Map 9 Britannia Inferior Compiled by A.S

Home , Aballava, Alauna (Maryport), Antonine Wall, Arbeia, Banna (Birdoswald), Blatobulgium

Map 9 Britannia Inferior Compiled by A.S. Esmonde-Cleary, 1996 with the assistance of R. Warner (Ireland)

Introduction

Any map of this part of Roman Britain is inevitably concerned with the shifting limits of Roman military control in the north. All study of Roman intervention in this area has been heavily biased in favor of military sites and their exploration. Thus its priorities, reflected by the map, are rather different from those set for research into the Roman presence further south in Britain. In addition, the relative scarcity of some types of site common further south (towns and villas especially) contributes to giving this map a very different aspect to Britannia Superior (Map 8), but an aspect that nonetheless reflects real and important contrasts. So far as can be determined, there have been no significant changes between the Roman period and the present day in coastline or other physical topographic aspects, despite continuing post-glacial eustatic and isostatic adjustment of the relative levels of land and sea. The map displays essentially three major episodes in the Roman occupation of northern Britain. The southern part is compiled on the same principles as Map 8. Thus the military sites shown are the long-lived garrison forts, the forts of Hadrian’s Wall, and the “outpost” forts of the Wall in Northumberland and south-west Scotland. The fourth-century “signal stations” on the Yorkshire coast are likewise marked. There are also the few towns in the north, and the scatter of villas lying north of York. This part of the map is therefore directly comparable with, and a northern continuation of, its southern neighbor. The part of the map covering Scotland reflects rather different criteria, particularly as regards site longevity. Much shorter-lived military sites are shown here, in part because of the intrinsic importance of the military campaigns which they represent. In part, too, their inclusion recognizes the labor which has been expended over the years in their location and excavation, and in the reconstruction of the successive phases of Roman failure to conquer Scotland. Two major phases of Roman incursion northwards can be seen. First, the Antonine Wall of the mid- second century A.D. and the forts held in the Lowlands at that time; second, to the north of the line of the later Antonine Wall, the aftermath of Agricola’s campaigns in the 80s A.D. For the latter, the legionary fortress of Inchtuthil (ancient Victoria?) and the associated “glen-blocking” forts are shown; some of the Lowland forts, too, were first occupied at this time. None of the numerous “marching camps” (temporary campaign fortifications) known from Scotland, and linked with more or less certainty to various known Roman campaigns, has been shown. The Severan campaigns of the early third century are represented by the base at Carpow. Even more than in the case of Map 8, the omission of native-style “farmsteads” gives a very “empty” look to much of the map. The reasons for this choice are explained in the Introduction to Map 8. The omission, however, by no means signifies that much of the area covered was uninhabited. On the contrary, the tribal names certify that it was. Equally notable is the paucity of sites beyond the frontiers. There is Roman material known from native sites in Scotland and Ireland, but for the most part it is potsherds and trinkets (for Ireland, see further the Introduction to Map 2). Again, the contrast in this respect with frontier regions elsewhere (the Danube lands, for example) is real and instructive. 128 MAP 9 BRITANNIA INFERIOR

Directory All place names are in the United Kingdom unless otherwise noted

Abbreviation

TIR BritSep Tabula Imperii Romani, Britannia Septentrionalis, London, 1987

Names

Grid Name Period Modern Name / Location Reference

D6 Aballava RL Burgh-by-Sands Daniels 1978, 247-48; TIR BritSep 13 C6 ‘Abraouannos’? fl. R Water of Luce Rivet 1979, 240; TIR BritSep 81 Adron fl. = Ouedra fl. E6 (A)Esica RL Great Chesters Daniels 1978, 179-83; TIR BritSep 37 D4 Alauna R Ardoch Keppie 1986, 146-49; TIR BritSep 3 § Litana L D6 Alauna/ RL Maryport Daniels 1978, 273-78; TIR BritSep 55 Alione Alauna? = Alone? F5 Alauna R Learchild TIR BritSep 49 F5 Alauna fl. RL Aln Rivet 1979, 245; TIR BritSep 2 Alione = Alauna E6 Alone?/ R Watercrook Potter 1979, 139-320; TIR BritSep 79 Alauna? D5 Anava fl. L Annan Rivet 1979, 249-50; TIR BritSep 2-3 F6 Arbeia RL South Shields TIR BritSep 71; Bidwell 1994 C5 Auchendavy R Keppie 1986, 132; TIR BritSep 4

