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Texto Completo (5.304Mb) UNIVERSIDADE FEDERAL DO RIO GRANDE DO SUL FACULDADE DE CIÊNCIAS ECONÔMICAS PROGRAMA PÓS-GRADUAÇÃO EM ESTUDOS ESTRATÉGICOS INTERNACIONAIS FABRÍCIO FLÔRES O OBUSEIRO AUTOPROPULSADO M109A5+BR NO BRASIL: POSSÍVEIS IMPACTOS DOUTRINÁRIOS Porto Alegre 2020 FABRÍCIO FLÔRES O OBUSEIRO AUTOPROPULSADO M109A5+BR NO BRASIL: POSSÍVEIS IMPACTOS DOUTRINÁRIOS Dissertação submetida ao Programa de Pós- Graduação em Estudos Estratégicos Internacionais da Faculdade de Ciências Econômicas da UFRGS, como requisito parcial para obtenção do título de Mestre em Estudos Estratégicos Internacionais. Orientador: Prof. Dr. José Miguel Quedi Martins Porto Alegre 2020 FABRÍCIO FLÔRES O OBUSEIRO AUTOPROPULSADO M109A5+BR NO BRASIL: POSSÍVEIS IMPACTOS DOUTRINÁRIOS Dissertação submetida ao Programa de Pós- Graduação em Estudos Estratégicos Internacionais da Faculdade de Ciências Econômicas da UFRGS, como requisito parcial para obtenção do título de Mestre em Estudos Estratégicos Internacionais. Aprovada em: Porto Alegre, 27 de dezembro de 2019. BANCA EXAMINADORA: _________________________________________________________________________ Prof. Dr. José Miguel Quedi Martins – Orientador UFRGS _________________________________________________________________________ Profa Dra. Analúcia Danilevicz Pereira UFRGS _________________________________________________________________________ Prof. Dr. Érico Esteves Duarte UFRGS _________________________________________________________________________ Prof. Dr. Edson José Neves Júnior UFU AGRADECIMENTOS Cumpre agradecer, antes de mais nada, ao Senhor dos Exércitos, o Poder do Alto, que com sua luz iluminou meu ser, dando-me forças e esperança na aridez do caminho. À minha querida mãe Yara, meu amado pai Perci e meus queridos avós, que me transmitiram a vida, o amor e os ensinamentos ao longo da existência. Minha dívida com vocês é impagável: que eu possa honrá-los com minha vida! Ao Exército Brasileiro e à Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, por depositarem em mim a confiança do Estado Brasileiro e me proporcionarem formação sólida voltada à cidadania e à defesa do interesse nacional. Ao meu orientador, o Professor Dr. José Miguel Quedi Martins, pela paciência, dedicação e apoio irrestrito em um sem número de debates e orientações. Devo-lhe muito acerca do conhecimento adquirido, do cuidado com as palavras, como também da capacidade de análise e retórica que, embora modestos, para mim representam um ganho inestimável. Ao Comando Militar do Sul, através do Núcleo de Estudos Estratégicos, na figura de todos os seus oficiais que viabilizaram o projeto de parceria com a Universidade e depositaram sua confiança neste oficial, em toda a trajetória vivenciada ao longo da pesquisa. Ao Comando do 3º Batalhão de Suprimento, particularmente ao Cel. Jason e Cel. Farias, pela confiança, camaradagem e consideração. Aos colegas do 3º B Sup: TC Átila, TC J. Cesar, Maj Rui, Cap Bahia e a outros que souberam entender e me apoiar nos momentos mais sensíveis. Também aos colaboradores das diversas seções pelas quais passei ao longo desses dois anos. Vocês tornaram esta realização possível: “Aqui se trabalha forte!” Aos amigos Bruno Magno e Júlio Spido pela contribuição com seus valiosos conhecimentos, dedicação e trabalho incessante, que muito contribuíram para realização deste trabalho. Aos amigos e colegas, Cel Gustavo, Ten Cel Ziza, Ten Cel Salles, Major Jean-Pier, Cap Arraes, Ten Paulo Ricardo e Sargento Igor, colegas de farda e de curso, que tanto auxiliaram no dia a dia da vida acadêmica para a conquista do objetivo final. Aos colegas, Augusto Teixeira, Valeska Ferrazza Monteiro, João Gabriel Burman da Costa, Ada Herz, Vinícius Lerina, Alexandre Piamolini, Guilherme Thudium, Laís Helena, pelo apoio sempre prestado para a construção da pesquisa. Aos Professores, Érico Duarte, Édson Neves Júnior e Analúcia Danilevicz Pereira, por gentilmente se disporem a compor minha banca, avaliar meu trabalho e passarem suas importantes contribuições. Por fim, a todos que direta ou indiretamente fizeram parte da minha formação, grato! MA FORCE D'EN HAUT – Lema do Brasão da Família de Emílio Luiz Mallet, Patrono da Artilharia Brasileira. “When asked which weapons they fear most, soldiers always put artillery at the top of the list. Artillery causes the most casualties and is the most unpredictable danger on the battlefield. Worst of all, you can't fight back. Even tanks can be shot at, but artillery is out of sight and always ready to deliver death and mutilation.” James F. Dunnigan – Artillery: The Killer - How to Make a War (2003) RESUMO Esta pesquisa procurou investigar possíveis impactos doutrinários da introdução do M109 A5+BR sobre a Doutrina Militar Terrestre. Para tanto, despendeu-se um esforço analítico