PRECISION GUIDED PROJECTILES: ANALYSIS Ilitară

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\ ȘTIINȚA MILITARĂ ȘI INTERDISCIPLINARITATEA R evista reduces collateral damage in terms both of in combat. need sential Precision delivery precisionhigher munitions an es delivery There are effectiveness issues thatmake of firecanbe directed ontotargets. chosen long-term combat situations, abig quantity [34].In onpends large-scale towed artillery tile, deoperare, interval calibrul, platformele delansare șiprecizia aproiectilelor lovirii țintelor. tate datele generale alePGP-urilor. Au fost analizate tehnologiile deghidare utilizate înproiec Rusia,Coreeaor PGP)produse Iran, înChina,Germania, deSud, SuediașiSUA. Sunt prezen 1 mortared systems has utility increased the projectiles.of guid The increased accuracy as times accurateseven as unguided mortar than ten meters, making morethem than have acircular error probable (CEP) of less potentialthe for collateral damage. They round hit probability, and greatly reduce precisionthe targeting and increased first- line of sight. Guided mortar systems allow engage targets that may not within their be support weapons that allow operatorsthe to smooth-bore, muzzle-loading, indirect fire vehicles, and structures. They are normally for against use personnel, light armored Mortars typically fire intendedprojectiles reduced ammunition consumption [35]. to provide and increased firing accuracy curate rounds, on placed target. target by of use number the asmall of ac and efficient debilitation the of intended structures and loss of life, providing timely

Veaceslav PERJU, Doctor habilitate, Armed Forces Military Academy, Republic of Moldova Guided mortar systems are intended currentThe battlefield deployment de Cuvinte-cheie: sunt analizate deprecizie deproiectile 13tipuri înaltă(precision articol guidedprojectile În INTRODUCTION

M PRECISION GUIDED PROJECTILES: ANALYSIS ilitară .

S ghidare, deoperare, interval lovire, platforma delansare, precizie, proiectil, țintă. tudii

de PROIECTILE DEPRICIZIEÎNALTĂ:PROIECTILE ANALIZĂ

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apărare - - - - of mortar the as weapon the to destroy the types of PGPstypes the [1-38]produced inChina (PGPs). For analysis there are 19 selected data of precisionthe projectiles guided presented 6. section inthe Thedata regarding precision of PGPs are regarding launching platforms of PGPs. In 5it is section presented information the PGPs are caliber presented 4. section in the operational range. Thedata regardingthe 4 categories, on analysis the based of their tion 3it was proposed to divide PGPs in number of inone GT used PGP. In sec ance technologies inPGPs (GT)used and In 2there guid the are section described platform launch, destination and precision. ance technologies, range of activity, caliber, PGPs are characterized by different guid den and USA.Thedata showsthat the Germany, Iran, Russia, South Korea, Swe projectiles (PGPs) produced inChina, sented of precision 13types the guided are aroundthey now world. the in service increasinglythem popular weapons and tages of mortar guided systems have made stationary and moving targets. The advan ON GUIDED PROJECTILES In there are section this presented the 1. GENERAL DATA OF THE PRECISI In 1of articlethere the section are pre Veaceslav PERJU ------1 ,

Revista Militară. nr. 2 (22) / 2019

Germany, Iran, Russia, South Korea, Sweden racterized by different guidance techno- and USA (Table 1). The data regarding PGPs logies, range of activity, caliber, platform are presented in the Table A1 (Annex 1). launch, destination and precision of the The analysis shows that the PGPs are cha- target hitting.

