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The Little Things that Run the City How do ’s green spaces support and promote ecosystem health?

Luis Mata, Christopher D. Ives, Georgia E. Garrard, Ascelin Gordon, Anna Backstrom, Kate Cranney, Tessa R. Smith, Laura Stark, Daniel J. Bickel, Saul Cunningham, Amy K. Hahs, Dieter Hochuli, Mallik Malipatil, Melinda L Moir, Michaela Plein, Nick Porch, Linda Semeraro, Rachel Standish, Ken Walker, Peter A. Vesk, Kirsten Parris and Sarah A. Bekessy

The Little Things that Run the City – How do Melbourne’s green spaces support insect biodiversity and promote ecosystem health?

Report prepared for the City of Melbourne, November 2015

Coordinating authors Luis Mata Christopher D. Ives Georgia E. Garrard Ascelin Gordon Sarah Bekessy Interdisciplinary Conservation Science Research Group Centre for Urban Research School of Global, Urban and Social Studies RMIT University 124 La Trobe Street Melbourne 3000

Contributing authors

Anna Backstrom, Kate Cranney, Tessa R. Smith, Laura Stark, Daniel J. Bickel, Saul Cunningham, Amy K. Hahs, Dieter Hochuli, Mallik Malipatil, Melinda L Moir, Michaela Plein, Nick Porch, Linda Semeraro, Rachel Standish, Ken Walker, Peter A. Vesk and Kirsten Parris. Cover artwork by Kate Cranney ‘Melbourne in a Minute Scavenger’ (Ink and paper on paper, 2015) This artwork is a little tribute to a minute . We found the brown minute scavenger beetle (Corticaria sp.) at so many survey plots for the Little Things that Run the City project that we dubbed the ‘Old Faithful’. I’ve recreated the map of the City of Melbourne within the beetle’s body. Can you trace the outline of Port Phillip Bay? Can you recognise the shape of your suburb? Next time you’re walking in a park or garden in the City of Melbourne, keep a keen eye out for this ubiquitous little beetle.

All photographs by Luis Mata unless otherwise stated. These Creative-Commons licensed photos are available at https://www.flickr.com/photos/dingilingi/.

The final version of this report was finished the 20 of November 2015.

Please cite as: The Little Things that Run the City – How do Melbourne’s green spaces support insect biodiversity and promote ecosystem health? (2015) Mata L, Ives CD, Garrard GE, Gordon A, Backstrom A, Cranney K, Smith TR, Stark L, Bickel DJ, Cunningham S, Hahs AK, Hochuli D, Malipatil M, Moir ML, Plein M, Porch N, Semeraro L, Standish R, Walker K, Vesk PA, Parris K, Bekessy SA. Report prepared for the City of Melbourne. Contributors

Anna Backstrom Interdisciplinary Conservation Kate Cranney Interdisciplinary Conservation Science Research Group, Centre for Urban Science Research Group, Centre for Urban Research, School of Global, Urban and Social Research, School of Global, Urban and Social Studies, RMIT University, 124 La Trobe Street, Studies, RMIT University, 124 La Trobe Street, Melbourne 3000, , . Melbourne 3000, Victoria, Australia. [email protected] [email protected] Sarah A. Bekessy Interdisciplinary Conservation Saul Cunningham CSIRO, Box 1700, , Science Research Group, Centre for Urban ACT 2601, Australia Research, School of Global, Urban and Social [email protected] Studies, RMIT University, 124 La Trobe Street, Georgia E. Garrard Interdisciplinary Conservation Melbourne 3000, Victoria, Australia. Science Research Group, Centre for Urban [email protected] Research, School of Global, Urban and Social Daniel J. Bickel Entomology, Australian Museum Studies, RMIT University, 124 La Trobe Street, 6 College Street, NSW 2010 Australia. Melbourne 3000, Victoria, Australia. [email protected] [email protected] Ascelin Gordon Interdisciplinary Conservation Mallik Malipatil Department of Economic Science Research Group, Centre for Urban Development, Jobs, Transport and Resources Research, School of Global, Urban and Social AgriBio, Centre for AgriBioscience, 5 Ring Studies, RMIT University, 124 La Trobe Street, Road, La Trobe University, Bundoora VIC 3083, Melbourne 3000, Victoria, Australia. Australia. [email protected] [email protected] Amy K. Hahs Australian Research Centre Luis Mata Interdisciplinary Conservation Science for Urban Ecology (ARCUE), Royal Botanic Research Group, Centre for Urban Research, Gardens Victoria, c/o School of BioSciences, The School of Global, Urban and Social Studies, RMIT , Parkville VIC 3010. University, 124 La Trobe Street, Melbourne 3000, [email protected] Victoria, Australia. Dieter Hochuli School of Biological Sciences, [email protected] The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Melinda L Moir School of Plant Biology, Australia. University of , 35 Stirling Hwy, [email protected] Crawley 6009, Western Australia, Australia Christopher D. Ives Faculty of Sustainability, [email protected] Leuphana University Lüneburg, Scharnhorststraße Kirsten Parris School of Ecosystem and Forest 1, Lüneburg 21335, Germany. Sciences, The University of Melbourne Burnley [email protected] Campus, 500 Yarra Boulevard, Richmond, Victoria 3121, Australia. [email protected] Michaela Plein Centre of Excellence for Rachel Standish School of Veterinary and Life Environmental Decisions, School of BioSciences, Sciences, Murdoch University, 90 South Street, University of Melbourne, Parkville 3010, Victoria, Murdoch, WA 6150, Australia. Australia. [email protected] [email protected] Laura Stark Interdisciplinary Conservation Nick Porch School of Life and Environmental Science Research Group, Centre for Urban Sciences, Melbourne Burwood Campus, Deakin Research, School of Global, Urban and Social University, 221 Burwood Highway, Burwood Studies, RMIT University, 124 La Trobe Street, 3125, Victoria, Australia. Melbourne 3000, Victoria, Australia. [email protected] [email protected] Linda Semeraro Department of Economic Peter A. Vesk School of BioSciences, University of Development, Jobs, Transport and Resources, Melbourne, Parkville 3010, Victoria, Australia. Biosciences Research Division, 5 Ring Road, La [email protected] Trobe University, Bundoora VIC 3083, Australia. Ken Walker Science Department, Museum [email protected] Victoria, 11 Nicholson St, Carlton, Victoria 3053, Tessa R. Smith Interdisciplinary Conservation Australia. Science Research Group, Centre for Urban [email protected] Research, School of Global, Urban and Social Studies, RMIT University, 124 La Trobe Street, Melbourne 3000, Victoria, Australia. [email protected]

Acknowledgements

The Little Things that Run the City has been a truly collaborative project. First and foremost, we are grateful to the City of Melbourne for co-funding this project, and for their ongoing support and enthusiasm. We’d especially like to thank Ian Shears, Yvonne Lynch and Lingna Zhang from the Urban Ecology and Urban Forest Team. We are looking forward to continue working with you. We would also like to acknowledge the support of funding from RMIT University’s Strategic Projects in Urban Research (SPUR) Fund, the National Environmental Scientific Programme - Clean Air and Urban Landscapes Hub (NESP - CAUL) and the Australian Research Council - Centre of Excellence for Environmental Decisions (CEED). Thank you to the volunteer field assistants–namely Estíbaliz Palma, Michelle Freeman, David Duncan and Xavier Francoeur–who kindly join us in our search for . We are grateful to Jeff Shimeta, David Heathcote and Shannon Fernandes from RMIT University’s Applied Sciences Lab for providing the laboratory workspace and equipment necessary to undertake the insect sorting and identification phase of this project. A sincere thank you to Alan Andersen and Timothy New for generously providing help with species identification and advice on species biology and ecology. We are grateful to the many enthusiastic volunteers who identified insect species from photographs uploaded to BowerBird, the Museum Victoria’s citizen science website. Particular thanks to Ethan Beaver, Matt Campbell, Darren Carmen, Graeme Cocks, Tony Daley, Ken Harris, Daniel Heald, Martin Lagerwey, Leuba Ridgeway and Stephen Thorpe for their assistance. The Museum Victoria and the Entomological Society of Victoria contributed to the success of the 2014 Melbourne BioBlitz. Special thanks to Patrick Honan, who help us conduct the BioBlitz light trapping surveys. We’d also like to thank Chris Cole and Peter Symes from the Melbourne Royal Botanical Gardens (RBG), for their support and on-ground assistance while undertaking fieldwork in the gardens. A sincere thank you to artist Linda Tegg, for allowing us to conduct insect surveys of your ‘Grasslands’ art installation at the State Library of Victoria (SLV). Thanks to John Delpratt, horticulturist from the University of Melbourne, and Linda Wheeler from the SLV, for facilitating our involvement. Finally, thank you Matthew Selinske from RMIT University’s Interdisciplinary Conservation Science Research Group for proofing the final version of this report. Contents