desdobrado em três passos sucessivos e complementares. São eles: (1 – capítulo 2) uma brevíssima história da artilharia e sua relação de determinação recíproca sobre a tecnologia e capacidades produtivas; (2 – capítulo 2) uma também abreviada história sobre a artilharia autopropulsada, procurando-se ilustrar sua função estratégica por intermédio do nível operacional da guerra; (3 – capítulo 3) o advento da era digital e a conexão ao espaço como fatores de transformação militar e inovação disruptiva. Por fim, (4 – capítulo 4) conclui-se que as modificações no âmbito procedimental, técnico e tático, associadas a outros processos de capacitação no Exército Brasileiro, tendem a produzir uma alteração significativa na doutrina da Artilharia de Campanha que, possivelmente, se fará sentir também sobre a doutrina militar terrestre e de operações conjuntas. Palavras-chave: Artilharia. Obuseiro. Transformação. Forças Armadas. Capacidades. ABSTRACT This paper sought to investigate possible doctrinal impacts of the introduction of the M109 A5 + BR on the Terrestrial Military Doctrine. To this end, an analytical effort was deployed in three successive and complementary steps. They are: (1 - chapter 2) a very brief history of artillery and its relationship of reciprocal determination on technology and productive capabilities; (2 - chapter 2) an equally abbreviated story about self-propelled artillery, seeking to illustrate its strategic function through the operational level of war; (3 - chapter 3) the advent of the digital age and the connection to space as factors of military transformation and disruptive innovation. Finally, (4 - chapter 4) it is concluded that the changes in the procedural, technical and tactical scope, associated with other training processes in the Brazilian Army, tend to produce a significant change in the Campaign Artillery Doctrine that, possibly, it will also affect the military doctrine of the land and of joint operations. Keywords: Artillery. Howitzer. Transformation. Armed Forces. Repowering. LISTA DE FIGURAS Figura 1 - Obuseiro Autopropulsado M109A5+BR .....................................................14 Figura 2 - Tubo M284 e Reparo M182 ........................................................................16 Figura 3 – Catapulta: exemplo de artilharia do Período da Neurobalística ...................29 Figura 4 – Armamento em forma de vaso - século XIV ...............................................30 Figura 5 – Bombarda turca usada contra as muralhas de Constantinopla .....................31 Figura 6 - Canhão de Gustavo Adolfo de 1642 ............................................................34 Figura 7 – Canhão de Vallière .....................................................................................37 Figura 8 – Canhão fabricado pelo processo Jean Maritz ..............................................38 Figura 9 – Canhão com acessórios adaptados por Gribeauval ......................................39 Figura 10 - T19 HMC 105 mm ....................................................................................50 Figura 11 - M7 HMC 105 mm – Priest .......................................................................50 Figura 12 - M37 HMC 105mm e M41 HMC 155mm ..................................................51 Figura 13 - M52 105mm HSP e M44 155mm HSP ......................................................51 Figura 14 – Obuseiro M108 105mm e Obuseiro M109 155mm ...................................53 Figura 15 - Obuseiro M109A1 155mm .......................................................................56 Figura 16 - Obuseiro M109A3 155mm no Exército Brasileiro ....................................57 Figura 17 – Veículo M981 FIST-V (Fire Support Team Vehicle .................................60 Figura 18 – Veículo M992 FAASV (Field Artillery Ammunition Support Vehicle .......61 Figura 19 – Obuseiro M109A6 155mm Paladin .........................................................63 Figura 20 - Obuseiro M109A7 155mm PIM (Paladin Integrated Management) ..........65 Figura 21 – Trajetória mergulhante com ângulos de tiro e alcance ...............................75 Figura 22 – Goniômetro-bússola .................................................................................76 Figura 23 – Trabalho da Central de Tiro ......................................................................78 Figura 24 - Levantamento topográfico.........................................................................79 Figura 25 – Global Position System – NAVSTAR.......................................................81 Figura 26 - Sistema de Posição e Pontaria Atlas Gun Lying System .............................82 Figura 27 – Computador analógico do radar de tiro Superfledermaus ..........................87 Figura 28 – Cenário do
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