Table 1. PGP’s by countries and types Country Types/References China GP1/6 [1, 10, 11, 12]; GP120 [1, 13]; GP140 [1, 14, 15] Germany SMArt 155 [7, 16, 17, 37] Iran Basir[7, 18, 33, 35] Kitolov-2M[7, 19, 20]; KM-8 Gran[3, 7, 21, 22]; Russia Krasnopol 30 F39 [2, 7, 23, 24] South Korea KSTAM[4, 7, 25, 35] Sweden M/94 STRIX [6, 7, 26, 36] M712 Copperhead [8, 27, 28]; M982 Excalibur [7, 9, 29, 30]; USA MGM-51 Shillelagh CLGP [5, 7, 31, 32]

2. THE GUIDANCE TECHNOLOGIES Inertial technologies – on every of 1 PGP USED IN PGPs (6,25%). Number of Guidance Technolo- In the Table 2 are described the guid- gies (GT) used in one PGS vary from 1 ance technologies used in PGPs which to 2. In 10 PGPs (77%) is using 1 GT and shows, that most frequently are used the in 3 PGSs (23%) - are using 2 GT, namely: Laser technologies – in 8 PGPs (50%), fol- Radar and Termal/Infrared GT – in PGPs low by the Thermal/Infrared technologies – KSTAM, SMArt 155, and Satellite and In- in 4 PGPs (25%). Radar technologies are ertial GT – in PGP M982 Excalibur. used in 2 PGPs (12,5%) and Satellite and

Table 2. Guidance technologies used in PGPs

Guidance PGP’ nr in PGPs PGP’ kind technology Table A1 Nr % Basir, GP1/6, GP120, GP140, Kitolov-2M, Laser 1,2,3,4,5,6,7,10 8 50 KM-8 Gran, Krasnopol 30F39, M712 Copperhead, Thermal/ KSTAM, M/94 STRIX, MGM-51 8,9,12,13 4 25 Infrared ShillelaghCLGP, SMArt 155 Radar 8,13 2 12,5 KSTAM, SMArt 155

Satellite 11 1 6,25 M982 Excalibur ȘI INTERDISCIPLINARITATEA ȘTIINȚA MILITARĂ \ Inertial 11 1 6,25 M982 Excalibur Total 16 100 121 122

\ ȘTIINȚA MILITARĂ ȘI INTERDISCIPLINARITATEA R evista or to -5PGPs equal 10km) (or 38,5%); 15,5%); Range 2(more than and 1km less Range 1(less or -2PGPs 1km) equal (or divided in can4 categories be (Table 3). (Table 5)shows that 4PGPs (or 50%)are presented Table inthe show 4which that 7 Range 5:more than 30km and less or to equal 30km Range 4:more than 20km and less or to equal 20km Range 3:more than 10km and less or to equal 10km Range 2:more than 1km Range 1:less or 1km equal PGSs total PGP’ caliber 120/122mm 152/155mm PGPs total Thedata regardinglaunching platforms 5. PGP Thedata regardingthe PGPs arecaliber 4. PGP on operational the Based range, PGPs the 3. OPERATIONAL RANGE OF PGP

Operational Range Operational M ilitară s s LAUNCHING PLATFORMS CALIBER .

S tudii 1,2,7,10,11,12,13 PGP’ nrin 3,4,5,6, 8,9 Table A1

securitate 11 7,13 1,2,10 3,4,8,9,12 5,6 PGP’ nrin Table A1

și PGPs total

Nr 13 apărare 6 7 s 13 1 2 3 5 2 Nr

PGPs total 100 46 54 % 30km) –1PGP(or30km) 7,6%). PGPs (or 15,4%)and Range 5(more than than and 20km less or to equal - 3 30km) to -3PGPs 20km) (or 23%);Range 4(more Range 3(more than and 10km less or equal by tanks. launched by cannons and 4 PGPs (50%) – liber. and 6PGSs(or 46%)are of 120/122mmca PGPs (or 54%) are of 152/155mm caliber 100 7,6 15,4 23 38,5 15,5 % Basir, pol-30F39, pol-30F39, M982 Excalibur Krasnopol30F39, SMArt 155 Basir, MGM-51 Shillelagh GP120, GP140, Kitolov-2M, KM-8Gran Excalibur, GP120, GP140, Gran, KSTAM, GP1/6, Krasnopol-2K25, GP1/6, M712Copperhead Table 3. MGM-51 Shillelagh M712 Copperhead, M982- PGP’ kind PGP’ kind KSTAM, Kitolov-2M, KM-8 PGPs operation range Table 4. M/94 STRIX M/94 STRIX, PGPs caliber Krasno CLGP

