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WWW.SPSLANDFORCES.NET ROUNDUP IN THIS ISSUE T h e ONLY journal in Asia dedicated to Land Forces

Face-to-Face Lt General S.P. Kochhar, 4 >> COVER STORY Signal Officer-in-Chief, Corps of Signals Lt General Vinod Nayanar, 6 Director General of the Regiment of Artillery Lt General Kuldip Singh, 8 Director General, Army Air Defence Indian Army’s Decision Lt General Vinod Bhatia, 22 Director General, Infantry, Indian Army

PAGE 10 Support Architecture PHOTOGRAPH: SP Guide Pubns A Reality Check The Union Budget 2012-13 has increased the defence budget to `1,93,407.29 crore. However, the actual increase is only 13.5 per cent if the figures of the revised estimates are taken into consideration for the year 2011-12. Lt General (Retd) V.K. Kapoor PAGE 12 Watersheds in Land Battle As far as “jointness” and synergy are con- cerned between the services, it is disappoint- ing to note that in the 21st century, the Indian Army and indeed the Indian Navy and the Indian Air Force are still planning for con- flicts essentially service wise, the way it was done in the early years of Second World War. Lt General (Retd) V.K. Kapoor

PAGE 24 Helicopter Gunships for Engaging Targets on Ground With the ALH WSI and the LCH being indigenously developed by HAL and likely to enter service in the coming years, the Indian armed forces will have formidable and state-of-the-art armament using in their kitty, a useful force multiplier which can turn the tide in battle. T-90 tank Lt General (Retd) B.S. Pawar PAGE 26 The Army needs a seamless digitised communication network capable of picking For Better Deterrence & Lesser Collateral up information from sensors deployed in the battlespace and passing it on a Damage need-to-know basis to all concerned commanders in the field With a larger quantity of PGMs, the employ- ment of Artillery itself will undergo a drastic change. n LT GENERAL (RETD) V.K. KAPOOR domain of LICO, including counter-insur- deliberate set piece offensive and defensive Lt General (Retd) V.K. Kapoor gency and counter-terrorist operations. military operations against fixed defences t present, the IndIan army however, considering the unstable condi- and, hence, the operational philosophy PAGE 28 is organised, equipped and tions in most of our neighbouring states favours ‘force-on-force’ attrition oriented India’s Internal Security Woes trained for third generation, and China’s continuing belligerence, India operations which are tactically biased and Integrated challenges to homeland security industrial age conflicts engaging cannot afford to lower its military prepared- in short wars, especially in the mountains, have to be handled at the national level with a low- and medium-level technol- ness because it may well be forced to fight where the gains are going to be limited centralised framework for adequate response. Aogy. the threat from traditional adversaries wars whose origin or root cause may be unless the army changes its operational has been paramount in motivating the pre- beyond its control. hence, the army has to doctrine and the method of waging wars Lt General (Retd) P.C. Katoch vailing concepts and doctrines of war and be prepared to fight limited conventional and acquires new capabilities. organisational structures. this has mani- wars of high intensity and acquire a rela- strategic and tactical air mobility, PLUS fested in the preparation and readiness for tively small but powerful out-of-area (OOa) together with the development of network- The Winner’s Choice 26 limited conventional conflicts apart from capability—in other words, a tri-service enabled warfare capability and the ability to the low-intensity conflict operations (LICO) expeditionary capability, in addition to a launch effects based operations against BAE Systems at Defexpo 29 which is being fought within India’s borders nuanced capability for LICO. state and non-state actors will considerably Exercise Yudh Abhyas 2012 31 and in which the army has been embroiled excessive obsession with conventional enhance the Indian army’s capabilities. since the 1950s. the latter involvement has defensive operations has skewed the army’s Managing Strategic Military 32 become far more acute and critical since the organisations, operational doctrines, con- A New Battlefield Environment Transformation onset of the ‘proxy war’ in Jammu and cepts, equipment pattern and deployment. a new battlefield environment has emerged Interview: AM General 36 Kashmir, assisted, encouraged and funded even the training of its forces needs a due to the advent of stand-off, multi-spec- Feet Firmly on the Ground at CAE 36 by pakistan since 1989. change in orientation. the traditional tral sensors with real time communications the future challenges mainly lie in the methods of war fighting have favoured that give situational awareness so that tar- News in Brief 37

2/2012 SP’s LAND FORCES 1 >> COVER STORY

India is passing through a unique era of internal various ministries and departments. The question upgrade of Arjun main battle tanks, lack of moderni- political upheaval. The political leadership at the is also whether the defence budget, which sation of artillery and air defence capabilities since Centre is trying its best to cope with the dynamics impinges upon national security, should be subject the last three decades and delay in procurement of of the pace of political change though it is evident to fiscal austerity in India which is facing a two-front basic infantry weapons and reconnaissance and that recent elections in five states and the poor per- threat apart from other diverse challengesn, both surveillance helicopters. formance of the Congress has added to the woes internal and external. Considering the above requirements of the of the UPA-II Government. The strength of regional However, the nation is thankful to the govern- Army and the big ticket items of the IAF and the parties and their influence on decision-making at ment that no cuts were imposed and the alloca- Navy in the pipeline including the Rafale fighter air- the Centre is having an adverse impact on security. tion has seen a 18 per cent increase in the craft, Apache attack helicopters, and heavy trans- This trend can be seen quite clearly by the oppo- defence budget from the concluding year. The port aircraft (C-17 Globemaster III), conventional sition to the setting up of the National Counter-ter- allocated amount is `1,93,407.29 crore ($38.68 submarines, aircraft carrier Admiral Gorshkov (re- rorism Centre (NCTC), a powerful anti-terror billion). The increase hyped by the media is quite christened INS Vikramaditya), multi-role helicop- agency that will integrate and analyse inputs on misleading because if we consider the revised ters and UAVs, a lot is at stake. Thus it seems that terror threats in India and will have legal authority estimates for 2011-12 the increase amounts to the committed liability of the Ministry of Defence to make arrests and conduct search operations. It only 13.6 per cent and if the fall of the rupee is out of a capital budget of `79,579 crore ($15.9 bil- was to be set up on March 1, 2012, but opposition also taken into account then there is no tangible lion) from the overall allocation, is likely to be more from a diverse group of Chief Ministers, who said increase in the defence budget. than 60 per cent of the allocated capital budget.

EDITORIALthat the NCTC’s charter was violative of the federal Recent media reports have indicated that the We hope that the MoD can put its act together and structure, prevented the Central Government from Indian Army is seriously short of weapons and ord- along with the three services expedite and stream- implementing the decision taken by the Cabinet nance. Delays in decisions on key military matters line the procurement process and get the “best Committee on Security. The Chief Ministers have have blunted the operational edge of the armed bang for the buck”. The country desires it and questioned the manner in which the agency was forces. This has been highlighted in a letter written deserves it. to be set up, without taking states on board, and by Army Chief General V.K. Singh to Defence Min- have demanded that the decision be reversed. The ister A.K. Antony. The situation is alarming against current situation is that the decision to set it up has the backdrop of the sluggish procurement process been postponed. of the Ministry of Defence (MoD). The Army Chief’s The Finance Minister in the Union Budget letter highlights delay in setting up the National 2012-13 presented to the Parliament on March 16, Counter Insurgency School, shortfall of ammunition 2012, had the unenviable task of deciding between and ordnance, lack of potent cyber warfare units, fiscal prudence and the competing demands from failure to modernise T-72 battle tanks, delay in Lt General (Retd) V.K. Kapoor

Command & Control The Indian Army wants TAC C3I Architecture the Indian army wants to create a seam- to create a seamless link less link from the top to the bottom as an COMMAND INFORMATION AND DECISION SUPPORT SYSTEM integrated command and control enter- from the top to the bot- prise. Command information and decision support system (CIdss) will be the hub of tom as an integrated this enterprise which will integrate four functions—operations, intelligence, logis- command and control tics and terrain. at the core of this enter- prise are three vital links. enterprise. The com- at the apex is the army strategic Opera- tional Information dissemination system, mand information and which will connect army headquarters to decision support system the Command headquarters and forward to the Corps headquarters while rearwards it will be the hub of this will connect to the national command post, the other services and other national level enterprise. entities. the latter portion dealing with the national strategic level will be enabled through the command, control, computers, communications, intelligence, information, gets can be acquired, prioritised and surveillance and reconnaissance (C4I2sr) destroyed, by day or by night, in all weather system as it gets established. conditions, throughout the battlefield, with the second vital link will connect the stand-off weapon systems firing precision Corps headquarters forward to the Battalion attack munitions. It is being pointed out by headquarters. this will be the tactical com- many analysts that indirect and stand-off mand, control, communications and intelli- engagements from aircraft, unmanned com- gence (taC C3I) system which will be based bat aerial vehicles and long-range artillery on the tactical communication system which can relieve ground elements including in turn will currently rely on satellite commu- armour from the role of destroying enemy nications, radio relay equipment and other combat elements at close quarters. modes of communications which will allow however, this is a fallacious argument as the architecture depicted diagrammatically comprises of the following elements: for static and mobile operations. the third it stands disproved in both Iraq and l ACCCS: artillery combat command and control system (aCCCs) for automation of all link, the battle management system (BMs), afghanistan. While such technologies are artillery tasks in the field which includes preparation and execution of fire plans, direc- will be at the battalion (unit) level and below lethal and do provide an overwhelming tion, control and correction of fire, and functions at the artillery command post and at and will be based on combat net radio. advantage over the adversary if he does not the gun end. the army’s taC C3I system is designed to possess them; they do not preclude the use l EWS: electronic warfare system (eWs) is based on the electronic warfare units operated assist in planning, directing and controlling of infantry and armour on the ground. no by the Corps of signals of the army whose linkage in the system has finalised. their inte- field forces. Its function is to provide: gration in the CIdss of the army is under progress. gains can be consolidated without occupa- l Commanders at all echelons with accu- tion of ground and establishment of a peace- l ELINT: electronic intelligence (eLInt) units are operated by the Intelligence staff of rate, timely and credible information. the formation and their linkage in the CIdss is also being progressed. ful order. In fact, asymmetric and fourth l Means to process, display and evaluate generation wars in the modern era will l BMS: Battlefield management system (BMs), which is being designed to operate at the data for situational awareness as an aid demand a greater focus on all arms combat unit level and below, will synthesise the battle picture for the unit commander whether for decision support. it be an infantry unit or an armoured regiment. tanks and selected infantrymen will but with selective employment of ground l Capabilities to transmit order and deci- troops. the tactics and the manner of become situational awareness platforms. this project which was started only about two sions to own forces and weapon systems employment will differ considerably. years ago is now being pushed at a faster rate as this constitutes the cutting edge of the both during war and peace. such wars will also mandate a far army’s CIdss programme. Future Infantry soldier as a system (F-Insas), which is a part greater integration within the army and of this project is being progressed by the Infantry directorate but will be a part of the over- Current Weaknesses tri-service integration at the operational all BMs of the Indian army. Currently, communications and informa- and military strategic levels which is l AD C&R: air defence Control and reporting system (ad C&r) will automate the detec- tion, which cannot be segregated in opera- currently lacking. Further, while the tion, identification, designation and destruction tasks of the army air defence artillery. tional usage, are being dealt by two director Indian armed forces do possess a few tech- It would, therefore, have to be integrated with the Indian air Force’s air defence network. Generals (dGs), both Lieutenant Generals, nologies in the stand-alone mode, they are l BSS: Battlefield surveillance system (Bss) will integrate all surveillance resources of who are handling their respective depart- neither integrated nor networked even the army, including, radars, unmanned aerial vehicles (UaVs), electro-optical systems, ments, namely dG signals and dG Informa- though they are progressively moving photographic and visual systems to provide a coherent picture to the commander.

www.spslandforces.net towards this direction. Continued on page 21

2 SP’s LAND FORCES 2/2012 7KHZRUOG·VOLJKWHVWPPDLUSRUWDEOHDUWLOOHU\V\VWHP M777 DELIVERING RAPIDLY DEPLOYABLE AND ACCURATE FIRE SUPPORT. © Image used by pemission of U.S. Department© Image used by of Defense www.baesystems.com >> FACE-TO-FACE ‘We are in the process of establishing a robust and secure info-structure which will enable the transforma- tion of the Army into a potent and fully-networked force’ The Corps of Signals has been doing a commendable job in providing reliable, robust and secure communica- tions to the Indian Army. Lt General S.P. Kochhar, Signal Officer-in-Chief, in an interview with SP’s Land Forces, said that his emphasis would be on convergence of networks and towards harnessing the power of wireless technologies in provisioning of mobile communications in the tactical battle area.

PHOTOGRAPH: Anoop Kamath / SP Guide Pubns SP’s Land Forces (SP’s): What is the envisaged SP’s: With China and Pakistan being so active role of the Corps of Signals in the transforma- in the field of cyber warfare, what steps are tion of the Indian Army, which is at present being taken to ensure cyber security in the under way? Army’s communication networks? Signal Officer-in-Chief (SO-in-C): the Indian SO-in-C: In the cyber domain, threats are army has embarked on the challenging and continuously evolving and the race between multidimensional task of transformation security system designers and those who based on the Chief of army staff’s vision— want to exploit weaknesses is ever prevalent. “honing the army into a well-motivated, the only viable option is to plug the weak- operationally-prepared, well-equipped force nesses by being proactive. Organisations capable of meeting the security challenges with this mandate are in place and are faced by the nation. Initiate the transforma- addressing this issue. tion process to function in a networked joint services environment to leverage technology SP’s: How are we planning to employ the and the human resource capital in conso- legacy systems in the context of modern tech- nance with the rich values and traditions of nology? What changes would this involve? the Indian army”. the Corps of signals are SO-in-C: at any given time, a large army like a vital component and in fact are the key ours will have a certain percentage of equip- enablers of this transformation process ment which is of legacy and vintage technol- being brought about by leveraging the power ogy. Further, with the rapidly changing of information communication technology technological landscape, equipment will electronics and cyber (ICteC). the Corps is become legacy at a much faster rate. therefore, in the process of establishing a robust and while we plan for the future projects, we ensure secure ‘info-structure’ which will enable the continuity of the operational life and coexis- transformation of the Indian army into a tence of legacy systems with modern systems potent and fully-networked force. by ensuring adherence to standards and proto- Lt General s.p. Kochhar, adC, was appointed as the 23rd signal Officer-in-Chief on september 1, cols ensuring backward compatibility. SP’s: Could you define the role and charter of 2011. the General Officer was elected as the 52nd Colonel Commandant of the Corps of signals duties of the Corps of Signals? on March 1, 2009. he took over as the senior Colonel Commandant of the Corps of signals on SP’s: Is the private industry geared up to pro- SO-in-C: the Corps of signals is a vital com- november 1, 2011. vide modern hardware and software technol- ponent of the Indian army responsible for the General Officer has had an illustrious career spanning almost four decades and has ogy to support the futuristic communication providing telecommunication and informa- tenanted some very prestigious Command and staff appointments. prior to taking over as the requirements? tion assurance in all its forms and manifes- sO-in-C, the General Officer held the coveted appointment of additional director General of SO-in-C: the private industry in India has tations to the Indian army. today, donning personnel services. geared up towards providing modern hard- he also serves as an honorary adjunct professor with IGnOU and BIts pilani, chairs the the mantle of “information warriors”, the ware and software technology to support the army IGnOU academic Council and is a member of the Integrated academic Council of IGnOU. Corps has grown from strength to strength he is a recipient of sM, VsM and aVsM. futuristic communication requirements of and is now in the process of rolling out the Indian army. In fact a large number of mammoth info-structures. the Corps is also communication projects are being under- being charged with the responsibility of pro- ational settings with a vastly increased spec- gence of these networks based on multiple taken by the private sector. the public-pri- viding communications to the Indian air trum of war, fighting hybrid wars and con- technologies. Further, harnessing wireless vate partnership between the defence forces Force and Indian navy in a substantive man- ducting joint operations? technologies for provisioning mobile commu- and the industry is of tremendous impor- ner. the Corps, as I mentioned before, is also SO-in-C: Future wars will be dominated by nications for our combat elements will be a tance and most projects and initiatives in the key enabler of the transformation the side which is best able to harness the key focus area. the cyber domain would also future shall gravitate towards this. process of the Indian army. power of ICteC. hence the challenge is to attain great importance and therefore cyber ensure information superiority over our security would be one of our key concerns. SP’s: What was the theme of Defcom 2011 and SP’s: Are the strategic and tactical level com- adversaries. towards this end, the Corps of what do you feel has been achieved in the munications in the Army keeping pace with signals has leveraged the opportunity SP’s: Can the term ‘info dominance’ be seminar this year? the fast changing field of communication offered by the rapid advancement of technol- applied to operations of the Indian Army in SO-in-C: the theme for defcom 2011 was technologies in the 21st century? ogy in the ICteC domain to create an the future vis a vis our likely adversaries? “enabling Information and Communica- SO-in-C: the Corps has always strived to extremely resilient, versatile and robust SO-in-C: Info dominance is an important tions technologies (ICt) for Information age enhance the technology threshold of its ICteC info-structure. I am confident that facet in today’s warfare and the same has Warfare”. the seminar-cum-exhibition was communication networks; both strategic our existing and planned networks will been proven beyond doubt in recent con- attended by a large number of dignitaries and tactical. proactive measures are being empower and provide the necessary flexibil- flicts. the capability is required to achieve a from the services, industry and academia. undertaken to leverage both existing tech- ity to the army in order to perform in the decisive edge over the adversary, thereby the seminar was conducted over two days nologies as well as factoring in emerging and entire spectrum of conflict. compressing the observe orient decide and with five scheduled sessions. the sessions niche technologies so as to facilitate seamless act (OOda) loop while maintaining a full were chaired and co-chaired by eminent per- transition in the times to come. the training SP’s: What are the new technologies in the spectrum engagement capability. suitable sonalities from the defence and industry, offered by our premier institutions have fac- field of communications which should be con- initiatives are being undertaken by the notable being the first session on “Foresee- tored this into their curriculum to provide a sidered for adoption by the Indian Army in the Indian army in this regard. able demands on ICt Infrastructure for the holistic training framework towards building future? armed Forces” chaired by the Minister of the necessary skill sets for combatants to SO-in-C: relatively new and proven technolo- SP’s: What are the latest developments in defence for state M.M. pallam raju. Lt Gen- administer and maintain our networks. the gies like wireless interoperability for radio communications at the unit and forma- eral K. surendranath, GOC-in-C, artraC, Corps has assimilated all types of technology microwave access (WiMaX), long-term evo- tion levels? What technologies are we induct- Lt General ramesh halgali, dG Military from mobile cellular, satellite, microwave lution (Lte), software defined radio (sdr), ing in this regard? training, Lt General (retd) p.p.s. Bhandari and fibre optic communication and are mobile cellular (3G and 4G), cloud comput- SO-in-C: technology in the field of radio and Lt General (retd) aditya singh chaired today on the verge of ushering in a next gen- ing, dense wavelength division multiplexing communications is constantly evolving and the subsequent sessions. Various notable eration network-based futuristic technology. (dWdM), satellite on the move (sOtM), rapidly changing. We are taking a keen look speakers delivered highly educative and sem- as technology has been evolving at a meshed combat net radio (Cnr), etc are at the emerging technologies and the con- inal talks on various contemporary issues superlative pace so has the ability of the showing great promise for exploitation in the cepts for meeting the communication needs related to the ICt domain. defcom 2011 was Corps to garner new technology and exploit army’s context. the future battlefield will wit- at the forward edge of the battlefield. a num- a landmark event and provided an excellent these effectively for operations. ness proliferation of large number of net- ber of promising technologies such as soft- forum to the industry, academia and the works based on a plethora of technologies. ware defined radio (sdr) and cognitive radio three services to share views on important SP’s: Will the Indian Army’s communications the challenge will not be in only assimilating (Cr) are being closely analysed for their and contemporary issues related to defence

www.spslandforces.net allow it the flexibility required for future oper- new technologies but will also be in conver- effective military usage. communications.