A5 Ballinrees L near Coleraine Mattingly 1937 C5 Balmuildy R Keppie 1986, 134; TIR BritSep 4-5 E6 Banna RL Birdoswald Daniels 1978, 198-206; TIR BritSep 8 C5 Bar Hill R Keppie 1986, 129-32 C5 Barochan R Keppie 1986, 97 D4 Bannatia? R Dalginross Rivet 1979, 262; Keppie 1986, 157 G6 Beadlam RL Scott 1993, 149 C5 Bearsden R Keppie 1986, 135-38 E7 Belisama fl. See Map 8 D4 Bertha R Keppie 1986, 158 D5 Blatobulgium R Birrens Daniels 1978, 315-20; TIR BritSep 8 C4 Bochastle R Keppie 1986, 157 C4 Bodotria fl. RL Forth Rivet 1979, 269-71; TIR BritSep 34 D4 Bodotria? Aestuarium R Firth of Forth Rivet 1979, 269-71 D3 Boresti? R Morayshire Rivet 1979, 272-73; TIR BritSep 9 B5 Botis Ins. L Isle of Bute Rivet 1979, 273; TIR BritSep 14 E6 Brav(o)niacum RL Kirkby Thore TIR BritSep 47 E5 Bremenium RL High Rochester Daniels 1978, 295-301; TIR BritSep 42 D6 B(r)ibra? R Beckfoot Daniels 1978, 267-69; TIR BritSep 6 E6 Brigantes RL N England Rivet 1979, 278-80; TIR BritSep 11 E6 Brocavum RL Brougham TIR BritSep 12 E5 *Brocolitia RL Carrawburgh Daniels 1978, 125-31; TIR BritSep 18

C5 Cadder R Keppie 1986, 133 F7 Calcaria R Tadcaster TIR BritSep 73 C3 Caledonia RL Scotland Rivet 1979, 289-90; TIR BritSep 15 §Calidonia § Caledoni E6 *Camboglanna RL Castlesteads Daniels 1978, 228-29; TIR BritSep 20 A4 Cana? Ins. L Isle of Canna Rivet 1979, 296; TIR BritSep 16 D4 Cargill R Keppie 1986, 160; TIR BritSep 17 D4 Carpow R Keppie 1986, 153-56; TIR BritSep 18 D6 Carvetii R Cumbria Rivet 1979, 301-302; TIR BritSep 18-19 MAP 9 BRITANNIA INFERIOR 129

Grid Name Period Modern Name / Location Reference

D5 Castlecary R Keppie 1986, 125; TIR BritSep 19 D5 Corda? R Castledykes Keppie 1986, 91-92; TIR BritSep 19 F6 Castle Dykes RL Scott 1993, 151-52 C5 Castlehill R Keppie 1986, 128-29; TIR BritSep 20 E5 Castra Exploratorum RL Netherby Daniels 1978, 311-14; TIR BritSep 58 F6 Cataractonium RL Catterick Burnham 1990, 111-17 E5 Cilurnum RL Chesters Daniels 1978, 109-20; TIR BritSep 23 C5 Clota fl. RL Clyde Rivet 1979, 309-10; TIR BritSep 24 F6 ‘Cocanges’/ RL Chester-le-Street TIR BritSep 23 ‘Concangios’ F5 ‘Coccuveda’ fl. L Coquet Rivet 1979, 311; TIR BritSep 24 D4 Colani(c)a? R Camelon Keppie 1986, 144; TIR BritSep 16 ‘Concangios’ = ‘Cocanges’ F6 Condercum RL Benwell Daniels 1978, 64-70; TIR BritSep 7 D6 ‘Congavata’ RL Drumburgh Daniels 1978, 250-51; TIR BritSep 30 E6 *Coriosopitum/ RL Corbridge Bishop 1988 Coria D5 Cramond R Keppie 1986, 111-13; TIR BritSep 26 D5 Crawford R Keppie 1986, 89-91; TIR BritSep 26 D5 Croy Hill R Keppie 1986, 126-28; TIR BritSep 27

