08 Silvestrini 107-114

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Italian Socialists in a Parliament of War: the Crisis of the Party during the 24 Legislature (27 November 1913 – 29 September 1919) Flavio SILVESTRINI* Abstract: The Socialist Group in the Italian Chamber of Deputies during the First World War, held firmly in the hands of the reformist minority (Filippo Turati, Claudio Treves and the review “Critica sociale”), was soon to address the diversity of views on neutralism that emerged inside the Party since the summer of 1914. The compromise formula, “Neither support nor sabotage”, created by the Socialist Direction aftermath of Italian involvement in the conflict (May 1915) did not allow to recover the ideological unity within the Party but exposed the parliamentary group to the attacks of the political forces that were supporting for the decision to go to war. To follow the path of Italian socialism in Parliament during the war must be scanned two other steps that marked it deeply: the debate following the defeat of Caporetto (October 1917), in which the Socialist Party became the object of profound attacks on the defeatism that would have sown among the troops; the debate during the season of deep crisis and prerevolutionary period that the conflict had opened in Italy (after November 1918). These three events were crucial for a party riven by deep internal divisions and lack of a clear political ideology, weakened by heavy external aggressions; nonetheless it remained, even in a Parliament increasingly limited in its powers by the war policies of the Government, the bulwark of the prerogatives of representative institutions. Keywords: First World War, Italian Socialist Party, Neutralism, Revolution, Filippo Turati * Researcher, Ph.D., “La Sapienza” University of Rome ([email protected]). Studia Universitatis Cibiniensis. Series Historica, vol. XII / 2015, p. 107 - 113 .

Copy Link

Recommended publications

Il 'Marchese Di Caporetto'
Il ‘marchese di Caporetto’ Claudio Treves e l'interventismo di sinistra di Antonio Casali Figura centrale del movimento socialista e tra i A prominent leader of the socialist movement protagonisti, per oltre trent’anni, della vita po and outstanding figure of the Italian political litica italiana, Claudio Treves ha conosciuto un scenery for over thirty years, Claudio Treves singolare destino. L’ostracismo decretatogli du has experienced a remarkable destiny. The rante il ventennio fascista è sembrato infatti ostracism he suffered during the fascist era has trasmettersi, quasi senza soluzione di continui seemed to continue, almost unchanged, tà, all’Italia repubblicana e postresistenziale. through the post-resistance and republican Ignorato dalla cultura liberalsocialista; oggetto years. Disdained by the liberal-socialist culture, di una imbarazzata oleografia d’occasione da awkwardly commemorated every now and then parte della socialdemocrazia saragattiana; tenu by the right-wing socialdemocrats, kept aside to ai margini financo dal recente riaccendersi di even in the recent revival of the social-reformist interesse sull’esperienza del socialismo riformi tradition, Treves has so far met with a curious sta: Treves ha attirato su di sé, fino ai nostri political and historical ‘misfortune’. giorni, una insistita ‘sfortuna’ politica e storio This essay unearths the roots of that ‘misfor grafica. tune’, scrupulously revisiting the origins and Il presente articolo va alle radici di questa motives of the myth of the ‘marchese di Capo-
[Show full text]
Structural Reforms and Macro-Economic Policy
Structural reforms and macro-economic policy European Trade Union Confederation Structural reforms and macro-economic policy avec le soutien de la Commission Européenne with the support of the European Commission European Trade Union Confederation overview Introduction – Reiner Hoffmann 5 Part I : Structural reforms: What has been done so far? 9 ■ Lack of structural reform and low growth performance in the euro area – Ronald Janssen 11 ■ Labour markets in transition: Combining flexibility and security 15 in Central and Eastern Europe - Sandrine Cazes and Nesprovova Alena. ■ The trade union’s view on labour market policies: 21 the case of the Czech Republic – Pavel Janicko ■ Labour market reforms in Italy – Claudio Treves 23 Part II : Structural reforms : The way ahead 25 ■ A trade union agenda for structural reform – Ronald Janssen 27 ■ The Open Method of Coordination six years on: 37 From flamboyant promises to unrealistic expectations – Niklas Noaksson ■ Labour market reform: A perspective from Sweden – Åke Zettermark 48 ■ Getting trapped in low wage jobs: The experience from France – Emmanuel Mermet 51 Part III : Structural reforms and the European macro-economic 53 policy regime ■ Monetary policy and structural reforms in the euro area –Ad Van Riet 55 ■ Potential output: A questionable concept – Gustav Horn 62 ■ The Stability and Growth Pact: 69 Stability without growth? – Cathérine Mahieu and Henri Sterdyniak ■ The euro area drifting apart – Jörg Bibow 76 ■ Labour market re-regulation in the UK – Richard Exell 87 Order form 93 / 3 PART I: introduction Reiner Hoffmann ‘Reforms, reforms, reforms’, that is the conven- tion of the different interventions that were made at tional wisdom of many European policy makers this conference.
