Chapter 15: Reconstruction (1865-1877)

Lincoln’s 2nd Inaugural Address “Ten Percent” Plan Wade-Davis Bill

13th, 14th , 15th Amendments Andrew Johnson Black Codes

Freedmen’s Bureau “Radical” Republicans Thaddeus Stevens

Impeachment of Andrew Johnson National Woman Suffrage Association Ulysses S. Grant

Scalawags & Carpetbaggers Sharecropping Southern Republican Party

Southern “Redeemers” Ku Klux Klan (“Force”) Act Compromise of 1877 & “Home Rule

Chapters 14 & 15 Multiple Choice Reading Assessment – Monday 12/2

Crash Course US History Episode #22 on Reconstruction (12 minutes)

A Biography of America – Reconstruction (25 Minutes) Reconstruction (1865 – 1877) - Chapter 15 Chapter 15 Homework Historiography of Reconstruction Due Thursday 11/21 The 1915 film The Birth of a Nation depicts KKK as heroes and blacks We will be exploring two questions in class on as villains of period after the Civil War called “Reconstruction” while Thursday 11/21 in “Socratic Seminar” style a 2016 film of the same name depicts Nat Turner as a hero when he discussions . For your assigned question, leads an uprising of enslaved people who kill dozens of whites. prepare “Talking Points” notes. The notes should summarize arguments & specific Historical interpretations of Reconstruction changed drastically people, events and ideas related to following 1960’s Civil Rights era. Reconstruction and relevant to the question. Historiography is constantly changing and how history is told often Read Chapter 15, see slides and watch videos reveals more about the time it was told as about the past to prepare your notes.

Look through slides, watch videos, read chapter 15 and 1) What were the goals of the consider the questions in RED and be ready to ask questions “Radical Republicans” and of in class that come up for you. the goals of the freed people during Reconstruction? How were the goals similar, how did these goals differ, and what were the results?

2) Who is most to blame for the failures of Reconstruction? To what extent were its failure the results of events in the South, in the North or in Washington , D.C.? Problems facing the Federal Government at end of the Civil War

Economic Challenges Who will rebuild the devastated of infrastructure & help with economics loss of capital in the South? Political Challenges

How will Southern states be re-admitted into the union and what will their political status be? Wade-Davis Bill Social Challenges: What will happen to the Freedmen? What will their status be in post war society and who will assist with the transition from slavery to freedom? Lincoln disagrees with the majority in Congress at the end of the Civil War on these economic, political & social challenges • “Radical Republicans” in Congress see the South as Conquered Provinces who committed “Political Suicide” by leaving the Union and deserve little aid or sympathy

• Lincoln sees the Confederate states as Runaway Sisters who never left the Union and deserve help. Strongly wants to end slavery but is unclear publically (for political reasons) on what status of African-Americans will be until after Election of 1864.

Debate begins in early 1864 on if a “lenient” or “strict” post-war policy for the readmission of the Southern States is preferable

• Lincoln proposes lenient 10% Plan to readmit Southern States the Ten-Percent Plan, which specified that a southern state could be readmitted into the Union once 10 percent of its voters (from the voter rolls for the election of 1860) swore an oath of allegiance to the Union.

• Radical Republicans propose a stricter 50% Plan (aka -Wade-Davis Bill) A more stringent plan was proposed by Senator Benjamin Wade and Representative Henry Davis in February 1864. The Wade-Davis Bill required that 50 percent of a state's white males take a loyalty oath to be readmitted to the Union. In addition, states were required to give blacks the right to vote.

• Lincoln “pocket vetoes” the Wade-Davis Bill in 1864 and works to get Congress to pass the 13th Amendment leaving issue of how to re-admit Confederate States until after re-election

Why is Lincoln uniquely able to address the challenges of Reconstruction? • Following Nov. 1864 election, the war finally ends and the 13th amendment is approved by Congress, but Lincoln is assassinated (April, 1865) • Andrew Johnson, a Tennessee Democrat picked for VP as a sign of unity with the South, only served 2 weeks as Vice President before the death of Lincoln

• The new President Johnson quickly deepens conflict with Congressional “Radical Republicans” who are led by Thaddeus Stevens of Pennsylvania Andrew Johnson Thaddeus Stevens Cartoon illustrating conflict over Reconstruction policy between Andrew Johnson (President) & Thaddeus Stevens (Congress)

Why is there such an immediate and harsh political conflict over Reconstruction policy after the assassination of Lincoln? • Black Codes (see examples below) were enacted by most Southern states immediately after the 13th Amendment with the intent to continue white supremacy…President Johnson approves

• Johnson also pardons many former Confederate leaders and allows them to represent Southern states in Congress • Radical Republicans in Congress become incensed and wonder if North really won the war

Why are “Black Codes” so controversial? So-called “Radicals” push for the creation of Freedman’s Bureau, a federal agency to assist former slaves…generally successful in area of education and some social small scale financial assistance but had some shortcoming…

Shortcomings of Freedman’s Bureau: “40 Acres & a Mule” promised by federal government & later taken away Why is the Freedmen's Bureau Controversial? Lack of funding & corruption hurt efforts of the Freedmen's Bureau Political Conflicts & Southern Resentment Grow • Radicals in Congress override Johnson’s Veto of Civil Rights Bill & Freedmen's Bureau in early 1866