D5 Dalswinton R Keppie 1986, 84; TIR BritSep 28 F7 Dalton Parlours RL Scott 1993, 195 C5 Damn(on)ioi/ RL S Scotland Rivet 1979, 343-44 Daunoni A6 Darinoi R N Ireland TIR BritSep 28 Daunoni = Damn(on)ioi C3 Dekantai R N Scotland Rivet 1979, 330; TIR BritSep 28 C5 Deoua fl. R Dee Rivet 1979, 337; TIR BritSep 28 E3 Deoua fl. R Dee Rivet 1979, 337; TIR BritSep 28 D6 Derventio R Papcastle TIR BritSep 62 G6 Derventio RL Malton Robinson 1978; TIR BritSep 54 G7 [Derventio] fl. RL Derwent Rivet 1979, 333-34; TIR BritSep 29 E6 Dorvantium/ L/ Derwent Rivet 1979, 334-35; TIR BritSep 29 [Derventio] fl. RL F6 Dounon Kolpos R Tees Bay Rivet 1979, 344-45; TIR BritSep 74 A2 Dumna Ins. R Harris and Lewis Is. Rivet 1979, 342; TIR BritSep 50 C5 Duntocher R Keppie 1986, 141-42; TIR BritSep 31

D5 Karbantorigon? R Easter Happrew Keppie 1986, 107-109; TIR BritSep 31 Ebudes Inss. = (H)Ebudes Inss. F7 Eburacum RL settlement and fort at York Wacher 1995, 167-88 E6 Epiakon? RL Whitley Castle Rivet 1979, 360; Frere 1983, 119-20; TIR BritSep 82 B5 Epidioi R W Scotland Rivet 1979, 360; TIR BritSep 33 B5 Epidion Akron R Mull of Kintyre Rivet 1979, 361; TIR BritSep 57 Esica = (A)Esica

E5 ‘Fanoco(ci)di’ RL Bewcastle Daniels 1978, 321-26; TIR BritSep 7 § *Fanum Cocidii D5 Falkirk R Keppie 1986, 121; TIR BritSep 34 A5 Feigh Mountain R near Ballycastle Bateson 1971 D4 Fendoch R Keppie 1986, 156-57; TIR BritSep 34 G6 Filey L TIR BritSep 34

F6 Gabrantouikes R East Yorkshire Rivet 1979, 363-64; TIR BritSep 35 G6 Gabrantouikon Kolpos R Rivet 1979, 364; TIR BritSep 35 D6 Gabrosentum RL Moresby Daniels 1978, 281-83; Rivet 1979, 364-65; TIR BritSep 57 Galacum = Kalagon E6 Galava RL Ambleside TIR BritSep 2 130 MAP 9 BRITANNIA INFERIOR

Grid Name Period Modern Name / Location Reference

F3 Germanicum Mare See Map 2 D6 *Glannoventa RL Ravenglass Daniels 1978, 284-86; Rivet 1979, 367; TIR § Glannibanta BritSep 64 G6 Goldsborough L TIR BritSep 37

E5 Habitancum R Risingham Daniels 1978, 289-94; TIR BritSep 66 G6 Harpham RL Scott 1993, 98 A5 (H)Ebudes Inss. RL Inner Hebrides Rivet 1979, 354-55; TIR BritSep 45 A6 Hibernia IRE / UKG See Map 2 F6 Holme House R Scott 1993, 56 F5 ‘Hunno’ RL Halton Chesters Daniels 1978, 84-89; TIR BritSep 40 G6 Huntcliff L TIR BritSep 44

D2 Ila fl. R Helmsdale Rivet 1979, 375; TIR BritSep 41 F7 Ilkley RL TIR BritSep 44-45 D4 Victoria? R Inchtuthil Pitts 1985 D5 Inveresk R Keppie 1986, 111; TIR BritSep 45 B7 Iouernikos Okeanos See Map 2 F6 Isurium RL Aldborough Wacher 1995, 401-407 E6 Itouna fl. R Eden Rivet 1979, 380 (Ituna 1); TIR BritSep 32 (Eden 1) D4 *Ituna fl. R Eden Rivet 1979, 380 (Ituna 2); TIR BritSep 32 (Eden 2)