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Table 5. PGPs launched platforms PGPs total Launched PGP’ nr in PGP’ kind Platform Table A1 Nr % Krasnopol-2K25, Krasnopol-30F39, Cannon 7,8,11,13 4 50 M712 Copperhead, Mark71-CLGP Kitolov-2M, KM-8 Gran, KSTAM, Tank 5,6,9,14 4 50 MGM-51 Shillelagh CLGP PGPs total 8 100

6. PRECISION OF THE TARGET probability up to 90% is ensured by laser HITTING guidance systems. The highest hit probability of 99% is ensured by guidance system The data presented in the Table A1 based on the Infrared sensor and millime- shows that the precision of PGPs is evaluat- ter wave radar. The PGPs GP120 and M982 ed in two modes – via target hit probability Excalibur ensure the Circular error prob- THP and circular error probable CEP [39]. able CEP of 5meters which can be con- Hit probability of 4 PGPs (Kitolov-2M, sidered as a very good precision of target KM-8 Gran, Krasnopol30F39, M712 Cop- hitting. The precision of target hitting of all perhead) is of 75-80%, of 1 PGP (GP1/6) – PGPs don’t depend from the distance until 90% and of 1 PGP (SMArt 155) – 99%. Hit target.

CONCLUSION to 10km (38,5%of PGPs); Range 3 - more than 10km and less or equal to 20km The analysis shows that the Precision (23%of PGPs); Range 4 - more than 20km Guided Projectiles are characterized by different guidance technologies, range of activ- and less or equal to 30km (15,4%of PGPs) ity, caliber, platform launch and destination. and Range 5 - more than 30km (7,6% of In the PGPs most frequently are used the PGPs). Laser technologies – in 50% of PGPs, follow The data regarding the PGPs caliber by the Thermal/Infrared technologies – in show that 54%of PGPs are of 152/155mm 25%of PGPs. Radar technologies are used caliber and 46%of PGPs are of 120/122mm in12,5%of PGPs and Satellite and Inertial caliber. technologies – in 6,25%of PGPs every. The data regarding launching platforms Number of Guidance Technologies shows that 50%of PGPs are launched by (GT) used in one PGS vary from 1 to 2. cannons and 50% of PGPs – by tanks. In 7%of PGPs is using 1 GT and in 23%of The hit probability of 4 PGPs Kito( - PGPs - are using 2 GT, namely: Radar and lov-2M, KM-8 Gran, Krasnopol30F39, Termal/Infrared GT – in PGPs KSTAM, M712 Copperhead) is of 75-80%, of 1 PGP SMArt 155, and Satellite and Inertial GT – (GP1/6) – 90% and of 1 PGP (SMArt 155) – in PGP M982Excalibur. 99%. Hit probability up to 90% is ensured

Based on the operational range, the by laser guidance systems. The highest ȘI INTERDISCIPLINARITATEA ȘTIINȚA MILITARĂ PGPs can be divided in 4 categories. Range hit probability of 99% is ensured by guid- \ 1 - less or equal 1km (15,5%of PGPs); ance system based on the Infrared sen- 123 Range 2 - more than 1km and less or equal sor and millimeter wave radar. 124