1 The little frequently asked questions, 1 2 The little things that run the city, 5 3 Insect biodiversity of the City of Melbourne, 15 4 Urban green space sites, 37 5 Habitat types, 53 6 Insect orders, 67 7 Ecological interactions, 89 8 Ecological processes and ecosystem services, 99 9 Recommendations for management and practice, 105 References, 109 Appendix 1 Species data, 119 Appendix 2 Methodological approach, 183

Chapter 1 The little frequently asked questions

Where did the project take place? Pleasance Gardens, Royal Botanic Gardens, Systems Garden and University Square. The project The study area for the present project was the City also includes insect data from the 2014 Melbourne of Melbourne (Victoria, Australia). Specifically BioBlitz, which took place in the , the targeted plant-insect interactions survey was Royal Park, Westgate Park and , and conducted in the following eleven public green from the Atlas of Living Australia, which includes space sites: Argyle Square, Canning/Neill Street insect records from multiple locations within the Reserve, the area of Carlton Gardens south of the City of Melbourne. Royal Exhibition Building, the combined areas of Fitzroy Gardens and , the When did the project take place? temporary ‘Grasslands’ Installation that greened the forecourt of the State Library of Victoria during The project started in October 2014 with the insect October-November 2014, Lincoln Square, Princes survey of the State Library of Victoria ‘Grasslands’ Park, Royal Park, the ornamental beds of the State Installation and the State Library of Victoria Library of Victoria, Westgate Park and Women’s ornamental beds. The insect survey of the 19 public Peace Gardens. The following green space sites green space sites took place between January were also surveyed but are not reported here: and March 2015. Insect species were sorted and Birrarung Marr’s flowering meadow, Gardiner identified from April to September 2015. This report Reserve, Garrard Street Reserve, Murchison Square, was started in mid-September 2015. We anticipate that insect sorting and identification will continue 1 until April 2016, and that a final report should be (mayflies), (true bugs), ready by June 2016. (wasps, and ), ( and ), Mantodea (mantis), Neuroptera (lacewings), How were insects sampled? ( and ), Orthoptera (grasshoppers and crickets), (bark lice), Information on the presence of different insects was Siphonaptera (), Thysanoptera (thrips) and collected by either direct observation or sweep- Trichoptera (caddisflies). netting. Our survey protocol explicitly avoided collecting the immature stages of species (eg, Which sites had the highest insect biodiversity? caterpillars), and a considerable effort was put into minimising the number of adult insect specimens Royal Park had the highest species richness, with collected. 202 different insect species. The second most species rich site was Fitzroy-Treasury Gardens (112 How many insect species have been recorded in species), followed by (94 species) and the City of Melbourne? Westgate Park (72 species).

As many as 1,351 insect species have been recorded Which habitat types had the highest insect in the City of Melbourne. They are represented by biodiversity? 834 genera, 215 families and 16 orders. The mid-storey habitat type had the highest species Which insect orders were found in the City of richness, with 166 insect species recorded in the Melbourne? targeted survey across all sites. Grassland and tree habitat types had 126 and 98 species, respectively. Sixteen insect orders were collected in the City of Melbourne: Blattodea (cockroaches and termites), Panel 1 Native pollinating non-native plant (opposite page) Coleoptera (), Dermaptera (), Diptera A native bee in the Megachile collecting nectar and pollen from (, midges and mosquitoes), Ephemeroptera a non-native Asteraceae. 2 3 Lawn had the lowest species richness, with only deliver at least four benefits to its city-dwellers: 42 insect species. biological pest control, soil fertility, pollination of crop and ornamental plants (Panel 1), and What is the most common insect in the City of persistence of plants that are naturally dispersed Melbourne? by ants. Insects may also provide food (eg, honey and lerps). The most common species was a beetle in the genus Corticaria (Coleoptera: Latridiidae). These beetles are referred to as minute brown scavenger beetles. This species was collected in all sites, in the four studied habitat types and in association with 50 different plant species.

Were non-native insect species recorded in the City of Melbourne?

Non-native insect species recorded in the targeted survey included the cabbage white Pieris rapae, diamondback Plutella xylostella, elm leaf beetle Xanthogaleruca luteola, European honey bee Apis mellifera, European wasp Vespula germanica and Argentine Linepithema humile.

What benefits do insects deliver to people in the City of Melbourne?

Insect species occurring in the City of Melbourne 4 Chapter 2 The Little things that run the city

“…let me say a word on behalf of these little things that run the world” Edward O. Wilson

This project has been inspired by the environmental A hundred years ago few people thought of conservationist Edward O. Wilson’s famous quote saving any kind of or plant. The circle introduced above. The quote was part of an address of concern has expanded steadily since, and given by E.O. Wilson (Box 2.1) at the opening of it is just now beginning to encompass the the invertebrate exhibit of the National Zoological invertebrates. For reasons that have to do Park (Washington, D.C., USA, on May 7, 1987). It with almost every facet of human welfare, we later appeared in writing in the first volume of the should welcome this new development. journal Conservation Biology (Wilson 1997). The With the present work we aim to expand this circle key objective of Wilson’s address was to stress the so that it may also encompass the conservation urgent need to recognise how important insects of insect and other invertebrates in urban and other invertebrates are for humanity. Almost 30 environments. We are driven by a will to ‘say a years ago, he was keen to see that efforts aimed at word on behalf of the little things that run the city’. the conservation of biodiversity were beginning to also include non-vertebrate . In his words: With more than one million described extant species, insects (Panels 2a and 2b) represent the

5 most diversified animal taxa on planet Earth (Stork and Gobster 2010, Dean et al. 2011, Keniger et al. 2007, Adler and Foottit 2009). Unsurprisingly, 2013), and contribute to climate change mitigation insects account for as much as 66% of all known and adaptation (Secretariat of the Convention animals (Zhang 2011). The core importance to on Biological Diversity 2012). Responsible and humanity, however, does not reside alone in their efficient stewardship of urban biodiversity by city diversity, but in the ecological roles that they play governments therefore can greatly improve local, in structuring mutualistic and trophic networks in regional and global sustainability (Elmqvist et al. almost all terrestrial and freshwater ecosystems 2013). throughout the biosphere (Waldbauer 2003, Insects are a critical component of urban Bascompte and Jordano 2007, Ings et al. 2009, biodiversity (Sattler et al. 2011, Mata 2013, Scudder 2009). Moreover, through their capacity to Threllfall et al. 2015) and the ecological functions structure and fertilise soils, disperse seeds, pollinate they perform within and beyond the boundaries flowers, regulate weed and pest populations, and of cities translate into a plethora of ecosystem provide food, insects are arguably the World’s most services (Losey and Vaughan 2006, Kremen and important contributors of biodiversity-delivered Chaplin-Kremer 2007, Straub et al. 2008, Prather ecosystem services (Kremen and Chaplin-Kremer et al. 2013, Benett and Lovell 2014, Baldock et al. 2007, Straub et al. 2008, Prather et al. 2013). 2015) and disservices (Dunn 2010, Rust and Su Although cities can have detrimental impacts 2012) that are delivered constantly to city-dwellers. on certain plants, animals and native habitats, Presently however, the paucity of data on the rich biodiversity is known to exist in urban diversity and ecological roles of insects in urban environments and contributes substantial benefits ecosystems is hindering progress in ecology and to human inhabitants (Aronson et al. 2014). In conservation science at the country, continental particular, maintaining functioning biodiverse and planetary scales (Stork 2007, Cranston 2010, urban ecosystems can substantially improve human New and Yen 2012, New and Samways 2014), health and well-being (Fuller et al. 2007, Jorgensen as well as hindering the sustainable design of 6 Box 2.1 Edward O. Wilson

Edward Osborne Wilson (Figure I) is a distinguished Along with a host of scientific awards, he has won the biologist, ecologist, conservationist and author. He is Pulitzer Prize for General Non-Fiction twice. Pellegrino University Research Professor, Emeritus in Above all, E. O. Wilson has inspired people’s interest in Entomology for the Department of Organismic and the world of insects. As he says, ‘I had a bug period like Evolutionary Biology at Harvard University. every kid. I just never outgrew mine’. Born in 1929 in Alabama, Wilson had an early interest in nature and the outdoors. By eleven he was determined to become an entomologist. A war time shortage of entomological pins led him to focus on ants, which could be kept in glass vials. At age 18 he began a full study of the ants of Alabama. After studying biology at University of Alabama, we went on to research ants at Harvard University. His PhD enabled him to undertake expeditions overseas, where he collected ants from across the tropics – from Cuba and Mexico to Australia and the South Pacific. Wilson is now considered the world’s leading expert in myrmecology, the study of ants. His contribution to science is wide reaching. He helped discover the ability of insects communicate chemically, via pheromones, and described the complex caste system of ants and other social insects. He developed a number of fundamental ecological theories, including island biogeography, sociobiology and biophilia. Figure I Edward O. Wilson

Wilson is an esteemed science communicator and a A photograph of Edward O. Wilson taken in 2003 at his office prolific writer: his oeuvre includes more than 20 books, in the Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University. a number of which are New York Times bestsellers. (Source: Jim Harrison, Public Library of Science).

