Map 9 Britannia Inferior Compiled by A.S. Esmonde-Cleary, 1996 with the assistance of R. Warner (Ireland) Introduction Any map of this part of Roman Britain is inevitably concerned with the shifting limits of Roman military control in the north. All study of Roman intervention in this area has been heavily biased in favor of military sites and their exploration. Thus its priorities, reflected by the map, are rather different from those set for research into the Roman presence further south in Britain. In addition, the relative scarcity of some types of site common further south (towns and villas especially) contributes to giving this map a very different aspect to Britannia Superior (Map 8), but an aspect that nonetheless reflects real and important contrasts. So far as can be determined, there have been no significant changes between the Roman period and the present day in coastline or other physical topographic aspects, despite continuing post-glacial eustatic and isostatic adjustment of the relative levels of land and sea. The map displays essentially three major episodes in the Roman occupation of northern Britain. The southern part is compiled on the same principles as Map 8. Thus the military sites shown are the long-lived garrison forts, the forts of Hadrian’s Wall, and the “outpost” forts of the Wall in Northumberland and south-west Scotland. The fourth-century “signal stations” on the Yorkshire coast are likewise marked. There are also the few towns in the north, and the scatter of villas lying north of York. This part of the map is therefore directly comparable with, and a northern continuation of, its southern neighbor. The part of the map covering Scotland reflects rather different criteria, particularly as regards site longevity. Much shorter-lived military sites are shown here, in part because of the intrinsic importance of the military campaigns which they represent. In part, too, their inclusion recognizes the labor which has been expended over the years in their location and excavation, and in the reconstruction of the successive phases of Roman failure to conquer Scotland. Two major phases of Roman incursion northwards can be seen. First, the Antonine Wall of the mid- second century A.D. and the forts held in the Lowlands at that time; second, to the north of the line of the later Antonine Wall, the aftermath of Agricola’s campaigns in the 80s A.D. For the latter, the legionary fortress of Inchtuthil (ancient Victoria?) and the associated “glen-blocking” forts are shown; some of the Lowland forts, too, were first occupied at this time. None of the numerous “marching camps” (temporary campaign fortifications) known from Scotland, and linked with more or less certainty to various known Roman campaigns, has been shown. The Severan campaigns of the early third century are represented by the base at Carpow. Even more than in the case of Map 8, the omission of native-style “farmsteads” gives a very “empty” look to much of the map. The reasons for this choice are explained in the Introduction to Map 8. The omission, however, by no means signifies that much of the area covered was uninhabited. On the contrary, the tribal names certify that it was. Equally notable is the paucity of sites beyond the frontiers. There is Roman material known from native sites in Scotland and Ireland, but for the most part it is potsherds and trinkets (for Ireland, see further the Introduction to Map 2). Again, the contrast in this respect with frontier regions elsewhere (the Danube lands, for example) is real and instructive. 128 MAP 9 BRITANNIA INFERIOR Directory All place names are in the United Kingdom unless otherwise noted Abbreviation TIR BritSep Tabula Imperii Romani, Britannia Septentrionalis, London, 1987 Names Grid Name Period Modern Name / Location Reference D6 Aballava RL Burgh-by-Sands Daniels 1978, 247-48; TIR BritSep 13 C6 ‘Abraouannos’? fl. R Water of Luce Rivet 1979, 240; TIR BritSep 81 Adron fl. = Ouedra fl. E6 (A)Esica RL Great Chesters Daniels 1978, 179-83; TIR BritSep 37 D4 Alauna R Ardoch Keppie 1986, 146-49; TIR BritSep 3 § Litana L D6 Alauna/ RL Maryport Daniels 1978, 273-78; TIR BritSep 55 Alione Alauna? = Alone? F5 Alauna R Learchild TIR BritSep 49 F5 Alauna fl. RL Aln Rivet 1979, 245; TIR BritSep 2 Alione = Alauna E6 Alone?