DOCSLIB.ORG

By Donnie Do Pearce a Thesis Submitted to the Faculty of The

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
By Donnie Do Pearce a Thesis Submitted to the Faculty of The Andrew Johnson and the historians Item Type text; Thesis-Reproduction (electronic) Authors Pearce, Donnie Dean, 1930- Publisher The University of Arizona. Rights Copyright © is held by the author. Digital access to this material is made possible by the University Libraries, University of Arizona. Further transmission, reproduction or presentation (such as public display or performance) of protected items is prohibited except with permission of the author. Download date 05/10/2021 14:52:51 Link to Item http://hdl.handle.net/10150/318867 ANDREW JOHNSON AND THE HISTORIANS by Donnie Do Pearce A thesis Submitted to the Faculty of the DEPARTMENT OF HISTORY : . , In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements v MASTER OF ARTS In. the Graduate Gollege . ' • DNIFERSITY OF ARIZONA 1 9 6 0 STATEMENT BY AUTHOR This thesis has been submitted in partial fulfillment of re­ quirements for an advanced degree at the University of Arizona and is deposited in the University Library to be made available to borrowers undep. rule of the Librarye ' Brief quotations from this thesis are allowable without special permissionprovided that accurate 'acknowledgment bf source is made0 Requests for permission for extended quotation from or reproduction of this manuscript in whole or in part may be granted by the head of the major department 6r the Dean of the Graduate College when in their - judgment the proposed-use of the material is in the interests of scholarship® In all other instances, however, permission must be obtained from the- author® - SIGNED: APPROVAL BY THESIS DIRECTOR This thesis has been approved on the date shown below: j ’^Y' James A® Beatson Associate Professor of History ii PREFACE On page thirty-four in their work/ The Growth of the American Republic* published in 1937* Samuel Elliot Morison and Henry Steele Commager had this to say; 11 „ „ V he, is perhaps the most maligned and misunderstood of all our Presidents, In the historical literature of the half century after the war he is represented at the best as a pug­ nacious ignoramus * at the yrorst as a drunken ruffian,F It would seem that they had-been correct in their observation* and therein lies the reason for this work. This examination of the evolution of historic opinion about President Johnson has been conducted by the use of secon­ dary source material picked at random and covering the years 186h~*1959<> No effort was made to select material that would reflect any particular point of view. The trend of favorable opinion that emerged from this examination was but the natural result of an objective use of the ma— ; terial involved® The research on this work indicated that there has existed some conflict of opinion as to the exact chronology of the events in the story of Reconstruction® This is primarily true in connection with the specific dates of legislative action and presidential messages® In cases of conflict those dates given by Charles E® Chadsey in his work* The Struggle Between President Johnson and Congress over Reconstraction* published in 1896* have been used® . As they are taken.from the ground neither gold* silver nor ' ill TABLE OF CONTENTS PAGE STATEMENT BT AUTHOR . .. « = . » . „ . > „ . „ . ; . ii PBEFACE e -d o e? e o o o 0 6 6 d e o o 0 0 0 0 o o e e? o.a o 0 IT 1 CHAPTER • To THE PROBLEM OF RECONSTRUCTIONi • RESTORATION OR REFENGE oooooeoooeoodoeooeoooe I Theories on Restoration I Lincoln's Plan $ Johnson's Plan 12 The Radical Plan ' 17 The Struggle Between Johnson and Congress, in Outline ■ - 23 Ho ANDREW JOHNSON: PORTRAIT OF INFAMY.... OPINION FROM 186L-1900 * ...... * . » . .. 000 . 35 Johnson's Attitude Prior to Becoming President 35 Unfavorable Opinion • . 38 Favorable Opinion 54. Ill,. ANDREW JOHNSON: PORTRAIT OF EVOLUTION .OPINION FROM 1901-1927 * . * . > . , . 71 Unfavorable Opinion 71 Favorable Opinion 95 . Compromise Opinion 113 Specialized Opinion 130 IV. ANDREW JOHNSON: PORTRAIT OF '1E-SVALUATION .OPHION FROM 1928-1959. a o , , . o , ... o . * . 138 Favorable Opinion 138 Compromise Opinion 182 Unfavorable Opinion 200 Specialized Opinion . 210 ■ V, CONCLUSIONS V . ... • . - . , . , . 0 0 . ..... 216 BIBLIOGRAPHY ,' . = .. .-. , . » . , * . 