7 urban landscapes. There is therefore a great need for research into the insect biodiversity of urban 1 2 3 environments for both scientific advancement and urban sustainability practice. The present insect ecology, biodiversity and 4 5 6 conservation research was conducted in the City of Melbourne (Panel 3). The City of Melbourne’s commitment to sustainability and biological 7 8 9 conservation is reflected in its Urban Forest and Open Space strategies (City of Melbourne 2012a, 2012b) and the goals set in its latest four year Council Plan (City of Melbourne 2013Q). More recently, Panel 2a Diversity of insect life (opposite page) the on-going development of a new urban ecology 1. Bumblebee (Hymenoptera: Apidae) 2. Ant (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) strategy has heightened the council’s interest and 3. Long-horned beetle (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) concern for its insect biological diversity. 4. Stink bug (Hemiptera: ) 5. Hawk Moth (Lepidoptera: Sphingidae) 6. Grasshopper (Orthoptera) This research was developed following the 7. Hunchback (Diptera: Acroceridae) collaborative partnership model of science- 8. Stick insect (Phasmatodea) 9. (Odonata) government partnerships (Ives and Lynch 2014). Not unlike the mutualistic plant-insect ecological Photos from different locations in Australia, the Iberian Peninsula and Southeast Asia. interactions that we describe in Chapter 7, this approach advocates for government professionals and academic researchers to work in close association to generate mutually beneficial outcomes. To guarantee that both theoretically

8 9 interesting and practically important questions are identified, Ives and Lynch (2014) propose 1 2 3 that key research questions should be developed collaboratively between researchers and practitioners. This principle was used to guide The 4 5 6 Little Things that Run the City project, leading to the formulation of the following research questions: (1) How many different species, genera, 7 8 9 families and orders of insects live in the City of Melbourne?

(2) What are the most frequently occurring Panel 2b Diversity of insect life (opposite page) insect species in the City of Melbourne? 1. Fly (Diptera) 2. Beetle (Coleoptera) (3) How is the insect biodiversity of the City of 3. Butterfly (Lepidoptera) Melbourne distributed amongst its public green 4. Ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) 5. Australian native bee (Hymenoptera) spaces? 6. Seed bug (Hemiptera: ) 7. (Coleoptera: ) (4) How do different habitat types within green 8. European honey bee (Hymenoptera: Apidae) spaces contribute to the insect biodiversity of 9. Firebug (Hemiptera: ) the City of Melbourne? Photos from different locations in Australia, the Iberian Peninsula, the Canary Archipelago and Southeast Asia. (5) What are the most frequent ecological interactions between plants and insects in the City of Melbourne? (6) What are the ecological processes performed

10 11 by insects in the City of Melbourne? baseline data that can be integrated into future research agendas, for example the City of (7) What are the ecosystem services delivered Melbourne’s 2016 BioBlitz and the ‘Shared urban by the City of Melbourne’s insect biodiversity habitats’ research project of the recently established that benefit people? National Environmental Science Programme – This research will illustrate the importance of the Clean Air and Urban Landscapes hub. City of Melbourne for the conservation of insect biodiversity. Further, results stemming from this research will identify particular insects with key functional roles that benefit humans. This knowledge could be then be used to identify where to prioritise conservation activities, guide the design and maintenance of green spaces, and assist decision-makers in considering insects in broader biodiversity plans and strategies. Melbourne is gaining a well-deserved reputation as a leading city for biodiversity studies. The development and implementation of the City’s Urban Forest and Open Space strategies and the conservation goals set in its latest four year Council Plan highlight the City’s commitment to biodiversity conservation. The research we present here is well aligned with these strategies and goals, and Panel 3 The City of Melbourne (0pposite page) reflect our common commitment to Melbourne’s Aerial photo of the City of Melbourne Central Business District and its sustainability. Our findings also provide valuable surrounding suburbs and green spaces (Source: City of Melbourne).

12 13 14 Chapter 3 Insect biodiversity of the City of Melbourne

Our findings indicate that 1,351 insect species integrating data from different sources, in which have been recorded in the City of Melbourne. insect records have been identified to different These species are taxonomically distributed levels. This was clearly the case in our study, where among 834 genera, 215 families and 16 orders many records derived from our targeted survey are (Table 3.1). This figure is based on a ‘conservative’ yet to be identified to species level. As we did not dataset, in which we collated insect species data wish for the species richness estimate to be inflated from an insect survey on aboveground vegetation by this taxonomic impediment, we removed from specifically conducted for the present project, the the integrated dataset any record that, if fully 2014 Melbourne BioBlitz and the Atlas of Living identified in the future, could become a match for Australia. An account of the methodological any previously identified species. Not taking this approaches employed to conduct the insect survey conservative approach would have inflated the are provided in full detail in Appendix 2. number of species by approximately 12%; in other words, if all records in our dataset were to be fully As is frequently the case with insect and other identified to species level, and they all turned out taxa, identification of collected material not to match previous recorded species, then the to species level requires highly specialised actual number of insect species documented thus expertise and is not always practically possible. far in the City of Melbourne would be closer to Therefore, more often than not specimens are 1,500. identified only to a higher taxonomic rank (eg, genus or ). This presents a problem when Yet, this conservative figure of 1,351 insect species

15 occurring in the City of Melbourne may in turn be report. These data may contribute to address this an overestimation. Until recently the International uncertainty. Surveys targeted at some of these Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) had a species thought to be extinct, perhaps led by guideline (designed with birds, mammals and other trained citizen scientists, would shed some light vertebrate groups in mind) stating that if a species on this issue. had not been recorded (ie, observed or collected) The oldest known record of an insect species in for more than 50 years it could be assumed to be the City of Melbourne dates back 140 years to extinct. We applied this guideline to our data by 1875, and belongs to a group of beetles commonly removing all insect species (that we have date data known as ‘wattle pigs’ (Panel 4). Incidentally, the for) that have not been documented after 1965. beetles (Coleoptera) are the most diverse order of Using this protocol would assume that as many as insects in the City of Melbourne. They are followed 220 insects species could be considered locally by butterflies and moths (Lepidoptera), wasp, bees extinct in the City of Melbourne. This would imply and ants (Hymenoptera), true bugs (Hemiptera), that as much as 15% of the City of Melbourne’s and flies, mosquitoes and midges (Diptera) (Table insect diversity could have disappeared from the 3.1 and Figure 3.1). Conversely, the insect orders municipality’s boundaries in the 150 years since Ephemeroptera (mayflies), Psocoptera (bark insects species began to be documented. Further lice), Dermaptera (earwigs) and Siphonaptera research will be necessary to understand the extent (fleas) are represented by three or fewer species to which this attributable to local extinction or is, (Table 3.1). According to our data, the order as we believe and hope, the product of a paucity Phthiraptera (lice) has not been formally recorded of spatially explicit insect data for the municipality. Our working group is in the ongoing process of Panel 4 Wattle pig (opposite page) sorting a considerable number of insect specimens (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) in the genus Leptopius are collected in the City of Melbourne that were not commonly referred to as ‘wattle pigs’. They were the first insects to be formally documented in the City of Melbourne, and are know to occur processed in time to be included in the present in the municipality since 1875. (Source: Rundstedt Rovillos)

16 17 Species Genera Families

Beetles Coleoptera 605 360 42 Butterflies and moths Lepidoptera 245 170 33 Wasps, bees and ants Hymenoptera 198 83 30 True bugs Hemiptera 118 93 33 Flies, mosquitoes and midges Diptera 105 63 41 Lacewings Neuroptera 23 19 6 Dragonflies and damselfleies Odonata 15 11 8 Cockroaches and termites Blattodea 13 9 5 Caddisflies Trichoptera 7 7 4 Mantis Mantodea 5 3 1 Grashoppers and crickets Orthoptera 4 3 2 Thrips Thysanoptera 4 4 2 Mayflies Ephemeroptera 3 3 3 Bark lice Psocoptera 3 3 2 Earwigs Dermaptera 2 2 2 Fleas Siphonaptera 1 1 1 1,351 834 215

Table 3.1Number of insect species, genera and families documented by order, City of Melbourne Local Government Area 1875-2015.