[Show full text]
The London School of Economics and Political Science
The London School of Economics and Political Science «Les Belles Années du Plan»? Hendrik de Man and the Reinvention of Western European Socialism, 1914-36 ca. Tommaso Milani A thesis submitted to the Department of International History of the London School of Economics for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy, London, September 2017. 1 DECLARATION I certify that the thesis I have presented for examination for the MPhil/PhD degree of the London School of Economics and Political Science is solely my own work other than where I have clearly indicated that it is the work of others (in which case the extent of any work carried out jointly by me and any other person is clearly identified in it). The copyright of this thesis rests with the author. Quotation from it is permitted, provided that full acknowledgment is made. This thesis may not be reproduced without my prior written consent. I warrant that this authorisation does not, to the best of my belief, infringe the rights of any third party. I declare that my thesis consists of 99,843 words. 2 ABSTRACT The thesis discusses the trajectory of the Belgian socialist thinker and activist Hendrik de Man (1885-1953) between 1914 and 1936 ca, with particular attention to his endeavours to renew Western European social democracy after the Great War. The first half of the thesis deals with de Man’s theoretical evolution. Having become convinced of the inadequacy of orthodox Marxism as a conceptual framework for the Left while serving as soldier and diplomat during WWI, de Man sought to overcome the split between reformism and revolutionary socialism by developing an ethical conception of socialism outlined in the book Zur Psychologie des Sozialismus (1926) and, subsequently, by elaborating planism, a democratic socialist ideology supposedly more in tune with the socio-economic conditions of the 1930s.
[Show full text]
Consciousness and Revolution: the Marxism of Antonio Gramsci, 1911-1921
Consciousness and Revolution: The Marxism of Antonio Gramsci, 1911-1921 STEVEN FINN WHITE* J "The only philosophy is history in action, that is, life itself." • - Antonio Gramsci The ideology which Karl Marx bequeathed to his followers in the international socialist movement proved to be a compound as unstable as it was explosive. The rich variety of interpretations which Marxist socialism generated, while reflecting the scope and power of the ideology, also splintered the movement in every major European country. In Italy, the socialist party was sharply divided by 1902 between moderate positivists 1 like Filippo Turati, founder of the party, and insurrectionary intransigents, many of whom were influenced by the revolutionary syndicalism of Georges Sorel. While the moderates believed, like Friedrich Engels, in an inevitable but unhurried coming of socialism, the intransigents emphasized Marx's unshakeable faith in revolutionary change; they developed a doctrine which stressed spontaneity and the power of both will and ideas to transform reality. After years of factional struggle, the party ousted Turati permanently from its leadership in 1912. Yet his successors were unable to dethrone his complacent positivism. In the decade and a half which preceded and encompassed the First World War, the fundamental philosophical disagreement between apostles of evolutionary determinism and revolutionary voluntarism remained unresolved. In the last year of the war a young Turinese socialist, Antonio Gramsci, transcended the terms of this disagreement and began to draw together the elements for a new Italian Marxism. As a student at the University of Turin between 1911 and 1916, Gramsci had been impressed with the German idealist tradition.