218 v CHAPTER I ' . THE PROBLEM OF RE,CONSTRUCTIONS RESTORATION OR REl/EME : Theories on Restoratioia ; The problem of restoring the Union had been a major topic of Gonvershtiop in the North from the beginning of the Civil War0 This problem was generally dismissed on the basis of constitutional theory and revolved around one question: What was to be the status of the Southern states in relation to the Union when the rebellion was crushed? From the standpoint of logic, based on the Northern contention that se­ cession was illegal, the general conservative .opinion was that the Southern states were still states of the Union with all the rights and ■ ■ " , . ■ ; privileges thereofo The advocates of this opinion wanted to see the restoration of the Union completed with an attitude of reconciliation# They further wanted it done without any ceremonies or conditions other than those that might be found in the Federal Constitution with reference to the admittance of states#^ This conservative attitude was based on 1 ' ; . ; ' Samuel-E# MofIson and.Henry S# Commager, The Growth of the American Republic (2d ed# revo| New York: Oxford University Press, 193?)» II, 31o Cited hereafter as Morison and Commager, American Republic# ' : 2 ■■ ': . ’ ' ; . ■ • . " " . Edward A# Pollard, The Lost Cause (New York; E# B® Treat and Company, Publishers, 1866), pa ?hh. Cited hereafter as Pollard, Lost Cause# . precious stones have the value that is later given to them by the art­ istic processes' of design and polishing and so it is with this study of Andrew Johnson, for whatever value it may have acquired I am deeply grateful to both Doctor James Ao Beatson, patient advisor and scholar, and Miss Enid Johnson, friend and author, whose suggestions and guid­ ance have served me well to the end® . ' '■ 2 definite views as to the character of the Union and the validity of the principle of secession,, It was felt that the Union was of a permanent nature and that secession was revolutionaiy, illegal, null and void5 hence, it could have no effect® . Secession was considered to be the act of seditious individuals which did hot affect the status of the Southern states The Northern conservatives believed that the duty of the Federal government was very specific in dealing with the insurgent individuals of the various Southern states® Accordingly, they felt.that the first thing to be accomplished was to quell the resistance and then proceed with the execution of. the Federal Constitution and the laws of the land® It was believed that once this had been accomplished the task was nearly completed® Since the rebellious states were still in the Union, all that remained to be done after the close of hostilities was the indictment and the legal trial of those individuals who had resisted the authority of the Federal governments^ There were, however, divergent views on the method of restoration® These opinions were centered around the different answers to the basic questions involved in the problem® First, did states exist in the in­ surrectionary districts'?® Second, what was the relation of those states, or districts to the government of the United States at the close of the rebellion? These various theories are enumerated and discussed in detail . - .. V . by William A® Dunning in his wor%c Essays on the Civil War and 3Ibido \bld® • '/" - \ . -'.: ."''::. : : % ' . '' '; ,' . : ■ ' 3 Re construetion, published in 1910, They wefe as follows;^ (I) The Southern Theory^ (2) The Presidential Theory,;(3) 'The State Suicide Theoary, (U) The Conquered Province Theory, (5) The Forfeited Rights . Theory® .; :-'t; ' ; . ' - . ■ ' : , ' The first twb were based on the premise that the states, as found in our system, were indestractable and further that once a state had renewed its allegiance to the Union, it had a definite right to its functions under the Federal Constitution, It was also assumed by the advocates of the Southern theory that the basic component parts of a state, that is, ’territory, people and government all remained unchanged by the war| that the consequences of the defeatwere to fall on indivi­ duals, not the statej that the state was merely out of its normal consti­ tutional relation with the general government; that state and Federal civil:functions were to be restored without question; and that .representa­ tives were to bp elected and sent to the Congress of the United States as . soon as possible^^ The Presidential Theory agreed with all