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The London School of Economics and Political Science The London School of Economics and Political Science «Les Belles Années du Plan»? Hendrik de Man and the Reinvention of Western European Socialism, 1914-36 ca. Tommaso Milani A thesis submitted to the Department of International History of the London School of Economics for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy, London, September 2017. 1 DECLARATION I certify that the thesis I have presented for examination for the MPhil/PhD degree of the London School of Economics and Political Science is solely my own work other than where I have clearly indicated that it is the work of others (in which case the extent of any work carried out jointly by me and any other person is clearly identified in it). The copyright of this thesis rests with the author. Quotation from it is permitted, provided that full acknowledgment is made. This thesis may not be reproduced without my prior written consent. I warrant that this authorisation does not, to the best of my belief, infringe the rights of any third party. I declare that my thesis consists of 99,843 words. 2 ABSTRACT The thesis discusses the trajectory of the Belgian socialist thinker and activist Hendrik de Man (1885-1953) between 1914 and 1936 ca, with particular attention to his endeavours to renew Western European social democracy after the Great War. The first half of the thesis deals with de Man’s theoretical evolution. Having become convinced of the inadequacy of orthodox Marxism as a conceptual framework for the Left while serving as soldier and diplomat during WWI, de Man sought to overcome the split between reformism and revolutionary socialism by developing an ethical conception of socialism outlined in the book Zur Psychologie des Sozialismus (1926) and, subsequently, by elaborating planism, a democratic socialist ideology supposedly more in tune with the socio-economic conditions of the 1930s. The second half of the thesis focuses on efforts to put de Man’s ideas into practice. Due to his mounting desire to have impact on the social democratic movement, de Man became increasingly involved in politics and, in late 1933, launched the Belgian Labour Plan with the aim of bolstering the Belgian Labour Party and containing the spread of fascism. Planism won support from many young socialists all across Europe but was also met with suspicion and outright hostility by wide segments of the social democratic establishment, including prominent leaders such as Emile Vandervelde and Léon Blum. Eventually, de Man accepted to compromise on the full implementation of the Labour Plan and sought to accomplish the same goals by serving as Minister, without success. By examining his failure as well as the difficulties experienced by his followers in France and Britain, the thesis highlights the limits that Western European social democratic parties set to their own ideological renewal during the interwar period. 3 TABLE OF CONTENTS Acknowledgments ……………. Page 6 Abbreviations ……………. Page 8 Introduction. Hendrik de Man and the Challenge of Ideological Renewal ……………. Page 15 Chapter I. Roots: The Paradox of European Social Democracy before 1914 ……………. Page 37 Chapter II. Shockwaves: Hendrik De Man and the Legacy of the Great War ……………. Page 69 Chapter III. Turning the Old House Upside Down: Hendrik De Man and Zur Psychologie des Sozialismus ……………. Page 98 4 Chapter IV. Breakthrough: Hendrik de Man and the Genesis of the Plan ……………. Page 132 Chapter V. Fire and Ashes: The Fight for the Labour Plan in Belgium ……………. Page 160 Chapter VI. Resistances: The Belgian Labour Plan in France ……………. Page 195 Chapter VII. Echoes: The Belgian Labour Plan in Britain ……………. Page 230 Conclusions. Planning without Planism? Thoughts on Post-War Social Democracy ……………. Page 262 Bibliography ……………. Page 274 5 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I am deeply grateful to my supervisors, Heather Jones and N. Piers Ludlow, for their guidance and relentless support during the last four years. I benefited enormously from their expertise, advice, and good humour. I am also indebted to my advisor, David Stevenson, who read all the chapters of the thesis and provided me with excellent feedback. Throughout my doctorate, Antony Best, André-Luc Brunet, Vesselin Dimitrov, Mark F. Gilbert, Sönke Neitzel, and Alan Sked kindly accepted to read parts of the manuscript. Dirk Luyten, Janet Polasky, and Nicolas Roussellier enhanced my understanding of Belgian and French History. Gerd-Rainer Horn welcomed me as a visiting PhD student at Sciences Po Paris in 2015-16 and agreed to discuss de Man and planism in great detail. Without his suggestions, criticism, and constant help in locating obscure sources, this dissertation would have been much harder to complete. This project would not have been possible