/ R Watercrook Potter 1979, 139-320; TIR BritSep 79 Alauna? D5 Anava fl. L Annan Rivet 1979, 249-50; TIR BritSep 2-3 F6 Arbeia RL South Shields TIR BritSep 71; Bidwell 1994 C5 Auchendavy R Keppie 1986, 132; TIR BritSep 4 A5 Ballinrees L near Coleraine Mattingly 1937 C5 Balmuildy R Keppie 1986, 134; TIR BritSep 4-5 E6 Banna RL Birdoswald Daniels 1978, 198-206; TIR BritSep 8 C5 Bar Hill R Keppie 1986, 129-32 C5 Barochan R Keppie 1986, 97 D4 Bannatia? R Dalginross Rivet 1979, 262; Keppie 1986, 157 G6 Beadlam RL Scott 1993, 149 C5 Bearsden R Keppie 1986, 135-38 E7 Belisama fl. See Map 8 D4 Bertha R Keppie 1986, 158 D5 Blatobulgium R Birrens Daniels 1978, 315-20; TIR BritSep 8 C4 Bochastle R Keppie 1986, 157 C4 Bodotria fl. RL Forth Rivet 1979, 269-71; TIR BritSep 34 D4 Bodotria? Aestuarium R Firth of Forth Rivet 1979, 269-71 D3 Boresti? R Morayshire Rivet 1979, 272-73; TIR BritSep 9 B5 Botis Ins. L Isle of Bute Rivet 1979, 273; TIR BritSep 14 E6 Brav(o)niacum RL Kirkby Thore TIR BritSep 47 E5 Bremenium RL High Rochester Daniels 1978, 295-301; TIR BritSep 42 D6 B(r)ibra? R Beckfoot Daniels 1978, 267-69; TIR BritSep 6 E6 Brigantes RL N England Rivet 1979, 278-80; TIR BritSep 11 E6 Brocavum RL Brougham TIR BritSep 12 E5 *Brocolitia RL Carrawburgh Daniels 1978, 125-31; TIR BritSep 18 C5 Cadder R Keppie 1986, 133 F7 Calcaria R Tadcaster TIR BritSep 73 C3 Caledonia RL Scotland Rivet 1979, 289-90; TIR BritSep 15 §Calidonia § Caledoni E6 *Camboglanna RL Castlesteads Daniels 1978, 228-29; TIR BritSep 20 A4 Cana? Ins. L Isle of Canna Rivet 1979, 296; TIR BritSep 16 D4 Cargill R Keppie 1986, 160; TIR BritSep 17 D4 Carpow R Keppie 1986, 153-56; TIR BritSep 18 D6 Carvetii R Cumbria Rivet 1979, 301-302; TIR BritSep 18-19 MAP 9 BRITANNIA INFERIOR 129 Grid Name Period Modern Name / Location Reference D5 Castlecary R Keppie 1986, 125; TIR BritSep 19 D5 Corda? R Castledykes Keppie 1986, 91-92; TIR BritSep 19 F6 Castle Dykes RL Scott 1993, 151-52 C5 Castlehill R Keppie 1986, 128-29; TIR BritSep 20 E5 Castra Exploratorum RL Netherby Daniels 1978, 311-14; TIR BritSep 58 F6 Cataractonium RL Catterick Burnham 1990, 111-17 E5 Cilurnum RL Chesters Daniels 1978, 109-20; TIR BritSep 23 C5 Clota fl. RL Clyde Rivet 1979, 309-10; TIR BritSep 24 F6 ‘Cocanges’/ RL Chester-le-Street TIR BritSep 23 ‘Concangios’ F5 ‘Coccuveda’ fl. L Coquet Rivet 1979, 311; TIR BritSep 24 D4 Colani(c)a? R Camelon Keppie 1986, 144; TIR BritSep 16 ‘Concangios’ = ‘Cocanges’ F6 Condercum RL Benwell Daniels 1978, 64-70; TIR BritSep 7 D6 ‘Congavata’ RL Drumburgh Daniels 1978, 250-51; TIR BritSep 30 E6 *Coriosopitum/ RL Corbridge Bishop 1988 Coria D5 Cramond R Keppie 1986, 111-13; TIR BritSep 26 D5 Crawford R Keppie 1986, 89-91; TIR BritSep 26 D5 Croy Hill R Keppie 1986, 126-28; TIR BritSep 27 D5 Dalswinton R Keppie 1986, 84; TIR BritSep 28 F7 Dalton Parlours RL Scott 1993, 195 C5 Damn(on)ioi/ RL S Scotland Rivet 1979, 343-44 Daunoni A6 Darinoi R N Ireland TIR BritSep 28 Daunoni = Damn(on)ioi C3 Dekantai R N Scotland Rivet 1979, 330; TIR BritSep 28 C5 Deoua fl. R Dee Rivet 1979, 337; TIR BritSep 28 E3 Deoua fl. R Dee Rivet 1979, 337; TIR BritSep 28 D6 Derventio R Papcastle TIR BritSep 62 G6 Derventio RL Malton Robinson 1978; TIR BritSep 54 G7 [Derventio] fl. RL Derwent Rivet 1979, 333-34; TIR BritSep 29 E6 Dorvantium/ L/ Derwent Rivet 1979, 334-35; TIR BritSep 29 [Derventio] fl. RL F6 Dounon Kolpos R Tees Bay Rivet 1979, 344-45; TIR BritSep 74 A2 Dumna Ins. R Harris and Lewis Is. Rivet 1979, 342; TIR BritSep 50 C5 Duntocher R Keppie 1986, 141-42; TIR BritSep 31 D5 Karbantorigon? R Easter Happrew Keppie 1986, 107-109; TIR BritSep 31 Ebudes Inss. = (H)Ebudes Inss. F7 Eburacum RL settlement and fort at York Wacher 1995, 167-88 E6 Epiakon? RL Whitley Castle Rivet 1979, 360; Frere 1983, 119-20; TIR BritSep 82 B5 Epidioi R W Scotland Rivet 1979, 360; TIR BritSep 33 B5 Epidion Akron R Mull of Kintyre Rivet 1979, 361; TIR BritSep 57 Esica = (A)Esica E5 ‘Fanoco(ci)di’ RL Bewcastle Daniels 1978, 321-26; TIR BritSep 7 § *Fanum Cocidii D5 Falkirk R Keppie 1986, 121; TIR BritSep 34 A5 Feigh Mountain R near Ballycastle Bateson 1971 D4 Fendoch R Keppie 1986, 156-57; TIR BritSep 34 G6 Filey L TIR BritSep 34 F6 Gabrantouikes R East Yorkshire Rivet 1979, 363-64; TIR BritSep 35 G6 Gabrantouikon Kolpos R Rivet 1979, 364; TIR BritSep 35 D6 Gabrosentum RL Moresby Daniels 1978, 281-83; Rivet 1979, 364-65; TIR BritSep 57 Galacum = Kalagon E6 Galava RL Ambleside TIR BritSep 2 130 MAP 9 BRITANNIA INFERIOR Grid Name Period Modern Name / Location Reference F3 Germanicum Mare See Map 2 D6 *Glannoventa RL Ravenglass Daniels 1978, 284-86; Rivet 1979, 367; TIR § Glannibanta BritSep 64 G6 Goldsborough L TIR BritSep 37 E5 Habitancum R Risingham Daniels 1978, 289-94; TIR BritSep 66 G6 Harpham RL Scott 1993, 98 A5 (H)Ebudes Inss.