the above and further held that at no time, during or after the war, did the Union consist of : less states than it did at the time of the first act of secession by the State of South Carolina on December 20, 1860e The presid.ential pardon was assumed to be the only instrument by which the officers of the old governments, lately in rebellion, could have their political disability removed and thus secure the right to participate in the organisation T-;" ■■ v’; t :. " • yWilliam Ao Dunning, Essays on the Civil' War and Reconstruction (3rd edh rev,; New York; The Macmillan Company, 1910), pp« 101-112«, ; Cited hereafter as Dunning, Fssayso • v" ' ^ : , . , , ■: ■ ' 6Ibido, p, 102, ' . V- ' t .: ;;;'t ^ ■ ' ; ■. ■ ; ' k of new governmentso The next two theories were based on opposite reasoning and thus were in diametric opposition to the theories mentioned.above® Senator Charles Sumner of Massachusetts was
Load more

Recommended publications
  • The Principal Actors in the Drama of Reconstruction Were President Abraham Lincoln, Radical Republicans Sen
    LINCOLN SUMNER STEVENS w JOHNSON w GRANT HAYES The principal actors in the drama of Reconstruction were President Abraham Lincoln, Radical Republicans Sen. Charles Sumner of Massa- chusetts and Rep. Thaddeus Stevens of Pennsylvania, President Andrew Johnson, and President Rutherford B. Hayes, elected in 1876. Reconstruction The Reconstruction era after the Civil War has been called "the bloody battleground of American historians1'-so fierce have been the scholarly arguments over the missed opportunities fol- lowing black emancipation, the readmission of Southern states to the Union, and other critical developments of the 1865-1877 period. The successes and failures of Reconstruction retain a special relevance to the civil rights issues of the present day. Here, three noted historians offer their interpretations: Armstead L. Robinson reviews the politics of Reconstruction; James L. Roark analyzes the postwar Southern plantation econ- omy; and James M. McPherson compares the first and second Reconstructions. THE POLITICS OF RECONSTRUCTION by Armstead L. Robinson The first Reconstruction was one of the most critical and turbulent episodes in the American experience. Few periods in the nation's history have produced greater controversy or left a greater legacy of unresolved social issues to afflict future gener- ations. The postwar period-from General Robert E. Lee's surren- der at Appomattox in April 1865 through President Rutherford B. Hayes's inauguration in March 1877-was marked by bitter partisan politics. In essence, the recurring question was how the @ 1978 by Armstead L. Robinson The Wilson QuarterlyISpring 1978 107 RECONSTRUCTION Northern states would follow up their hardwon victory in the Civil War.
    [Show full text]
  • ^Andrew Johnson and the Philadelphia Election of 1866
    ^Andrew Johnson and the Philadelphia Election of 1866 HE TRADITIONAL image of Andrew Johnson's campaign tour during the congressional elections of 1866—the "swing Taround the circle," as it was called—is one of an ill-tempered, illiterate, semi-insane, and thoroughly undignified President thrash- ing madly through the North, harassed on all sides by gangs of ruffians instigated by the Radicals. The conclusion is that Johnson failed politically because he was unable to present his ideas in a sufficiently decorous manner. But it is questionable, when all is said and done, that political success is the natural result of political dig- nity. Certainly, the utterances of Thad Stevens or, better yet, Ben Butler during this campaign were not notably dignified, and, in any case, Johnson had spoken often in the North during the war and had been well received. What this suggests is that perhaps the real clue to his failure, in Philadelphia in particular and in the North in general, lies in what he was saying rather than in any fault of delivery. The essential issue was that of the Negro. The status of the Negro (the basic issue of Reconstruction and therefore of the 1866 election) was not decided in isolation but rather within the apprehensive atmosphere of the i86o's. Thus the "swing around the circle" should be viewed in the context of the Negro question and the general anxiety of the northern voter. The stage for the congressional elections of 1866 had been set by the clash between President Johnson and Congress in the spring of that year.