without generous funding from the London School of Economics and Political Science and gracious assistance from many librarians and archivists across Europe. I am especially grateful to the members of staff of the Institut Emile Vandervelde in Brussels, the Bibliothèque de Documentation Internationale Contemporaine in Nanterre, and the Internationaal Instituut voor Sociale Geschiedenis in Amsterdam, not to mention those of the LSE library, one of the best places in the world to delve into the history of the interwar Left. 6 Within my Department, I was fortunate to be surrounded by outstanding colleagues and invaluable friends, such as Bastiaan Bouwman, Alexandre Dab, Jonas Fossli Gjersø, Cees Heere, William King, Jim Li Lim, Alex Mayhew, Max Skjönsberg, Eline van Ommen, and Takahiro Yamamoto. Back in Italy, Lorenzo Piccoli, Luca Tinarelli and Giovanni Vezzani provided me with encouragement when I needed it the most. Finally I must thank my parents, who backed me up from afar, and Irene, who never gave up. More than anyone else, she bore the burden of my research. 7 ABBREVIATIONS *** ARCHIVES ABSO/AMSAB Archief van BWP-Bureau voor Sociaal Onderzoek, AMSAB-Instituut voor Sociale Geschiedenis, Ghent. ABWP/AMSAB Archief van Belgische Werkliedenpartij, AMSAB- Instituut voor Sociale Geschiedenis, Ghent. ACR/BNC Archivio Carlo Rosselli, Biblioteca Nazionale Centrale, Florence. AEV/IEV Archives d’Emile Vandervelde, Institut Emile Vandervelde, Brussels. AGL/ISRT Archivi di Giustizia e Libertà, Istituto Storico della Resistenza di Toscana, Florence. AHDM/AMSAB Archief van Hendrik de Man, AMSAB-Instituut voor Sociale Geschiedenis, Ghent. 8 AHDM/IISG Archief van Hendrik de Man, International Instituut voor Sociale Geschiedenis, Amsterdam. AKK/IISG Archief van Karl Kautsky, International Instituut voor Sociale Geschiedenis, Amsterdam. ARJL/IEV Archives de Robert J. Lemoine, Institut Emile Vandervelde, Brussels. EDP/LES Evan Durbin Papers, London School of Economics and Political Science, London. FAMP/AN Fonds des Amis de Marceau Pivert, Archives Nationales, Paris. FAP/AN Fonds André Philip, Archives Nationales, Paris. FAT/AN Fonds André Tardieu, Archives Nationales, Paris. FAT/ILO Fonds Albert Thomas, International Labour Office, Geneva. 9 FEG/BPF Fonds Elie Gounelle, Bibliothèque du protestantisme français, Paris. FJC/AN Fonds Jean Coutrot, Archives Nationales, Paris. FJZ/CHS Fonds Jean Zyromski, Centre d’Histoire Sociale du XXème Siècle, Paris. FLB/AN Fonds Léon Blum, Archives Nationales, Paris. FLB/IEV Fonds Louis Bertrand, Institut Emile Vandervelde, Brussels. FLL/IHS Fonds Lucien Laurat, Institut d’Histoire Sociale, Nanterre. FLZ/IHS Fonds Ludovic Zoretti, Institut d’Histoire Sociale, Nanterre. FMD/OURS Fonds Maurice Deixonne, Office Universitaire de Recherche Socialiste, Paris. FP/AN Fonds Panthéon, Archives Nationales, Paris. 10 FRB/IHS Fonds René Belin, Institut d’Histoire Sociale, Nanterre. FRP/AN Fonds René Pleven, Archives Nationales, Paris. FSA/NFRB/LSE Fabian Society Archives, New Fabian Research Bureau, London School of Economics and Political Science, London. FSA/SSIP/LSE Fabian Society Archives, Society for Socialist Inquiry and Propaganda, London School of Economics and Political Science, London. FVA/AN Fonds Vincent Auriol, Archives Nationales, Paris. GLP/LSE George Lansbury Papers, London School of Economics and Political Science, London. KMA/US Kingsley Martin Archive, University of Sussex, Brighton. LSIA/IISG Labour and Socialist International Archives, International Instituut voor Sociale Geschiedenis, Amsterdam. 11 PEB/UW Papers of Ernest Bevin, University of Warwick. PGDHC/NC Papers of G.D.H. Cole, Nuffield College, Oxford. PMC/NC Papers of Margaret Cole, Nuffield College, Oxford. PP/LSE Passfield Papers, London School of Economics and Political Science. PSC/WL Papers of Stafford Cripps, Weston Library, Oxford. *** ORGANISATIONS BAP Bureau d’Action pour le Plan, Belgium. BBT Banque Belge du Travail, Belgium. BES Bureau d’Études Sociales, Belgium. CCEO Centre Confédéral d’Éducation Ouvrière, France. CGT Confédération Générale du Travail, France. CS Commission Syndical, Belgium. 12 CSC Confédération des Syndicats Chrétiens, Belgium. FCC Fédération des Cercles Catholiques, Belgium. GGD Generalkommission der Gewerkschaften Deutschlands, Germany. IFSYPO International Federation of Socialist Young People’s Organizations. IFTU International Federation of Trade Unions. ILO International Labour Office. ILP Independent Labour Party, United Kingdom. ISB International Socialist Bureau. ISO Institut Supérieur Ouvrier, France. IWA International Workingmen’s Association. JGS Jeunes Gardes Socialistes, Belgium. LP Labour Party, United Kingdom. LSI Labour and Socialist International. NFRB New Fabian Research Bureau, United Kingdom. OREC Office de Redressement Economique,
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