4 SP’s LAND FORCES 2/2012

>> FACE-TO-FACE ‘We would soon have in our inventory the latest surveillance equipment, UAVs and communication system’ Lt General Vinod Nayanar, Director General of the Regiment of Artillery, in an interview with SP’s Land Forces said that the Artillery is in the process of procurement and development of gun systems, ammunition (including propellants and fuzes), support systems and networking resources in terms of software and hardware which incorporate state-of-the-art technology. Excerpts of the interview:

PHOTOGRAPH: Neetu Dhulia / SP Guide Pubns SP’s Land Forces (SP’s): In the transformation ammunition like sensor fuzed munitions, of the Army which is under way, what are the terminally guided munitions and trajectory broad changes that have been envisioned as correctible munitions and the same we hope far as the Artillery is concerned? will fructify in the next few years, based on Director General Artillery (DG): In the trans- the pace of the procurement process. formation of the army the broad changes that have been envisioned for the artillery SP’s: What has been the result of fielding the are as follows: ACCCS in the field formations? l Modernisation of all guns for the contact DG: aCCCs has been a landmark achieve- battle. ment for the artillery in its quest for net- l rockets and missiles for degradation and work-centricity. It has greatly enhanced our engagement of targets in operational capability to deliver highly accurate and depth. responsive fire power. the fielding of the l enhanced target acquisition and battle- equipment has brought forth many chal- field transparency by introduction of lenges which are being addressed quite suc- cutting edge ground, aerial and space cessfully. some of these challenges relate to based sensors. the types of communication equipment l Integrated and synergised utilisation of being used, as also integration with other firepower and surveillance and target networks. highly innovative methods are acquisition resources through auto- being looked at to address these challenges. mated systems i.e. artillery combat com- mand and control system (aCCCs) and SP’s: As part of the battlefield management battlefield surveillance system (Bss). system (BMS), is every artillery weapon plat- Lt General Vinod nayanar was commissioned in the regiment of artillery on november 14, form going to be a ‘situational awareness plat- SP’s: The concept of firepower has undergone 1971. he is an alumnus of rashtriya Military school, Bangalore and national defence academy, form’ or is this being done at the battery level? changes in recent times. What are the basic Khadakvasla. DG: Most of the “new generation” guns changes which have impacted the way we In this eventful career spanning over 40 years, he has held many coveted command and staff available worldwide are equipped with inte- plan or conduct battles as far as firepower is assignments. he was elected as Colonel Commandant regiment of artillery in 2009 and is cur- grated fire control and communication sys- concerned? rently the sr Colonel Commandant of the regiment. tems which enables them to function as DG: artillery has traversed through nearly prior to his present appointment as director General artillery, he was Commandant school autonomous units. all the new generation two centuries of evolution. In recent times, of artillery. he is currently posted as the director General of artillery at the army headquarters. guns which are under procurement/devel- a distinct shift in concept of application from he is a recipient of aVsM and pVsM. opment for the Indian artillery too, are neutralisation to degradation and destruc- envisaged to have the above mentioned capa- tion has taken place. this shift has come your views on this subject? formation rapidly. What changes do you pro- bility. this however does not take away the about with the enhanced capability of the DG: the purpose of all surveillance is to pose in the existing plans to conform to the capability to also control them at the battery artillery in terms of reach, delivery of larger detect enemy assets for subsequent destruc- latest trends in technology? Which are the level (which in fact would be the norm), thus calibre and more lethal munitions, tion. sensors, therefore, must have total syn- new technologies which need induction in the bringing in inherent flexibility in the system. enhanced precision systems as also greater ergy with the associated firepower vectors. artillery? battlefield transparency. With these this is the essence of all firepower employ- DG: there has been a fair amount of stabili- SP’s: We believe that the Ordnance Factory enhancements, the artillery is able to strike ment philosophy. the aim is to shorten our sation of technology as far as guns per se are Board (OFB) has had the design of the 155mm deep with precision and thus has the capa- OOda loop so as to overtake the enemy’s concerned. Much of the developments in Bofors with them for the last two decades. Why bility to degrade and destroy the targets OOda cycle. the thought of bifurcating sur- artillery technology the world over are have we not been able to design and manufac- effectively. the reach of artillery is now veillance from firepower assets is indeed mis- related to munitions and allied equipment. ture 155mm howitzers ourselves? Has the clearly beyond the tactical battlefield, well placed. In my opinion, it would place us at a We are in the process of procurement and private sector shown any interest in this field? into the operational depth with enhanced disadvantage in any future war. development of gun systems, ammunition DG: the transfer of technology by Bofors was precision and lethality. (including propellants and fuzes), support available with the OFB. hitherto, the tech- SP’s: What is the new equipment being systems and networking resources in terms nology was utilised for production of spare SP’s: Despite a lot of talk on the importance of inducted in SATA? of software and hardware which incorporate barrels, breech block and certain other crit- firepower in future wars; our procurements are DG: In the field of surveillance and target state-of-the-art technology. Indigenous ical parts of the gun. the technology was lagging way behind our aspirations. What are acquisition (sata), we already have UaVs, efforts in this field are extremely encourag- also utilised for production of ammunition. the basic reasons for which we have not been BFsr and LOrrOs. additionally, we are ing. In addition, we would soon have in our With a view to open an alternate avenue for able to move forward in procurement of the planning to acquire sensors for persistent inventory the latest surveillance equipment, procurement of gun system, OFB has been light howitzers for the mountains (M 777, aerial surveillance. We are looking for UaVs and communication system. given an opportunity. this is also in keeping 155mm calibre 39) or in the induction of towed upgrades in existing equipment to include with our long-term aim of achieving self- 155mm, 52 calibre howitzer, and the self-pro- the electronic theodolite, inertial navigation SP’s: What is the status of precision muni- reliance. the private sector is being used pelled (wheeled and tracked) howitzers? system, sound ranging system and lighter tions with the Artillery? Are we planning to extensively to source components/sub- DG: artillery modernisation plan has factored weapon locating radar (WLr) system. induct more such ammunition? systems for this project. in the latest technological developments and DG: at present laser designated precision is aligned towards acquisition of modern SP’s: What is the philosophy for induction of ammunition is held with artillery. Yes, we SP’s: Has the concept of Artillery Divisions equipment. though there have been slippages UAVs? Is the Army interested in inducting any are planning to induct more precision been successful? What are the advantages in procurements, efforts are on to meet the UCAVs? that have been experienced by grouping timelines. Besides modernisation through DG: Our philosophy is to have a credible capa- Artillery in a division level organisation? procurement of state-of-art weapon systems bility of various UaV systems to ensure bat- DG: Yes, the concept of artillery division has available globally, we are also working tlefield transparency, target acquisition, been successful in providing a flexible, respon- towards bolstering our inventory through direction of own artillery fire, target designa- We are planning to sive and effective organisation at theatre level indigenous development of guns systems and tion and post strike damage assessment to plan, coordinate, employ and exploit fire- munitions. this will open up multiple avenues across the frontage and depth of the tactical, induct more precision power to optimise effectiveness. It is a force for intake of modern equipment. operational, and strategic areas of operations. ammunition like sensor multiplier and it has indeed added a new UaVs have immense potential for operations dimension to the concept of employment of SP’s: The Regiment of Artillery is a very large in conventional as also in counter-insur- fuzed munitions, artillery. rockets, missiles and long-range and a vital arm of the Army. Currently, it has a gency/counter-terrorism operations. It is also guns with a variety of ammunition including vast variety of weapons and equipment. Is it of importance in disaster management roles. terminally guided precision guided ammunition grouped in the time to think of bifurcating certain wings of the stand-off capability of UCaVs to carryout artillery division level organisation gives us the artillery, such as the surveillance and tar- surgical strikes in depth needs no reiteration. munitions and trajectory the capability to concentrate firepower for the get acquisition (SATA), self-propelled artillery, UCaVs definitely are on the wish list. conduct of tactical degradation operations as or the missile regiments which fall within the correctible munitions well as fire support to the formations as part

www.spslandforces.net purview of strategic weapons, etc. What are SP’s: Artillery technology is undergoing trans- of overall theatre plan.

6 SP’s LAND FORCES 2/2012 TURN YOUR ARTILLERY INTO PINPOINT WEAPONS

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SagemSagem ggivesives youryour artilleryartillery systemssystems thethe latestlatest sensorsensor toto shootershooter capabilities,capabilities, fromfrom optronicoptronic targettarget designationdesignation toto re re controlcontrol andand inertialinertial navigationnavigation systems.systems. OurOur solutionssolutions turnturn youryour artilleryartillery intointo precisionprecision weaponsweapons combiningcombining highhigh eciency,eciency, quickquick operationoperation andand eeasease ofof use.use. MMoreore thanthan twentytwenty armiesarmies havehave alreadyalready optedopted forfor thesethese solutions,solutions, asas eithereither originaloriginal equipmentequipment oror upgrades.upgrades. WhenWhen youyou cchoosehoose Sagem’sSagem’s sspecializedpecialized solutions,solutions, youyou maximizemaximize youryour repower. repower. www.sagem-ds.comwww.sagem-ds.com >> FACE-TO-FACE ‘Airpower by itself cannot achieve lasting victory or success without boots on the ground’ Army Air Defence aims to evolve into a modern net-enabled force capable of providing air defence protection to field forces and strategic assets against the complete spectrum of air threat, in all operations of war and all types of terrain. In an interview with SP’s Land Forces, Lt General Kuldip Singh, Director General, Army Air Defence, laid down the plans at the national level to counter air threat and the role of the Army Air Defence in executing the national air defence plan.

PHOTOGRAPH: Anoop Kamath / SP Guide Pubns SP’s Land Forces (SP’s): The use of air power Indian army’s vision of the future, army air including UAVs in Iraq and Afghanistan has defence aims to evolve into a modern net- had a major impact on the conduct of war. enabled force capable of providing air May we have your comments? defence protection to field forces and strate- Director General, Army Air Defence (DG): gic assets against the complete spectrum of events in Iraq and afghanistan have demon- air threat, in all operations of war and all strated yet again the increasing significance types of terrain. of airpower in modern warfare. But it also becomes apparent that airpower by itself SP’s: Does it include AD for homeland security? cannot achieve lasting victory or success DG: ad for homeland security has assumed without “boots on the ground”. this is an a significant role increasing prominence in important lesson from the perspective of the aftermath after the 9/11 events. In the army air defence (aad) which is an inte- subcontinent too, we have the example of gral and important part of the ground the Ltte using light aircraft for terrorist forces. a noteworthy aspect of these con- attacks. thus the possibility of innovative flicts has been the reliance on space assets application of aerial resources by terrorist for command, control, communications, groups and non-state actors cannot be ruled computers, intelligence, surveillance and out. Like other services, aad too plays an reconnaissance (C4Isr) tasks and control of important and critical role in ensuring ad high-flying UCaVs. these developments por- for homeland security. this includes deploy- tend a future in which airpower and aero- ment of sensors and suitable weapon sys- space power will become synonymous with tems to neutralise such threats. each other. thus future ground-based air defence weapons systems (GBadWs) will SP’s: Are the responsibilities between the have to operate well beyond the traditional Indian Army, Indian Air Force, Indian Navy and threat envelope of the current generation civil agencies clearly defined? weapons. Lastly, while important lessons can DG: delineation of responsibilities between be drawn from both Iraq and afghanistan the three services is adequately defined wars, as far as conduct of air-land battle is besides most of the coordination issues to concerned, it needs to be kept in mind that Lt General Kuldip singh was commissioned into the 29 air defence regiment on June 16, 1974 promote a high degree of interoperability. as the air war was executed in face of unprece- and is a second generation army air defence (aad) officer. a matter of fact, a number of inter-services dented asymmetry. It is extremely unlikely he has commanded a Lt ad Missile regiment (sp), an (I) air defence Brigade of a strike Corps study groups constituted in the recent past and was also Commandant army air defence College, Major General aad of south Western that the possibility of an overwhelming air have been successful in resolving most issues Comd. he was also adG at aad directorate. he has been direct staff at defence service staff superiority similar to that achieved by the College (dssC), Wellington. he has also been defence attaché at embassy of India, stockholm. Lt between the services. coalition forces will arise in a south asian General singh is now the director General and senior Colonel Commandant army air defence. context and hence cannot form part of our he is a recipient of aVsM. SP’s: A majority of the weapon systems in the security calculus. inventory are either obsolete or obsolescent. The L/70 gun, which is the mainstay of AAD SP’s: Can you give out the current and the radar cross section (rCs). SP’s: What are the plans at the national and is still carrying on after more than four future pattern of air threat globally and how In a subcontinental scenario, trends in the level to counter air threat and what role does decades, is an example. Are there plans to do you relate it to the South Asian region? region point to a major focus on ballistic mis- the AAD play in executing the national air replace it with a more modern system? DG: While some of the issues related to cur- siles, cruise missiles and UCaVs. Our neigh- defence (AD) plan? DG: as part of the modernisation process, rent and future pattern of air threat have bours have already made rapid progress and DG: In order to meet the complex and intri- steps are being initiated for replacement of been tackled in response to the previous are fast becoming major players in the fields cate challenges posed by modern air threat, the existing gun systems in addition to query, I would like to reiterate the multi- of missiles and unmanned aerial platforms. the need of the day is an integrated ad sys- upgradation of a part of the gun inventory. faceted nature of the threat from the third the emergence of innovative asymmetric tem, comprising sensors and shooters in dimension. today, the threat envelope ranges air threat from non-state actors is another which various control centres can exercise SP’s: Do you consider the gun systems relevant from extremely complex aerial platforms to issue which is gaining prominence. today effective battle management over ad in the current and future air threat scenario? missiles/rockets and guided munitions. thus each flying object, whether civil or military, weapon systems through real-time and fail- DG: although concerns about the relevance modern armies like the Us army operate air is a potential threat when it is in the wrong safe linkages. Centralised planning and of gun systems in the future ad environ- defence systems ranging from the long- hands. It is thus imperative that we keep our- decentralised execution will be the hallmark ment are genuine, I am of the opinion that range terminal high altitude area defence selves abreast of emerging threats, both con- of this system with each service playing its gun systems will remain relevant for effective down to the short-range counter rocket ventional and sub-conventional. designated role. terminal air defence against the raM threat artillery and mortar systems. sooner or later as far as the tactical battle area is con- aad is a crucial component of this inte- and leakers. While modern ad missiles can the Indian army too will have to graduate to cerned, global trends point towards prolifer- grated system and will be a major player at take care of the delivery platforms like air- similar capabilities. ation of long-range, precision-guided, fire- the national, theatre and operational levels. craft, UaVs, helicopters, etc, high rate of fire another proliferation trend which is gain- and-forget missiles delivered by manned or aad protects a large variety of critical assets gun systems are best suited for addressing ing prominence is the shift from manned to unmanned platforms. the threat envelope is spread over the length and breadth of the threat from very low rCs targets such as unmanned aerial systems. It is a well known increasing exponentially both in range and country with a plethora of weapon systems rockets and shells. this is achieved by cre- fact that unmanned systems like UaVs and altitude, making it imperative that the range ranging from guns to sophisticated surface- ation of a ‘cloud’ of shrapnel in the direction missiles provide low-cost, high pay-off alter- and altitude coverage of GBadWs is to-air missiles. One of the major focus areas of the threat to neutralise warhead/shell. It natives to manned fixed/rotary wing plat- increased commensurately. air defence in the of aad, however, remains the tactical battle is due to this reason that guns form the forms. these platforms are capable of emerging battlespace necessitates deploy- area on commencement of hostilities. aad bedrock of many modern terminal air carrying out multifarious tasks like intelli- ment of multi-layered and multi-tiered mix units will continue to operate in varied ter- defence systems like Vulcan phalanx, Iron gence surveillance and reconnaissance of weapon systems. rain ranging from heights of siachen Glacier dome, etc. these gun systems will continue (Isr), delivery of munitions, electronic war- these developments throw up interesting to the vast open stretches of the thar desert. to be an important part of arsenal of aad till fare, etc. not surprisingly, trends in develop- challenges from air defence point of view. In the activities of aad are not restricted to such time directed energy weapon technolo- ment of aerial vehicles suggest the eventual addition to our traditional focus on tackling deployment of GBadWs only. We also have gies mature to a stage where they can per- preponderance of unmanned systems for airborne delivery platforms like aircraft, hel- a large inventory of surveillance sensors in form the same in a cost-effective manner. several tasks currently being performed by icopters, UCaVs, etc, we will eventually have the tactical battle area to detect hostile aerial manned systems. this is not to suggest that to develop capabilities to tackle the weapon intrusions. the army surveillance and battle SP’s: What are the plans for the successor of manned systems will be phased out, but will payloads of these platforms. thus, systems management systems are closely integrated quick reaction and medium-range surface-to- become much more specialised and potent. to destroy/disable warheads and defeat soft- with the air Force so that hostile aircraft are air missiles (SAM)? this proliferation of unmanned systems kill options like blinding/ misguiding sensors detected and engaged with appropriate DG: plans for acquisition of both quick poses a major challenge to GBadWs in view will sooner or later become a part of the weapons well before they can carry out their reaction and medium-range saMs are in

www.spslandforces.net of their high altitude profile and very low arsenal of aad. mission. Overall, within the gamut of the progress.

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[email protected] www.atk.com >> UNION BUDGET A Reality Check The Union Budget 2012-13, presented to the Parliament on March 16, 2012, has increased the defence budget to `1,93,407.29 crore. However, the actual increase is only 13.5 per cent if the figures of the revised estimates are taken into consideration for the year 2011-12.