    [Show full text]
  • Civil War and Reconstruction – Period 5 – APUSH
    Civil War and Reconstruction – Period 5 – APUSH Period 5 Homework Identifications: Define the terms and their significance to the current unit of study. All terms must be hand written on a separate sheet of paper. 1. Crittenden Compromise 12. New York draft riot/Copperheads 2. Fort Sumter 13. Sherman’s March to the Sea 3. Conscription/bounty jumpers 14. Appomattox Court House 4. Legal Tender Act/greenbacks 15. Carpetbagger/Scalawag 5. Radical Republicans 16. Ku Klux Klan/Nathan Bedford Forest 6. Alexander Stephens 17. Sharecropping/Tenant Farming 7. Monitor vs. Merrimac 18. “Mississippi Plan” 8. Trent Affair 19. The “redeemers” 9. Emancipation Proclamation 20. Exodusters 10. 54th Massachusetts Infantry 21. Hayes Election/Compromise of 1877 11. Act/Homestead Act 22. Freedman’s Bureau Short Essay Questions: In a few sentences answer the following questions in their entirety. All questions must be hand written on a separate sheet of paper. 1. How did the North and South attempt to bring their economic resources to bear to win the Civil War? Why was the North more successful in the end? 2. What was “cotton diplomacy” and why did it fail? 3. Based on your reading, why was Andrew Johnson impeached by members of his own party? What are some specific reasons? Why did the Senate fail to get the 2/3 required for conviction? 4. What was the Freedman’s Bureau? What were some of the jobs available? Why did Johnson veto it? What black institutions organized to assist the Freedmen? 5. Why did the Republicans abandon the South in the 1870’s? Give an example of the Supreme Court’s support for this abandonment of Reconstruction.
    [Show full text]
  • Impeachable Speech
    Emory Law Journal Volume 70 Issue 1 2020 Impeachable Speech Katherine Shaw Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarlycommons.law.emory.edu/elj Recommended Citation Katherine Shaw, Impeachable Speech, 70 Emory L. J. 1 (2020). Available at: https://scholarlycommons.law.emory.edu/elj/vol70/iss1/1 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Journals at Emory Law Scholarly Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Emory Law Journal by an authorized editor of Emory Law Scholarly Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. SHAWPROOFS_9.30.20 9/30/2020 11:50 AM IMPEACHABLE SPEECH Katherine Shaw* ABSTRACT Rhetoric is both an important source of presidential power and a key tool of presidential governance. For at least a century, the bully pulpit has amplified presidential power and authority, with significant consequences for the separation of powers and the constitutional order more broadly. Although the power of presidential rhetoric is a familiar feature of the contemporary legal and political landscape, far less understood are the constraints upon presidential rhetoric that exist within our system. Impeachment, of course, is one of the most important constitutional constraints on the president. And so, in the wake of the fourth major presidential impeachment effort in our history, it is worth pausing to examine the relationship between presidential rhetoric and Congress’s power of impeachment. Although presidential rhetoric was largely sidelined in the 2019–2020 impeachment of President Donald Trump, presidential speech actually played a significant role in every other major presidential impeachment effort in our history.