\ ȘTIINȚA MILITARĂ ȘI INTERDISCIPLINARITATEA R evista gp1-series-guided-artillery-projectiles-in-libya/ ages/assets/423/ 54423/precision-guided_ munitions_ for_field_ artillery.pdf raska. de/research/PGM_ History_M_ 2012.pdf. Raska_ chive/hpw/High_Precision_Wepons_1_2017.pdf 2017-03/27/content_ 7540752.htm 5 meters considered can which be as avery ensure circular the error probable CEPof 9001.aspx. DP1mXWo6uco/wiki/ M712_ Copperhead.html. es/guided-weapon-systems/ km-8/ ed-weapon-systems/km-3/ _projectile.guided guided_projectile. view/2017-03/27/content_ 7540752.htm. guided_projectile. 29. M982Excalibur. http://www.deagel. com/Defensive-Weapons/M982-Excalibur_a00115 28. M712Copperhead. https://ipfs.io/ipfs/ QmXoypizjW3WknFiJnKL wHCnL72 vedxjQkD 27. M712Copperhead. https://en.wikipedia.org/ wiki/M712_Copperhead. 26. Pansarsprängvinggranat m/94STRIX. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strix_ mortar_round. 25. KSTAM.https://www.revolvy.com/page/KSTAM. 24. Krasnopol weapon. https://military. org. uk/wiki/Krasnopol_(Weapon). 23. Krasnopol weapon system. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ Krasnopol_(weapon_system). 22. The "Gran" guided weapon system for 120mm mortars. http://roe.ru/eng/catalog/land-forc 21. KM-8Gran. https://www.revolvy. com/page/KM% 252D8-Gran. 20. 122mm"Kitolov-2M" weapon guided system. http://roe.ru/eng/ catalog/land-forces/guid 19. Kitolov-2M. https://en.wikipedia. org/ wiki/Kitolov-2M. 18. Cannon-launched projectile. guided https://en.wikipedia.org/ wiki/Cannon-launched_ 17. 155mmSMArt.https://www.gd-ots.com/ munitions/artillery/155mm-smart/. 16. SMArt 155.https://en.wikipedia.org/ wiki/SMArt_155. 15. Precision-guided munition. https://www. wikiwand.com/en/Precision-guided_munition. 14. Cannon-launched projectile. guided https://en.wikipedia. org/wiki/ Cannon-launched_ 13. Enhanced capability for WMA029mortar system. http://english.chinamil.com.cn/ 12. Cannon-launched projectiles. guided https://en.wikipedia.org/ wiki/Cannon-launched_ projectiles. https://armamentresearch. artillery guided GP1series 11. Chinese com/chinese- 10. Smart ammo: precision-guided munitions for field artillery. https://www.janes.com/ im Excalibur9. The M982 .https://en. Excalibur org/wikipedia. wiki/M982_ 8. RASKA, Michael. DevelopmentThe of Precision Guided Munitions. http://www. michael 7. Precision-Guided Munition. https://En. Wikipedia.Org/Wiki/Precision-Guided_Munition. 6. Pansarsprängvinggranat M/94STRIX. https://en.wikipedia. org/wiki/Strix_ mortar_round 5. MGM-51 https://en.wikipedia. Shillelagh. org/wiki/MGM-51_Shillelagh 4. KSTAM. https://en.wikipedia.org/ KSTAM wiki/ 3. KM-8Gran. https://en.wikipedia.org/ wiki/KM-8_Gran 2. High-Precision Weapons. Edition Rostec, Special №01,2017.http://www.promweekly.ru/ar 1. Enhanced capability for WMA029mortar system.. http://english.chinamil.com.cn/ view/ The PGPs GP120 andExcalibur M982

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apărare from distance the until target. sion of target hitting of PGPs don’t depend precisiongood of target hitting. The preci REFERENCES ------