18 Figure 3.1 Number of species of each insect order as a percentage of the total species richness, City of Melbourne Local Government Area 1875 - 2015. The number of species, genera and families in each order are given in Table 3.1.

19 in the municipality; yet abundant evidence from Melbourne BioBlitz, of which approx. 72% were health agencies indicate that this group is in new records for the City of Melbourne. Finally, our fact present. The other insect orders present in targeted insect survey recorded 312 insect species. Australia, including Embioptera (webspinners), However, as discussed above, at least 15% of these (scorpionflies), Megaloptera (alderflies), were removed from the ‘conservative’ dataset as Phasmatodea (stick insects), Plecoptera (stoneflies), we didn’t wish the estimation to be overinflated Rhaphidoptera (snakeflies), Strepsiptera (twisted- by taxa not identified to species level. Of the 263 wing parasites) and Zoraptera (zorapterans) have species remaining, approx. 90% were new records not, to the best of our knowledge, been documented for the municipality. Overall, approx. 70% of the in the City of Melbourne. We believe however that species thought to occur in the City of Melbourne webspinners, alderflies and stick insects are very are known exclusively through historical data likely to also be present. (eg, museum specimens) as archived in the Atlas of Living Australia, while approx. 17% and 7% As mentioned above, the figure of 1,351 insect have been uniquely documented by our targeted species for the City of Melbourne is based on a insect survey and the 2014 Melbourne BioBlitz, ‘conservative’ dataset that integrated data from respectively. Interestingly, only five species have the Atlas of Living Australia, the 2014 Melbourne been documented by all three data sources (white BioBlitz and a targeted insect survey. We show the central area in Figure 3.2). These five species were: relative contribution of these data sources in Figure the European honey bee Apis mellifera (Panel 6), 3.2. the white cabbage butterflyPieris rapae (Panel 23), A total of 1,014 insect species had been documented the European wasp Vespula germanica, the soldier in the Atlas of Living Australia as occurring in the City beetle lugubris (Panel 23) and the of Melbourne before the 2014 Melbourne BioBlitz green lacewing Mallada signatus. and the 2014-15 targeted insect survey. A total of The number of species documented by order 141 insect species were recorded during the 2014 by each data source is shown in table 3.2. The 20 Atlas of Living Australia [1875 - 2014]

964

10 35 Insect survey Melbourne BioBlitz [2014-15] 5 [2014]

236 89

12

Figure 3.2 A Venn diagram showing the distribution of insect species amongst the three sources that contributed insect data for the estimation of the City of Melbourne’s insect species richness, City of Melbourne Local Government Area 1875 - 2015. The non-intersecting areas indicate the number of unique species. The intersecting areas indicate the number of shared species. The white area in the centre of the diagram indicates species that were common to all three data sources.

21 Atlas of Living AustraliaMelbourne BioBlitz Insect survey [1875 - 2014] [2014] [2014-15]

Beetles Coleoptera 578 13 25 Butterflies and moths Lepidoptera 192 72 8 Wasps, bees and ants Hymenoptera 127 15 68 True bugs Hemiptera 32 11 78 Flies, mosquitoes and midges Diptera 27 15 65 Lacewings Neuroptera 20 6 4 Dragonflies and damselfleies Odonata 14 6 - Cockroaches and termites Blattodea 10 - 3 Caddisflies Trichoptera 6 1 - Mantis Mantodea - - 5 Grashoppers and crickets Orthoptera - 1 3 Thrips Thysanoptera 4 - - Mayflies Ephemeroptera 2 - - Bark lice Psocoptera - - 3 Earwigs Dermaptera 1 - 1 Fleas Siphonaptera 1 - - 1,014 141 263 Table 3.2 Number of species documented by order by each data source, City of Melbourne Local Government Area 1875 - 2015. 22 Figure 3.3 The 40 most frequently recorded species in the targeted insect survey. City of Melbourne Local Government Area October 2014 - March 2015.

23 Melbourne BioBlitz was distinctly successful at documenting Lepidoptera biodiversity, particularly nocturnal moth species. In fact, almost half of all BioBlitz records are of moths. This was expected, as the main BioBlitz insect events were specifically planned around the deployment of a series of light traps, a survey methodology particularly apt at attracting nocturnal insects. On the other hand, the insect survey was specifically tailored to document plant-insect interactions, and the collecting methods were therefore planned accordingly (sweep-netting and direct observation, for instance). Unsurprisingly, our insect survey was more successful at documenting groups that contain species evolved to live in close association with the aboveground structures of plants, such as wasps, bees, ants, , , heteropteran bugs, flies, mantis and bark lice. Although the caterpillars of butterflies and moths also live in close associations with plants, our

Figure 3.4 The lawn fly Hydrellia tritici walking on a unopened Panel 5 Minute brown scavenger beetle (opposite page) Asteraceae flower bud in the ‘Grasslands Installation’, State Library The most frequently occurring insect species in our survey was a species of Victoria (left) and a pair performing the species mating dance on of minute brown scavenger beetle in the genus Corticaria (Coleoptera: a Brachyscome sp. in the University of Melbourne ‘System Garden’, Latridiidae). In the image this tiny beetle is shown at about ten times its Parkville. actual size of 2 mm. (Source: Udo Schmidt)

24 25 survey protocol explicitly avoided collecting the immature stages of species, a reason that may help to explain the small contribution of the insect survey to record Lepidoptera biodiversity. Arguably, the most striking result derived from the insect survey is that it contributed to increase the number of Hemiptera and Diptera species known to occur in the City of Melbourne by almost 200%. This finding highlights the success of the targeted insect survey conducted for this study in advancing the state of knowledge of the City of Figure 3.5 An empoascine piercing the tissue of its host Melbourne’s insect biodiversity, and suggests that plant. (Source: Alice Abela) Hemiptera and Diptera are much more common than previously thought. In order to better understand which insect species in the City of Melbourne are common and which ones are rare, we used our full insect survey dataset to rank the recorded species by the number of individuals that were found (Figure 3.3). The most

Panel 6 European honey bee (Opposite page)

The most frequently occurring specialised pollinator and the most frequently occurring non-native species in the targeted survey was the European honey bee Apis Mellifera. The species is shown here actively Figure 3.6 the Pacific damsel bug Nabis kinbergii resting on top of an collecting pollen from an Asteraceae in the City of Melbourne’s Amaranth inflorescence. Birrarung Marr wildflower meadow.