[Show full text]
UCLA Electronic Theses and Dissertations
UCLA UCLA Electronic Theses and Dissertations Title Out of Italy: Italian Women Exiled under Fascism Reimagine Home and the Italian Identity Permalink https://escholarship.org/uc/item/2nk8m9vk Author Robinson, Nicole Hardy Publication Date 2016 Peer reviewed|Thesis/dissertation eScholarship.org Powered by the California Digital Library University of California UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA Los Angeles Out of Italy: Italian Women Exiled under Fascism Reimagine Home and the Italian Identity A dissertation submitted in partial satisfaction of the requirements for the Degree of Philosophy in Italian by Nicole Hardy Robinson 2016 © Copyright by Nicole Hardy Robinson 2016 ABSTRACT OF THE DISSERTATION Out of Italy: Italian Women Exiled under Fascism Reimagine Home and the Italian Identity by Nicole Hardy Robinson Doctor of Philosophy in Italian University of California, Los Angeles, 2016 Professor Lucia Re, Chair Vera Modigliani (1888-1974), Maria Brandon Albini (1904-1995), and Joyce Lussu (1912-1998) were antifascist activists who emigrated from Italy—fuoriuscite—and wrote novels, memoirs, and poetry about their varied experiences both during their period of exile, and well after it in the course of their literary careers. In my dissertation, I conduct a comparative study of these women’s narratives. I offer a nuanced study of the women’s literary works in order to fill a pronounced gap in current exile literature scholarship of the period, which has focused almost exclusively on male authors. My critical framework for this research is interdisciplinary, structured predominantly around the narrative theory of life writing. In addition, I also pull from exile, feminist, and sociological theory. Ultimately, I demonstrate that there are experiences and literary themes common to the three ii women, despite the fact that they were not closely linked in their exile.
[Show full text]
Curriculum Vitae
CURRICULUM VITAE August 2019 PERSONAL INFORMATION Spencer M. Di Scala Professor Emeritus History Department University of Massachusetts Boston 100 Morrissey Blvd. Boston, MA 02125 Tel.: (617) 287-6860; Fax: (617) 287-6899; e-mail: [email protected]; Website: www.spencerdiscala.com EDUCATION B.A. History Queens College, CUNY 1962 M.A. History Columbia University 1963 Ph.D. History Columbia University 1969 TEACHING EXPERIENCE Full Professor University of Massachusetts, Boston 1986-2018 Research Professor University of Massachusetts, Boston 1997 Associate Professor University of Massachusetts, Boston 1975-86 Assistant Professor University of Massachusetts, Boston 1970-75 Instructor and Assistant Professor University of Kentucky 1967-70 VISITING PROFESSORSHIPS LUISS (Free International University of the Social Science), Rome, Italy, Spring 2011 University of Rome “Tor Vergata,” Fall 2011 Teaching Areas Italian history, Renaissance to present; Nineteenth and Twentieth Century Europe; World War I; World War II; Contemporary Europe; European Political Thought, 1815-Present; Italian American; Fascism; Socialism 1 Courses Taught History of Italy; Italian-American; Nineteenth Century Europe; Twentieth Century Europe (Europe 1900-1945; Europe Since 1945); Marxism; European Political Thought; Contemporary Europe; Mussolini and Fascism; World War I; World War II; Fascism; Socialism; The Atomic Bomb; Revolutions in the Modern World; Europe Between the Wars; Italian-American; Foundations of Western Civilization; Contemporary Western Civilization. Online Teaching I have won awards for my teaching, my development and of online courses, and innovative pedagogy (UCEA Excellence in Teaching National Award, 2007; UCEA New England Region Award, 2006). Since 2003 I have taught upper division online courses on Modern Italy, Mussolini and Fascism, nineteenth century Europe, twentieth century Europe, 1900-1945, and twentieth century Europe since 1945.
[Show full text]
UWS Academic Portal Socialism and Democratic Strategy in Italy's Biennio Rosso Mcnally, Mark
UWS Academic Portal Socialism and democratic strategy in Italy’s Biennio Rosso McNally, Mark Published in: Journal of Modern Italian Studies DOI: 10.1080/1354571X.2017.1321932 E-pub ahead of print: 21/06/2017 Document Version Peer reviewed version Link to publication on the UWS Academic Portal Citation for published version (APA): McNally, M. (2017). Socialism and democratic strategy in Italy’s Biennio Rosso: Gramsci contra Treves. Journal of Modern Italian Studies, 22(3), 314-337. https://doi.org/10.1080/1354571X.2017.1321932 General rights Copyright and moral rights for the publications made accessible in the UWS Academic Portal are retained by the authors and/or other copyright owners and it is a condition of accessing publications that users recognise and abide by the legal requirements associated with these rights. Take down policy If you believe that this document breaches copyright please contact [email protected] providing details, and we will remove access to the work immediately and investigate your claim. Download date: 23 Sep 2021 1 Socialism and democratic strategy in Italy’s Biennio Rosso: Gramsci contra Treves Mark McNally Abstract This article examines the divisions in Italian Socialism between Revolutionaries and Reformists against the backdrop of the Biennio Rosso (1919-20), taking the writings of Antonio Gramsci and Claudio Treves respectively as characteristic of the two traditions. The central focus is on their opposing accounts of how the Socialist movement should organize the masses to achieve its objectives – referred to here as its ‘democratic strategy.’ I demonstrate how the key strategic elements of Gramsci’s and Treves’s positions developed in a dialogue centered on the place violence, (il)legality, soviets, parliaments and compromise should play in effectively mobilizing the masses for Socialism.