Revista Militară. nr. 2 (22) / 2019

30. M982 Excalibur. https://ipfs.io/ipfs/ QmXoypizjW3Wkn FiJnKLwHCnL72 vedxjQkDDP- 1mXWo6uco/ wiki/ M982_Excalibur.html. 31. XM13/ MGM-51 Shillelagh. https://www. globalsecurity.org/military/ systems/ munitions/ mgm-51.htm. 32. MGM-51Shillelagh.https:// howlingpixel. com/i-en/MGM-51_ Shillelagh. 33. Basir. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basir, http:// presstv.com/detail/223994.html 34. COLE, Chris. Smart Weapons Systems. https://www. globalresearch. ca/ smart-weapons- systems-are-we-being-misguided-about-precision-strikes/ 5493560. 35. NICOLAS, Hamel, FRANKLIN, Wong Artillery precision guided munition airframe defi- nition. Ballistic performance. Defence R&D Canada – Valcartier. Technical Report DRDC Valcart- ier TR 2008-287, April 2009. 36. Guided Mortar Systems. Small Arms Survey Research Notes Number 51 April 2015. http:// www. smallarmssurvey.org/?light-weapons. html 37. FRESCONI, Frank, ROGERS, Jon. Guidance and Control of a Man-Portable Precision Munition Concept. Army Research Laboratory, Technical Report ARL-TR-6966. June 2014. 38. Smart Ammo. Pakistan Defence, Sep 10, 2015. https://defence.pk/pdf/threads/ smart-ammo.396817/ 39. PERJU, Veaceslav. High Precision Weapons - Defense and Strategy. Chisinau, Armed Forces Military Academy “Alexandru cel Bun”, 2019. – 216p. ISBN 978-9975-3346-0-0 ȘTIINȚA MILITARĂ ȘI INTERDISCIPLINARITATEA ȘTIINȚA MILITARĂ \

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\ ȘTIINȚA MILITARĂ ȘI INTERDISCIPLINARITATEA R evista Nr 7. 6. 5. 4. 3. 2. 1.

M 30F39 Krasnopol KM-8 Gran Kitolov-2M GP140 GP120 GP1/6 Basir ilitară Kind

S Russia Russia Russia China China China Iran tudii Country

securitate guidance laser semi-active control system Malakhit laser-guided control system, Malakhit laser Semi-active (SAL) guidance laser semi-active rected Terminal cor Laser-guided -guided Laser laser -guided laser -automatic Semi Guidance guided system fire fire -

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apărare HP 75-80% HP -80% - 5meters able CEP prob error Circular HP -90% bility proba Hit HP 70-80% get hittingget of thetar Precision - - - 20 25 0,3 0,3 7 1-6 20 Opera Range, tio-nal tio-nal km - Table A1. 155mm 155mm 152/ mortar 120mm 122mm 120/ 120mm 120mm 155mm Caliber

General data General of PGPs itzer Iranian HM-41 D-20 zers such as howit non can towed ACACIA), (M-1973 howitzers Cannon fled re smoothbo launched Tank gun launched Tank gun launched Cannon mortar Howitzer- unched Cannon Platform

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how -la ------ANNEX 1 targets or non-moving other moving vehicles and Anti-tanks, crossings and water tions; bridges; sive fortifica centers; defen intelligence computers, and munications, control, com command, systems; lery propelled artil launchers; self- multiple rocket mored vehicles; To defeat ar targets ary ing and station To attack mov tack with moving targets Stationary and of view) observer’s field within the remainthese (providing moving targets stationary and Against both Destination

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8. KSTAM South Small millimeter 2-8 120mm K2 Black To destroy Korea band radar Panther tank entrenched and infrared sen- and/or covered sors for target enemy vehicles identification 9. M/94 STRIX Sweden Infrared imag- up to 120mm Advanced Guide it- ing 4.5 Mortar self onto System any tank or armored fighting vehicle. The seeker ignore targets that are already burning 10. M712 Cop- USA Laser guidance HP 70-80% 17 155mm Cannon- Armored ve- perhead system launched hicles 11. M982 Ex- USA GPS+INS CEP - 5me- 40-57 155mm; Artillery calibur ters 12. MGM-51 USA Infrared signal 2-3 155mm M551 She- Anti-tank Shillelagh link ridan light CLGP tank and M60A2 13. SMArt 155 Germany Infrared sen- HP 99% 27.5 155mm Panzer Against ar- sor and haubitze mored vehicles millimeter 2000 and wave radar M109 howitzers ȘTIINȚA MILITARĂ ȘI INTERDISCIPLINARITATEA ȘTIINȚA MILITARĂ \

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