E3 Kailios fl. R Deveron Rivet 1979, 285-86; TIR BritSep 29 C2 Kairenoi R N Scotland Rivet 1979, 286-87; TIR BritSep 14 E6 Kalagon/ R Burrow-in-Lonsdale TIR BritSep 61-62 Galacum B3 Karnonakai R W Scotland Rivet 1979, 301; TIR BritSep 18 E7 Kirk Sink RL Scott 1993, 150 C5 Kirkintilloch R Keppie 1986, 132-33; TIR BritSep 47 D2 Kornaouioi R N Scotland Rivet 1979, 325; TIR BritSep26 § Kornabioi § Kornouboi B4 Kreones R W Scotland Rivet 1979, 326-27; TIR BritSep 26

E6 Lancaster RL TIR BritSep 48; Jones 1988 G6 Langton RL Scott 1993, 151 F6 Lavatris RL Bowes TIR BritSep 9 B5 Lemannonios Kolpos R Loch Long Rivet 1979, 387; TIR BritSep 52 C4 Lindon? R Drumquhassle Keppie 1986, 158; TIR BritSep 30 D5 *Locus Maponi? R Castle Loch Rivet 1979, 395-96 A6 Logia fl. R Belfast Lough/ TIR BritSep 48 Lagan B4 Longos? fl. R Loch Linnhe Rivet 1979, 399; TIR BritSep 52 F6 Longovicium RL Lanchester TIR BritSep 48-49 D2 Lougoi R N Scotland Rivet 1979, 401; TIR BritSep 53 E6 Low Borrowbridge RL TIR BritSep 53 D3 Loxa fl. RL Lossie Rivet 1979, 399-400; TIR BritSep 52 E6 Luguvalium RL Carlisle Burnham 1990, 51-58

D6 ‘Maglone’ RL Old Carlisle Rivet 1979, 407; Frere 1983, 117-19; TIR § *Maglona BritSep 60 D6 Magis? RL Burrow Walls Rivet 1979, 406-407; TIR BritSep 14 E6 Magnis RL Carvoran Daniels 1978, 187-91; TIR BritSep 19 D6 Maia RL Bowness-on-Solway Daniels 1978, 255-58; TIR BritSep 10 A4 Malaios Ins. RL Isle of Mull Rivet 1979, 409; TIR BritSep 46 C4 Malling R Keppie 1986, 158; TIR BritSep 48 C6 *Manavia Ins. RL Isle of Man Rivet 1979, 410-11; TIR BritSep 46 D6 ‘Medibogdo’ R Hardknott Frere 1983, 115-17; TIR BritSep 40-41 Mertai = (S)Mertai D6 Morikambe *Eischusis R Morecambe Bay Rivet 1979, 420-21; TIR BritSep 57 D5 Mumrills R Keppie 1986, 120; TIR BritSep 57 MAP 9 BRITANNIA INFERIOR 131

Grid Name Period Modern Name / Location Reference

C2 Nabaros fl. R Naver Rivet 1979, 422; TIR BritSep 58 C3 *Nassa fl. RL Ness Rivet 1979, 422-23 § Certinassa fl. A6 Navan HRL near Armagh Warner 1996 F7 Newton Kyme L Frere 1983, 110-13; TIR BritSep 59 C5 Noouantai R S Scotland Rivet 1979, 425; TIR BritSep 60 C6 Noouanton Akron R Mull of Galloway Rivet 1979, 426; TIR BritSep 57 B6 Noouanton Chersonesos R Rhinns of Galloway Rivet 1979, 426; TIR BritSep 65 D5 Noouios fl. RL Nith Rivet 1979, 428; TIR BritSep 59