[Show full text]
Download a Chapter
OUT OF THE PAST CPL Editions Centro Primo Levi Editions is both an electronic and traditional publishing venture aimed at presenting the English speaking world with a selection of classic and new texts on Primo Levi and on Italian Jewish history, culture and tradition. In a rapidly changing world, books remain the same formidable tools for the transmission of knowledge they have been for centuries. They also satisfy the enduring human desire to create lasting records. This endeavor stems from a deep conviction that the selected texts are the carriers of a rich cultural tradition, CLAUDIO GERBI crucial for understanding the specifi c contribution of Italian Judaism for the world at large. Our books are available as e-books, with a print on demand option. www.centroprimolevi.org CPL EDITIONS OUT OF THE PAST CLAUDIO GERBI CPL EDITIONS Unpublished biographies and correspondence OUT OF THE PAST: CLAUDIO GERBI A STORY OF THE GERBI FAMILY Copyright © Claudio Gerbi CPL EDITIONS, New York Centro Primo Levi, Inc. www.centroprimolevi.org Book design: designwajskol Production: Sofia Quaglia FOREWORD By Susan Gerbi This book, a delightful blend of history and personal anecdotes, traces the Gerbi family over almost five hundred years, from the late middle ages to the present era. With the Spanish inquisition and the decree of Ferdinand and Isabella (1492), many Jews fled from Spain. Among those were the ancestors of Claudio Gerbi, who settled on the island of Djerba, off the coast of Tunisia, where a Jewish community had existed since the destruction of the first temple in Israel (586 BC).
[Show full text]
L'italia Dei Rosselli
F O N D A Z I O N E Anna Kuliscioff Fondatore Giulio Polotti L’ITALIA DEI ROSSELLI UNA STORIA DI GIUSTIZIA E LIBERTA’ CATALOGO MOSTRA Mostra documentaria in occasione dell’80° anniversario dell’uccisione dei Fratelli Rosselli avvenuta a Bagnoles de l’Orne giugno 1937 CON IL PATROCINIO DEL A CURA DELLA FONDAZIONE ANNA KULISCIOFF F O N D A Z I O N E Anna Kuliscioff Premessa al Catalogo Non sono formali i ringraziamenti a chi ha permesso la realizzazione di questa mostra: innanzitutto grazie all’Archivio di Stato di Milano che ha oerto gli spazi espositivi e alla Fondazione Circolo Fratelli Rosselli di Firenze che ha messo a disposizione la sua mostra, indispensabile per illustrare la vita e l’opera dei Fratelli Rosselli e per la conseguente esposizione del materiale proveniente dagli Archivi della Fondazione Anna Kuliscio. E grazie a tutti i relatori per la loro disponibilità e per i loro consigli. Tutti i manoscritti, i documenti, i libri, le pagine d’epoca sono consultabili a ne mostra presso gli Archivi della Fondazione stessa, oltre a tutto quello che, per una selezione obbligata da motivi di spazio, non si è potuto esporre. Nel percorso della mostra si è cercato di rispettare la cronologia e la suddivisione degli argomenti dei pannelli prodotti dalla Fondazione Circolo Fratelli Rosselli. In tal senso gli originali di lettere, documenti, opuscoli, foto e opere di Carlo e Nello Rosselli, sono stati esposti il più possibile attigui ai pannelli di riferimento, e così è stato fatto anche per le pagine d’epoca, anch’esse testimonianza dei temi e dei periodi trattati.