    [Show full text]
  • Andrew Johnson and the Patronage
    University of Tennessee, Knoxville TRACE: Tennessee Research and Creative Exchange Doctoral Dissertations Graduate School 12-1968 Andrew Johnson and the Patronage James Lewis Baumgardner Follow this and additional works at: https://trace.tennessee.edu/utk_graddiss Part of the American Politics Commons, Political History Commons, and the United States History Commons Recommended Citation Baumgardner, James Lewis, "Andrew Johnson and the Patronage. " PhD diss., University of Tennessee, 1968. https://trace.tennessee.edu/utk_graddiss/1874 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at TRACE: Tennessee Research and Creative Exchange. It has been accepted for inclusion in Doctoral Dissertations by an authorized administrator of TRACE: Tennessee Research and Creative Exchange. For more information, please contact [email protected]. To the Graduate Council: I am submitting herewith a dissertation written by James Lewis Baumgardner entitled "Andrew Johnson and the Patronage." I have examined the final electronic copy of this dissertation for form and content and recommend that it be accepted in partial fulfillment of the equirr ements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy, with a major in History. LeRoy Graf, Major Professor We have read this dissertation and recommend its acceptance: John Muldowney, D. H. Carlisle, Harold S. Fink, Richard C. Marins Accepted for the Council: Carolyn R. Hodges Vice Provost and Dean of the Graduate School (Original signatures are on file with official studentecor r ds.) November 22, 1968 To the Graduate Council: I am submitting herewith a dissertation written by James Lewi s Baumgardner entitled "Andrew Johnson and the Patronage . " I recommend that it be accepted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy, with a maj or in History.
    [Show full text]
  • SAILORS' CONVENTION, SEPTEMBER 25-26, 1866 Charles D
    THE PITTSBURGH SOLDIERS' AND SAILORS' CONVENTION, SEPTEMBER 25-26, 1866 Charles D. Cashdollar city of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, played an important role in the struggle over reconstruction following the Civil War. TheDuring the late summer of 1866, President Andrew Johnson, in an attempt to present his policies personally to the people, toured the Northern states. During this "swing around the circle," Johnson re- peatedly allowed himself to be drawn into impromptu exchanges with the extremist elements of his audience. When Johnson visited Pitts- burgh on September 13, 1866, on his Northern tour, the mayor of the city refused to see him and an ill-mannered, jeering crowd refused to allow him to speak. 1 This visit to Pittsburgh was, as was the rest of Johnson's tour, extremely damaging to his cause. Even more injurious to the President's efforts, however, was the Soldiers' and Sailors' Con-i*^ vention held in Pittsburgh on September 25 and 26, 1866. /This convention was national in scope. Delegates arrived from as far away as California and Nevada. 2 To James G. Blaine, it was the most influential of the four political conventions held that year and it "... did more to popularize the Fourteenth Amendment as a political issue than any instrumentality of the year." 3 As such, it was extremely important in focusing the power struggle between President Johnson and the Radical Republicans in Congress, r- The power struggle between Johnson and Congress began during the summer of 1865. Immediately upon his ascension to the Presidency, Johnson continued the reorganization of the Southern states which President Lincoln had begun.
    [Show full text]
  • CHAPTER 22 the Ordeal of Reconstruction, 1865–1877
    CHAPTER 22 The Ordeal of Reconstruction, 1865–1877 PART I: REVIEWING THE CHAPTER A. Checklist of Learning Objectives After mastering this chapter, you should be able to: 1. Define the major problems facing the nation and the South after the Civil War. 2. Describe the responses of both whites and African Americans to the end of slavery. 3. Analyze the differences between the presidential and congressional approaches to Reconstruction. 4. Explain how the blunders of President Johnson and the resistance of the white South opened the door to the Republicans’ radical Reconstruction. 5. Describe the intentions and the actual effects of radical Reconstruction in the South. 6. Indicate how militant southern white opposition and growing northern weariness with military Reconstruction gradually undermined Republican attempt to empower Southern blacks. 7. Explain why the radical Republicans impeached Johnson but failed to convict him. 8. Explain the legacy of Reconstruction, and assess its successes and failures. PART II: CHECKING YOUR PROGRESS A. True-False Where the statement is true, circle T; where it is false, circle F. 1. T F Most of the aristocratic southern plantation owners lost their wealth during the Civil War. 2. T F Most white southerners recognized that secession had been a mistake and welcomed returning to the United States as American citizens. 3. T F Many newly emancipated slaves undertook travel to demonstrate their freedom or to seek separated loved ones. 4. T F The focus of black community life after emancipation became the black church. 5. T F The newly established Freedmen’s Bureau proved effective as a social agency providing economic opportunity as well as food, clothing, and medical care to emancipated blacks.