D3 Ochthe Hypsele R Tarbat Ness Rivet 1979, 448; TIR BritSep 74 F6 Old Durham RL Scott 1993, 56 C5 Old Kilpatrick R Keppie 1986, 142-43; TIR BritSep 60-61 E7 Olenacum? R Elslack TIR BritSep 33 § Olikana E1 Orcades Inss. RL Orkney Iss. Rivet 1979, 433-34; TIR BritSep 61 Orkas Akra = *Tarouedounon Akra E5 Otadinoi RL S Scotland Rivet 1979, 508-509 C3 Ouarar? fl. R Strathfarrar Rivet 1979, 485-87; TIR BritSep 6 F6 Ouedra/ R/ Wear Rivet 1979, 489-90; TIR BritSep 81 Adron fl. L D4 Ouenikones R E Scotland Rivet 1979, 490-91; TIR BritSep 77 D2 Oueroubioum Akron R Noss Head Rivet 1979, 497; TIR BritSep 60 C5 Ouindogara Kolpos R Irvine Bay Rivet 1979, 502; TIR BritSep 45 D2 Ouirouedroum Akron R Duncansby Head Rivet 1979, 507; TIR BritSep 31 C2 Ouolas? Kolpos R Loch Eriboll Rivet 1979, 507; TIR BritSep 33 A6 ‘Ouolountioi’/ R N Ireland TIR BritSep 78 [Uluti]

G7 Parisoi R Yorkshire Rivet 1979, 435-36; TIR BritSep 62 F6 Piercebridge RL TIR BritSep 63 F6 Pons Aeli RL Newcastle-upon-Tyne TIR BritSep 58

G6 Ravenscar L TIR BritSep 64 B5 Rerigonios Kolpos R Loch Ryan Rivet 1979, 447; TIR BritSep 52 A5 ‘Rikina’? Ins. R Rathlin Is. TIR BritSep 64 A5 Robogdioi R TIR BritSep 66 A5 Robogdion? Akron R Fair Head TIR BritSep 33-34 D5 Rough Castle R Keppie 1986, 123-24; TIR BritSep 67 G6 Rudston RL Scott 1993, 100

G6 Scarborough L TIR BritSep 68 A3 *Scitis RL Isle of Skye Rivet 1979, 452; TIR BritSep 70 D5 Seabegs R Keppie 1986, 125; TIR BritSep 68-69 F6 Segedunum RL Wallsend TIR BritSep 79 D5 Selgoouai R S Scotland Rivet 1979, 455; TIR BritSep 69 G7 Shiptonthorpe RL Frere 1992, 274-76 C2 (S)Mertai R N Scotland Rivet 1979, 460-61; TIR BritSep 71 §‘Smetri’ E4 Stracathro R Keppie 1986, 164-65; TIR BritSep 73 D4 Strageath R Frere 1989; TIR BritSep 73

E3 Taixaloi R E Scotland Rivet 1979, 463-64; TIR BritSep 73-74 F3 Taixalon Akron R Kinnairds Head Rivet 1979, 464; TIR BritSep 47 D4 Tameia? R Cardean Keppie 1986, 164; TIR BritSep 17 D2 *Tarouedounon/ R Dunnet Head Rivet 1979, 469; TIR BritSep 31 Orkas Akra R D4 ‘Taum’ fl. RL Tay Rivet 1979, 470; TIR BritSep 74 §*Tavumfl. E6 *Tectoverdi R N England Rivet 1979, 470-72 § ‘Textoverdi’ 132 MAP 9 BRITANNIA INFERIOR

Grid Name Period Modern Name / Location Reference

F6 Tinea fl. L Tyne Rivet 1979, 473; TIR BritSep 77 D3 Touesis fl. R Spey Rivet 1979, 480-81; TIR BritSep 71 E5 Traprain Law L Curle 1923 E5 Trimontium R Newstead Keppie 1986, 104-106; TIR BritSep 58-59

[Uluti] = ‘Ouolountioi’ E6 Uxelodu(nu)m RL Stanwix Daniels 1978, 236-39; TIR BritSep 72

D5 Velunia(te) R Carriden Keppie 1986, 118; TIR BritSep 18 F7 Verbeia fl. R Wharfe Rivet 1979, 493; TIR BritSep 82 E5 *Vercovicium RL Housesteads Crow 1995 E6 Verteris RL Brough Castle TIR BritSep 12 E6 Vindolanda RL Chesterholm Bidwell 1985; TIR BritSep 22 F6 Vindomora RL Ebchester TIR BritSep 32 F6 Vindovala RL Rudchester Daniels 1978, 76-81; TIR BritSep 67 F6 Vinovia RL Binchester TIR BritSep 7-8 E6 Virosidum RL Brough-by-Bainbridge Frere 1983, 113-15; TIR BritSep 4 E6 Voreda RL Old Penrith TIR BritSep 61

