhiiv, b&z, btrrs, hnl, I verbal berinw, bizwin,szuin< ber, be?,ozhz21- a?nini uphill hezwr*Zs, nzuriz verdure Reski, sewz i, hishtzi? upon lesef; Zazhllv, sheser,, very pul-7; said, ft7,a, gn!{n, l'ese?,rli l qaw i upper sh

NG SG NG west rz2jawii, RhCrEwE, widocver bkhin nihin width pin< fenihi, del-&h?, chnfdzek wet tnrr, shd $kin what CA< ktxtisht wife zhin l whatever chik, hnchi, he7,chi' i, wild (of animals) h?,(iiba, / biz@a wheat ga~c~~z,dekheZ 1 dZbnn, kz;fii wheel kl'zishi, cherkh, verrver, / \vilderness del-?, chd l tekar willow bf, shzl~nbt when (interr.)kcti,KeQf win (v)Bzrin I - (pos.) k6 waki, chzi, wind bn, bhn chzwakhzt, gel@ wind (v)(trans.) pZLha?zdi~c whence lakg, zhekc, Zakz?der< (intrans.)$?eh&,

ki.i~n chwznn l where ktr, hude~t,k2ni windfall b5kl'zesticr)gkns2?1z whet (v)tdah k , hrrszin window kzirkhinrt, pndn, KCZek I whetstone hnsnn, sn71zpnrn l whey ??lnst which (interl-.)kn~~, kzshin, wing kfshk wink (re1 ) ku ~\rinno~ving- l whine (V) :zkizCr K. i fork ivhillny (v)hiShZ//, s~Lz~ZYI, /(e17.Z91 l winter whip pnnzchi' winter whirlpool g-al,?&u,g-n~rifzek, ~(t 1 7. quarters whirlwind pr~nhn,b2&-(11-!; g n7.n- bnbili'sk , wire tcl hnishz Z?qnn wise ~8nE I whistling fi-tici,fCka. fihfiz,ffihi ~vish (v)w2ipz, wfsti~l, khalrki~z ~vllite .\$Z, bo2, sz)n'n - (11) I~Z~LY~~IZ,?tzuriz, tevin I whiterress S-iti..\$iati with dz'gei, lee!, rf@ \v110 hi) kG within dzfz?~,niw, tctztZcF, n2w, \vhoever kik, tri, /Ie?,knnl L'ennw LenCw, whole srrk/t lennwd2, ntrwdn 1~~11y hochn, chnrn, c/ci11z2, l 60 without hi, bn?, ghrrz7la chz 1 nni \\.itriess gnwn/zt, slinliid ~ wick pz'iifn, p iitn,$tiJ wolf gu7-g gz27, wide femh, p2u, pehz woinatl s/1i)~,piht (in the widen (v)je15h or pn11 or peh~rR. Bohtan) ~vidow hi, ahznnbi, 6mzel-d 1 (v) shiketiiz, l&ib k. 288 I

KG SG \vonderfi~l ayicb, cyiFzb yard wood d51. \,am wooden tiZrf~l i7aw11 (\ ) hC?Li?hi?/ wood-louse kr~*n~id(G-i (n)tln~/lnficz~,~tr, (r:/ii/zhh(r 1 wooi hzd~fi,khz~~?, hi~i sd, .stir (short, of sheep) kl/k (l a5t) @T, p2ri7.t - (uncarded) shzlzn (before la5t) ptrir2r 1 - (of lambs) shzLi, Liz~n' yearly sfi!2rza word gota, brgota, qsa, so:. ,Z~Y yellow :tr.r, kfsk rvol-k fib, Rnr, shlj/, shukhr~i \ es ~(zJ-T-/~bc, h, hfiri, boii , - (V) LSIZ h., S~CCa., s/zllah21i yesterday ~/?IL~(iu, dztvzi, dzthf, K., K. lh1hf71 workman kcirae~,',PIUZEL~CI., yet hL7hi, hl,~h@//l)id< 4 l rn lqirle~ tLis2n workshop dasnk, k2rkhuni I yoke 12, rzil) 1-17lo wol Id dzhyd, dzi.IL yokel ln~Ji;~ I 1rrorm kt1-nza ).0ll< z~~*trhnk,:r/,z/(i/k(~ m-ea t en ker-//takh I v011 Fzoq, zl(cF, J,?LZL~(~,~ZZL~O ,$??I2 worry (11) hish, $k~,gir2nf \.oung yiiti~~ kh /7 l,F72

worship (v)$e7-esth - (of aliilnals) rhfihukn 1 nrol th (v; (to be) hishinn youth (n)li~6ni, ().ou~lg Inan) L~hfil,ll~,~,?lzuti/ worthless 6z;'za/7,,biknm, koti'z, kh2ll.t ?lZi7~l&?Jy

worthy bzk{zil;g5biL l would that ! khuzi, k5sh zeal wound 61,211, ILL, ,zhcitz 1 zealoils - (v)6rfizdiv h., gaLZsh3.t zjgzag wrap (v)$ichn?zrii~~,hak pi- 1 $ic/z&utin zlnc ihi+zcEin,tnivef~inin, I ver imin \orat11 g5~,kin, tzzr, sfL \v1 estler pnl;zw%z wrinkle (v)qir~~zichi~z, ~I;VIIZL- chnnn'in ~rrinl

INSTITUT KURDE DE PARIS I ~mlinNO 4 6 6 1 O9