    [Show full text]
  • Executive Power and Republicanism: the Battle to Define Ulysses S
    Executive Power and Republicanism: The Battle to Define Ulysses S. Grant’s Presidency 1868-1880 Annabelle Frances Grenville-Mathers Submitted for the fulfilment of the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy Department of History March 2015 1 2 Thesis Summary This thesis situates the presidency of Ulysses S. Grant (1869-1877) and the attempts to provide him with a third term in the republican political culture of Reconstruction. Exploring the period through the lens of the press, pamphlets, and archival material, it shows how republican ideas – especially hostility to partisan politics and fear of concentrated power – in the era had the capacity to both augment and detract from the president’s ability to secure the post-war settlement. Early interpretations of Grant’s presidency, written by scholars often hostile to Reconstruction, accused him of overzealous support for African-American civil rights. In contrast, revisionists blamed Reconstruction’s failure in part on Grant’s weak administration. However, when viewed through the prism of the republican political culture of the era, it is possible to see how Grant’s presidency could be simultaneously strong and weak. Republicanism enabled the portrayal of Grant as both a model republican and a tyrant- in-waiting. This thesis argues that the very qualities which made him a strong president – his antipartisanship, self-sacrifice, and honour – gave Grant the independence and support which many feared would be the undoing of the republic. Republicanism had the power to define the parameters of the possible during Reconstruction. With the federal government in tumult and the boundaries of presidential power undefined, Americans’ fears over the safety of their liberties helped shape what could be achieved during Reconstruction.
    [Show full text]
  • Andrew Johnson's Historiographical Rise and Fall
    University of Montana ScholarWorks at University of Montana Graduate Student Theses, Dissertations, & Professional Papers Graduate School 1986 Reputation and history| Andrew Johnson's historiographical rise and fall Mary Ruth Lenihan The University of Montana Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.umt.edu/etd Let us know how access to this document benefits ou.y Recommended Citation Lenihan, Mary Ruth, "Reputation and history| Andrew Johnson's historiographical rise and fall" (1986). Graduate Student Theses, Dissertations, & Professional Papers. 3408. https://scholarworks.umt.edu/etd/3408 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at ScholarWorks at University of Montana. It has been accepted for inclusion in Graduate Student Theses, Dissertations, & Professional Papers by an authorized administrator of ScholarWorks at University of Montana. For more information, please contact [email protected]. COPYRIGHT ACT OF 1976 THIS IS AN UNPUBLISHED MANUSCRIPT IN WHICH COPYRIGHT SUB­ SISTS. ANY FURTHER REPRINTING OF ITS CONTENTS MUST BE APPROVED BY THE AUTHOR, MANSFIELD LIBRARY UNIVERSITY OF MONTANA DATE : 19 8 REPUTATION AND HISTORY: ANDREW JOHNSON'S HISTORIOGRAPHICAL RISE AND FALL By Mary Ruth Logan Lenihan B.A., Saint Olaf College, 1971 Presented in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts University of Montana 1986 Approved by ^ s. Chairman Board of Examiners lean, Graduate i>ch5o UMI Number: EP36186 All rights reserved INFORMATION TO ALL USERS The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. In the unlikely event that the author did not send a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted.