F6 Well RL Scott 1993, 153 D5 Westerwood R Keppie 1986, 126; TIR BritSep 81 G6 Wharram-le-Street RL Scott 1993, 153

Aqueducts

Grid Location Period References

D4 Carpow R TIR BritSep 18 E5 (A)Esica RL TIR BritSep 37 F6 Longovicium RL TIR BritSep 48-49

Roads

Itinerary Period References

S Hadrian’s Wall RL Margary 1973, chs. 9, 10 N Hadrian’s Wall R Margary 1973, ch. 11

Walls

Grid Name / Location Period References

C5 so-called “Antonine Wall” R Hanson 1983 D6 so-called “Hadrian’s Wall” RL Johnson 1989 MAP 9 BRITANNIA INFERIOR 133

Unlocated Toponyms

Name Period Probable Location Reference

Abisson L Scotland Rivet 1979, 238-39 Acmodae/ R Shetlands? Rivet 1979, 241 Haemodae Inss. ‘Alitacenon’ L SE Scotland Rivet 1979, 246 ‘Aluna’ L Lancashire Rivet 1979, 246 Anas Ins. L W Scotland Rivet 1979, 249 Argita fl. R N coast of Ireland Ptol. 2.2.1 Atecotti L Scotland Rivet 1979, 259

Begesse L Scotland Rivet 1979, 266 Bograndium L Scotland Rivet 1979, 269 Briga R N England Bowman 1994, 153-57, 259-62

Cambodunum RL Leeds? Rivet 1979, 292-93 Camulossesa Praesidium L S Scotland Rivet 1979, 296 Celovion L S Scotland Rivet 1979, 367 Certisnassa fl. L SE Scotland / NE England Rivet 1979, 307 Cindocellum L Scotland Rivet 1979, 308 Corionototae RL N England / S Scotland Rivet 1979, 322 Croucingo L S Scotland Rivet 1979, 328

Daroecla Ins. L Scotland Rivet 1979, 330 Delgovicia RL Wetwang? Rivet 1979, 331-32; TIR BritSep 82 Demerosesa L Scotland Rivet 1979, 332-33 Deouana RL Kintore? TIR BritSep 47 Dicalydonae L Scotland Rivet 1979, 338 *Dictum RL NE England Rivet 1979, 339 Duabsisis L S Scotland Rivet 1979, 340-41

Eburo *Castellum L S Scotland / NE England Rivet 1979, 357-58 (E)Itis fl. RL? NW Scotland Rivet 1979, 359 Epidion RL? Kintyre? Rivet 1979, 361 Eulimenos Kolpos R Yorkshire Rivet 1979, 433

‘Gainounia’ R in Raetia, not Britain? Paus. 8.43.4; Rivet 1979, 47 Gradena Ins. L Scotland Rivet 1979, 370 Graupius M. R N Scotland Rivet 1979, 370-71

*Horrea (Classis) RL Angus Rivet 1979, 372-73

Iano L Scotland Rivet 1979, 383-84 Iena fl. R SW Scotland Rivet 1979, 375 Isamnion *Akron R between Ouinderis and Ptol. 2.2.7 Bou(ou)inda fl. ‘Itucodon’ L Fife Rivet 1979, 381 ‘Iuliocenon’ L NW England Rivet 1979, 380-81

Koria RL Scotland Rivet 1979, 317-20; TIR BritSep 5

Leuiodanum L Scotland Rivet 1979, 390-91 Liar fl. L NE England Rivet 1979, 391 Litanomago L Scotland Rivet 1979, 394 Locatreve L S Scotland Rivet 1979, 394-95 Loukopibia RL Glenlochar? TIR BritSep 36 Lugunduno L N England Rivet 1979, 401-402

Maporiton L S Scotland Rivet 1979, 412 Marcotaxon L Scotland Rivet 1979, 412-13 Matovion L Scotland Rivet 1979, 414 Medionemeton L central Scotland Rivet 1979, 416-17 Morbium L NE England Rivet 1979, 420 134 MAP 9 BRITANNIA INFERIOR

Name Period Probable Location Reference

‘Oleiclavis’ L S Scotland / NE England Rivet 1979, 373 Ouakomagoi RL? Scotland Rivet 1979, 484-85 Ouandogara RL Ayrshire Rivet 1979, 501-502 Ouidoua fl. R N Ireland Ptol. 2.2.1 Ouinderis fl. R S Logia Ptol. 2.2.7