PHOTOGRAPH: PIB n LT GENERAL (RETD) V.K. KAPOOR cent to `63,182.46 crore, accounting for around 46 per cent growth of the total UILdInG a MILItarY CapaBIL- defence budget. ItY is a long-term exercise. In the Indian context, it involves formula- Service-wise Share in the Budget tion of the 15-year-long-term inte- the army with an approximate budget of grated perspective plan (LtIpp) by `97,302.54 accounts for 50 per cent of the headquartersB Integrated defence staff in con- latest defence budget, followed by the air sultation with the service headquartes (army, Force (`48,191.16; 25 per cent), navy navy and air Force). the five years capital (`37,314.44; 19 per cent), the defence acquisition plan and the annual acquisition research and development Organisation plans are derived from the LtIpp and form the (`10,635.56 crore; six per cent) and ord- basis of working out the capital budget for all nance factories (`135.13 crore). It is note- major procurements during a year. the capital worthy that compared to the previous year’s budget requirement of each service added to budget, navy is the only service which has the revenue budget constitutes their overall an increased share in its total defence allo- budget demand during the year. cation (from 15 to 19 per cent). the air the security threats and challenges facing Force’s share has decreased the most (by four India have increased enormously. While the percentage points), whereas the army’s old adversarial threats due to unresolved bor- share has declined by one percentage point. ders remain, new threats and challenges like terrorism and insurgencies have been added Finance Minister Pranab Mukherjee How Does it Impact Modernisation to the old inventory. thus India needs to pre- the capital budget shows an increase of 15 pare itself for the full spectrum of warfare Comparison of the Defence Budget per cent with an additional amount of ranging from low-intensity conflict involving 2011-12 & 2012-13 `10,379.82 crore. Capital budget is mainly counter-insurgency and counter-terrorist meant for new procurements for modernisa- operations to conventional conflicts under the tion of the armed forces. so let us examine 2011-12 2012-13 nuclear shadow on two widely separated how it impacts each service. the three serv- fronts on its western and eastern flanks. the Defence Budget (` crore) 1,64,415.49 1,93,407.29 ices (army, navy and air Force) account for dilemma is only regarding the extent of Growth of Defence Budget (per cent) 11.59 17.63 94 per cent (`74,439.95 crore) of total capi- emphasis that should be laid to acquiring tal budget in 2012-13. air Force has the each type of capability. thus the requirements Revenue Expenditure (` crore) 95,216.68 1,13,828.66 maximum share of 38 per cent (`30,485.35 of the services are vast and wide-ranging. Growth of Revenue Expenditure (per cent) 9.01 19.55 crore), followed by the navy (31 per cent or the Union Budget 2012-13, presented `24,766.42 crore) and the army (24 per cent to the parliament on March 16, 2012, has Share of Revenue Expenditure in or `19,188.18 crore). Of the total capital increased the defence budget to Defence Budget (per cent) 57.91 58.85 budget of the three services, around 89 per `1,93,407.29 crore ($38.68 billion). this cent (`66,459.43 crore) is earmarked for cap- Capital Expenditure ( crore) 69,198.81 79,578.63 represents a growth of 17.63 per cent over ` ital acquisition or modernisation. these the previous year’s budget. after 2009-10, Growth of Capital Expenditure (per cent) 15.33 15.00 impressive figures are however misleading. a when the budget was increased by 34 per closer look at the growth of the modernisa- cent due to the heavy increase in revenue Share of Capital Expenditure in tion budget of 2012-13 reveals that the focus expenditure caused by the recommendations Defence Budget (per cent) 42.09 41.15 is entirely driven by the navy, which has got of the sixth Central pay Commission, it is Share of Defence Budget in GDP (per cent) 1.83 1.90 a 72 per cent hike (to `24,151.51 crore) in its this year’s defence budget which has wit- modernisation budget. the air Force’s mod- nessed the highest increase in recent years. Share of Defence Budget in Central Government ernisation budget has increased marginally Laxman Behera, the well-known analyst Expenditure (per cent) 13.07 12.97 (by 0.5 per cent) to `8,503.9 crore, while the of the Institute for defence studies and army’s capital budget has declined by three analyses (Idsa) who invariably gives a per cent to `13,804.02 crore. the insignifi- detailed analysis of each year’s defence ever, the actual increase is only 13.5 per cent the increase in the defence budget is cant increase in the air Force’s modernisation budget has the following to say regarding the if the figures of the revised estimates (re) are misleading if one does not see the finer print budget and the decrease in the army’s budget reasons for the increase: “the new defence taken into consideration for the year 2011- and understand the totality of the impact on do not augur well for these two services and budget comes at a time when the perform- 12. the upward revision from re stage of various aspects of the budget. It can be do not meet their modernisation goals. ance of the Indian economy is under stress 2011-12 to budget estimates (Be) stage of broadly concluded from the figures (see It seems that the army Chief has already and the prospect of recovery is tenuous. as 2012-13 of the revenue budget amounts to table) that while the share of the defence apprised defence Minister a.K. antony that the economic survey 2011-12, presented to `9,036 crore and of the capital budget is budget in the Gdp has marginally increased, delays in decisions on key military matters the parliament a day before the Union `13,435 crore, thus bringing the total its share in Central Government expenditure have blunted the operational edge of the Budget puts it, Gdp growth is projected at increase in defence budget from re stage of has fallen. Moreover what is quite evident is army. the situation is quite alarming. the 6.9 per cent in the present fiscal year and at the concluding year to the Be stage of 2012- the fact that in comparison to the capital army Chief’s letter highlights delay in setting 7.6 per cent in 2012-13. these growth 13 to `22,471 crore. however, if the figures expenditure, the revenue expenditure has up the national counter-insurgency school, rates, which are significantly lower espe- of the Be stage of the concluding year to Be increased faster. the growth of the defence shortfall of quality ammunition and ord- cially in comparison to the nearly 10 per stage of 2012-13 are taken, the increase is budget has been driven primarily because of nance, lack of potent cyber warfare units, fail- cent growth registered in 2006-07, has `28,993 crore. therefore, the actual increase the increase in pay and allowance of the ure to modernise t-72 battle tanks, delay in however not forced the government to from the re stage is only 13.5 per cent. armed forces, which has increased by 27 per upgradation of arjun main battle tanks tighten its purse. Instead, it has resorted to (MBts), lack of modernisation in artillery and what can be termed as fiscal profligacy, by air defence capabilities and delay in procure- increasing the overall Central Government CHINA’S DEFENCE BUDGET ment of infantry weapons and reconnais- expenditure by a hefty 18.54 per cent, with China’s plan to boost its defence spending to 11.2 per cent in 2012 implies that military sance and surveillance helicopters. little regard for the fiscal situation. Conse- spending shall cross the $100 billion mark for the first time to approximately 670 billion as far as the IaF is concerned, the big quently, the fiscal deficit, which the Finance yuan ($106.4 billion). the increase is in accordance with the double-digit increase in the ticket items in the pipeline include aircraft Minister had promised in his previous pace of military spending by China over the past decade. however, the official statements such as the rafale fighter aircraft; apache budget speech to be reduced to 4.1 per cent emanating from China’s hierarchy do not give details of what weapon systems China is attack helicopters, and heavy transport air- of Gdp in 2012-13, is now projected to developing. defence analysts say that the true figure is probably significantly higher. craft (C-17 Globemaster III). thus we can ill increase to 5.1 per cent. this expansionary China has been constantly underreporting its military expenditure because much of the afford the stagnation or reduction in the cap- fiscal policy has been the prime mover for the military’s decision-making is kept opaque. ital budget of the army and the air Force at large increase in the budget of the defence China boasts of the world’s second highest military budget following the United states. this juncture. Ministry, which would otherwise have come according to estimates, Chinese defence budgetary investments will race ahead at 18.75 the above observation should be seen in under severe budgetary pressure if the per cent, likely to touch $238.2 billion by 2015. this would exceed the combined spend- light of the fact that `3,055 crore (4.41 per Finance Minister had chosen a tight budget. ing of all other key defence budgets in the asia-pacific region, thus reaching around four cent) of the capital budget has been surren- the increase in the defence budget has times Japan’s defence budget, the region’s next biggest spender. dered at the time of revised estimate of

www.spslandforces.net been shown as about 17.63 per cent. how- 2011-12.

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ANTICIPATEAANNTICIPPAAATTE TOMORROWTTOOMORRROOOWW >> LAND WARFARE Watersheds in Land Battle As far as “jointness” and synergy are concerned between the services, it is disappointing to note that in the 21st century, the Indian Army and indeed the Indian Navy and the Indian Air Force are still planning for conflicts essentially service wise, the way it was done in the early years of Second World War.

PHOTOGRAPH: Indian Army concepts of land warfare briefly described in Exercise Vijayee Bhava the following paragraphs. in progress Fourth Generation Warfare William s. Lind and others of the Us army have deliberated and reflected and then writ- ten on the fourth generation warfare in which the target is the whole of the enemy’s society (ideology, culture, political structure, infrastructure and civil society). this gener- ation of warfare is characterised by disper- sion, increased importance of actions by small groups of combatants, decreasing dependence of centralised logistics, high tempo of operation and more emphasis on manoeuvre. Concentration of men, materiel or firepower may become a disadvantage, as it will be easy to target. small, highly manoeuvrable agile forces will tend to dom- inate. the aim would be to cause the enemy to collapse internally rather than physically destroying him. there will be little distinc- tion between war and peace. It will be non- linear, possibly to the point of having no definable battlefields or fronts. Major mili- tary and civil facilities will be the targets. the success will depend heavily on joint opera- tions. If we combine these general charac- teristics with new technology, we see one possible outline of the new generation of warfare. It therefore emerges that to defeat ideologically oriented but amorphous terror- ist groups such as al-Qaeda and Lashkar-e- toiba (Let) currently ensconced in pakistan, will require the adoption of such concepts to defeat their designs. Asymmetric Warfare n LT GENERAL (RETD) V.K. KAPOOR officers commanding sub-units based on the doctrinal reform and the evolution of the doc- asymmetric threats are not new and have belief that they could adequately achieve trine of airLand Battle. the tenets of depth, been known since ancient times. Forces and WarFare has WItnessed their objectives without micromanagement agility, initiative and synchronisation, which are weaker have always employed three watersheds in which the from higher commanders. Formations at the became the heart of the airLand Battle doc- surprise, new weapon and technology change has been qualitative. the level of divisions were allowed greater deci- trine. the basic idea, applicable to both together with innovative tactics to deal with first generation warfare reflected sion flexibility to deal with changing situa- offence and defence, was to throw the enemy stronger forces. today the non-state actors the tactics of the era of the smooth tions on the ground, rather than having off balance with an offensive from an unex- are employing the same concepts in their Lbore muskets and the linear battle of lines decisions made for them by commanders pected direction, to seize and retain the initia- terrorist activities against stronger oppo- and columns. the second-generation war- who were distant from the front. this led to tive and defeat the enemy. the airLand Battle nents. the al-Qaeda attacks on the World fare was a response to the rifled weapon, the delegation of greater command author- provided the conceptual basis for the Us trade Center and other targets in the Us on breechloaders, barbed wire, machine-gun ity to commanders in the front and the Ger- army to adopt an initiative oriented readiness september 11, 2001, were of this nature. and indirect fire. the tactics were based on mans excelled in this field. they termed it posture. the concept developed along with Wikipedia describes asymmetric war as fire and movement and they remained essen- “directive style of command”. the principle of directing the main strike into a war between belligerents whose relative tially linear. Blitzkrieg: this concept was developed the opponent’s principal operational weak- military power differs significantly or whose the term “third generation warfare” was by the Germans after the advent of aircraft ness. the doctrinal reform was the symbol strategy or tactics differ significantly. It goes created by the Us military in 1989 and refers and tanks. It brought a major shift at the and basis of the 1970s and 1980s moderni- on to state, “It is a conflict in which the to the tactics of warfare used consequent to operational level in the second World War in sation of the Us army. resources of two belligerents differ in essence the development of the blitzkrieg concept by which emphasis was placed on manoeuvre, and in the struggle; interact and attempt to the Germans. essentially, this marked the end speed and tempo to carry out wide outflank- Employing Force to Safeguard exploit each other’s characteristic weak- of the linear warfare on a tactical level, with ing movements avoiding enemy’s defences National Interests nesses. such struggles often involve strate- units seeking to out-manoeuvre each other to to strike at his rear areas in order to cause after the Cold War, it is now seen that the gies and tactics of unconventional warfare, gain advantage instead of a head on clash. his psychological collapse. the Germans classical logic, legitimacy and effectiveness the “weaker” combatants attempting to use the third generation warfare was also a exploited their tactical excellence to cause of employing force to safeguard national strategy to offset deficiencies in quantity or response to the increase in battlefield fire- unprecedented defeats in the first two years interests is becoming more intricate and quality.” the asymmetric means employed power. horsed cavalry gave way to armour of war. despite the German’s successes in the sophisticated due to a large number of pres- could also include nuclear biological and and mechanised infantry achieving greater early years of the war, hitler’s impractical sures on both political and military leaders. chemical (nBC) or radiological warfare; ter- speed. tanks, mechanised infantry and self- strategic aspirations and underestimation of non-state actors do not seem to be deterred rorist strikes against soft targets, information propelled artillery supported by close sup- soviet capabilities led to the ultimate defeat by the military sophistication of the western or cyber warfare. port aircraft imparted mobility to the and destruction of Germany. world. India despite having one of the battlefield and thus manoeuvre on the Manoeuvre Warfare and Doctrine of largest army in the world and a very strong Unrestricted Warfare ground by mobile forces was used to defeat Airland Battle: americans picked up their and effective air Force and navy has not Colonels Qiao Liang and Wang Xiangsui of defensive design of the defender. as linear ideas from the Germans and the russians of been able to deter insurgencies and terrorism the people’s Liberation army of China in fighting came to an end, new ways of mov- simultaneous engagement of operational in Jammu & Kashmir and in the northeast their highly publicised book, Unrestricted ing faster began to appear. armoured and components of the enemy’s defensive system, and has been at the receiving end of a proxy Warfare, champion the art of “asymmetrical mechanised divisions replaced the infantry to cause ‘operational shock’ by development war advanced and encouraged by pakistan warfare”. they advocate that the more tra- divisions where terrain permitted their use. of an operational momentum far exceeding since 1989. It is clear that classical deter- ditional practice of urban terrorism (as wit- the development of the helicopter added to the relative reaction capability of the oppo- rence is less reliable against asymmetric nessed in Chechnya, somalia, northern the speed and momentum of an offensive nent. post Vietnam doctrinal reform in the Us challenges such as insurgencies and terror- Ireland, Kashmir and in Islamic Jihad force. the speed inherent in these methods army led to the adoption of “active defence” ism, yet military doctrine and force struc- against the Western World) combined with necessitated a greater degree of independ- doctrine in the early 1970s. this was followed tures have been slow in adjusting to these current technology tools as a method of ence for frontline units and formations. by a sharp revolution in doctrinal thinking, new security challenges. this environment imposing a severe psychological shock on

www.spslandforces.net Greater trust needed to be placed in junior which led to the second stage of post-Vietnam has given rise to some revised as well as new the adversary. the highly imaginative

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colonels outline a new doctrine of total war the growing transparency of the battlefield through integrated/joint staff work. the by conducting ‘asymmetrical’ or multi- and changing western value systems are Doctrinal differences, Indian army deploys a large number of dimensional attacks on almost every aspect compelling civilian and military leaders to lack of suitably combat formations (pivot formations) in of the opponent’s social, economic and polit- wield military power selectively and to use defensive operations and has considerable ical system. this new form of warfare, which fine judgement in the choice of the method integrated/joint staying power and exceptional resilience, but borrows from ancient wisdom of sun tzu adopted to achieve the political and military this capability will have to be transformed and his doctrines of surprise and deception, aims. It is obvious that even in the post-Cold organisations, poor into a dual capability for undertaking offen- also employs civilian technology as military War era, preventive diplomacy has to be sive and defensive operations as per the pre- weapons “without morality” and with “no backed by credible threat of the use of force knowledge and vailing operational requirement. limits” in order to break the will of demo- but classic deterrence is not reliable against achieving political objectives of war in cratic societies. asymmetric challenges such as terrorism. experience of joint staff short duration conflicts waged at short the authors state that non-military means work, and lack of net- notice demands a nuanced capability for Insurgency and Counter-insurgency of coercion often fail to change the behaviour offensive operations in limited conventional Insurgency has existed as a form of warfare of adversaries while military responses have worked communications, conflicts and low-intensity conflict (LIC) since the earlier times. It can be termed as a not changed fundamentally despite the new environment involving counter-insurgency strategy of desperation in which those with realities and constraints. hence they are of the the Indian armed forces and counter-terrorism operations. the new no other options turn to protracted, asym- view that unless the military changes its struc- structures must include rapid deployment metric violence, psychological warfare, and tures and methods to adapt to the changing lack the organisational forces, smaller fully integrated strike forces political mobilisation. In some modes, insur- nature of war, it will be weakened in three (integrated with air power) for the initial gents seek to attain their objectives directly by respects. First, it will not be able to repel attack culture and response to stages of offensive operations followed by wearing down the dominant power. In other on its territory or its interests abroad. second, larger “follow-up” formations if the war lasts forms, particularly the one developed by Mao it would not be able to coerce or compel the effectively fight future longer than anticipated and forces for LIC Zedong and refined by his disciples, asymmet- adversary to cease hostile action and third, it conflicts and for out of area contingencies. India ric methods are used to rectify an adverse con- would be weakened, as a viable war fighting would also need integrated special Forces for ventional military balance, with ultimate tool if diplomacy, deterrence and compellence special operations for internal and external victory coming through conventional means, fail. selective and discriminate use of force will use and a robust army aviation force capa- once parity or something like it is attained. reinforce the three areas mentioned and ble of undertaking close support aviation Ultimately, though the result is the same, the increase the effectiveness of military action Use of Air and Space Power and tasks on the battlefield. weak avoid defeat and over time, the power and this can come about through doctrinal Precision-Guided Weapons Modern weapons and equipment will balance changes and they become stronger. and technological innovation. the three doc- the vital characteristics of modern air and have to include, among others, larger quan- throughout history, insurgency has trinal imperatives advocated for making a suc- space power are its reach, responsiveness, tum of army aviation comprising attack ebbed and flowed in strategic significance cessful transition to a discriminate force concentration and flexibility. Modern multi- helicopters, troop lifting helicopters and hel- determined by contextual factors. the less strategy in order to delicately balance the role fighter aircraft together with force mul- icopters for observation and liaison; long- the chances of direct armed conflict between requirement of resolve and restraint, include tipliers like the aWaCs, networked through range artillery capable of firing precision- great powers and the greater the tendency ‘pre-emption’, ‘image wars’ and ‘modifying the C4Isr capabilities, can be configured to guided ammunition; land-attack cruise and of major powers to sponsor insurgency as a concept of victory’. pre-emption is favoured undertake any type of offensive role and ballistic missiles, mobile air defence weapons form of surrogate conflict, the greater the because it affords the opportunity to reduce the deliver a wide variety of conventional or capable of destroying multi-role fighters at strategic significance of insurgency for challenge from non-state actors to national non-conventional munitions. even transport different altitudes and ranges, and intelli- regional and global power balances and sta- security before it manifests itself. another ben- aircraft and helicopters can be used to deliver gence, surveillance and reconnaissance bility. In the Indian context, with nucleari- efit is that action is taken before the situation weapons in addition to their primary role of means to achieve C4Isr capability. the sation of the region, the likelihood of large worsens to a stage when use of discriminate logistic support. the flexibility of airpower is requirement for restructuring will have to be state-to-state conflicts has reduced consider- force is no longer feasible. limited only by the imagination of the user. met through reengineering of the existing ably. Moreover, due to India’s conventional the second imperative focuses on influ- With the advent of precision-guided muni- forces. the eastern theatre against China, superiority in south asian region, inimical encing images and public perceptions in tions and target designation; modern tech- neglected in the past, will require additional and adversarial states like pakistan have determining the outcome of contemporary nology has given airpower the capability of formations for creation of an offensive capa- sponsored insurgency and proxy war as a military engagements. the third imperative destroying targets with single digit Cep and bility in the mountains. Inter- and intra-ser- method of attaining power balance. deals with the concept of victory in which with least amount of collateral damage. vice network-centricity will enable coherent today, the combination of the massive the goal of war has to be redefined as success Given the wherewithal, these characteristics jointness which facilitates battlespace conventional military pre-eminence of the rather than victory where success is meas- endow airpower with the ability to psycho- awareness, enhanced command and con- United states; nuclear deterrence between ured as much in avoiding excessive civilian logically and physically imbalance an oppo- trol, synergised application of force, focused great powers and multiple sources of global causalities, suffering and destruction as in nent and achieve strategic aims set up by the logistics and protection. discontent arising from globalisation; the col- furthering political goals underlying the mil- national leadership with highly selective lapse of traditional political, economic, and itary operations. employment of land forces. Leadership and Command Style social orders; environmental decay, popula- this calls for a change in the methodol- the army has an excellent record of junior tion pressure and other factors; insurgency is Network-Centric & Effects-Based ogy of military operations. It promises a leadership but the higher leadership largely again surging in strategic significance. In fact, Operations capability of achieving operational and remains mired in conservative attrition ori- the world has entered another “age of insur- network-centric operations have also been strategic level objectives with speed and pre- ented methodologies. the command style is gency” analogous to the period from the described as a high tempo, precise, agile style cision and with selective use of the army. generally authoritative and excessively dom- 1950s to the 1980s. this is likely to continue of manoeuvre warfare focused on effects the Indian armed forces also require inating, which prevents intellectual growth for at least several decades. based operations (eBO) that derive their enhanced intelligence, surveillance and of junior and middle level leadership and every insurgency era differs from its power from robust networking of geograph- reconnaissance capability and a greater encourages sycophancy, resulting in medi- predecessors in some significant ways. the ically separated entities. eBO themselves are quantity and more variety of precision ocrity being pushed up, in substantial meas- key for those who must confront the threat coordinated sets of actions directed at shap- munitions, but most of all require a national ure to senior ranks. Beyond the rank of is discerning the salient changes. It is clear ing the behaviour of friends, foes and neu- will for an “air-first” response, considering major general, in the complex arena of oper- that insurgency has metastasised into a net- trals in peace, crises and war. the Iraq war that the Indian air Force was made to sit out ational art, which requires versatility, good worked global phenomenon motivated by a in 2003 and effects-based targeting clearly the war in 1962 and in Kargil, the air character and intellect, the promotions are violent form of radical Islam. But what does demonstrated the changed paradigm from response was delayed as it waited to be age based, and expertise and competence, that mean? Will old counter-insurgency con- old war to new—from former military objec- “cleared” by the government. such “opera- quite often, get sacrificed for a younger age cepts and strategies still apply? these same tives of exhaustion and attrition to the more tional disconnects” could prove embarrass- profile. these are some of the biggest draw- questions must be asked when dealing with direct achievement of control utilising a far ing in the next war. backs of the current Indian army. therefore, specific national insurgencies as well. since smaller scale of force and involving less if we wish to adopt the “directive style of the Indian army has been confronting this ground combat. this implies timely, appro- Impact on the Indian Army command”, which is suited for future con- challenge since independence, they have a priate and skilful use of all or selected ele- the Indian army is organised, equipped and flicts, it will require a change of culture wealth of experience. this is both a blessing ments of national power which include trained for third generation industrial age within the army. this is not going to be easy and a curse. It can provide insights into political/diplomatic, economic, technologi- low- and medium-technology conflicts. the without resorting to wide-ranging reforms today’s insurgencies, but it can also prevent cal, social, psychological, information/ threat from traditional adversaries requires and by adopting new training methods. strategists and senior leaders from seeing media and military among others. preparation and readiness for high intensity as far as “jointness” and synergy are what is new and different. timely sharing of information and intel- conventional conflicts in addition to low concerned between the services, it is disap- ligence, results in increased speed of com- intensity wars and internal strife. some of pointing to note that in the 21st century, the Concept of Discriminate Force mand, higher tempo of operations, greater the above concepts find relevance in the Indian army and indeed the Indian navy another viewpoint of the new generation lethality and increased survivability. In entire spectrum of conflict but more effec- and the Indian air Force are still planning warfare is the “Case for discriminate Force” essence, therefore, nCW advocates and tively in low-intensity spectrum and would for conflicts essentially service wise, the way put forward by professor ariel Levite and enables integration and “jointmanship” in need detailed examination and contextual it was done in the early years of second elizabeth sherwood-randall. according to which the three services, in the Indian con- amendments before adoption. Our tradi- World War. doctrinal differences, lack of them, western democracies are facing text, are lagging behind, despite all their tional methods of war fighting in conven- suitably integrated/joint organisations, poor increasing constraints on the use of their diplomatic eloquence from time to time. the tional conflicts favour deliberate set piece knowledge and experience of joint staff overwhelming military power because the final aim is to achieve strategic (political) military operations against fixed defences, work, and lack of networked communica- logic of the use of force to safeguard national objectives of war with the least amount of and hence our offensive operations are attri- tions, the Indian armed forces lack the interests is becoming less applicable. state tactical effort which incidentally is also the tion-oriented and tactically biased. these organisational culture and response to effec- and non-state adversaries who threaten essence of “operational art”. hence “joint- need to be changed in favour of manoeuvre tively fight future conflicts. important values and vital interests are no ness” and “integration” together with inno- both in the mountains and in the plains. tri- longer deterred by the western military vative operational art are vital parameters of service (Joint) planning and execution The author is a former Commandant of the

www.spslandforces.net might. at the same time, globalisation and this type of warfare. should be resorted to at the operational level Army War College