26 27 frequently occurring species was a beetle in the The third most frequently occurring species was genus Corticaria (Coleoptera: Latridiidae). These an empoascine leafhopper [Typhlocybinae 2] tiny, dark beetles normally measure about 2 mm in (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae: Typhlocybinae), which length, and are appropriately referred to as minute can be seen in Figure 3.5. The exact species is brown scavenger beetle (Panel 5). Truly ubiquitous unknown because empoascine leafhoppers are in the City of Melbourne, the species was collected difficult to differentiate. However, it is very likely in all sites, in the four studied habitat types (see to be a common species such as the vegetable Chapter 5) and in association with 50 different plant leafhopper Austroasca viridigrisea. This will be species. As its common name implies, the species has a scavenging behavior, feeding predominantly on decomposing organic material (Andrews 2002). The second most frequently occurring species was the lawn fly Hydrellia tritici (Diptera: Ephydridae) (Figure 3.4), one of the most common flies in Australia (Marshall 2012). The species was collected in association with 24 different plant species. In its larval stage, this species is a herbivore (Marshall 2012), eating its way through the leaf tissue of plants, an ecological process known as leaf-mining. Adult lawn flies are known to feed on nectar. During Figure 3.7 The orange caterpillar parasite wasp Netelia producta our survey adults were repeatedly observed either photographed in Princess Park. walking or performing their elaborate courtship Panel 7 Diamondback moth (opposite page) dances on flowers, as can be appreciated in Figure This image represents the first record of the diamondback mothPlutella 3.4. This has led us to hypothesise that this species xylostella for the City of Melbourne. It was taken in October 2014 at the ‘Grasslands’ Installation of the State Library of Victoria. might be an important yet understudied pollinator. 28 29 determined following a more detailed examination in Australia, this generalist predator is an of the collected material. Empoascine leafhoppers important regulator of pest populations in field are parenchyma feeders (Fletcher 2009), which is crops, where it has been documented feeding a specialised form of herbivory. In our study, the on , mirid bugs, and, more recently on the species was found in association with 26 different diamondback moth Plutella xylostella (Ma et al. plant species. 2005). Incidentally, Plutella xylostella (Panel 7) was recorded for the first time in the City of Melbourne The European honey bee Apis mellifera in October 2014 during our targeted survey of the (Hymenoptera: Apidae) (Panel 6) was the most Grasslands Installation and its occurrence in the frequently occurring specialised pollinator and municipality was posteriorly confirmed during the the most frequently occurring non-native species. 2014 Melbourne BioBlitz. The diamondback moth European honey bees were collected in association is amongst the most economically significant pests with 21 different flowering plant species. According of brassica crops both in Australia and elsewhere to the Australia’s Department of Environment, in the world (Ma et al. 2005). Apis mellifera is an invasive species that has been present in Australia for almost 200 years (Australia The most frequently occurring parasitoid was the Government 2015). In a recent study on the orange caterpillar parasite wasp Netelia producta conservation value of urban green space habitats (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae) (Figure 3.7). for Australian native bee communities conducted in Orange caterpillar parasite wasps are large species, south-eastern Melbourne (Threlfall et al. 2015), the measuring approximately 20 mm in length. They European honey bee was found to be the dominant are ectoparasitoids of large immature Lepidoptera bee species in residential neighbourhoods. Panel 8 Dustywing (opposite page) The Pacific damsel bugNabis kinbergii (Hemiptera: An stacked microphotograph of the dustywing Neosemidalis globiceps. ) (Figure 3.6) was the most frequently Until the present project, this species was known only from two specimens collected at Lakes Entrance, Victoria in 1963. (Source: Ken occurring predatory species. Widely distributed Walker, Museum Victoria)

30 31 (Nauman 1991), which means that the immature species was recorded in association with the stages of Netelia producta develop attached to the weeping bottlebrush Melaleuca viminalis (Panel external tissue of butterfly and moth caterpillars. 10), which is a species native to Australia but not indigenous to Victoria. The seed bug Eurynysius An interesting insect species recorded in our meschioides was first recorded in Victoria in survey was the dustywing Neosemidalis globiceps a public park in Cranbourne, south-eastern (Neuroptera: Coniopterygidae) (Panel 8). Endemic Melbourne (L Mata et al., unpublished data). to Victoria, this species was described as new Although the exact host plant was not documented, to science in 1972, and until the present study the area within the surveyed area contained a known only from three specimens collected by ‘Dwarf Melaleuca’. Before this Victorian record, C.N. Smithers at Lakes Entrance, Victoria in 1965 the species was known only form New South (Meinander 1972, New 1996). We recorded this Wales, and (Cassis species in Carlton Gardens South, Princes Park and Gross 2012). Since the Royal Park record, and Royal Park, and found it in association with Eurynysius meschioides has been re-found living Nerium oleander, Eucalyptus sideroxylon, Ficus on Melaleuca viminalis in another area of Royal macrophylla and a Callistemon cultivar. Dustywings Park and in north-western Melbourne’s Brimbank are the smallest lacewings, with wingspans of only Park (L Mata, personal observation). This raises 4-6 mm (New 1996). Both immature stages and the question: has Eurynysius meschioides always adults are generalist predators, feeding on aphids, coccids, and other small (Engel and Grimaldi 2007). Panel 9 Seed bug (opposite page) A seed bug tentatively identified as Eurynysius meschioides. This Another interesting finding from our survey was specific specimen was collected in a mid-storey plot within Royal the discovery in Royal Park of a species of seed bug Park by seep-netting the weeping bottlebrush seen in Panel 10. The body structure seen at the abdominal tip of this male specimen tentatively identified as Eurynysius meschioides correspond to the protruded genital segments. A careful observation (Hemiptera: Lygaeidae) (Panel 9). This herbivorous of these segments will reveal a ‘paramere’, a slender, hook-shaped specialised reproductive structure.

32 33 had natural populations in Victoria or has it been element in the Australian blissine fauna from a co-translocated to Victoria’s urban environments geological period when Australia, Antarctica, and with the weeping bottlebrush Melaleuca viminalis? Madagascar were still in close proximity. In any And if so, is the seed bug now naturally dispersing case, finding this rare genus living in one ofthe from one ‘urban’ weeping bottlebrush to the City of Melbourne’s main parks is remarkable, other? Ultimately, would planting more weeping and not only highlights how poorly known this bottlebrushes throughout the City of Melbourne group is but the substantial contribution that urban and adjacent municipalities contribute to the green spaces can make to conserve rare and/or persistence of Eurynysius meschioides in Victoria’s endangered biodiversity. urban environments? Our survey will also shed light on the rarity of insect Perhaps the most unexpected discovery in our species. It is worth pointing out that a total of 186 survey however was the record of a species of species recorded in our survey were singletons. chinch bug in the genus Heinsius (Hemiptera: In other words, more than half of the recorded ) living on in a grassland plot in Princes species in the survey were collected or observed Park. This genus is endemic to Australia (Slater only once. This is in fact a common pattern to the 1979), and was previously known only from large majority of insect survey research. The exact Queensland and the . Until number of singletons is bound to change as we now, Heinsius has never been recorded south of continue to sort and identify the remaining material Adavale, Queensland. This means that our finding from the project’s insect survey. Furthermore, our of this genus in the City of Melbourne effectively survey explicitly included temporal replicates, expands the known southern distribution of this species in approximately 1,600 km. According to Panel 10 Weeping bottlebrush (opposite page) Slater (1979), Heinsius belongs to a small group of The weeping bottlebrush Melaleuca viminalis (close plane, bottom right) as photographed in a mid-storey plot within Royal Park. The morphologically isolated genera that are believed species was introduced to Victoria’s urban environments as an to be remnants of a very old Gondwanaland ornamental. 34 35 which means that the targeted plant species within each plot of the study were surveyed for insects at least three times. In time, this will allow us to determine which insect species in the City of Melbourne are truly rare and which are just simply difficult to observe. Notwithstanding, the overall pattern of a large number of singletons is very likely to hold, and we anticipate that the insect community of the City of Melbourne, as most species rich insect communities in other urban and non-urban environments, is indeed structured by a small number of widely distributed, frequently occurring common species plus a large suite of localised, infrequently occurring rare ones.

36 Chapter 4 Urban green space sites

Our targeted insect survey was conducted in identified, and will be reported on June 2016. 19 public green space sites across the City of Unfortunately, less than a third of the Atlas of Melbourne (see Table A2.1 in Appendix 2). The Living Australia records contained enough spatial present report is limited to the survey data collected data to be reliably attributed to these eleven green at only eleven of these, namely Argyle Square, space sites. Therefore, the green space site results Canning/Neill Street Reserve, the area of Carlton we present in this chapter are based on a much- Gardens south of the Royal Exhibition Building reduced dataset of 436 species. (henceforth referred to as Carlton Gardens South), We used this dataset to show how insect species the combined areas of Fitzroy Gardens and Treasury richness is distributed amongst the City of Gardens (henceforth referred to as Fitzroy-Treasury Melbourne’s public green spaces considered for Gardens), the temporary intervention that greened this report (Figure 4.1). With 202 species, Royal the forecourt of the State Library of Victoria during Park ranked as the green space with the highest October-November 2014 (henceforth referred species richness. It was followed by Fitzroy- to as ‘Grasslands’ Installation), Lincoln Square, Treasury Gardens, in which 112 insect species were Princes Park, Royal Park, the ornamental beds of documented. The third and fourth most species rich the State Library of Victoria (henceforth referred green spaces were Princes Park and Westgate Park, to as State Library of Victoria), Westgate Park and with 94 and 72 documented species, respectively. Women’s Peace Gardens. Data from the other The ‘Grasslands’ Installation sustained 66 insect green space sites are currently being sorted and species during the six weeks period it was located

37 in the forecourt steps of the State Library of Victoria, aquatic survey targeted at their immature stages, making it the fifth most insect biodiverse green would go a long way to shed light on the actual space in the City of Melbourne’s recorded history. number of Odonata species benefiting from the At the other range of the spectrum, less than ten City of Melbourne network of waterbodies. The insect species have been documented thus far in aquatic survey would also contribute to a better Lincoln Square and Canning/Neill Street Reserve understanding of mayfly (Ephemeroptera) and (Figure 4.1). caddisfly (Trichoptera) biodiversity. The number of insect species, genera and families documented by order in the eleven public green space sites in shown in Table 4.1 and Table 4.2. These tables reveal some important knowledge gaps that could be addressed by future studies. We expect for example that a survey specifically targeted at ground and bark-dwelling beetles in Fitzroy-Treasury Gardens, Princes Park, Royal Park and Westgate Park would substantially increase the number of beetle species known for these sites. Likewise, a targeted survey of butterflies and moths conducted in Carlton Gardens, Princes Park and Westgate Park could greatly contribute to elucidate the true state of Lepidoptera biodiversity in these green spaces. We further believe that a targeted survey of adult dragonflies and damselflies (Odonata) in the proximity of Royal Park and Westgate Park wetlands, combined with an

38 Figure 4.1 Species richness of the eleven green space sites investigated for the present study as a percentage of the species richness attributable to these sites, City of Melbourne Local Government Area 1875 - 2015. Bold numbers in top of each bar indicate the number of insect species for each site.