    [Show full text]
  • CHAPTER 16 Reconstruction and the South
    CHAPTER 16 Reconstruction and the South ANTICIPATION/REACTION Directions: Before you begin reading this chapter, in the column entitled “Anticipation” place a check mark beside any of the following seven statements with which you now agree. When you have completed your study of this chapter, come back to this section and in the column entitled “Reaction” place a check mark beside any of the statements with which you then agree. Note any variation in the placement of check marks from anticipation to reaction and explain why you changed your mind. Anticipation Reaction 1. _____ The Union armies that invaded the Confederacy _____ 1. treated the southern population with needless cruelty. 2. _____ The Thirteenth Amendment that freed the slaves also _____ 2. increased the representation of southern states in Congress. 3. _____ The northerners who imposed tough readmission _____ 3. requirements on southern states believed in racial equality, and southerners did not. 4. _____ The Fourteenth Amendment outlawed racial segrega- _____ 4. tion and prevented southern states from denying African Americans the right to vote. 5. _____ By their own stubborn behavior, southerners brought _____ 5. a more severe reconstruction on themselves. 6. _____ African Americans controlled the reconstruction governments Congress set up to govern the former _____ 6. Confederate states. 7. _____ The fact that black free labor was less productive than slave labor proved that African Americans _____ 7. could not be trusted to work independently of white supervision. LEARNING OBJECTIVES After reading Chapter 16 you should be able to: 1. Compare and contrast the provisions of both Presidential and Congressional Reconstruction plans.
    [Show full text]
  • A. Identification Supply the Correct Identification for Each Numbered Description
    Name: _________________________ Chapter 22 Reading Check A. Identification Supply the correct identification for each numbered description. 1. __________ Federal agency that greatly assisted blacks educationally but failed in other aid efforts 2. __________ The two largest African American denominations (church bodies) by the end of __________ Reconstruction 3. __________ Lincoln’s 1863 program for a rapid Reconstruction of the South 4. __________ The congressional bill of 1864 requiring 50 percent of a state’s voters to take an oath of allegiance before rejoining Union; vetoed by Lincoln 5. __________ The harsh Southern state laws of 1865 that limited black rights and imposed harsh restrictions to ensure a stable black labor supply 6. __________ The constitutional amendment granting civil rights to freed slaves and barring former Confederates from office 7. __________ Law of March 1867 that imposed military rule on the South and disenfranchised former thousands of former Confederates 8. __________ Laudatory term for white southerners who worked to overthrow Reconstruction and establish Home Rule regimes in the southern states 9. __________ The black political organization that promoted self-help and defense of political rights during Reconstruction 10. __________ Supreme Court ruling that military tribunals could not try civilians when the civil courts were open 11. __________ Derogatory term for white Southerners who cooperated with the Republican Reconstruction governments 12. __________ Derogatory term for Northerners who came to the South during Reconstruction and sometimes took part in Republican state governments 13. __________ Constitutional amendment guaranteeing blacks the right to vote 14. __________ White supremacist organization that created a reign of terror against blacks until it was largely suppressed by federal troops B.
    [Show full text]
  • The Double Dog Impeachment Dare Impeachment Is the Casu Marzu of Legislating Morality by BRIAN A
    V25, N7 Thursday, Sept. 19, 2019 The double dog impeachment dare Impeachment is the casu marzu of legislating morality By BRIAN A. HOWEY INDIANAPOLIS – If the act of legislating is considered “sausage making,” a reference to the often disgusting casing of meat into intestinal links, then the process of impeaching an Ameri- can president is more like casu marzu (maggot cheese), Filipino century eggs or Kopi luwak. Impeach- ment is an American tragedy with messy, unsatisfactory outcomes and In some cases, civic emotions can run to the an array of unintended consequenc- extreme, with Indianapolis rioting and a Hoosier killed in es. Presidential defenders like Indiana U.S. Rep. David an 1868 street gunfight when President Andrew Johnson Dennis in 1974 can find themselves betrayed by President attempted to defend himself and assail his congressional Nixon. Fierce loyalists like U.S. Rep. Earl Landgrebe and rivals on his disastrous “swing around the circle” tour. In four of his colleagues would go down to defeat that year. Continued on page 3 Our historic CD maps By TREVOR FOUGHTY INDIANAPOLIS – A large part of the appeal of Guinness World Records is the obscurity of the records they track. Indeed, obscurity has always been the point: Ireland’s most famous brewery began publishing the book “We are blessed that there were in 1955 as a way to help settle arcane pub bets. no Americans killed in this at- I may not be very useful tack, but anytime you have an act if you’re interesting in knowing where the largest collection of of war of this nature, there’s a Batman memorabilia is located, risk that could happen.
    [Show full text]