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Continued from page 2 PHOTOGRAPH: Indian Army Organisation of DGIS

DGIS (Director General Information System)

ADGIS (A) ADGIS (B)

ACCCS cell MISO CIDSS Cell IT AD&RS Cell ASDC BSSCell BMS Cell AIC Cell tion systems (dGIs). their cohesion and may have felt the necessity of letting the ing the dGIs. network within the army, which is capable integration are proving difficult due to differ- signals have its own identity. thus it seems of picking up information from the sensors ing perceptions and turf wars and hence that the army has now decided to put both Time is of the Essence deployed in the battlespace and passing it on these two departments together have to be the dGs under the director General Military the work on Indian army’s CIdss and a need-to-know basis to all concerned com- handled by yet another agency. theoreti- Operations (dGMO) who in the restructur- many of its various projects had started few manders in the field. this requires complete cally, this can be done by the deputy Chief of ing of the army headquarters has become decades ago. however, a fresh impetus was integration of information and communica- army staff (Information systems and train- a psO. But this model alone will not solve injected into this project with inputs from tions which seems to be the major weakness ing), or the dCOas (Is&t), to whom both the the problem because, at present, the the Us military operations in Iraq and of the army. Out of the projects undertaken dGs report. however, in reality, this is not dGMO’s organisation does not have any afghanistan, and the combined effects of by the dGIs, BMs is the least developed as it possible as the dCOas does not have the staff section head with any expertise or knowl- digitisation of the battlefield with the stand- started start. this being at the cutting edge or the technical expertise to handle the sub- edge of information systems under develop- off, multi-spectral sensors that give situa- of our combat capability requires close and jects concerned. ment and is staffed, in the concerned tional awareness about enemy and own constant monitoring at all levels. Moreover, different armies have evolved different sections, with officers from the Corps of sig- troops. this led to the amalgamation of due to the fast changing and evolving tech- models. the most favoured model is where nals. the dGMO will have to have a section existing structures and the creation of the nologies in the two fields of communications one dG (from the command stream, general solely responsible for information systems dGIs organisation in 2004. and information and the time required for cadre) controls both information and com- with qualified officers from the General despite the dynamism of the present absorption and development; delays in deci- munication. however, the Indian army Cadre stream to be able to render opera- dGIs, the overall progress in the army is sion-making and acquiring new technolo- being very large and the Corps of signals tionally useful advice and to come to logical slow considering the vital necessity of estab- gies can adversely impact our combat being a vital component and a major arm conclusions in respect of the problems fac- lishing a seamless digitised communication capability in the long run.

2/2012 SP’s LAND FORCES 21 >> FACE-TO-FACE ‘Fourth generation warfare imperatives would make the battles Infantry predominant involving close combat and fighting’ In an interview with SP’s Land Forces, Lt General Vinod Bhatia, DG, Infantry, Indian Army, said that constant endeavour is being made to absorb new technology and upgrade the equipment profile of units.

PHOTOGRAPH: Anoop Kamath / SP Guide Pubns SP’s Land Forces (SP’s): What is your vision SP’s: The People’s Liberation Army (PLA) is for the infantry in the context of future wars? planning to become a technology-intensive Would there be change in the roles and tasks force instead of being manpower-intensive. of the infantry? The Indian Infantry today is a manpower DG Infantry (DG): the prevailing geopolitical intensive force. Is there any thinking in the scenario clubbed with the advancement in direction of making the Infantry a technology technology necessitates that the Infantry has and firepower-intensive force? What changes to be prepared to fight in all types of terrain would you recommended achieving this? in the entire spectrum of conflict from sub- DG: Worldwide all armies are changing conventional war to an all-out nuclear war. their force structure from manpower-inten- the vision is to equip and train the Infantry sive to technology-intensive. pLa is therefore for the future battlefield. this has also been no exception to the rule. We in the Indian articulated in the Infantry Vision 2020 which army and particularly in the Infantry are is ‘Be optimally configured to conduct opera- alive to this shift and have embarked on a tions at short notice across the entire spec- programme for capability enhancement of trum of conflict prevention, conflict and post- the Infantry soldier and integration of the conflict activities both within and outside the soldier into the combat network. technology region’. the Infantry will continue to perform is being exploited to increase the lethality the role and tasks as hitherto fore. however, and battlefield transparency for the Infantry the battlefield milieu would change. hence, it soldier. some of the technology-intensive is imperative that the infantryman is suitably systems being inducted are new generation equipped and trained to effectively execute weapons, target acquisition devices, com- assigned battle missions. puters and communication systems.

SP’s: What is the broad framework of moderni- Lt General Vinod Bhatia was commissioned into the parachute regt in June 1974. the General SP’s: The Infantry has been the bedrock of sation of Infantry at unit and sub-unit level with Officer is a graduate of defence services staff College, College of defence Management and the Indian Army’s participation in the UN peace- particular reference to lethality, survivability, national defence College. keeping operations. What are the reasons for mobility and situational awareness? the General has wide ranging experience in command, staff and instructional appointments, our good performance in such operations and DG: as the armies across the world are shift- and had the privilege of commanding both a parachute Battalion and an assam rifle Battalion. how can we further improve upon our per- his higher command assignments include that of Mountain Brigade in north Bengal, Infantry ing their focus to rapid modernisation based formance in the future? division on the line of control (LOC) and an operational Corps in the northeast. his staff tenures on advanced technologies, it is prudent for included operational staff assignments at Brigade, Infantry directorate and Military Operations DG: India is one of the largest contingent us to ensure that Indian Infantry is also directorate. he was also the additional director General of Complaint advisory Board. he took contributors of peacekeeping forces under modernised rapidly. I envisage that the mod- over as the director General Infantry in november 2011. he is a recipient of aVsM and sM. the Un mandate. Infantry Battalions ernisation programme of Infantry at unit deployed in Un peacekeeping missions pri- and sub-unit level will be undertaken in a marily in Central africa and Mediterranean phased manner with laid down priorities. for with bulk carriers for Infantry formations feasible, and the concept of sub-unit opera- countries have acquitted themselves in the the priorities are: forming part of strike corps and for brigades tions would gain primacy. best traditions of our armed forces. the Lethality: this entails that an Infantry- earmarked for offensive roles in pivot Corps. as I see F-Insas concept identifies the Infantry battalions have carved a niche for man should be able to employ his weapon With this capability, Infantry will be able to need to provide infantry soldier with themselves and have won international system accurately and effectively to destroy strike the enemy in depth, reposition its enhanced capabilities. F-Insas perceives a accolade for their performance in Un peace- the enemy by day or night and in all-weather reserve rapidly, secure lines of communica- multi-mission, multi-role war fighter who is keeping missions. the main contributing conditions. the procurement process has tion and conduct other conventional and part of the system that contains numerous factor towards the success is the high moti- been initiated with replacements and sub-conventional operations in all types of modular integrated sub-systems. vation level amongst all ranks. the Infantry upgrades of weapon systems in progress. terrain. We are working towards intrinsic the project F-Insas is a soldier mod- battalions earmarked for Un peacekeeping some weapon systems, which are being tactical mobility with adequate protection. ernisation programme designed to enhance missions are selected through a stringent inducted on priority basis for rapid capability Infantry mobility vehicles, obstacle crossing the capability of an infantry soldier. Being process where the past performances of the development are: expedients, high mobility vehicles are being a ‘system of systems’, it has the following unit is the guiding factor. hence the units (a) third generation atGMs and launchers inducted in Infantry. sub-systems: selected for Un peacekeeping missions con- which will replace existing missile sys- Situational Awareness: restricted sur- (a) Weapon sub-system which includes sider it a matter of great pride and honour tems along with simulators. veillance ranges and lack of over the hill assault rifle, close quarter battle carbine for having been given an opportunity for (b) the advanced and upgraded versions of capability are being made up for Infantry. and light machine gun. overseas duty and to earn name and fame for assault rifles will replace the existing Mini UaVs and medium-range surveillance (b) Body armour and individual equipment the country. Besides, the battle hardiness Insas rifles. devices are planned for a deeper look into (BaIe) sub-system which includes bullet and vast combat experience in varied terrain Survivability: We are addressing sur- enemy territory. the present shortcomings proof jacket, ballistic helmet, individual gained by Infantry for such a prolonged vivability under individual and collective of quantity and quality of night vision load-carrying and survival equipment. duration has stood the test of time, trials and protection. devices have been addressed and we are (c) target acquisition sub-system which tribulations. It is for this reason that the (a) state-of-the-art modular bullet proof increasing the scaling and procuring of bet- includes surveillance devices and Infantry has displayed professionalism with jacket (BpJs) and ballistic helmets are ter quality of night sights. weapon night sights. a great sense of devotion towards its duty in being procured for troops deployed on (d) Computer and communication sub- Un peacekeeping operations. counter-insurgency (CI) and line of SP’s: What are the changes in the nature of system. control (LC) duties as part of individual warfare which directly impact upon the the project F-Insas is progressing well SP’s: Sometime back, the media had reported protection. the procurement is in an Infantry soldier? It is seen that the project for since its inception in the year 2005 and we that the Infantry because of the tough life advanced stage and should fructify soon. F-INSAS is being vigorously progressed by are leaving no stone unturned to see the involved, is not a popular arm with cadets at (b) Multi-purpose vehicles (MpVs) developed your Directorate. Can you give us a broad idea fructification of this prestigious project. the the Indian Military Academy and hence they by Ordnance Factory (OF) Medak are regarding the project—its goals and thrust induction of various weapons and equip- do not opt for the Infantry in their choice of being procured for troops deployed in areas and its current status? ment of F-Insas are being done in a arms. Is it true? How is the Army coping with counter-insurgency/counter-terrorist DG: With rapid advancements made in the phased manner with priority to personal this phenomenon? What policies has the (Ct) operations under collective protec- field of science and technology, the nature of weapon and protection systems. procure- Army evolved in this regard to make Infantry tion. delivery of these vehicles has warfare is also changing. Future wars are ment cases of few items of equipment are more attractive for young officers? commenced. Light bullet proof vehicles likely to be swift, violent and technology in very advanced stages. the soldier will DG: there is no doubt that the life in the (LBpVs) authorised to Infantry battalions intensive. Fourth generation warfare imper- have modern personal weapon in terms of Infantry is very challenging and demands deployed in CI/Ct duties are at present atives would make the battles to be Infantry carbine, assault rifle and light machine the best of an individual. It is also partially undergoing pre-induction evaluation. predominant involving close combat and gun. the Infantry has also embarked on true that Infantry is not the first choice Mobility: I visualise that the Infantry fighting in built-up areas. the Infantry night enablement with procurement of amongst the cadets at pre-commissioning will be assigned the task and should be capa- would be required to perform its role in var- state-of-the-art night vision devices and training establishments. If one has to go by ble of rapid inter/intra theatre deployment. ied terrain across the entire spectrum of con- sights which would be a mix of tI and II the statistics compiled for over last 10 years,

www.spslandforces.net adequate mobilisation resources are catered flict. punitive precision strikes would be technology. the difference in the number of candidates

22 SP’s LAND FORCES 2/2012 FACE-TO-FACE <<

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opting for Infantry vis-à-vis the Infantry are constantly working towards the goal of grammes for the jawans to enable them to to enable better assimilation. vacancies is diminishing. nevertheless, the keeping our Infantry in tune with the chang- get commissioned as officers through army (e) the equipment is being fielded in unit and shortfall in Infantry officer cadre is being ing nature of the battlefield across the entire Cadet College (aCC) or short service Com- formation level exercise to further fine- met by sending service officers on Infantry conflict spectrum. mission (sCO) entry. In the Infantry, there is tune the tactical employment and its attachment on initial commissioning for Funds are not a constraint as regards the an emphasis on providing in-service growth understanding by junior leaders. two to three years. Besides, the intake level modernisation of Infantry. the modernisa- opportunities to all ranks without any bias. (f) the pe/Org of Infantry Battalion is is also being enhanced and the situation is tion process is well under way and we will constantly being reviewed to ensure likely to improve in the coming years. More- see an advanced and well-equipped Infantry SP’s: In future wars, smaller, lighter and more availability of dedicated manpower to over, the cadets are also being motivated to battalion in the near future. mobile forces will dominate the battlefield. optimally exploit the equipment. come forward to join the Infantry by posting This will demand a very high standard of jun- (g) there has been a significant increase in decorated Infantry officers to training insti- SP’s: What steps have been taken to improve ior leadership. How is Infantry going to the number of joint training with foreign tutions to act as a role model. Motivational the terms and conditions of service of other achieve this? armies and our contribution in the Un lectures by war veterans and visits to ranks in the Infantry? DG: smaller, lighter, more mobile and well missions. Junior leaders are getting more Infantry battalion deployed in forward areas DG: the combat edge of the Infantry is dispersed forces will demand high quality opportunities to interact with their coun- are also being conducted during the pre- dependent on the well-being of the infantry- and quick decision-making ability of junior terparts from other armies of the world, commissioning training period. I am sure man. therefore, there is a requirement to leaders. the training of junior leaders to thus widening their horizon. there will be a reversal of trend in the com- have a well-trained and motivated soldier to meet the above challenges thus assume ing years. meet the challenges. the scheme of “assured importance. Infantry is constantly endeav- SP’s: How can the Infantry unit be made Career progression” has been implemented ouring to keep pace with these develop- lighter in manpower and yet capable of gen- SP’s: What are the challenges faced by your to give automatic financial upgradation after ments. some of the measures being erating greater firepower and lethality to cater Directorate in the modernisation of the eight years of service. to address the aspira- undertaken are: to the requirements of network-centric envi- Infantry and how are you tackling them? Have tion of other ranks, “third Cadre review” (a) Constant endeavour is being made to ronment? sufficient funds been allotted for modernisa- recommendations have been made in the absorb new technology and upgrade the DG: even in the future battlefield scenario, tion of the Infantry? Infantry. this would cater to increased equipment profile of units. the role of Infantry is likely to remain DG: the modernisation process of Infantry is vacancies in junior commissioned officers (b) alongside induction of equipment in unchanged though the nature of war is aimed at harnessing advanced technologies (JCOs) and non-commissioned officers units, the equipment being procured is likely to be significantly different. More accu- to enhance the operational capabilities of (nCOs) rank. In effect the promotion being scaled to training establishments rate and lethal weapons are likely to be used Infantry across the full spectrum of conflict. prospects would also increase considerably. to enable formalised training of junior in battle and therefore there is the need to there has been development in technol- the Infantry personnel retire young and leaders on technical and tactical aspects. equip Infantry soldiers accordingly. ogy, which has a profound influence on the more often than not they have to take up a (c) the curriculum at various Category a & In summary, the combat ensemble of the destructive power of weapons systems in second career. In the recent years, there has B establishments is constantly being future soldier would be lightweight, low lethality and accuracy, resulting in quick been a concerted drive to improve in-service upgraded to enable systematic absorp- bulk, multifunctional with grades of body obsolescence of weapons system and calling education to enable them to work out a suc- tion of this technological advancements armour protection as per different opera- for periodic upgrading and modernisation. cessful second career. Under the projects of by junior leaders. tional requirements. the technological inno- this is the most important challenge faced “Gyandeep and Kshamta”, a jawan can earn (d) the training capacity of training estab- vations in the upgrades of ammunition by us. an associate degree. lishments is being enhanced to enable along with state-of-the-art personal weapon the Infantry directorate is fully aware of human resource development Com- structured training for more number of having an enhanced sighting system will the requirements of a modern Infantry and missions (hrdCs) at formation level are junior leaders. e-learning and distant further increase the much needed effective- has taken a holistic view of the situation. We conducting personality development pro- learning packages have been introduced ness and lethality of the soldiers.