39 Blattodea Argyle Square Canning/Neill St. Reserve Carlton Gardens South Fitzroy - Treasury Gardens Grasslands Installation Coleoptera S G F S G F S G F S G F S G F Dermaptera ------1 1 1 1 1 1 - - - Diptera 2 2 2 1 1 1 7 7 4 8 8 7 9 8 8 ------Ephemeroptera 7 7 7 2 2 2 12 9 9 26 21 15 22 15 17 Hemiptera ------4 4 4 2 2 2 14 13 8 12 11 9 14 12 9 Hymenoptera 3 3 3 1 1 1 9 7 6 15 12 8 20 11 9 Lepidoptera 1 1 1 - - - 6 6 6 43 40 13 1 1 1 ------1 1 1 2 2 1 - - - Mantodea ------2 2 2 2 2 2 - - - Neuroptera ------1 1 1 2 2 2 - - - Odonata 1 1 1 - - - 1 1 1 ------1 1 1 - - - 2 2 2 ------Orthoptera ------1 1 1 1 1 1 - - - Psocoptera ------19 19 19 6 6 6 57 51 42 112 100 59 66 47 44 Thysanoptera Trichoptera Table 4.1Number of insect species (S), genera (G) and families (F) documented by order in Argyle Square, Canning/Neill St. Reserve, Carlton Gardens South, Fitzroy - Treasury Gardens and the Grasslands Installation, City of Melbourne Local Government Area 1875 - 2015.

40 Blattodea

Lincoln Square Princes Park Royal Park State Library of Victoria Westgate Park Women’s Peace Gardens Coleoptera S G F S G F S G F S G F S G F S G F ------1 1 1 ------Dermaptera 2 2 2 6 5 4 15 14 8 4 4 3 11 11 7 2 2 2 Diptera - - - 1 1 1 ------Ephemeroptera 3 2 2 21 11 11 32 21 20 13 10 9 8 7 6 3 3 3 ------1 1 1 - - - Hemiptera 1 1 1 25 24 14 40 32 15 13 12 6 16 16 10 4 3 3 Hymenoptera 2 2 2 35 15 10 47 21 9 11 9 8 13 12 9 2 2 2 - - - 1 1 1 47 44 17 - - - 12 11 8 1 1 1 Lepidoptera - - - 1 1 1 2 2 1 ------Mantodea - - - 2 2 2 8 8 5 1 1 1 1 1 1 ------4 4 4 - - - 6 6 4 - - - Neuroptera ------2 2 2 - - - 1 1 1 1 1 1 Odonata - - - 2 2 1 1 1 1 ------1 1 1 2 1 1 2 1 1 - - - Orthoptera ------1 1 1 - - - Psocoptera 8 7 7 94 62 45 202 151 84 43 37 28 72 68 49 13 12 12 Thysanoptera Table 4.2Number of insect species (S), genera (G) and families (F) documented by order in Lincoln Square, Trichoptera Princess Park, Royal Park, State Library of Victoria, Westgate Park, and Women’s Peace Gardens, City of Melbourne Local Government Area 1875 - 2015.

41 Box 4.1 Royal Park

Royal Park is the largest public green space in the City of 1997, when thousands of other tree, shrub and ground Melbourne, covering 1,517,840 m2 (~152 ha). Royal Park cover species were added (City of Melbourne 1998). contains open grassland and lightly timbered eucalypt The City of Melbourne continues to re-vegetate Royal forest (City of Melbourne 2013). A total of 8,128 trees Park, with a notable focus on indigenous species (City are present in Royal Park. Although the highest tree in of Melbourne 1998). the park reaches up to 17 m, the mean height for trees First proclaimed in 1845, Royal Park remains an in the park is approx. 4 m. The combined canopied area important recreational area (City of Melbourne 2013). they cover is approx. 255,000 m2 (~30 ha). The Melbourne , the State Hockey and Netball Royal Park is sparsely planted compared to other parks in Centre, the Royal Park Golf Club and the Nature Melbourne. Major tree planting occurred in the 1930s, Playground all lay within Royal Park, which also when many sugar gums Eucalyptus cladocalyx and river includes ovals and facilities for several sports, as well red gums Eucalyptus camaldulensis were planted, and as a network of paths for cycling and walking.

Panel 11 Royal Park (opposite page)

Shown in the photo is one of the nine mid-storey plots that were surveyed for insects in Royal Park as part of the present project. The light- green shrub in the front is the fragrant saltbush Rhagodia parabolica. The photo was taken in March 2015.

42 43 Box 4.2 Fitzroy-Treasury Gardens

Fitzroy Gardens and Treasury Gardens are adjacent English elm Ulmus procera, Moreton Bay fig Ficus public green spaces located on the edge of Melbourne’s macrophylla and white poplar alba (City of central business district. The Fitzroy-Treasury Gardens Melbourne 2013b). The Scarred Tree, which predates cover a combined area of 321,274 m2 (~32 ha) and are the park’s development, is of major Aboriginal cultural dominated by lawn, ornamental gardens, mature trees significance. and avenues of the English elm Ulmus procera (City of Fitzroy Gardens was designed in 1856 as ‘a slice of Melbourne 2013b). A total of 1,246 trees are present Arcadian England for Melbourne society’, and was in Fitzroy-Treasury Gardens. The highest tree reaches included on the Victoria Heritage Register in 1998 (City up to 24 m, and the mean tree has an approx. height of Melbourne 2010). Treasury Gardens was set aside of 13 m. The combined tree canopy in Fitzroy-Treasury as parkland in 1867. Both green spaces are well-used Gardens occupies an approx. area of 145,000 m2 (~15 recreation areas, popular with picnickers, walkers and ha). office-workers. Key tree species in Fitzroy-Treasury Gardens include

Panel 12 Fitzroy-Treasury Gardens (opposite page)

The tall, light-green tree species in the left front plane of the photo of is the London plaintree Platanus acerifolia. It was one of the five tree species surveyed for insects in Fitzroy-Treasury Gardens for the present study. The photo was taken in January 2015.

44 45 Box 4.3 Princes Park

Princes Park is the second largest public green space poplar Populus alba, Moreton Bay figFicus macrophylla, in the City of Melbourne, covering 395,620 m2 (~40 Canary Island date palm Phoenix canariensis, river red ha). The park is dominated by open non-native grassed gum Eucalyptus camaldulensis, bush box Lophostemon areas and mature trees along the park’s perimeter and confertus and various coniferous tree species. Princes internal pathways (City of Melbourne 2012). A total of Park is an important recreational area, with a tennis 1,151 trees are present in Princes Park. The highest tree club, bowls club, running track and picnic facilities. in the park reaches up to 24 m and the mean height for tress in the park is approx. 7 m. The combined canopied area they cover is approx. 65,000 m2 (~7 ha). Key tree species in Princes Park include English elm Ulmus procera, narrow-leafed ash angustifolia, white

Panel 13 Princes Park (opposite page)

The tree species flanking the walking path is the narrow-leafed ash Fraxinus angustifolia. It was one of the six tree species surveyed for insects in Princess Park as part of this study. The photo was taken in February 2015.

