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Automation and Robotics As a Human Aid in Industrial Production, Current Situation and Future Prospects

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Automation and Robotics As a Human Aid in Industrial Production, Current Situation and Future Prospects Automation and robotics as a human aid in industrial production, current situation and future prospects By Dario Danesi A DISSERTATION Presented to the Department of Engineering & Technology program at Selinus University Faculty of Engineering & Technology in fulfillment of the requirements for the accelerated Master of Science in Engineering DICEMBRE 2019 Dedico questo lavoro al mio Maestro Dedico questo lavoro al mio Maestro Sri Sathya Sai Ringraziamenti Il grazie più sentito va però a mia moglie Lorena che da sempre sostiene le mie attività sia professionali che formative. 2 INDICE OBIETTIVI DELLA TESI......................................................................................................................................... 5 PARTE 1 .............................................................................................................................................................. 7 1.1 DEFINIZIONE DI “SISTEMA DI AUTOMAZIONE” ..................................................................................... 7 1.2 BREVE STORIA DELL ’AUTOMAZIONE ................................................................................................. 11 1.2.1 Gli albori, le soluzioni pratiche, gli antichi .......................................................................................... 11 1.2.2 Leonardo da Vinci e l’era pre-industriale ........................................................................................... 13 1.2.3 La rivoluzione industriale – l’industria Tessile .................................................................................... 14 1.2.4 L’ottocento – dalla “Paleo tecnica” alla “Neotecnica” ....................................................................... 17 1.2.5 Il novecento – I servomeccanismi e la regolazione automatica ......................................................... 19 1.2.6 Dal 1930-1950 – Il periodo “classico” dell’automazione .................................................................... 23 1.2.7 L’automazione contemporanea ......................................................................................................... 28 1.3 MODELLI DI AUTOMAZIONE E LORO APPLICAZIONI ................................................................................. 38 1.3.1Il controllo locale ................................................................................................................................. 38 1.3.2 Il controllo centralizzato ..................................................................................................................... 39 1.3.2 Il controllo distribuito ......................................................................................................................... 40 PARTE 2 ............................................................................................................................................................ 46 2.1 I LIVELLI DI AUTOMAZIONE DELLA FABBRICA AUTOMATICA .................................................................... 46 2.2 I SENSORI E ATTUATORI NELLA FABBRICA AUTOMATICA ......................................................................... 47 2.2.1 I sensori............................................................................................................................................... 47 2.2.2 Attuatori ............................................................................................................................................. 51 2.3 SISTEMI PLC “PROGRAMMABLE LOGIC CONTROL” ................................................................................... 53 2.3.1 L’hardware dei sistemi PLC ................................................................................................................. 53 2.3.2 Principio di funzionamento della CPU ................................................................................................ 56 2.3.3 Il software applicativo dei PLC ............................................................................................................ 59 2.3.4 Normativa di sviluppo hardware e software dei PLC – IEC 61131 ..................................................... 62 2.4 SCADA: AUSILIO TRA UOMO E MACCHINA ......................................................................................... 63 2.4.1 Configurazione dei sistemi SCADA ..................................................................................................... 64 2.4.2 EVOLUZIONE DEI SISTEMI HMI (Human Machine Interface) ............................................................. 65 2.4.3 STRUTTURA DEI SISTEMI – SCADA ...................................................................................................... 66 2.4.4 MODELLI DI PROGRAMMAZIONE DEGLI SCADA ................................................................................. 67 2.5 SISTEMI MES E GOVERNO DELLA PRODUZIONE ........................................................................................ 68 2.5.1 Funzioni fondamentali di un MES ....................................................................................................... 68 PARTE 3 ............................................................................................................................................................ 71 3 3.1 IMPIEGO DEI SISTEMI NELLE DIVERSE TIPOLOGIE INDUSTRIALI ............................................................... 71 3.1.1 I principali comparti dell’industria ...................................................................................................... 71 3.1.2 L’industria manifatturiera ................................................................................................................... 72 3.2 SOLUZIONI D'AUTOMAZIONE PER LE INDUSTRIE; CARATTERISTICHE DI CIASCUN COMPARTO ............... 75 3.2.1 Automazione e processi produttivi specifici....................................................................................... 75 3.2.2. Ausili produttivi diretti alla produzione; la robotica ......................................................................... 77 3.2.3. La fabbrica e l’industria 4.0 ............................................................................................................... 82 3.2.4 Prospettive future della tecnologia di automazione applicata all’industria - .................................... 85 PARTE 4 ............................................................................................................................................................ 87 4.1 IMPLICAZIONI SOCIALI, UMANE E ORGANIZZATIVE INERENTI LA SOSTITUZIONE UOMO VERSUS MACCHINA ....................................................................................................................................................... 87 4.2 Il LAVORO E LE TECNOLOGIE DI AUTOMAZIONE ODIERNE E FUTURE ................................................ 93 4.3 VANTAGGI E SVANTAGGI ECONOMICI NELL’ADOZIONE DI TECNOLOGIA IN AMBITO PRODUTTIVO ....... 97 CONCLUSIONI ................................................................................................................................................ 104 BIBLIOGRAFIA ................................................................................................................................................ 108 4 OBIETTIVI DELLA TESI Il proposito che ci si prefigge di perseguire con questo lavoro ha a che fare con l’intento di realizzare una breve analisi dell’attuale stato dell’arte dell’Automazione Industriale e delle implicazioni che tale tecnologia ha esercitato sull’essere umano sia individualmente che collettivamente. Il documento mira cioè a proporre una lettura originale di quanto accaduto in tema di Automazione Industriale a partire dagli albori fino ai giorni nostri, considerando la spontanea necessità da parte dell'uomo di farsi aiutare dalle macchine nella propria attività quotidiana. Partendo quindi da un conciso escursus storico e sociologico, che illustri gli stadi che hanno portato alla situazione attuale, nella quale la presenza degli automatismi nella vita quotidiana dell’uomo moderno assumono una connotazione sempre più importante, dopo aver illustrato gli aspetti più tecnici delle strategie robotiche fino ad oggi impiegate, ci si prefigge infine di osservare e chiarire in che modo (e a che prezzo) le metodologie di automazione possano in futuro migliorare la qualità dell’esistenza umana. Attraverso la storia di una specifica evoluzione della tecnologia, si desidera infatti consentire al lettore l’opportunità di ottenere le informazioni necessarie sia per comprendere la reale situazione attuale, sia per intravedere quali cambiamenti e trasformazioni potranno essere determinati, in un futuro prossimo, dallo sviluppo dell'elettronica di automazione, ed in che modo essi influenzeranno inevitabilmente la vita delle aziende manifatturiere e di conseguenza la nostra società. Negli ultimi quaranta anni nelle imprese si è infatti vissuta una vera e propria rivoluzione nel modo di pensare e progettare il lavoro e nel modo di svolgerne la sostanza delle operazioni. Al momento attuale si prefigura inoltre una ennesima accelerazione della digitalizzazione, che sembra determinare una palese quanto inevitabile sostituzione della forza lavoro umana, con l’impiego di macchine robotizzate. Ciò richiederà sia al singolo che alle masse l’acquisizione di un nuovo modo di pensare sia alla propria realtà personale che familiare. In verità anche in seno alle aziende si prefigura la progettazione del comparto produttivo
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