2/2012 SP’s LAND FORCES 23 >> ATTACK HELICOPTERS Helicopter Gunships for Engaging Targets on Ground With the ALH WSI and the LCH being indigenously developed by HAL and likely to enter service in the coming years, the Indian armed forces will have formidable and state-of-the-art armament using helicopters in their kitty, a useful force multiplier which can turn the tide in battle

PHOTOGRAPHS: Boeing, Eurocopter n LT GENERAL (RETD) B.S. PAWAR prises of a single modified 30mm cannon for targeting and neutralising the mines in shal- rMed heLICOpters Or COM- low depth and is fitted on the Us navy Black Bat helicopters can be classified hawk helicopter. into two categories i.e. the armed the attack helicopters, on the other hand, helicopters/gunships and the carries guns, rockets and guided missiles both modern day dedicated attack hel- air-to-ground and air-to-air. the gun is nor- Aicopters (ah). Both are military helicopters, mally a 20mm/30mm weapon and is located wherein the armed helicopters are normal in the chin of the helicopter. the gun provides utility, cargo or reconnaissance modified suppressive ground fire while the attack heli- with weapon mounts for defence against copter carries out its anti-tank mission. the enemy fire from the ground as well as air and unguided aerial rockets complement the for attacking targets on the ground. the pur- short-range gun and the long-range anti- pose of modification could be field expedi- tank missiles. the rockets are cheap and effec- ency during combat as well as the need to tive as an area weapon. the rockets can also maintain helicopters for missions that do not be used to attack and destroy soft ground tar- require weapons. gets that are not vulnerable to anti-tank mis- the attack helicopters on the other hand siles like depots and anti-aircraft gun sites. In are specifically designed and built to carry emergent situations they could also be used weapons for engaging targets on ground and in the air-to-air role. today, there are rockets air with special emphasis on anti-tank role. AH-64D Apache Block III helicopter with sub-munition warheads which can dis- the weapons include machine guns, can- perse a number of grenades/bomb lets over nons, rockets and guided missiles for air-to- specified target areas. the air-to-air missile ground and air-to-air engagement. Modern system is basically to counter the threat from day attack helicopters have two main roles: other attack helicopters and is more of a of providing direct and accurate close air defensive armament system. the anti-tank support for ground troops and anti-tank role guided missile is the main punch of the attack to destroy enemy armour. specialised armed helicopters. the advent of fire and forget mis- helicopters flying from ships at sea are siles is the greatest asset of the attack helicop- equipped with weapons for anti-submarine ters, which increases its lethality. the hellfire and/or anti-shipping operations. missile on the apache attack helicopter is in this class. the carriage of the armament and The Concept of Arming Helicopters the type will depend on the mission and area the concept of arming helicopters evolved of operations. with the French during the algerian and the armed helicopters will have to be fit- first Indo China wars (1954-62), in the form ted with countermeasures suite to include of modified armed helicopters. the first use radar and missile detectors, infrared jam- of armed helicopters by Usa in large-scale mers and chaff and flare dispensers, depend- combat operations was in Vietnam. Until the ing on the degree of threat perceived for Vietnam conflict, military helicopters were their own defence and survival. mostly used for troop transport, observation and casualty evacuation. these helicopters, Modern Attack Helicopters while flying the missions, often came under TIGER helicopter heavy fire resulting in the need for arming AH 64D: the american apache Longbow them. the huey Uh-IC troop transporter (ah 64d) demonstrates many of the was modified with stub wings attached to its icated attack helicopters due to increased today can also be fitted with mine dis- advanced technologies being considered for fuselage and kitted with machine guns and cost over gunships, the 1991 Gulf War put at penser/mine clearance systems. the mine deployment on future attack helicopters. the rockets. the other helicopters modified as rest these doubts. Fleets of apaches and huey dispenser system is fitted on the Us Black Longbow apache attack helicopter is an armed helicopters were the sikorsky and Cobras dominated Iraqi armour in the open hawk 139. the system is composed of racks upgraded version of the ah 64a apache Chinook Ch-47. this was a quantum jump desert during the war. In fact, the apaches on both sides of the helicopter for up to 40 and is the most sophisticated attack helicop- from the manned door-fitted machine guns fired the first shots of war destroying early canisters. each canister contains six anti- ter in the world today. the Longbow attack of the earlier versions of armed helicopters. warning radars and surface-to-air missiles tank and one anti-personnel mine. the rapid helicopter has a radar dome atop the main during the 1960s, the soviet Union also (saM) sites with hellfire missiles. the soviet airborne mine clearance system is another rotors, which facilitates firing of hellfire mis- felt the need for armed helicopters and mod- operations in afghanistan during 1979-89 armament sub-system where the intended siles in full-fire-and-forget mode, allowing ified the military MI-8 troop transporter hel- saw the emergence of the MI-25/MI-35 ah, targets are naval mines. the system com- the attack helicopter to stay masked behind icopter with weapon pods for rockets and a variant of the MI-24. We have in our inven- terrain as it acquires and engages the tar- machine guns. this subsequently led to the tory the russian MI-25/ MI-35 ah which gets. the earlier apache had to pop up to development of a dedicated armed helicop- are vintage; though certain amount of scan the battlefield, leaving it exposed or ter/gunship, the MI-24, which saw active upgrading has been carried out to make The use of armed relying on target data from other sources action in afghanistan during the 1980s. In them night capable. such as scout helicopters. the Longbow our context, we had earlier MI-8 and ranjeet helicopters in counter- armament consists of a 30mm cannon, (modified Cheetah helicopter), fitted with Types of Helicopter Armament Systems 70mm rockets, longbow hellfire missiles and machine guns fired from the side doors. Cur- the most common weapons are machine insurgency operations stinger/sidewinder air-to-air missiles. It has rently, the MI-17 and Lancer (Cheetah heli- guns and rockets for use against soft targets the honeywell integrated helmet and display copter) are modified for armed role capable on the ground and for self-defence while can pay rich dividends sighting system with state-of-the-art coun- of mounting guns and rockets. transporting troops over conflict areas. termeasure sensors. With the armed helicopter/gunship con- While armed helicopters have mostly used as they facilitate KA-50 and MI-28: the russians have cept battle proven, began the development of direct firing weapons with bombs considered carriage of troops as also developed state-of-the-art attack helicop- dedicated attack helicopters with the primary more appropriate for fixed wing aircraft, cer- ters in the Ka-50 and MI-28. this decision aim of engaging tanks. the late 1970s/early tain armed helicopters have successfully lent well as suitable weapons was taken after their experience in 1980s saw the advent of attack helicopters themselves to use with heavy bombs. the Us afghanistan with the MI-24 attack helicop- like the american apache (ah 64a) and army used the Chinook helicopters for drop- for use against ters, which was basically an armed helicopter upgraded huey Cobras (ah 1), the soviet MI- ping bombs to clear landing zones and satu- and hence not suited for a typical attack heli- 24 and the Italian Mangusta (a-129). While rate base camps and infiltration routes insurgents/terrorists copter role. the Ka 50 is the world’s first coax-

www.spslandforces.net some questioned the relevance of these ded- during the Vietnam War. armed helicopters ial, single-seat attack helicopter. the MI-28

24 SP’s LAND FORCES 2/2012 ATTACK HELICOPTERS <<

PHOTOGRAPH: Anoop Kamath / SP Guide Pubns on the other hand is roughly equivalent to the fielded should compare well with eurocopters apache Longbow but without command and Light combat helicopter tiger, Italian Mangusta and Bells huey Cobra control linkup. the MI-28 has a 30mm chain as it is in the same weight class. gun, ataka anti-tank guiding missile and rocket pods for s-8 and s-13 rockets. the Counter-insurgency Operations ataka is an improved version of the Vikhr the armament using helicopters whether anti-tank guided missile fitted on the MI-25/ armed or dedicated attack helicopter will be MI-35 ah. It also has in its armament the extremely relevant in future conflicts which Igla/ Vympel air-to-air missiles. will be short notice, short duration and high the other dedicated attack helicopters intensity with emphasis on deep battle. the operating are the Italian augustaWestland 9/11 bombings and subsequent american aW129 (Mangusta), Bell helicopters Viper foray in afghanistan has put this class of (the latest version of huey Cobra) and euro- helicopters in centre stage due to their inher- copters tiger. ent characteristics. the battle proven apaches from their anti-tank role in Iraq Indian Scenario have got into infantry support role against the taliban in afghanistan. however, what- Advanced light helicopter (ALH): It is ever may be the weapon systems and capa- also known as the dhruv and is already in bilities of these helicopters, their service with the armed forces. the army vulnerability to ground fire is a major con- aviation Corps has four units of aLh fully cern in their employment. proper planning operationalised and operating in different and coordination can take care of these sectors including high altitude. the aspects and enable effective employment weaponised version of the aLh called the cessfully carried out. however, the anti-tank of the light combat helicopter. the LCh is even in extremely hostile environment. the aLh weapons systems integrated (aLh WsI) missile helina, the air version of nag being using the technology of the aLh and its con- use of armed helicopters in counter-insur- is currently undergoing weapons integra- developed by the defence research and figurations, except the fuselage which is gency operations can pay rich dividends as tion. the weaponised version is fitted with development Organisation (drdO) is still streamlined and suitably modified for tandem they facilitate carriage of troops as well as the more powerful shakti engines being not ready. to meet the interim requirement, seating of pilot and weapons system operator suitable weapons for use against insurgents/ manufactured by the hindustan aeronau- the Indian army is scouting in the world with adequate armour protection. the terrorists. Both the armed MI-17 and Lancer tics Ltd (haL) in collaboration with French market for a suitable missile. the helina, weapons and systems will be the same/similar have been used in some operations though turbomeca. this engine has also been trial- once developed, is stated to be a fire-and- to the aLh WsI. the above approach has an to a limited extent due to concern for collat- evaluated for high altitude operations on the forget missile with seven kilometres range inherent advantage as most of the critical sys- eral damage. the MI-17V currently being utility aLh. Basically, the aLh WsI is a new and would compare with the hellfire missile. tems have been proven either on the aLh or acquired by the air Force is capable of armed generation armed helicopter duly modified the aLh WsI will carry eight anti-tank the aLh WsI. an indigenous attack helicop- role. With the aLh WsI and the LCh being for fitment of all types of weapon sub-sys- guided missiles, four air-to-air missiles or ter like the LCh is a step in the right direction indigenously developed by haL and likely to tems which can be fitted on a modern-day four rocket pods for 70mm rockets and a as it can be tailored to suit the terrain and cli- enter service in the coming years, the Indian attack helicopter. the aLh WsI has a 20mm 20mm gun, making it a formidable arma- matic conditions in our area of operations. armed forces will have formidable and state- gun turret, 70mm rockets and the Mistral ment using helicopter. the first flight of LCh took place on March of-the-art armament using helicopters in air-to-air missile. the integration firing for Light combat helicopter (LCH): the 29, 2010, and the attack helicopter is likely their kitty—a useful force multiplier which the above sub-systems has already been suc- haL has also embarked on the development to enter service by 2014. the LCh once can turn the tide in battle.

2/2012 SP’s LAND FORCES 25 >> PRECISION GUIDED MUNITIONS For Better Deterrence & Lesser Collateral Damage The Artillery needs large quantities of PGMs for more accurate targeting in future battles. PGMs are increasingly gaining currency to accurately destroy critical hard targets quickly as well as to reduce collateral damage. With a larger quantity of PGMs, the employment of Artillery itself will undergo a drastic change.

PHOTOGRAPH: US Army n LT GENERAL (RETD) V.K. KAPOOR Changed Nature of Warfare additionally, wars and warfare have preCIsIOn-GUIded MUnItIOn changed considerably. It is in this context (pGM) also termed as “smart that richard p. hallon in his article “preci- munition”, is a guided munition sion-guided Munitions and the new era of intended to precisely hit a spe- Warfare” (aspC paper no. 53) states, “there cific target and to minimise col- has been a generalised lack of appreciation Alateral damage. It is well known that the of how warfare has changed since the sec- damage effects of explosive weapons fall off ond World War. On the eve of the Gulf War, with distance. thus even modest improve- for example, critics of proposed military ments in accuracy enable a target to be action posited scenarios where tens of thou- effectively attacked with fewer or smaller sands of Iraqis would be killed by largely bombs. the creation of precision-guided indiscriminate air attacks that would ‘carpet munitions resulted in the renaming of older bomb’ population centres, particularly bombs as “gravity bombs”, “dumb bombs” Baghdad. to give viewers some idea of what or “iron bombs”. a ‘modern’ air war might be like, commen- tators, ironically, ran footage of Berlin and Advantages of PGMs other German cities after Victory in europe precision munitions give a decision-maker (Ve) day. In fact, of course, coalition leaders the confidence of contemplating the use of had no intention whatsoever of using such force in circumstances where collateral dam- a level of force against an opponent, recog- age would be unacceptable or call into ques- nising that given the moral climate of the tion the viability of continued military present day; this use of power simply would action and hence may preclude the use of XM25 individual airburst weapon system not be tolerated by the world community, or force as an option. thus precision technolo- even the population of a coalition nation gies have been used to design munitions causalities have changed. this has come ship is often at pains to explain the necessity that engaged in such action. But after being which could be employed to overcome such about because of negative publicity regard- of use of force. Moreover, due to availability briefed on the air campaign plan for the Gulf inhibitions. ing the use of heavy weaponry which results of excellent communications worldwide, it is War, coalition political and military leaders In low intensity conflict operations like in a large number of civilian causalities and not possible to hide excesses anywhere and were very comfortable with the notion of counter-insurgency and counter-terrorism which has serious implications for public in a seamless world, adverse global opinion using precision weapons in attacks deep in and even in high intensity conventional con- opinion and policy. this is more so in demo- can have an adverse impact both internally the midst of major cities, once they had been flicts, attitudes towards own and enemy cratic countries where the political leader- and externally. assured that the accuracies claimed for such The Winner’s Choice Saab RBS15 missile family has proven potential to meet the existing and future requirements of all branches within the Indian armed forces

he FUtUre OF Wars is going to measurement unit along with optimised he compel defence establishments across blast and pre-fragmented warhead. the the world to think big with more instantaneous or delayed initiation of the agile, precise, manoeuvrable and warhead is triggered by direct impact or smaller but effective forces. the fused by a proximity sensor. Tasymmetric nature of today’s military conflicts the state-of-the-art design of the rBs15 and emerging trends in the battle field environ- Mk3 results in high availability, reliability ment necessitates holistic exploitation of the and maintainability and long maintenance entire technological spectrum available to intervals, thus the cost of ownership is very secure war winning advantages. Militaries low during the system’s specified lifetime of today tend to walk the extra mile towards win- 30 years. Gripen Maverick and RBS 15 RBS15 Ship launch ning edge by harnessing the cruise missile tech- nology even for high seas and land attacks. Missile Engagement Planning System saab’s rBs15 missile family has proven manoeuvres and re-attack. thus, it is packed horizon. attacks can also be mounted from all targets are displayed for the operator potential to meet the existing and future with all features that contribute to the mis- different directions with pre-selected time together with the complete engagement requirements of all branches within the sile’s high defence penetration capability. of arrival for each missile as well as simul- plan for each missile. the MMI comprises a Indian armed forces. they come with unique the rBs15F er is the air-launched mis- taneous arrival. map of the combat area enabling the flexibility and ability of being launched from sile in the rBs15 missile family. It can be operator to overview the operational sce- various platforms. the rBs15F er and the launched from both fighter aircraft and RBS15 Mk3 Missile Design nario and to make changes to the engage- rBs15 Mk3 constituting the rBs15 family reconnaissance aircraft. the performance of each missile is contained in a canister, which ment plans. has the potential to become the common the two missiles are principally the same and serves as launcher as well as environmental to facilitate coordinated attacks from missile for many attack purposes. they use the same software in the planning protection throughout the missile’s life several weapon carriers, engagement data the rBs15 Mk3 is the latest developed and fire control system. cycle—a round of ammunition concept. the can be exchanged over a digital interface and surface-to-surface (ssM) missile system. It is the rBs15 missile is designed to operate length is 4330mm and diameter is 500mm. be displayed on the screen. the system can a true fire and forget multipurpose anti- in the naval scenario, from blue sea condi- the missile weighs 660 kg and comes with also receive and transmit complete engage- ship/land attack, sea skimming, cruise type tions to littoral warfare and in land attack high Ku-band active radar target seeker with ment plans to and from higher command missile. the missile possesses a high hit prob- missions. Launches can be made from ship, jittered prF and frequency agility providing levels. this enables an extensive support to ability due to a flexible pre-launch program- land and airborne platforms making it suit- inherently good eCCM characteristics. the the tasking, direction and control of the mable active radar seeker. It has unique eCCM able for a wide spectrum of threat scenarios. wide antenna and the very short high power rBs15 Mk3 system. and defence penetration capabilities by an off- the long flight range and extremely monopulse provide excellent angular and rBs15 Mk3 is already in production for set stealthy approach featuring a very low ter- flexible trajectory enables attacks from range resolution. rBs15 comes with a nav- Germany, poland and sweden and deliveries

www.spslandforces.net minal trajectory with a set of evasive short distances to ranges well beyond the igation system including Gps and inertial are in progress.

26 SP’s LAND FORCES 2/2012 PRECISION GUIDED MUNITIONS << weapons were realistic and not the stuff of reliably hit a target the size of a small room an overenthusiastic trade-show sales brief- from a thousand kilometres away. the Us ing. On the ‘opening night’ of the Gulf War, army’s second generation tactical missile for example, Baghdad was struck by two system is able to destroy battalion-sized for- kinds of precision-attackers: ship-launched mations of moving armoured combat vehi- cruise missiles and air-launched laser-guided cles at ranges in excess of 140 kilometres bombs. Later, the extensive use of precision when it is loaded with the brilliant anti-tank weaponry in the north atlantic treaty (Bat) sub-munitions. Combat aircraft today Organisation (natO) air campaign in can engage targets with the joint direct Bosnia without (to the author’s knowledge) attack munition from a stand-off range of any collateral losses, affirmed again that this about 100 kilometres and hit their targets by kind of attack offers decision-makers an day or night under any weather conditions. option to exert force in circumstances that It is reported that the total quantum of just two decades ago, they would not have pGMs used by the Us army in Vietnam was considered possible.” just 0.2 per cent of total munitions. the ratio the capability of launching precision increased to eight per cent in the 1991 Gulf attacks via drones flying overhead has been War and rose to 35 per cent in Kosovo. In the fully exploited by the Us in afghanistan and afghan and Iraq wars of 2003, 56 per cent pakistan where predators (unmanned com- of munitions were pGMs. bat aerial vehicle (UCaVs)) with hellfire mis- siles have been employed extensively to get Advanced Guidance Concepts at taliban and al-Qaeda leaders who other- responding to after-action reports from pilots wise would have been inaccessible. thus, who employed laser and/or satellite guided decision-makers now have a freedom to use weapons; Boeing has developed a Laser JdaM military force in built up areas (cities and (LJdaM) to provide both types of guidance in towns), in an enemy homeland or in enemy- a single kit. Based on the existing JdaM con- occupied territory without risking their own figurations, a laser guidance package is troops and without the fear of causing col- added to a Gps/Ins-guided weapon to lateral damage. increase the overall accuracy of the weapons. raytheon has developed the enhanced pave- Air and Space Aspects way family, which adds Gps/Ins guidance to With the advent of precision-guided munitions their paveway family of laser-guidance pack- combined with accurate reconnaissance, sur- ages. these “hybrid” laser and Gps guided veillance and target acquisition systems and weapons permit the carriage of fewer global positioning system (Gps)-aided naviga- weapons types, while retaining mission flex- tion systems; modern technology has given ibility, because these weapons can be airpower the capability of destroying targets employed equally against moving and fixed with single digit circular error probability targets, or targets of opportunity. (Cep) and with least amount of collateral damage. Given the wherewithal, these charac- Cannon Launched Guided Projectiles teristics endow airpower with the ability to (CLGPs) psychologically and physically imbalance an the Us army’s MGM-51 shillelagh missile opponent and achieve strategic aims set by the can be considered a type of CLGp. Intended for national leadership with highly selective use on the M551 sheridan light tank, the employment of land forces. the effects are fun- shillelagh missile was fired out of the sheri- damentally greater than before. airpower has dan’s cannon to provide robust anti-tank become the decisive force in war, allowing air- capability. the army’s M712 Copperhead power to shape the battlefield before the laser guided artillery round was used in ground forces. In high-intensity combat, the desert storm. army CLGps include the M982 main role of land forces would now be to excalibur 155mm artillery shell, the XM395 secure a victory, rather than achieve it. precision-guided mortar munition, and the It is becoming increasingly evident that in XM1156 precision guidance kit to refit exist- the long-term, manned fighters will give way ing 155mm shells with precision guidance, as to unmanned combat. the transition from the air Force’s JdaM programme converts operating UaVs as sensor platform to employ- dumb bombs into precision munitions. ing them as weapons carriers is seen by ana- lysts as the logical outcome of the available Guided Small Arms technologies and the extensive use of preda- a rifle capable of firing explosive bullets that tors mounted with hellfire missiles in the can detonate within a metre of a target could afghanistan-pakistan region, proves the effi- let soldiers fire on snipers hiding in trenches, cacy of this concept. the Us air Force has behind walls or inside buildings. the Us army armed its predator and Global hawk UaVs has developed the XM25 rifle to give its troops with precision weapons. the Us Congress has an alternative to calling in artillery fire or air mandated that a third of all Us deep-strike strikes when an enemy has taken cover and aircraft in the future will be unmanned. In the can’t be targeted by direct fire. the rifle’s gun future, manned fighters may be used for only sight uses a laser rangefinder to calculate the a limited number of roles, whereas stealthy exact distance to the obstruction. the soldier unmanned combat aircraft, together with can then add or subtract up to three metres low-observable long-range stand-off muni- from that distance to enable the bullets to tions, will lessen the need for manned aircraft clear the barrier and explode above or beside to penetrate enemy defences. these factors the target. raise the question of whether and for how long manned aircraft will be needed for the Requirements of the Indian Army delivery of precision-guided munitions. India will face three types of threats in the Military experts predict that space will future. the traditional variety of threat from become an actual theatre of military opera- pakistan and China which is likely to be in the tions. Currently, it is felt that space operations form of limited mid/high intensity border wars, could involve everything from protecting mil- while the internal threat and the contempo- itary satellites to knocking out enemy space- rary challenges are likely to take the form of borne threats and denying adversaries the terrorism and insurgencies emanating from same opportunities in space. Future threats to traditional adversaries, international terrorist satellite systems could include satellites networks, non-state actors, and dissident armed with lasers, as well as electronic jam- groups of home grown variety. these threats ming devices and viruses that could shut and challenges will have to be confronted on a down the flow of information. wide variety of terrain existing on India’s bor- ders, ranging from high altitude glacial regions Some PGMs in Use Currently to high mountains, low hills, plains, semi- In the development of pGMs, today’s desert and desert terrain, and riverine terrain. “smart” or “brilliant” weapons include a thus the operational requirement of the army host of weapons that range from missiles to will induce capability-cum-threat based struc- individual warheads to defences against tures and equip the army with a wide variety enemy smart weapons. In the Us, the toma- of weapon systems including a relatively larger hawk cruise missile, guided by the Gps, can percentage of pGMs.