[Show full text]
Paolo Treves Papers (1905) 1944-19451944-1945
Paolo Treves Papers (1905) 1944-19451944-1945 International Institute of Social History Cruquiusweg 31 1019 AT Amsterdam The Netherlands hdl:10622/ARCH01478 © IISH Amsterdam 2021 Paolo Treves Papers (1905) 1944-19451944-1945 Table of contents Paolo Treves Papers........................................................................................................................3 International Institute of Social History 2 Paolo Treves Papers (1905) 1944-19451944-1945 Paolo Treves Papers Collection ID ARCH01478 Creator Treves, Paolo Period (1905) 1944-19451944-1945 Period (bulk) 1944-1945 Extent 0.05 m. Language list Language of Material Italian Context Biographical Note Born in Milano 1908; son of the well-known Italian socialist Claudio Treves (1869-1933); worked for the Milanese socialist paper La Giustizia in the early 1920s; member of the Executive of the underground Partito Socialista Italiano (PSI); worked as a liaison officer with Italian exiles in Paris; lived in Great Britain 1938-1944; engaged in linguistic research at Liverpool University 1939; lecturer in Italian at Bedford College (University of London) 1939-1940; scriptwriter and broadcaster for the Italian section of the BBC 1940-1944; contributed to several papers on Italian affairs; published `What Mussolini did to us' 1940 and `Italy, yesterday, today and tomorrow' 1942; member of the London Branch of the PSI, of the Advisory Committee of International Socialist Forum and of the International Bureau of the Fabian Society; returned to Italy 1945; editor of Avanti!. Acquisition The papers were deposited at the IISH by L. Treves in 1959. Content and Structure Content Letters written and received during his last year of exile in England mainly with British and Italian officials concerning his return to Italy 1944; file with letters received after his return while editor for Avanti! primarily from editors of various magazines 1945; handwritten manuscript by Rutenberg dedicated to Claudio Treves 1905; press clippings.
[Show full text]
Piero Treves
Intellectuals Displaced from Fascist Italy Firenze University Press 2019- Piero Treves Go to Personal File Followed since adolescence by the fascist police, Piero Treves decided to Link to other connected Lives on leave Italy with his brother and mother in 1938, when racial legislation made the move: his already difficult existence impossible. Marion Cave Rosselli His father Claudio, a socialist leader, had died in exile in Paris five years Antonello Gerbi Claudio Gerbi earlier. In England, Piero hoped to pursue that university career from which Giuliano Gerbi he was barred at home, initially for political rather than racial reasons. With Curt Sigmar Gutkind Alessandro Levi the outbreak of the war, however, the microphones of Radio London opened Giuseppe Emanuele Modigliani up for the Treves brothers. Arnaldo Dante After several attempts, he only returned to Italy in 1955, resuming his studies Momigliano Sarina Nathan Levi in classics, and in 1963 he finally became a professor at university. Amelia Pincherle Moravia Rosselli Carlo Rosselli Freedom of the ancients, freedom of the moderns Nello Rosselli Maria Todesco Rosselli Piero Treves was born in Milan on 27 November 1911 to Olga Levi, who Paolo Treves belonged to the Venetian upper middle class, and Claudio Treves, who was one of the most prominent members of the Italian Socialist Party, very close to Filippo Turati. As he would say many years later1, his father could not attend his birth because he was «hunted down and stopped» in front of the Milanese headquarters of the newspaper «Avanti!», which at the time he directed, by «Dannuntian [TN: indicates a follower of poet Gabriele D'Annunzio] and nationalist youths», fired up by Giovanni Pascoli’s speech in Barga the previous day.
[Show full text]
Antonello Gerbi Go to Personal File
Intellectuals Displaced from Fascist Italy Firenze University Press 2019- Antonello Gerbi Go to Personal File Director of the Research department of Banca commerciale italiana (Comit) Link to other connected Lives on from 1932, at the time of the implementation of the racial laws, he was the move: convinced to leave Italy by his own boss at Comit, who also provided him with Alessandro Levi help. He left for Peru, in October of 1938, while his siblings settled in New York. Claudio Gerbi Giuliano Gerbi Everything was organized: he worked in the most important Peruvian bank, Paolo Treves and traveled and studied; he took many photographs and had two children. Piero Treves Nevertheless, his stay was also forced, and had stripped him of «his employment, savings, books, family, academic degree, citizenship and some other illusions»1. He carried out important studies on Peru and Latin America from the viewpoint of European culture, and continued them after his return to Italy, in 1948, alternating between them and operational work at the helm of the Research department. Education and job at the helm of Comit’s Research department Antonello Gerbi was born in Florence on 15 May 1904, son of Edmo (1874- 1944), who came from a Jewish family of stockbrokers from Livorno, and Iginia Levi (1878-1926), a Venetian, sister of philosopher of law Alessandro Levi and of Olga Levi, wife of socialist congressman Claudio Treves. He had two brothers: Giuliano, born in 1905, and Claudio, born in 1907. The Gerbi family returned to Livorno in 1913. After finishing his classical studies in Milan, Gerbi graduated in 1925 in Jurisprudence from the University of Rome with a thesis in philosophy of law, despite attending class only in his first year.
[Show full text]