46 47 Box 4.4 Westgate Park

Westgate Park is a 284,847 m2 (~28 ha) public green Friends of Westgate Park and Park Victoria have re- space that has been described as a ‘nature sanctuary vegetated the site with species typical of coast Banksia located in the heart of industrial Melbourne’ (Parks woodland, heathland, saltmarsh, grassy open woodland, Victoria 2009). The area was originally part of a large grasslands and other vegetation types typical to the area saltmarsh that extended north from the (City (Friends of Westgate Park 2015). of Melbourne 2013c). A total of 2,326 trees are present in Westgate Park. The Over the last 100 years, Westgate Park has been a sand tallest tree reaches up to 16 m, and the average tree mine (the excavated area has been transformed into the has a height of approx. 2 m. The canopied area of all saltwater lake); a rubbish tip; an aircraft factory and an combined tress covers approx. 44,993 m2 (~5 ha). The airfield (City of Melbourne 2013c). It was designated green space is not only popular with joggers, cyclist as a green space in 1984 as part of Victoria’s 150th and walkers, but also, thanks to its freshwater and anniversary celebrations (Parks Victoria 2009). Formed saltwater lakes, with bird species, including stilts, ibis, in 1998, the Friends of Westgate Park have planted spoonbills, ducks and pelicans. more than 260,000 indigenous plants, predominantly grown in their onsite nursery.

Panel 14 Westgate Park (opposite page)

Westgate Park’s freshwater lake is a haven for bird species such as stilts, ibis, spoonbills, ducks and pelicans. Although we conducted a preliminary survey for aquatic insects in this waterbody (not reported here), its aquatic insect biodiversity remains largely unexplored. The photo was taken in January 2015.

48 49 Box 4.5 ‘Grasslands’ Installation

“While ephemeral, the beauty and ideas represented by Tegg’s work will linger in Melbournian’s collective memory for years to come.” Anais Lellouche, Curator of Special Project for the State Library of Victoria

‘Grasslands’ was an art installation that greened the Tegg (2014) conceived the ‘Grasslands’ Installation to forecourt steps of the State Library of Victoria for six recreate the native grasslands that used to be widespread weeks during October - November 2014 (Panel 15). It throughout temperate south-eastern Australia. The plant was the brainchild of artist Linda Tegg, who conceived it community of ‘Grasslands’ included 56 native species during her 2012 Georges Mora Foundation Fellowship (six trees, one shrub, nine grasses and 40 forbs) in 25 at the State Library of Victoria, and developed in families (J Delpratt, personal communication). collaboration with horticulturist John Delpratt (The This green space was distinctly modular in design, University of Melbourne) and landscape architect being structured by a series of rectangular planter crates Anthony Magen (RMIT University). It was supported by and bags. In total, the installation was structured by the Australian Council of Arts, Arts Victoria, The City of 971 crates and 100 bags, which were aggregated in 15 Melbourne and The University of Melbourne, and was islands throughout the forecourt steps of the library and included in the Melbourne International Arts Festival its surrounding lawn (Panel 15), for a total approximate 2014. surface area of 130 m2. Using historical data found within the library itself,

Panel 15 ‘Grasslands’ Installation (opposite page)

Linda Tegg’s ‘Grasslands’, the art installation that greened the forecourt steps of the State Library of Victoria for six weeks during October - November 2014. (Source: Matthew Stanton, courtesy of Linda Tegg).

50 51 52 Chapter 5 Habitat types

Our targeted insect survey of the City of with 126 and 98 insect species, respectively. With Melbourne’s public green spaces was conducted 42 recorded species, lawn rank as the habitat type in four different habitat types: tree, mid-storey, with the lowest number of insect species. grassland and lawn. We also conducted a few The number of species, genera and families by order sporadic surveys of aquatic insects in waterbodies in each habitat type is given in Table 5.1. In the located in Royal Park, Westgate Park, Carlton mid-storey habitat type, the insect order with the Gardens South and Fitzroy-Treasury Gardens. The highest species richness was Diptera (47 species), results of these aquatic surveys are not given in the followed by Hemiptera and Hymenoptera, with present report. Findings presented in this chapter 44 and 36 species, respectively. In grassland, the are based exclusively on our targeted insect survey highest species richness was observed in the order dataset of 312 species. It was not possible to Hymenoptera (36 species), followed by Diptera and include Atlas of Living Australia or BioBlitz data Hemiptera, with 35 and 30 species, respectively. here, as unfortunately, insect records associated The highest species richness in the tree habitat with habitat metadata were insufficient in these type was observed in the order Hymenoptera (31 data sources. species), followed by Hemiptera and Coleoptera, The distribution of insect species by habitat type is with 26 and 16 species, respectively. In the lawn illustrated in Figure 5.1. Mid-storey ranked as the habitat type, the insect order with the highest habitat type with the highest species richness (166 species richness was Diptera (16 species), followed species). It was followed by grassland and tree, by Hymenoptera and Hemiptera, with 8 and 6

53 Species richness (%) Species richness

Mid-storey Grassland Trees Lawns

Figure 5.1 Species richness of the four habitat types investigated for the present study as a percentage of the total species richness recorded in the targeted insect survey, The City of Melbourne Local Government Area 2014 - 2015. Bold numbers in top of each bar indicate the number of insect species for each habitat type.

54 species, respectively. 6.3), the European honey bee Apis mellifera (Panel 6), the lawn fly Hydrellia tritici (Figure 3.4), two The distribution of unique and shared insect species of chironomid midges [Chironomidae species amongst the four habitat types is shown in 1; Chironomidae 3], a scuttle fly [Phoridae 1], a Figure 5.2. With 91 unique species, mid-storey was house fly [Muscidae 1] and a thrips [Thysanoptera distinctly the habitat type with the highest number 1]. of unique species, followed by grassland (68 species), tree (58 species) and lawn (12 species). Taken together, our findings highlight the Mid-storey had therefore 30% more unique contribution of the mid-storey and grassland species than grassland, 57% more than tree, and habitat types to the insect biodiversity of the City of almost 700% more than lawn. The differences in Melbourne. Interestingly, our findings also indicate unique species between grassland and lawn, and that very few species are found across the main between tree and lawn, were substantially high as habitat types present in the City of Melbourne. well. When combined, the unique species of mid- storey and grassland (188 species) represent 60% of all the species recorded in our insect survey. The habitat types sharing the highest number of species were mid-storey and grassland (51 species), while the tree and lawn habitat types shared the fewest (16 species). A total of eleven species occurred in association with all habitat types. These eleven species were: the minute brown scavenger beetle Corticaria sp. (Panel 5), an empoascine leafhopper [Typhlocybinae 2] (Figure 3.5), the Pacific damsel bug Nabis kinbergii (Figure 3.6), the Rutherglen bug Nysius vinitor (Hemiptera: Lygaeidae) (Figure 55 Mid-storey Grassland Tree Lawn

Blattodea Coleoptera S G F S G F S G F S G F Dermaptera 4 1 1 - - - 1 1 1 - - - Diptera 21 16 9 19 15 13 16 14 8 6 6 5 ------1 1 1 - - - Ephemeroptera 47 23 21 35 20 22 14 10 10 16 10 10 Hemiptera ------44 35 13 30 23 16 26 23 11 8 7 5 Hymenoptera 36 21 14 36 16 12 31 17 10 10 9 6 Lepidoptera 1 1 1 ------3 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 - - - Mantodea 4 4 4 - - - 3 3 3 - - - Neuroptera ------Odonata 3 2 2 2 1 1 ------1 1 1 - - - 3 3 2 - - - Orthoptera 2 1 1 3 1 1 2 1 1 2 1 1 Psocoptera ------166 106 67 126 77 65 98 74 46 42 33 26 Thysanoptera Trichoptera Table 5.1Number of insect species (S), genera (G) and families (F) documented by order in mid-storey, grassland, tree and lawn habitat types, City of Melbourne Local Government Area 2014 - 2015.

56 Grassland Tree

68 58 1

Mid-storey 29 1 Lawn

5 2 91 12

11

18 4

2 6

4

Figure 5.2 A Venn diagram showing the distribution of insect species amongst mid-storey, grassland, tree and lawn habitat types, City of Melbourne Local Government Area 2014 - 2015. The non-intersecting areas indicate the number of unique species. The intersecting areas indicate the number of shared species. The white area in the centre of the diagram indicates species that were common to all four habitat types.

57 Box 5.1 Tree habitat type

The tree habitat type was represented in the present investigation by 27 tree species. Of these, 13 were exotic and 14 were native to Australia. Exotic species were predominantly tall deciduous trees of European origin including narrow-leaved ash Fraxinus angustifolia (Panel 13), the London plaintree Platanus acerifolia (Panel 12), English Quercus robur and English elm Ulmus procera, reaching heights of approx. 15 m. Native trees included drooping sheoak Allocasuarina verticillata, black paperback Melaleuca lanceolata, giant honey-myrtle Melaleuca armillaris, spotted gum Corymbia maculata, Moreton Bay figFicus macrophylla and brush box Lophostemon confertus.