Picti L N Scotland Rivet 1979, 438-40 Pinnata *Castra RL E Scotland Rivet 1979, 440-41 Praesidium L NE England Rivet 1979, 442

Ravatonium L Scotland Rivet 1979, 445 Regia R Navan? Ptol. 2.2.9 Rerigonion R Stranraer? Rivet 1979, 447; TIR BritSep 52

‘Subdobiadon’ L central Scotland Rivet 1979, 463

Tadoriton L S Scotland Rivet 1979, 463 Tampium R Rivet 1979, 467-68 Trucculensis Portus R Scotland Rivet 1979, 478-80 Touesis RL? Bellie? Rivet 1979, 481; TIR BritSep 7

Ugueste L Scotland Rivet 1979, 481 Uxela RL Ward Law? TIR BritSep 79

Veromo L Scotland Rivet 1979, 495-96 Verturiones L E Scotland Rivet 1979, 496-97

Bibliography

Bateson 1971 Crow 1995 D. Bateson, “The finding of Roman silver coins in J. Crow, English Heritage book of Housesteads, the vicinity of the Giant’s Causeway,” Ulster Journal London, 1995. of Archaeology 34 (1971) 50-57. Curle 1923 Bidwell 1985 A.O. Curle, The treasure of Traprain,Glasgow, P.T. Bidwell, The Roman fort of Vindolanda, 1923. London, 1985. Daniels 1978 Bidwell 1994 C.M. Daniels (ed.), J. Collingwood Bruce's handbook P.T. Bidwell and S. Speak, Excavations at South to the Roman wall,13th ed., Newcastle-upon-Tyne, Shields Roman fort, vol. 1, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, 1978. 1994. Frere 1983 Bishop 1988 S.S. Frere and J.K. St Joseph, Roman Britain from M.C. Bishop and J. Dore, Corbridge. Excavations of the air, Cambridge, 1983. the Roman fort and town, 1947-80, London, 1988. Frere 1989 Bowman 1994 S.S. Frere and J.J. Wilkes, Strageath: excavations A.K. Bowman and J.D. Thomas, The Vindolanda within the Roman fort 1973-86, Britannia Monograph writing-tablets (Tabulae Vindolandenses II), London, Series 9, London, 1989. 1994. Frere 1992 Burnham 1990 S.S. Frere, “Roman Britain in 1991, I. Sites B.C. Burnham and J.S. Wacher, The ‘Small Towns’ explored,” Britannia 23 (1992) 256-308. of Roman Britain, London, 1990. MAP 9 BRITANNIA INFERIOR 135

Hanson 1983 Potter 1979 W.S. Hanson and G.S. Maxwell, Rome’s north west T.W. Potter, The Romans in north-west England. frontier: the Antonine Wall, Edinburgh, 1983. Excavations at the Roman forts of Ravenglass, Watercrook and Bowness on Solway, Kendal, 1979. Johnson 1989 S. Johnson, Hadrian’s Wall, London, 1989. Rivet 1979 A.L.F. Rivet and C. Smith, The place-names of Jones 1988 Roman Britain, London, 1979. G.D.B. Jones and D. Shotter, Roman Lancaster: rescue archaeology in a historic city 1970-75, Robinson 1978 Manchester, 1988. J.F. Robinson, The archaeology of Malton and Norton, Leeds, 1978. Keppie 1986 L.J.F. Keppie, Scotland's Roman remains, Scott 1993 Edinburgh, 1986. E. Scott, A gazetteer of Roman villas in Britain, Leicester, 1993. Margary 1973 I.D. Margary, Roman roads in Britain,3rd ed., Wacher 1995 London, 1973. J.S. Wacher, The towns of Roman Britain,2nd ed., London, 1995. Mattingly 1937 H. Mattingly and J.W.E. Pearce, “The Coleraine Warner 1996 hoard,” Antiquity 11 (1937) 39-45. R. Warner, “Navan and Apollo,” Emania, Bulletin of the Navan Research Group 14 (1996) 77-81. Pitts 1985 L.F. Pitts and J.K. St Joseph, Inchtuthil: the Roman legionary fortress excavations, 1952-65, London, 1985.