2/2012 SP’s LAND FORCES 27 >> INTERNAL SECURITY India’s Internal Security Woes Integrated challenges to homeland security have to be handled at the national level with a centralised framework for adequate response. The government would do well in coming out with a white paper on internal security challenges and get on with an effective response post ensuring a speedy consensus.

PHOTOGRAPH: Indian Army n LT GENERAL (RETD) P.C. KATOCH Ministers is very genuine considering what M.K. dhar, former Joint director Intelligence t a reCent seMInar on home- Bureau, wrote in his book, Top Secret–India’s land security Challenges held in Intelligence Unveiled. he says that irrespective new delhi, a panelist took of which party is in power in India, the entire umbrage to a remark that Maoist intelligence effort of the country is focused on insurgency could persist for how to do down the opposition. Aanother 20 years. though he could not lie the second objection of ‘infringement on the finger on the exact date when normalcy states’ too is genuine since we have failed to would return in the affected areas, his delink terror and insurgent acts from routine response was that it would be over much ear- ‘law and order’ under responsibility of the lier. assessments sure are difficult when we states. the third objection of the issue not have been contending with terrorism and having been discussed too is genuine consid- insurgencies for decades but have yet to ering that it has taken 22 excruciating come up with a composite and comprehen- months to accord approval for the nCtC sive response mechanism notwithstanding during which the issue should have been dis- some steps initiated post the 26/11 Mumbai cussed and consensus arrived at. India has terrorist strike. how long the Maoist insur- failed to look at how our Constitution should gency will last is maybe a matter of conjec- strengthen our hands in fighting the twin ture but the fact remains that India’s knee- malaise of terrorism and insurgency. jerk reactions to such movements that pose there was considerable merit in the home grave threats to our security, allow them to Minister’s original proposal that the entire continue indefinitely. If that was not the Sniper in action counter-terrorism architecture including the case, the Maoist insurgency should have proposed nCtC function under the Mha till been over within a few years if not months the creation of a MIs. the mere fact that the of having given them a crushing blow at Intelligence sources had been reporting for tion on ground is that CapF inducted into home Minister himself proposed a MIs naxalbari by employing an Infantry division last two years that Let operatives had been the area have not been suitably reorganised, implied that the current set up is inadequate. decades back. attending Maoist meetings and were making equipped and in some cases have not had however, what eventually has been sanc- persistent efforts to integrate terrorist organ- any pre-induction training. Besides they are tioned implies that while Multi agency Centre Current State isations and insurgents within India. Let too thin on ground. their venturing into the (MaC) hitherto run by the Intelligence the official list of terrorist organisations has all along been the covert arm of the IsI- some 400-square-kilometre area that was Bureau is subsumed into nCtC, but organi- operating in India released by the Ministry pakistani Military and will leave no stone declared ‘liberated zone’ by Maoists few sations like the national Investigation agency of home affairs (Mha) talks of 29 organi- unturned in making efforts to balkanise years back is questionable and unlikely to (nIa) and the national Intelligence Grid sations but makes no mention of organisa- India. the architecture of this phenomenon have happened. (natGrId) will continue functioning inde- tions like the students Islamic Movement of has been emerging over the past decade plus pendently albeit all intelligence agencies are India (sIMI), Indian Mujahideen (IM) and when pakistan started inserting armed ter- Bombing of Israeli Embassy Car to provide inputs to nCtC. even in the pro- popular Front of India (pFI) despite proof of rorist modules into all states of India the recent terror attack on an Israeli offi- posed shape, the nCtC will take many their radical acts and intentions. Browse the covertly, knowing well that if these modules cial’s car outside the Israeli embassy in new months/years to attain optimum level of real- web and you have some 178 outfits (both remained inactive sleepers for some time, it delhi and in close proximity to the maxi- time operational efficiency. to start with, it terrorist and insurgents) listed operating in would facilitate their merging into the mum security zone of the prime Minister’s must have data links and standardised proto- India though this list also omits organisa- Indian population and acquiring Indian residence in February this year and our cols with and amongst all intelligence agen- tions like sIMI, IM and pFI. Media reports of identities given the vote bank politics here. inability to prevent the action, identify and cies for real time passage of information. the Maoists establishments in urban centres China has been giving tacit support to apprehend the perpetuators after the inci- More significantly, state Counter-terrorism (including delhi/nCr) and similar reports of pakistan’s jihadi activities in India and has dent, indicates our weaknesses. there was Centres (sCtCs) must be established to ensure the pFI need to be taken seriously. as per a even provided training and support to United media blitz of a new magnetic device and regular flow of ground level intelligence book titled From a Head, Through a Head, to a Liberation Front of asom (ULFa), besides new tactics, which are misnomers. there is upwards and dissemination of collated and Head authored by a pakistani and published being behind the Maoisits of nepal whose nothing new about motorcycle-borne ter- analysed intelligence flowing downwards. in Karachi in the year 2000, states, “Zhou- links with Indian Maoists were confirmed rorists undertaking terror missions. In fact, sCtCs should be established in all states and en-Lai suggested to ayub Khan that pak- more than two years back through interro- it is routine. there is nothing new either not like UhQ (Unified hQ) in selected few as is istan should prepare for prolonged conflict gation of apprehended Maoists—something about areas outside foreign missions being the current practice, for the simple reason with India instead of short-term wars. he which our government is afraid of stating very prone to terror threat. India should that the threat of terrorism is omnipresent advised pakistan to raise a militia force to act fearing that it would annoy the dragon. the have known better with our mission in that can occur at any place without warning. behind enemy lines.” apparently, ayub fact is that through gross inadequacy in Kabul subjected to terror attack twice Khan took the advice of Zhou-en-Lai very handling social change, we have presented already. the requirement of 24 x 7 contin- Conclusion seriously and pakistan nurtured the militia an expanding asymmetric battlefield in India ued surveillance (both manual and elec- India needs to do much more to gear up on force in the form of jihadi radicals to act that our adversaries are already exploiting tronic) outside foreign missions in India, homeland security. the current response to behind enemy (India) lines. Unfortunately, and will continue to do so. International ter- particularly of a country like Israel, needed the Maoist insurgency is not cohesive to say India has permitted the establishment of an rorist organisations (like al-Qaeda and Let) no emphasis. the magnetic bomb should the least. taking 22 months to sanction a intricate international terror network on its have linkages with other terrorist organisa- have been no surprise either. Limpet mines nCtC indicates the lackadaisical approach own soil (inducted deliberately by pakistan tions including India in the name of global with clockwork mechanism (that can be we have in countering terrorism as well. We since early 1980s) that can now easily be jihad and for targeting nationals of countries attached to any metallic object) have been need to speed up the pace and cater today to operated with a ‘remote’, and which now is like the Us, Israel and India. this is what available for the past several decades (not the type of threats including new technol- exceedingly difficult to identify. no wonder, hafiz saeed, the mullah, was advocating in years). Most likely a timing device was used ogy and tactics that the terrorists may use the global terrorism map shows the Multan to a 50,000 strong radical congre- by the bomber that permitted him to escape tomorrow. In future, we could well witness afghanistan-pakistan-India region as the gation recently. Let us not get carried away and gave time for defusing a similar device cyber attacks on critical infrastructure, most volatile and dangerous. by illusions of pakistan’s military becoming in Georgia. financial and kinetic attacks, dirty bombs, recent apprehension of three Lashkar-e- answerable to the civilian government. per- maritime, chemical and biological terrorism, toiba (Let) operatives in connection with haps we should think of some semblance of National Counter-terrorism Centre and even radiological/nuclear blackmail to planned terrorist strikes in Chandni Chowk civilian authority in pakistan only when the the recent furore over the national Counter- spread panic and create hysteria. Integrated area in new delhi confirms Let-Maoist links Inter-service Intelligence (IsI) is de-linked terrorism Centre (nCtC) has caused consid- challenges to homeland security have to be as also Let connection with pakistani stooge from the military and brought directly under erable turbulence. Many Chief Ministers and handled at the national level with a cen- Geelani, heading the hurriyat. Govern- civilian control. political parties have raised strong objections tralised framework for adequate response. a ment’s acknowledgement of the strategic despite the euphoria over the killing of against its establishment. the main objec- diluted nCtC can hardly be effective. the United Front of the Maoists highlights the Kishenji, the Maoist insurgency appears to tions are the fear that the government will government would do well in coming out grave danger to homeland security and must be getting more formidable by the day. the use the nCtC to target non-Congress politi- with a white paper on internal security chal- be viewed coupled with the expanding pan- fact is that the response is largely left to the cians and non-Congress supporters, nCtC lenges and get on with an effective response India grouping of Islamic terrorism with its states with Mha merely dishing out compa- will be an infringement on the rights of the post ensuring a speedy consensus. Contin- international links and growing interde- nies of Central armed police Forces (CapF) states and that the issue was not discussed ued grouping of terrorist and insurgent acts pendence and linkages between insurgent in addition to periodic intelligence inputs— with the opposition and the states. the first under ‘law and order’ would only endanger

www.spslandforces.net and terrorist organisations within India. an approach that is not workable. the situa- part of the objection by the concerned Chief national security further.

28 SP’s LAND FORCES 2/2012 INDUSTRY <<

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BAE Systems at Defexpo The company will debut its future-proof CV90 and the go-anywhere BvS10 vehicles along with the ultra-light M777 howitzer

OBILItY WILL Be the dom- head mounted display compatible with mili- inant theme among Bae sys- tary night sensors such as thermal weapon tems’ displays at the seventh sights and the skeetIr. defexpo India being held in Further, Geospatial eXploitation prod- new delhi from March 29 to ucts (GXp) software specialists will show aprilM 1 this year. the company will debut its how to use GXp Xplorer data management family of CV90 light tanks and Bvs10 go- software to connect to and crawl various dis- anywhere all-terrain vehicle family in India parate data repositories to find information at the exhibition, along with the ultra-light in GIs feature databases, product and M777 howitzer. In recognition of the com- national libraries, map and chart libraries, pany’s commitment to offer the full span of tactical data stores, and other intelligence its capabilities across the defence, aerospace data sources. and security domains in India; Bae systems’ CV90 M777 Ultra-light howitzer dean McCumiskey, Managing director & pavilion at this signature event spans prod- CeO India, Bae systems said, “defexpo is an ucts and solutions in air and defence infor- the world’s first 155mm howitzer weighing ponents of Bae systems equipment devel- extremely important platform for us in the mation, maritime, intelligence and security, under 10,000 lbs (4,218 kg), the highly oped to maximise the capabilities of dis- continuing development of our business and and electronics systems. mobile M777, on display at defexpo this year mounted personnel in military and security the last two years have marked very good Initially created for the swedish army is the subject of ongoing discussions operations. among the Bae systems products progress. partnering with the industry in and sold to six nations, the CV90 light tank between the Indian and Us Governments in on display is a lightweight thermal weapon achieving self-reliance in the design, devel- provides high tactical and strategic mobility, relation to a possible sale, in support of the sight featuring a 28-micron focal plane array opment, and production of equipment, sys- and survivability in any terrain or tactical Indian army’s modernisation programme. which requires less power and reduces tems and platforms, is the cornerstone of our environment. designed to provide maximum reinforcing its commitment to supporting weight. two other innovative Bae systems’ business in India. We take pride in the mile- availability and cost-efficiency throughout indigenous capability through investment, products for dismounted personnel on display stones: our joint ventures with Mahindra & its operational lifespan, the CV90’s systems technology sharing and co-development, Bae include the skeetIr and red-I. the size of a Mahindra and the hindustan aeronautics require only straightforward, low-cost main- systems is located in hall 9 alongside defence credit card, the weapon-mountable skeetIr is Limited have marked in their journeys since tenance. the platform’s future-proof design, Land systems India, its joint venture with not only one of smallest thermal monoculars the last defexpo. as we build our footprint, the result of continuous improvement from Mahindra & Mahindra. available today; it is also one of the most ver- we are committed to creating key intellectual operational feedback, allows for new In the electronic systems sector, the com- satile thermal imagers in the world. With its property indigenously working closely with upgrades and variants. a proven workhorse pany will have a variety of future soldier tech- hotkey functionality, a modular weapon, hel- partners and customers to deliver best of in battle situations, the Bvs10 armoured all- nologies on display, including handheld met, and accessory interface, skeetIr adapts breed solutions.” terrain vehicle provides an unbeatable com- thermal monoculars. these technologies will in seconds to virtually any weapon. the Bae systems is located in hall 9 of the pra- bination of mobility, payload and protection. be displayed in conjunction with other com- remote eyepiece display imager (red-I), is a gati Maidan exhibition Centre, new delhi.

2/2012 SP’s LAND FORCES 29 >> NIGHT VISION The Importance of Night Vision

he nature of warfare has changed dramatically after the september 11 attacks on the World trade Center. In afghanistan and Iraq mass deployment of armor and air strikes alone are not enough to conduct effective counter insurgency operations. Tduring the news coverage of a senior natO officer’s visit to afghanistan, when he asked if there was anything specific in fact the soldiers needed; the reply was instanta- neous “more nVG’s (night Vision Goggles) sir”. this response cements the necessity of nVG’s in the present and future conflict zones. nVG is a post World War II develop- ment. It is no longer a luxury item for the modern soldiers but vital equipment, which may determine their survival in war zones. nVG’s have the unprecedented features of being easy to deploy and to maintain, of providing a unique identification performance by night and to be relatively cheap but very rugged, unlike any other opto-electronic devices. thus the Us army is leading the way of all natO countries by massively equipping all of their troops with at least one nV device per soldier. also for the 2008 Mumbai attacks which began on 26 november 2008 and lasted until 29 november, night Vision was of importance. night actions have taken place, by the early morning of 28 november, all sites except for the taj hotel had been secured by Mumbai police and security forces. night Vision is of crucial importance for India, as recent terror events have shown again among others the vulnerability at night of armed and security forces. Chronological development of Image Intensification the first night vision devices were introduced during World War II. these active devices required a large infrared light source to illuminate targets, and consequently were easily detectable to opposing forces using similar equipment. the first true passive image intensifier (I2) devices, known as Generation I?, were introduced in the 1960s. these devices eliminated the need for external infrared illu- mination, as they intensified ambient light. these “starlight scopes” were extremely bulky since they required several vacuum tubes coupled together to inten- sify an image. By the 1970s, night vision experienced a technological breakthrough when Generation II? introduced the inte- grated Microchannel plate (MCp). this new MCp elimi- nated the need for multiple stages of amplification and allowed the tube to reach very high gains with very good low light level performance, increased tube life, lower power consumption and almost no distortions. all of these achievements could now be contained within a compact housing, allowing for the development of the first truly man-portable devices. In the 1980s, some tubes had the photocathode made from gallium arsenide (Gaas) instead of tri-alkali (na2Ksb). While the Gaas photocathode did provide a bet- ter response to near-infrared light, these Generation III? tubes lost the ability to reliably “see” the blue light that is most common in desert, sandy or rocky environments. the Generation III tube also had a significantly shorter useful life, and required a protective ion barrier film to return to the Generation II tubes lifespan. Unfortunately this film also reduces the electro-optical performance of the tube since many of the electrons emitted by the photocathode are absorbed in the film and take no part in the amplifica- tion process, reducing the quality of the reproduced image. phOtOnIs technologies started the long process of improving I2 tubes performance. Improvements have taken three parallel routes:

1- reduce size & Weight. 2- Improve resolution and signal-to-noise ratio (both parameters combined into what is now recognized as the FOM – Figure-of-Merit) 3- Minimize and overcome the major enemy of I2 tubes which is excessive light. In the late 1990s, advances in technology allowed new tubes such as the phOtOnIs Xd-4™ to surpass the per- formance of Generation III tubes. this made the term “Generation” irrelevant in determining the performance of an I2 tube. By 2001, the United states government con- cluded that performance was not dependant on generation, and eliminated it as a basis for export regulations. XD-4™ overview with Auto-Gating Xd-4™ technology enables the user to detect information

www.spslandforces.net easily during all types of operations. Its wide spectral sensi-

30 SP’s LAND FORCES 2/2012 NIGHT VISION <<

16MM Tube Image without Auto-Gating the 16mm Image Intensifier tube by phO- tOnIs has been designed to meet the sWap requirements of the modern armies: reduced size, Weight and minimum power consumption, still with state-of-the-art performance. the weight of the 16mm Image Intensi- fier tube has been reduced by 35 grams compared to standard anVIs 18mm tube while its volume size has been reduced by 40%. the 16mm Image Intensifier tube of phOtOnIs is available with an integrated auto-Gated power supply. About PHOTONIS Night Vision phOtOnIs night Vision is the largest euro- pean image intensifier tubes supplier and one of the world leaders in the design and Image with Auto-Gating would drop to less than 20 lp/mm at high manufacturing of state-of-the-art image light levels. the image provided by an auto- intensifier tubes for space and military gated tube keeps therefore in all conditions applications. night vision has become a key of light the best contrast. dynamic lighting opto-electronic technology in modern war- conditions define many of today’s missions. fare as more and more combats take place having a device fitted with auto-gating by night. phOtOnIs night Vision products might be a true life saver in emergency situ- are in use in all natO countries and are ations, such as field explosions, sudden largely deployed worldwide. flashes of light or in a twilight environment the phOtOnIs Group is a global busi- where a standard image intensifier would ness serving the photo-sensor technology usually switch off lens focus. needs of world-leading customers in the areas of night Vision, Industry & science ONYX and Medical Imaging. the Group develops In addition to the advances made with Xd- and manufactures Image Intensifier tubes 4™ auto-Gating, OnYX natural black and for civilian and military use, Micro-Channel white night Vision Image Intensifiers are plates for mass spectrometry and space sci- proving to be a plus in terms of image con- ence and Gas nuclear detectors for the trast and detection. OnYX is the optional safety of nuclear power plants. black & white (B&W) vision of phOtOnIs. phOtOnIs Group has over 1.000 studies show that nighttime scenes employees with revenues exceeding eUr tivity enables the soldier to operate in all star- reduces the duty cycle of the photocathode appear remarkably more natural in B&W 166M (Usd 220M). or moonlight conditions, in urban, desert, voltage by rapidly switching the voltage on versus the usual green. phOtOnIs offers phOtOnIs directly export more than 80 arctic, wooded or jungle operational envi- and off. the autogating provides the unique B&W night Vision for them who want to percent of their products. Major customers ronments. feature of keeping the nominal MtF and have a natural vision at night. B&W pro- include; FrenCh arMY, UK Mod, Ger- the prominent feature on the Xd-4™ is resolution of the tube at high light levels vides clearer information about the con- Man BWB, Us arMY CeCOM, Us naVY, the integrated auto-gated power supply. (urban environment, above cities for pilots, trast, shapes and shadows. areVa, edF, Cea, Cnrs, Us natIOnaL auto-Gating is the electronic solution that …) unlike standard tubes whose resolution OnYX is available as option on Xd-4™. LaBs, esa. Exercise Yudh Abhyas 2012

he Indo-Us land forces engagement has progressed substantively. starting at the first place at Bathinda, focused on a major area of interest for both armies—explosive ordnance Yudh abhyas exercise seven years ago at the basic platoon level, the exercise held this and Ied disposal in a hostile environment. the exercise involved sappers from both sides and Tyear has evolved into an advanced command post and field training exercise. dealt with the innumerable challenges they face in countering the asymmetric threat posed spread across two locations under the army’s south Western Command since early by Ieds and street-side bomb attacks. the non-operational element of the exercise involved March, this year’s Yudh abhyas involves a Us army contingent from the Us army pacific infrastructure development in strife torn regions and inaccessible areas and crucial to other (UsarpaC), part of their pacific Command (paCOM) and troops from the 2nd squadron sides, and the execution of rescue and relief operations during natural calamities. according 14th Us Cavalry regiment from 25th Infantry division, hawaii, along with a platoon of to the army, the command post exercise in particular provided an excellent opportunity to strykers. the Indian army fielded a similarly-sized mechanised infantry unit. according to both sides to understand the functioning of engineer Brigades with special emphasis on the army, “the event is all the more interesting as a number of key surveillance, communi- operations under United nations mandate in troubled areas. cations and improvised explosive devices (Ied) detection and neutralisation technologies, desert Lark and sarvada saviours was witnessed by an Indian and Us army delegation, available with both sides have been fielded in the exercise.” headed by Lt General Gyan Bhushan, GOC-in-C south Western Command, and Lt General the exercise involved several key elements of close joint engagement for offensive objec- Francis “Frank” Wiercinski, Commander of the Us army pacific, as also the co-chair of the tives. For instance, as part of the field training element codenamed desert Lark, troops from executive steering Group (esG) for Indo-Us army training events and exchanges. both sides performed a joint cordon PHOTOGRAPHS: Indian Army the weapons and systems and search drill to neutralise sus- involved at Yudh abhyas included pected insurgents in a specially con- stryker special vehicles, anti-armour structed training area at the ranges in and infantry weapons from the Us an abandoned village in the Mahajan side. the Indian army fielded BMp Field Firing range in rajasthan. the armoured personnel carriers, IaF Mi- dramatic drill had the Indian and Us 17 helicopters and support systems. troops establishing a physical cordon as with the earlier iterations, the by deploying their respective combat current Yudh abhyas combat drill vehicles at night, followed by a has been designed to promote cooper- ground push by troops to zero in on ation, interoperability and opera- and flush out insurgents. helicopter tional understanding between the support was part of the drill for injec- Indian and Us land forces at the tac- tion and evacuation of the crew, and tical level, with a strong and evolving to provide air support. several ele- focus on sharing training procedures ments of the drill were reminiscent of and building joint operating skills, the final manoeuvres employed dur- within the framework of United ing Operation neptune spear, the mis- nations peacekeeping operations. sion that eliminated al-Qaeda chief –SP’s Special Correspondent Osama bin Laden in abbottabad, pak- istan. It may be noted that a similar manoeuvre was also performed by Indian army troops at exercise (From top left and clockwise) Close cordon of Vijayee Bhava last year in rajasthan. insurgent hideout; Armoured Assault during the command post exercise, code- the exercise; Indo-US troops interacting named sarvada saviours, which took with each other and Infantry in action.