• Republicans propose the 14th Amendment that would ensure “equal protection under the law” to all citizens as a condition for Southern states to re-join union

What is the meaning of the cartoon? Some criticize the Freeman’s Bureau and support President Johnson’s veto

Which political party published this poster before the 1866 Congressional elections? President Johnson’s “Swing Around the Circle Speech Tour” meant to convince states not to ratify 14th Amendment and to support Northern Democrats in Congressional Election of 1866 seals Johnson’s Political Fate…why? Military/Radical/Black Reconstruction •After 1866 Congressional elections, Radical Republicans have a “super majority” and take control of reconstruction process by overriding Johnson's vetoes

•Reconstruction Act of 1867 is passed over Johnsons veto and authorizes extended military force in the South and requiring Southern states to accept 14th Amendment as well as grant suffrage to Freedmen as condition for readmission to union.

•Army stays in some states for up to 9 years following readmission to enforce new black civil rights. Republicans dominate South temporarily

Why is “Military Reconstruction” so controversial in the South? The firing of Sect. of War Edwin Stanton by President Johnson violates the Tenure of Office Act in August, 1867 and triggers House impeachment of Johnson for political (not criminal) reasons.

Not enough of Senate votes to remove Johnson from office, but Johnson loses all political influence & Radical Republicans take full control of Congress & Reconstruction polices

Why is Johnson’s impeachment the beginning of “Congressional Reconstruction”? Former Union General Ulysses S. Grant turned Republican politician elected President in 1868 & reelected in 1872 despite his political inexperience & widespread corruption of people he hires Why is Grant elected & re-elected? Republicans use “Waving the Bloody Shirt” (blaming deaths of Civil War on Democrats) to appeal to Northern resentment of the South (and Democrats) & Passage of the 15th Amendment allows Republicans to gain votes from formerly enslaved black men During the is period, Republican Party backed by Union League, Carpetbaggers & Scalawags largely control Southern politics and some blacks are elected to state & federal offices. Why does this greatly angers white Southern Democrats? Economic Impacts of Reconstruction on Freedmen • Goals of former slaves and those of northern white Republicans begin to differ – land ownership (freedmen's goal) vs. stable wage laborers (white Republicans goal)

• Gradually, slave labor mainly replaced by Sharecropping (paying rent for farm land with a predetermined share of crops harvested). This gave freedmen more autonomy, but also results in cycle of debt for most sharecroppers.

• With no federal financial aid or land redistribution after the end of Freedmen's Bureau in 1870, the economic opportunities of former slaves severely limited for generations What is the social & economic significance of the maps? Ku Klux Klan and other similar paramilitary vigilante groups established by Southern Democrats for “Self Protection” aim to restore the South back to its “traditional” way of life and “liberate” the South from what they viewed as Northern/Republican “occupation”

Why do members of the KKK call themselves Redeemers who want “Home Rule”?

• Anti-Klan Enforcement Acts (‘70 & ’71) were not effective “Revolutionary” accomplishments of Reconstruction: Constitutional changes for African-Americans are short lived and only on paper for most for the next 100 years.

13th Amendment (1865) Ends slavery 14th Amendment (1866) Establishes black citizenship & “equal protection under the law” 15th Amendment (1870) Suffrage for all men

Why are these amendments viewed by some historians as the greatest accomplishments of Reconstruction and by others as the great shortcoming of the era? “Compromise of 1877” Ends Reconstruction

A political deal following the close & disputed presidential election of 1876.

Results: Congress chooses Republican Rutherford B. Hayes to become President

Last Federal troops pulled from three Southern states.

End of Federal support for Southern blacks

Northern Republicans get presidency

Southern Democrats get “Home Rule”

Blacks get 100 years of government approved segregation & 2nd class citizenship

The cartoon shows Republican President Hayes walking down a path embracing the “Solid South” (Democrats) while the Congressional dealmaker of the Compromise of 1877 looks on.

What point of view does this cartoon have about the end of Reconstruction? So…was Reconstruction a Success or a Failure? The answer to this question has been an evolving debate for historians and the subject of very interesting historiography GUIDELINES FOR SOCRATIC SEMINAR PARTICIPANTS Your goal is to better understand the people, events and ideas in what you have read.

1. Refer to your “Talking Points” Notes when needed. A seminar is not a test of memory. 2.If you are confused; ask for clarification. 3. Stick to the focus question. 4. Don’t raise hands; take turns speaking. 5. Listen carefully and speak up so that all can hear you. 6. Talk to each other, not just to the teacher. 7. Discuss ideas and evidence rather than each other’s opinions. It is fine to repeat or revisit topics already discussed.

1) What were the goals of the “Radical Republicans” and of the goals of the freed people during Reconstruction? How were the goals similar, how did these goals differ, and what were the results? GUIDELINES FOR SOCRATIC SEMINAR PARTICIPANTS Your goal is to better understand the people, events and ideas in what you have read.

2) Who is most to blame for the failures of Reconstruction? To what extent were its failure the results of events in the South, in the North or in Washington , D.C.?