2/2012 SP’s LAND FORCES 31 >> STRATEGY Managing Strategic Military Transformation There is a need to study the issues pertaining to management of transformation and towards realising the need for joint capabilities in the Indian armed forces. In the first part of this article, we have examined some of the organisational theories that primarily came up in the face of international business competition and are relevant to the military, as also the catalysts and theories for military transformation.

n LT GENERAL (RETD) P.C. KATOCH process; two, to form a powerful guiding military transformations has invariably been wishes to effect true change as simply work- coalition of the right people who enjoy a visionaries at the national apex that have pro- ing on the margins and making incremental here has Been MUCh talk of great deal of trust and share a common vided the necessary impetus. In the Us, the changes will not affect substantive and transformation of the military in objective since transformation requires a catalyst for the transformation process com- enduring transformation; effective leaders India especially after the Kargil powerful force to sustain the process and no menced with former secretary of defense, build teams and forge alliances, as teamwork conflict. a dispassionate analysis, individual regardless of formal or informal donald h. rumsfeld. the Us department of is critical to transformation and teamwork however, would indicate that power or weak committees can lead or man- defense (dod) created Us Joint Forces Com- empowers people with a sense of responsibil- groundT level translation of the many recom- age transformation by himself; three, to cre- mand (JFC) as the transformation laboratory ity for the organisation thereby creating mendations for transformation has largely ate a vision, since a vision performs the triple of the Us Military to force the Us armed momentum for transformation; resiliency been cosmetic or at best marginal despite so tasks of providing general direction of trans- Forces into jointness. the Goldwater nichols and flexibility are critical for the organisation many years having elapsed. We do not formation simplifying the number of deci- act brought about revolutionary changes in to deal with the unexpected and maintain the appear to be making a holistic effort to learn sions a business needs to make, provides the Us armed forces, accelerating synergy and course throughout transformation; the from the transformation of militaries in motivation to the people and coordinates all boosting transformation. In China, change transformation leader must strike a balance countries like the Us, UK, Germany and even actions; four, to communicate the vision was ushered in by Jiang Zemin and its imple- between resources (people, funds, time and China. the same ambivalence relates to since communications are essential in mentation overseen by the Central Military energy) to meet today’s requirement and revamping the national security architec- ensuring that people within the organisation Commission (CMC) and Chief of General staff those of tomorrow; ‘better’ cannot be defined ture notwithstanding the current study have a common understanding and shared (CGs) of the people’s Liberation army (pLa). using current qualitative values (better qual- under way and headed by the Chairman a sense of commitment to the future; five, to In Germany, the transformation process ity, reduced cycle times, shared information, national security advisory Board, recom- empower others to act on the vision since was initiated by the Berlin decree which etc) but should include all these characteris- mendations of which may also be only par- effectively empowering subordinates results aimed to integrate the armed forces, ensur- tics and more; the leader must inculcate the tially implemented and that too over a in the four-fold advantage of removing ing and reaping full benefits of ongoing tech- organisation with a positive, optimistic and prolonged period going by earlier experi- structural barriers, provision of required nological advancements. the German Chief creative vision of the future; accent should ences. the profound changes in the last two training, aligning the organisational system of the defence Forces is overseeing the trans- be on a learning organisation that learns decades of the 20th century should have to the vision and in dealing with trouble- formation of the armed forces. as for theo- from doing and sharing information and radically altered our perceptions towards the some supervisors; six, to plan and create ries, we may examine what General donn whose actions will spark a spirit of innova- nature of future conflict and mechanics of short-term successes since short-term suc- a., a former commander of Us training and tion and growth within the organisation; its resolution including the ensuing sea cess provides credibility to the transforma- doctrine Command (tradOC) identified creative people are what enables organisa- change in the way nations perceive them- tion and helps sustain it over the duration of when faced with the challenge of developing tions in successfully transforming. hence, selves and each other in the overall interna- the process; seven, to consolidate and pro- a doctrine to enable the Us army to defeat a leaders must understand this and grow and tional system. Whatever the future, with duce further changes/transformation opti- much larger soviet land force. he identified reward creativity among all the people comprehensive security getting more and mising on credibility afforded by short-term following seven general requirements for within the organisation. more complex coupled with technological victories to tackle bigger problems within the efficient military change: the military leader advances, the military will continue to be an plan; eight, to institutionalise new or coalition must identify an institution or Analysis important and critical element of national approaches where leaders need to anchor mechanism to manage change and the By and large, similarities exist between most power. to that end, India must acknowledge change within the organisation’s culture to newly appointed institution or mechanism theories for change. human and institu- that the Indian military establishment ensure long-term success of the transforma- then must define the need for change, tional dynamics are generally associated requires creative adaptation, fundamental tion effort. describing what must be done and how it dif- with resistance, control and power. this is changes and determinism to be able to a second example can be taken from fers from the present; ensure the principal applicable to both military and non-military respond effectively to the nation. robert Miles, an academician and profes- staff and command personalities responsible organisations and institutions. First and there is a need to study the issues pertain- sional consultant on change and transfor- for change possess an educational back- foremost is the need to establish a sense of ing to management of transformation and mation, who authored the book, Leading ground sufficiently rigorous, demanding and urgency for transformation of the organisa- towards realising joint capabilities in the Corporate Transformation. he defines in his relevant to bring a common cultural bias to tion. second is the importance of leadership Indian armed forces. In this context, there is book, referred to as Miles theory, four fun- problem solving; appoint a spokesman or in successful transformation, more specifi- a need to draw upon both the organisational damental attributes associated with success- institution to be the champion for change; cally a coalition of leaders. third is the criti- theories and military theories being refined ful transformation are as follows: first, the build consensus for change that will give the cality of a vision and a strategy to achieve it. and practised by others. this then should lead ability to thrive on energy with direction; new ideas and the need to adopt them a Fourth is the need for open communications us to the change management required for second, a total system perspective; third, wider audience of converts and believers; to build consensus and support for change. transformation of the Indian armed forces a comprehensive implementation plan; maintenance of continuity of leadership Fifth is the need to empower all people and thereon to a roadmap to affect the same. fourth, a demanding transformational since continuity is needed among the archi- throughout the organisation to achieve the leader. thereon, he continues by describing tects of change and so that consistency of vision. and lastly, is the need to institution- Theories three vital leadership tasks that support effort is brought in the process; gain support alise the transformation within the organi- l Organisational and Business Ori- these attributes. they are generating energy from the top or near the top of the organisa- sation’s culture. ented: advances in information technology for transformation; developing a vision of tion on the premise that the supporter must and accelerating foreign competition had the future, the vision identifying a purpose be willing to hear out arguments for change, Working Towards Transformation started emerging as challenges as early as and mission for the organisation, creating an agree to the need, embrace the new concepts Manifestations of change are generally resis- the late 1970s and the 1980s. the most emotional view for the future organisational and become at least a supporter or cham- ted at all levels particularly in a country like affected being the business world, they state and providing direction to get to the pion for change; conduct field trials and India. the military is as rigid if not more started looking for ways and means to meet vision state; aligning the organisation with experiments. the relevance of the proposed especially considering that transformation these challenges in order to regain and culture. Overall, the leadership task is creat- change must be convincingly demonstrated requires much more than mere change, the retain competitive advantage in respective ing transformation process architecture. the to a wide audience through the use of open, latter being slow moving and incremental. businesses. as a result, a multitude of theo- transformation architecture enables the challenging and realistic experiments. take the example of the fact that creative ries, strategies and techniques of manage- transformation leader to orchestrate the then there is another good book titled people are who enable organisations to suc- ment emerged throughout this period. all transformation process. the leadership must Hope is Not a Method authored by General cessfully transform, which leaders must these theories sought to describe the appro- deliberately orchestrate all the elements of Gordon r. sullivan, former Chief of staff Us understand, encourage its growth and priate steps necessary to renew and re-ener- the organisation’s total system in order to army and Colonel Michael V. harper, former reward creativity among all members of the gise the basic business organisation. take the maintain dynamic alignment and facilitate director of the army Chief of staff’s staff organisation. however, what is perplexing to example of John p. Kotter, a professor of human development and organisational Group, dealing with military transformation. the military is that this rule is hard to sup- Leadership at the harvard Business school, learning that allow forward movement with- this book lists 11 rules for guiding change, port given the tension between adherence to who authored a book titled Leading Change. out excessive risk. Failure in any one of these which are: leading change requires leaders to discipline and the questioning attitude In this book, he propounded eight steps tasks will result in failure to transform. More do two jobs at once, and in that they must required for innovative and creative thought required to transform an organisation importantly, these organisational theories conduct today’s operations and lead the within the military. For transformation to (termed as Kotter’s theory). are relevant to military institutions because organisation into tomorrow; the leader uses occur, senior leaders must fight, through these steps have been elucidated as: one, they are based upon the human and institu- values to signal what will not change within strength of logic and will, to gain a consen- to establish a sense of urgency, contending tional dynamics associated with resistance, an organisation, and in doing so, provides sus for the future. the failure to instil a sense of urgency is the control and power, present during periods of stability and direction during the uncertain —To be continued biggest mistake leaders make when trying to change or transformation as well as other times associated with change; the leader and transform an organisation and that estab- types of institutions. his team must expend a great deal of mental (The second part of this article will examine various lishing a sense of urgency and eliminating effort to build a solid intellectual framework models of military transformation and will have re- complacency are crucial to gaining the coop- l Catalysts and Theories of Military for the future; the leader must change the commendations on how India can manage strategic

www.spslandforces.net eration needed to drive the transformation Transformation: the catalyst for strategic critical process within the organisation if he military transformation of the Indian armed forces.)

32 SP’s LAND FORCES 2/2012 MARKETING FEATURE <<

2/2012 SP’s LAND FORCES 33 >> MARKETING FEATURE www.spslandforces.net

34 SP’s LAND FORCES 2/2012

>> INDUSTRY ‘Humvees capabilities speak for themselves’ In an interview with SP’s Land Forces Rick Alpaugh, Vice President International Military Sales, AM General, said that the company estimates potential market size in South Asia, South East Asia, Australia and Africa for the right-hand drive light tactical vehicle to be several thousand vehicles in the next five years

SP’s Land Forces (SP’s): The right-hand drive right-hand drive humvee. In addition, the countries are mostly in South Asia, some in humvee’s reliability, mobility and durability South East Asia, Australia and the southern in and of itself provide safety for today’s part of Africa. From HMMWV perspective what warfighter. tailored options for protection, is the estimated market size for right-hand performance and payload have been designed drive (RHD) vehicles and which countries do and qualified for all humvee mission applica- you plan to enter first? tions, including special operations. Rick Alpaugh (Alpaugh): We estimate poten- tial market size in south asia, south east SP’s: Will there be any change in the troop asia, australia and africa for the right-hand seating configuration? drive light tactical vehicle to be several thou- Alpaugh: Other than repositioning the sand vehicles in the next five years. We are driver, there will be no change in the troop currently working with several potential seating configuration. markets. SP’s: Can you give the life-cycle costs of the SP’s: Are any of the right-hand drive countries RHD HMMWV and what kind of savings could using HMMWV currently, if yes, what are the be expected? plans for ‘upgrade’ or ‘replacement’? Alpaugh: the right-hand drive humvee is Alpaugh: there are a number of right-hand built to the same rigid performance require- drive countries which use hMMWVs today. ments of the Us military and has the same In response to their expressed needs for an reliability, mobility and durability. an excep- OeM designed and produced right-hand tionally durable and versatile light tactical drive hMMWV, we have launched this latest vehicle, many vehicles still in service today version of the humvee. the right-hand drive were built in the 1980s. humvee’s capabili- is not a conversion but rather is a factory- Alpaugh: this will be considered on a case by these effective, battle-proven options can be ties speak for themselves. installed on the humvee platform. the right- case basis. tailored to meet the challenges of any terrain hand drive humvee variant gives our or condition worldwide. SP’s: What kind of maintenance, service, and international customers the opportunity to SP’s: Other than right-hand drive, will the training will follow in the RHD market? experience the reliable, versatile and rugged HMMWV vehicles have any other additional SP’s: The need for special operations vehicles Alpaugh: aM General’s service parts and vehicle that is humvee. features/modifications to suit local having mine and ballistic protection is Logistics Operations division provides a full terrain/conditions? increasing. Could you give the safety features range of services including hands-on equip- SP’s: If there are capacities in the RHD mar- Alpaugh: all features and modifications avail- of RHD HMMWV? ment training, all levels of driver training ket, will you have a manufacturing base in any able for other humvee platforms will also be Alpaugh: all safety features available on the instruction, field service support, and award- of the regions, outside the US? available for the right-hand drive humvee. humvee platform are also available for the winning supply chain management. Feet Firmly on the Ground at CAE OMetIMes We need tO chal- dynamic 3d aerospace environments. lenge our assumptions. For those More recently, Cae has provided the who study and follow the mili- Indian army with a comprehensive training tary training and simulation solution for its indigenously-developed community, it is occasionally too arjun main battle tank. the arjun training Seasy to pigeonhole a company, assuming systems designed and developed by Cae that we know exactly what it does. that can include motion-based driver trainers, desk- lead to a dangerous lack of appreciation of top trainers and turret simulators for gun- precisely where that company might startle nery training, and the ability to network the or surprise us. suite of arjun simulators for individual, such a company is Cae, widely known crew and troop level training. as the pre-eminent global developer of flight ananth ramaswami, Managing direc- simulators. But this is a perception that CAE has developed both desktop virtual maintenance trainers and high-fidelity hands-on trainers for tor of Cae India, believes the combination of though accurate, belies a wealth of capabil- the US Army’s Abrams main battle tank, and will be demonstrating this solution during Defexpo 2012; Cae’s extensive experience in modelling and ity and experience in other modelling and CAE has delivered a comprehensive suite of training devices for the Indian Army’s Arjun tank, including the simulation, coupled with the legacy of its driver simulators shown here. simulation domains that are an integral part experience and recent acquisitions, places of Cae in the 21st century. on trainers have been produced for the Us is a major feature of Cae’s strong and abid- the company in a strong position to be able Cae is not just about flight simulation and army for these two vehicles alone and work ing relationship with the British army. the to move deeper, further and faster into land training. In fact, the company is fully engaged continues on providing state-of-the-art main- company has been actively involved with the domain training solutions. “We have the in applying its modelling and simulation tech- tenance training solutions for these and other British army as the principal contractor for capability to bring multiple skill sets and nology to markets ranging from healthcare to platforms, including the high mobility Warrior IFV Gunnery turret trainers over technical solutions to bear on land and joint mining. and perhaps surprisingly to some, artillery rocket system (hIMars). the past several years. Most notably, the training—whether it is in replicating the ‘fog Cae boasts a wealth of experience and capa- Cae’s land simulation expertise, how- company delivered networked warrior obser- and friction’ of ground combat, simulating bility delivering simulation-based solutions ever, does not only come from recent acqui- vation post vehicle (OpV) trainers to the the situational awareness challenges faced for ground forces, ranging from direct fire sitions. at the heart of the company, the royal school of artillery that now extend by vehicle crews operating in a ‘closed down’ gunnery trainers and tank driver trainers to extensive investment in research and devel- training from individual crew members to environment or improving the cognitive constructive simulations for command teams. opment—an area that some 10 per cent of collective battle group level fire support capacity of commanders and staffs to oper- In part, the company’s expertise in the Cae’s revenues are dedicated to each year— training. In addition, Cae has provided ate on the contemporary battlefield,” said land systems domain stems from strategic has resulted in a number of capabilities that major upgrades as part of the British army’s ramaswami. “We can do this in highly real- acquisitions, one of which took place in India are enhancing ground training systems artillery Fire Control trainer programme. istic synthetic environments that are safe, when Cae acquired Macmet technologies in solutions. For example, using the proven Cae has also been a strong player in the environmentally friendly, and cost-effective, 2007 and another of which was made as Cae Medallion 6000 image generator, the air defence domain, producing simulators all of which are becoming increasingly recently as 2011 when Cae acquired the Cae InFrOnt 3d system provides initial for the rapier, starstreak and sky Guard sys- important as armies around the world, technology assisted Learning unit of rtI and continuation training for forward tems. Interestingly, it is a little known fact including the Indian army, address budget International. now part of Cae Usa’s Ground artillery observers and forward air con- that Cae produced and has sustained the challenges, yet need to maintain proficiency training systems division, the business has a trollers. Over the past decade, the system has Canadian army’s air defence anti-tank sys- and readiness.” 27-year legacy of design and development of been supplied to the armies of Great Britain, tem (adats) simulators since 1990. a few Cae will be demonstrating a range of high fidelity maintenance trainers for turkey, the netherlands, thailand, Kenya, years ago, Cae furnished two new net- simulation-based solutions at defexpo 2012, armoured vehicles such as the M1 abrams new Zealand, Belgium and Oman as both a worked Centralised appended trainers for including its virtual maintenance training main battle tank and the M2/M3 Bradley deployable, mobile training system as well as the adats that are used to build aerospace system for tanks and armoured fighting infantry fighting vehicles (IFV). some 340 a classroom-based solution. and radar operator awareness skills and vehicles. Cae will be located at hall 10,

www.spslandforces.net virtual desktop trainers and full-scale, hands- direct-fire and artillery systems training execute tactical missile engagements in Booth #2.

36 SP’s LAND FORCES 2/2012 NEWS << News in Brief

GOVT PUMPS `376.55 CRORE FOR LOCAL ARTILLERY GUN LINE ongoing in relation to a possible sale of Bae systems’ ultra-light M777 howitzer, in support the ordnance factories will build capacity for the manufacture of Bofors (now Bae Bofors) of the Indian army’s modernisation programme.” artillery guns within the country and will receive funding to the tune of `376.55 crore to create the manufacturing infrastructure. While the government fights to procure ARMY WANTS LIGHT SPECIALIST VEHICLE autonomous wheeled, autonomous tracked, towed and ultra-light howitzers from the after scouting the Indian and foreign markets for the global market, it has decided to explore the possibility of building 100 guns in-house with last few years, the army has announced afresh its inter- licensed technology procured from aB Bofors as part of est in procuring an undisclosed number of a common the 1980s deal, technology that was never used as a light specialist vehicle (LsV) for all arms in a 3,500 kg result of the ensuing scandal. unladen weight class category with a payload capacity While Bae systems is yet to clarify the nature of this of 900-1,200 kg. the army had originally expressed its licence production and whether it will be the original interest in such vehicles back in august 2010. the Fh77B gun supplied by Bofors in the 1980s or an army has stipulated in its information request that the upgunned version of the original. In parliament, the LsV needs to be capable of performing reconnaissance defence Minister said, “the government had secured the and patrol roles for all arms, provide space and cross right of transfer of technology (tot) during the purchase mobility in all terrains (including high altitude and deserts) to small parties/teams (approx- of Bofors guns. though all the technological documents imately six) and operate independently in the battlefield. the army has so far been given as per the tot contract were received by the Ordnance an opportunity to try out a series of LsVs, both Indian and foreign-made. Indian con- Factory Board (OFB) from aB Bofors, the tot was not carried forward as the dealings with tenders are likely to include the Mahindra axe and tata LsV, while the foreign offerings the technology provider (aB Bofors) were suspended. Further, no indent was placed by army include the defender series from Land rover. trials will be conducted across terrain in three on OFB for manufacture and supply of complete gun system. Capital expenditure of `376.55 different theatres since the selected vehicles are likely to be purchased in large numbers for crore has been sanctioned by the Government in March 2012, for creation/augmentation use across arms. Variants of the LsVs with weapons fitment capabilities will also be incor- of large calibre weapon manufacturing capacity in ordnance factories.” porated once the tender is finalised this year. M777 ULH PROCUREMENT IN PROGRESS DRDO BEGINS TESTING GUN-MOUNTED ROBOT the government has made indications that it is moving forward with the procurement of after the success of the daksh ordnance disposal and surveil- 145 Bae M777 ultra-light howitzers, but that it is still lance robotic vehicle that was recently inducted into the army, to complete a thorough evaluation of the guns. In Feb- and good reviews from the user, the defence research and devel- ruary 2011, a month after army Chief General V.K. opment Organisation (drdO) laboratory r&d(e) has finished singh had stated that the army would conclude a con- prototyping a combat robot codenamed gun-mounted robot tract for new artillery guns before the year was out, the (GMr) that it intends to offer to the army, paramilitary forces Mod ordered a probe into allegations of malfeasance, and police forces in the next two years. First displayed at defexpo enshrined in an anonymous complaint that contained 2010, the GMr has now matured enough for development trials attached photocopies from the classified field evaluation in simulated scenarios. trials (Fet) report. While the Mod has not revealed what the robot’s primary weapon will be an indigenous remotely the probe’s findings are, the defence Minister’s answer operated 7.62mm gun along with a grenade launcher. drdO in parliament suggests that the government is moving scientists, in cooperation with academic institutions and pri- ahead with the procurement. the government has stated that the field evaluation of the vate incubation firms, are confident that the GMr will be comparable with similar systems ultra-light howitzer comprises three parts—user trials, dGQa trials and maintainability already deployed by the Us forces, especially in Iraq. Fitted with sensors for around-the- trials. Of these, it is now apparent that only the first was conducted and the remaining corner targeting and damage assessment, the GMr will be offered in both tracked and remained on hold as a result of the departmental inquiry into allegations of wrongdoing. wheeled variants. the GMr and daksh are only two of a substantial list of robotic vehicles “the performance of the gun can be ascertained only after evaluation of all three trial being developed in-house. the most ambitious of these is a full-sized remote-controlled reports,” the Minister said in the parliament. Bae systems, the company that makes the armoured vehicle. Last year, the drdO even held a nationwide competition to pick the best M777 primarily for the Us army, recently named dean McCumiskey as Managing director unmanned ground vehicle developed by academic institutes across the country. technolo- and Chief executive of Bae systems’ India operations with effect from this month. the gies from these will be infused into future programmes. company also confirmed that “discussions between the Indian and Us Governments are –SP’s Special Correspondent

INDIAN ARMY TEST FIRES cruise and features a very low radar signa- and will be followed by training at unit and featuring a semi-automatic mode and is BRAHMOS CRUISE MISSILE ture. equipped with advanced seeker soft- formation level and will finally culminate capable of pinpoint, single bullet shooting ware, the missile is capable of intercepting into large scale manoeuvres. the drill follows for firing accuracy. the combat-proven gun surface targets by flying as low as 10 m above the army’s exercise sudarshan shakti that shares almost 80 per cent of its components the ground even in mountainous terrain and was held in november 2011 to validate its with the neGeV 5.56mm calibre LMG, cur- hillocks. new battle-fighting concepts developed after rently deployed by several countries world- the transformation studies. wide including Israel. Weighing less than INDIAN ARMY TO CONDUCT eight kg, the gun can be fired from a variety SHOORVEER JOINT TRAINING EXERCISE IWI TO UNVEIL NEW NEGEV NG7 of mounts, including special mounts on land the Indian army will conduct a joint train- LIGHT MACHINE GUN vehicles, helicopters and naval vessels. the ing exercise dubbed ‘shoorveer’ with the gun has been manufactured by IWI in coop- Indian air Force (IaF) in Bikaner, rajasthan, eration with the Israel defence Forces (IdF). from March 2012 in a bid to test the existing protocols for conducting joint operations. RAYTHEON FIELD TESTS NEW TOW the army’s Jaipur-based south Western MISSILE PROPULSION SYSTEM Command’s elite 1 strike Corps and 10 raytheon has conducted field testing of a Corps will participate in the two-month-long new launch boost sustain (LBs) propulsion exercise alongside the Western and south system, developed by alliant tech systems Western Commands of the IaF. Indian army (atK), for its tube-launched, optically- spokesperson Colonel Jagdeep dahiya said tracked, wireless (tOW) missile at an undis- that all formations and units under the closed location. the developmental south Western Command will participate to propulsion system doubled the missile’s validate doctrines in a joint service environ- Israel Weapon Industries (IWI) will unveil its range and decreased its flight time by one- the Indian army has conducted the test fir- ment. More than 200 tanks and over newly developed light machine gun (LMG), third during the testing, thereby helping the ing of its BrahMos supersonic cruise missile 20,000 troops will be deployed for the war the neGeV nG7, at the upcoming defexpo missile to travel more than seven km and at pokharan range, near the thar desert games, while the air force will deploy its India 2012 and FIdae International air & reaching four km in less time. the LBs region of rajasthan, in a bid to formally frontline aircraft including the su-30MKI, space Fair 2012 to be held in santiago, propulsion system features a rocket motor induct the second regiment of the weapon Mirage 2000, Jaguars aWaCs aircraft to test Chile. IWI CeO Uri amit said the neGeV designed with insensitive munitions (IM) fea- system in service. during the test firing, the the level of training. nG7 provides improved ergonomics as well tures to deliver additional safety when missile destroyed the pre-selected target in the Based on the integrated theatre battle as component reliability, which together exposed to bullet and fragment impacts, field firing ranges in rajasthan. derived from concept, the exercise will enable the army to with its characteristics makes it an effective external fire or other hazardous events. the russian-built p-800 Oniks/Yakhont validate its war-fighting concepts while lightweight 7.62 LMG available for raytheon Missile systems tOW programme supersonic anti-ship cruise missile, the 290- working towards a ‘capability-based infantries. “the nG7 is already generating director scott speet said the LBs technology km range BrahMos missile has a speed of approach’ relying on a series of transforma- interest among our customers, and we have enhances the missile gunner’s survivability Mach 2.8 and can be launched from land, tional initiatives, concepts, organisational received many requests to test it,” amit by allowing them to engage targets outside ship, submarines and air platforms. the mis- structures and absorption of new age tech- added. Based on the neGeV 5.56mm calibre the threat range of direct engagement sys- sile is powered by a solid propellant rocket, a nology. the troop and equipment mobilisa- gun, the new 7.62mm neGeV nG7 is the tems and by reducing the time required for liquid-fuelled ramjet to sustain supersonic tion for the exercise has already commenced newest member of the neGeV LMG family target tracking. the tOW is a long-range,

2/2012 SP’s LAND FORCES 37 Publisher and Editor-in-Chief Jayant Baranwal News in Brief Editor Lt General (Retd) V.K. Kapoor Assistant Group Editor precision anti-armour, anti-fortification and ing our warfighters with increased situational R. Chandrakanth anti-amphibious landing missile designed to awareness and standoff distance as they con- Senior Technical Group Editor defeat explosive reactive armour, bunkers, duct operations in active combat theatres.” Lt General (Retd) Naresh Chand fortifications and amphibious landing craft, particularly in complex urban environment. RUSSIA TO SUPPLY T-90 TANKS TO Contributing Editor With the multi-mission tOW 2a, tOW 2B, ALGERIA, TURKMENISTAN Air Marshal (Retd) V.K. Bhatia tOW 2B aero and tOW Bunker Buster mis- russian state arms exporter rosoboronex- Sr. Copy Editor & Correspondent siles, the weapon system is a command line- port has signed contracts with algeria and Sucheta Das Mohapatra of-sight system that requires the gunner to turkmenistan for the supply of 150 t-90C Contributors track the target until the missile impacts. main battle tanks (MBts) following the India defence Ministry’s refusal to buy for the General (Retd) V.P. Malik, Lt General (Retd) US ARMY RECEIVES 200TH UH-72A russian army, Vedomosti business daily has Vijay Oberoi, Lt General (Retd) R.S. Nagra, LAKOTA FROM EUROCOPTER equipped Lakota to be delivered by the LUh reported. the contracts, worth a combined Lt General (Retd) S.R.R. Aiyengar, Air the Us army has taken delivery of the programme’s prime contractor eads north $500 million, were signed in 2011 under Marshal (Retd) Vinod Patney, Major General 200th Uh-72a Lakota light utility helicop- america. the s&s Battalion Mep-equipped which algeria has agreed to purchase 120 (Retd) Ashok Mehta, Major General (Retd) ter (LUh) from eurocopter at its production helicopters will be used by the army of the combat vehicles, while turkmenistan G.K. Nischol, Brigadier (Retd) Gurmeet Kanwal, Brigadier (Retd) S. Mishra, facility in Columbus, Mississippi, Us as part national Guard units to continuously sup- will receive 30 tanks. the contract with Rohit Sharma of its Uh-72a LUh programme. the helicop- port state and local law enforcement and algeria is part of a package of contracts ter is also the first security and support (s&s) federal homeland security agencies in worth $1 billion signed in 2009 and 2010, Chairman & Managing Director battalion mission equipment package (Mep) responding to natural disasters and border during the arab spring protests in algeria’s Jayant Baranwal security operations across the Us. the twin- neighbouring countries including egypt, Executive Vice President (Planning & Business Development) >> SHOW CALENDAR engine helicopters will be used to perform tunisia and Libya. russia previously sup- medical evacuations, search and rescue plied algeria with 185 t-90C tanks in 2009 Rohit Goel operations, homeland security, VIp trans- and turkmenistan with 10 tanks in 2010 to Administration & Coordination 29 March–1 april Bharti Sharma, Survi Massey Defexpo India 2012 port, disaster response and relief, combat honour a $30 million contract. flight training and pilot sustainment train- Senior Art Director pragati Maidan new delhi, India US ARMY RECEIVES FIRST NEXT GEN- www.defexpoindia.in ing. the aircraft will replace the Us army’s Anoop Kamath ageing Oh-58 and Uh-1 rotary-wing air- ERATION AUTOMATIC TEST SYSTEM Design 16-18 april craft, while allowing Uh-60 Black hawks to the Us army has received the first next gen- Vimlesh Kumar Yadav, Sonu Singh Bisht participate in combat missions. eration automatic test system (nGats) deliv- Defence Logistics UAE 2012 Sales & Marketing armed Forces Officers Club, abu dhabi, ered by northrop Grumman in partnership BAE TO SUPPLY ADDITIONAL LASER Director Sales & Marketing: Neetu Dhulia Uae with drs technologies. the delivery follows Head Vertical Sales: Rajeev Chugh www.defencelogisticsuae.com/Event.aspx?i LOCATOR MODULES FOR US ARMY a low rate initial production (LrIp) contract SP’s Website d=626748 Bae systems has received a contract modifi- awarded by the Us army’s program executive Sr. Web Developer: Shailendra P. Ashish cation from the Us army for the supply of Office for Combat support and Combat serv- Web Developer: Ugrashen Vishwakarma 23-25 april additional lightweight handheld laser target ice support to northrop-led team in 2010 for Tactical Communications 2012 locator modules (LtLM) to help soldiers a total of eight LrIp configuration nGats Published bimonthly by Jayant Baranwal on Mayfair Conference Centre, London determine target coordinates quickly and including spares. northrop Grumman’s Land behalf of SP Guide Publications Pvt Ltd. All rights reserved. No part of this publication www.tacticalcommunicationsevent.com accurately in the battlefield. the $23 million and self protection systems division Vice may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval contract extension awarded by the Us army president of Communications, Intelligence 30 april – 2 May system, or transmitted in any form or by any Annual Maritime Homeland Security program executive Office soldier (peO-s) fol- and networking solutions, Kay Burch, said: means, photocopying, recording, electronic, Summit 2012 lows the original $72 million contract “nGats will provide the latest technology or otherwise without the prior written sheraton norfolk Waterside hotel, secured by the company for initial produc- and improved weapons maintenance support permission of the publishers. tion of the LtLM systems in 2009. the LtLM to our nation’s warfighters.” norfolk, Virginia, Usa Printed in India www.maritimehssummit.com program Manager Bill ashe said the system RUSSIAN AND INDIAN ARMIES TRAIN by Kala Jyothi Process Pvt Ltd provides mission-critical capability in a sin- © SP Guide Publications, 2012 3-6 May gle, lightweight package, combining the FOR INDRA 2012 EXERCISE International Exhibition of Weapons functions of several pieces of equipment that the russian and Indian armies have com- Annual Subscription Inland: `600 • Overseas: US$180 System and Military Equipment are carried by the soldiers. menced preparation for the joint counter- Email: [email protected] “KadeX-2012” terrorism combat exercise, Indra 2012, air Forces Base, astana, republic of GEORGIA INTRODUCES LAZIKA scheduled to be held this summer at the Letters to Editor Kazakhstan INFANTRY FIGHTING VEHICLE Cheetah training range in east russia. the [email protected] www.kadex.kz the Georgian Ministry of defence has battalion-level exercises are aimed at For Advertising Details, Contact: unveiled its second domestically developed enhancing defence cooperation and interop- [email protected] 7-10 May Lazika tracked infantry fighting vehicle (IFV) erability as well as to strengthen military-to- [email protected] SOFEX 2012 at the Vasiani military firing-range near tbil- military relations between the two armies. [email protected] King abdullah I airbase, amman, isi, Georgia. Georgian defence Minister during the biennial exercise, the infantry SP GUIDE PUBLICATIONS PVT LTD hashemite Kingdom of Jordan Bacho akhalaia said that the Lazika is an troops from both armies will practise Corporate Office www.sofexjordan.com advanced heavily armoured offensive counter-insurgency (COIn), mock anti-ter- A 133 Arjun Nagar, Opp Defence Colony, New Delhi 110 003, India 9-11 May weapon, production of which many states rorist and drug smuggling operations in the Integrated Air and Missile Defence 2012 do not have in principle, further adding that mountains at altitudes up to 3,000 metres Tel: +91(11) 24644693, 24644763, the nation will continue the development in above sea level. around five Indra joint exer- 24620130 hilton Zurich airport, Zurich, switzerland Fax: +91 (11) 24647093 www.airmissiledefenceevent.com the near future. the armoured combat vehi- cises have been conducted since 2003, com- cle has been in development for two years by prising naval exercises as well as biannual Regd Office 13-16 May the Military scientific-technical Centre peacekeeping drills. the last exercise was Fax: +91 (11) 23622942 Geospatial Intelligence Middle East 2012 (delta) through funding from the Georgian conducted between the two army units from Email: [email protected] the Westin abu dhabi Golf resort & defence Ministry. details on the number of October 15-24, 2010, in Chaubattia in Representative Offices spa, abu dhabi, Uae vehicles that have been produced by the cen- Uttarakhand, involving 257 russian person- BENGALURU, INDIA www.geospatialdefence.com tre or how many are planned to be manufac- nel and an Indian infantry battalion. Air Marshal (Retd) B.K. Pandey tured have not been disclosed. 534, Jal Vayu Vihar, Kammanhalli Main Rd, 21-23 May GD PARTNERS WITH BAE TO DEVELOP Bangalore 560043, India. Social Media for Defense US ARMY TO RECEIVE ADDITIONAL SMART 81MM MORTAR ROUND Tel: +91 (80) 23682534 Venue to be confirmed, Washington, RECON SCOUT XT ROBOTS General dynamics (Gd) Ordnance and tac- MOSCOW, RUSSIA dC, Usa reconrobotics has been awarded a $13.9 tical systems has signed a teaming agree- LAGUK Co., Ltd, Yuri Laskin www.idgasocialmedia.com million contract for the supply of 1,100 ment with Bae systems to develop and Krasnokholmskaya, Nab., 11/15, app. 132, Moscow 115172, Russia. 28-30 May recon scout Xt throwable micro-robot kits to demonstrate the 81mm roll controlled Armoured Vehicles UAE 2012 assist the Us army’s dismounted troops in guided mortar (rCGM) with global position- Tel: +7 (495) 911 2762, Fax: +7 (495) 912 1260 armed Forces Officers Club, abu dhabi, conducting reconnaissance during high-risk ing system (Gps) guidance to boost the sol- Uae tactical missions. the recon scout Xt is a dier’s combat effectiveness. www.spguidepublications.com www.armouredvehiclesuae.com throwable, easy to carry reconnaissance equipped with the existing UK L41 bomb www.spslandforces.net robot developed to withstand being dropped and Us M734a1 fuse from a conventional RNI Number: DELENG/2008/25818 29-30 May from up to 30 feet and thrown over distances mortar round and Gd roll-controlled fixed Air and Missile Defence India up to 120 feet. reconrobotics Military pro- canard (rCFC) technology, the mortar will Le Meridien, new delhi, India grammes director, ernest Langdon, said: provide the infantry soldier with a portable, www.airmissiledefenceindia.com “although these 1.2 lb robots are exception- one-shot, one-kill precision weapon at an

www.spslandforces.net ally small, they will play a big role in provid- affordable price.

38 SP’s LAND FORCES 2/2012 experience

It’s true… there is only one truly global company focused exclusively on modeling, simulation and training, and it’s what we do day in and day out around the world for defence forces and any customer looking to apply simulation to enhance safety, efficiency and mission readiness.

That includes a wealth of experience providing simulation and training solutions for ground forces. CAE provides comprehensive training solutions for tanks and AFVs, including driver, gunnery, and maintenance trainers. We have a complete portfolio of simulation-based solutions for direct and indirect fire, close air support, and forward observation training. Our constructive simulation command and staff training systems help develop the decision-making abilities of commanders in C4ISR environments. All of these solutions leverage CAE’s simulation technology leadership in areas such as common databases, visual systems, computer-generated forces, physics-based modeling and more.

As military forces around the world, including the Indian Army, look to expand their use of synthetic training to reduce costs and enhance readiness, trust a company with the focus, experience and technology leadership in simulation and training to be your partner.

Come visit CAE’s booth (Hall 10, Booth #2) at Defexpo 2012 to see our tank/AFV virtual maintenance training system.

CAE is a world-class training systems integrator that offers a range of products and servicesservices related to training ground forces.

cae.com one step ahead [email protected] Photo: U.S. Army

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