Panel 16 Tree habitat type (opposite page)

The prickly-leaved paperbark Melaleuca stypheloides (front left) was one of the six tree species surveyed in Princes Park. It represents a perfect example of the tree habitat type investigated in this project.

58 59 Box 5.2 Mid-storey habitat type

Mid-storey plots were characterised by a highly variable Rhagodia parabolica (Panel 11) and gold-dusted wattle inter-site floristic species diversity consisting of approx. acinacea. Comparatively, Fitzroy-Treasury 130 plant species. This habitat type comprised a mid- Gardens maintained species collections reflective layer of flora with structurally diverse species ranging of their European genesis and were dominated by from (1) low to tall shrubs such as spotted laurel ornamental species such as sacred Nandina Aucuba japonica, sweet bursaria Bursaria spinosa and domestica, pride of Madeira Echium candicans, glossy oleander Nerium oleander; (2) broad-leaved species abelia Abelia grandiflora and bird of paradise Strelitzia such as bear’s breaches Acanthus mollis and big-leafed reginae. hydrangea Hydrangea macrophylla; and (3) graminoids such as canna lily Canna generalis and bush lily Clivia miniata. Planting schemes, and associated species composition, reflected the general character of the different green space sites. For example, mid-storey plots within the native-revegetated Westgate Park supported locally indigenous species including tree everlasting Ozothamnus ferrugineus, fragrant saltbush

Panel 17 Mid-storey habitat type (opposite page)

This mid-storey plot in Women’s Peace Gardens was characterised by its non-native shrub and graminoid species, including lavander (Lavandula sp.), rock rose (Cistus sp.), African iris (Dietes sp.) and rosemary (Rosmarinus sp.).

60 61 Box 5.3 Grassland habitat type

Grassland plots were dominated by approx. 20 plant Brachyscome multifida, as well as small shrubs such species with habitat characterised by robust tussock as nodding saltbush Einadia nutans and ruby saltbush species to approx. one metre tall. Frequently recorded Enchylaena tomentosa. One grassland plot located in native species included common tussock-grass Poa Royal Park (an area under an irregular slashing regime) labillardierei, spiny-headed mat-rush Lomandra was dominated by the exotic grass Avena barbata longifolia, kangaroo grass Themeda triandra (Panel (bearded oat). 18) and wallaby grass Rytidosperma sp.. Inter-tussock spaces supported a low diversity of native and exotic herbs including Asteraceae species such as shiny everlasting Xerochrysum viscosum, clustered everlasting Chrysocephalum semipapposum, cut-leaf daisy

Panel 18 Grassland habitat type (opposite page)

This grassland plot in Royal Park was characterised by a few native and non-native grass species. Included among the native species was the kangaroo grass Themeda triandra, which may be distinguished in the photo by its golden-orange coloration.

62 63 Box 5.4 Lawn habitat type

Forty-six exotic plant species were recorded across the green space sites’ lawns, comprising 19 grass species and 26 herbs. Lawn habitat was characterised by low- cut, traditional lawn-grass species variously dominated by couch grass Cynodon dactylon and kikuyu grass Pennisetum clandestinum. Additional common grass- species, recorded with relatively high cover, included annual meadow-grass Poa annua, rye grass Lolium sp. and brome Bromus sp.. Small herbaceous species were scattered throughout the lawns, with sites subject to less frequent mowing regimes supporting a greater abundance of forbs. Common herbaceous species included white clover Trifolium repens, garden dandelion Taraxacum officinale and ribwort Plantago lanceolata.

Panel 19 Lawn habitat type (opposite page)

Lawn habitat type was mostly dominated by two non-native grass species: kikuyu (Pennisetum clandestinum) and couch (Cynodon dactylon). In the photo, one of the nine lawn plots surveyed in Royal Park.

64 65 66 Chapter 6 Insect orders

Our findings indicate that the following 16 insect species, genera and families documented by order orders occur in the City of Melbourne: Blattodea in each public green space investigated (Table 4.1; (Cockroaches and termites), Coleoptera (Beetles), Table 4.2), and in Chapter 5 we reported the number Dermaptera (Earwings), Diptera (Flies, mosquitoes of species, genera and families documented by and midges), Ephemeroptera (Mayflies), Hemiptera order in each habitat type (Table 5.1). Next, we (true bugs), Hymenoptera (Wasps, bees and ants), provide a more detailed account and discussion Lepidoptera (Butterflies and moths), Mantodea of our findings for each one of the five main insect (Mantis), Neuroptera (Lacewings), Odonata orders: Coleoptera, Lepidoptera, Hymenoptera, (Dragonflies and damselflies), Orthoptera Hemiptera and Diptera. (Grasshoppers and crickets), Psocoptera (Booklice), Siphonaptera (Fleas), Thysanoptera (Thrips) and Order Coleoptera (Beetles; Box 6.1) Trichoptera (Caddisflies). We provide in Panel 20 Our findings indicate that 605 beetle species occur a visual identification key to the above-mentioned in the City of Melbourne (Table 3.1). Coleoptera insect orders (excepting Siphonaptera). is by far the most diverse insect order in the City The number of species, genera and families of Melbourne, accounting for almost 50% of the documented in each order was reported in Chapter municipality’s insect species richness (Figure 3.1). 3 (Table 3.1), as well as the number of species In fact, there are almost 150% more beetle species documented in each order by each data source than species of butterflies and moths, and as much (Table 3.2). In Chapter 4, we reported the number of as 200% more beetle species than species of wasps, 67 Box 6.1 Coleoptera

The order Coleoptera, commonly referred to as beetles, functional groups, including herbivores, predators, is the most diverse group of organisms on Earth, with scavengers and fungivores. Three of the most diverse approximately 375,000 described species (Bouchard et beetle families have close herbivorous relationships al. 2009). Over 22,000 beetle species are known from with flowering plants: weevils (Family Curculionidae), Australia (Yeates et al. 2003), of which approximately longhorn beetles (Family Cerambycidae) and leaf 30% are weevils (family Curculionidae) (Lawrence and beetles (Family Chrysomelidae) (Bouchard et al. 2009). Britton 1991). Perhaps the most instantly recognisable beetles are Most beetle species are easily recognised by their perhaps the ladybugs (Family ), which hardened forewings, also known as elytra, which allow present rounded and brightly coloured bodies with beetles to protect their membranous flight hindwings dark spots. Beetle species occur in both terrestrial and (Lawrence and Britton 1991). Beetles fill multiple aquatic environments (Bouchard et al. 2009). bees and ants. doubt one of the invisible yet utterly fundamental little things that run the city! The cover illustration The most frequently recorded beetle in the targeted has been dedicated to this underappreciated survey was the brown minute scavenger beetle species. Corticaria sp. (Panel 5), accounting for almost 50% of all beetle records. The species was also the most The second most common beetle was the soldier frequently recorded insect species in the study beetle Chauliognathus lugubris (Panel 21), which (Figure 3.3). In our survey, we found Corticaria sp. accounted for approx. 6% of all beetle records. scavenging in association with 50 different plant This native species is well known to form massive species. Moreover, it was one of the few insect mating swarms (Panel 22). The immature stage species to be recorded in all green space sites and habitat types. Widespread and abundant, the brown Panel 20 A visual identification key to the insect orders found in the minute scavenger beetle Corticaria sp. is without a City of Melbourne (opposite page)

68 Start 69 here of this species has a predatory feeding behavior, novel association between the elm leaf beetle and while adults are nectarivores and palynivores (ie, non-elm plants might represent an example of they feed on pollen) (Museum Victoria 2015d). host-switching by ecological fitting (Agosta 2006).

The third most frequently occurring species was Order Lepidoptera (Butterflies and moths) the common spotted ladybug conformis, accounting for 4% of all beetle records. Both the Lepidoptera is the second most diverse insect order immature and adult stages of this native species are in the City of Melbourne, representing approx. known predators of aphids and other small insects 20% of the municipality’s insect species richness and arachnids. (Figure 3.1). Our results indicate that 245 butterfly and moth species occur in the City of Melbourne Another interesting frequently recorded species (Table 3.1), and that as many as 83% of these was the elm leaf beetle Xanthogaleruca luteola species are moths (203 species), while the other (Figure 6.1). This non-native species was first 17% are butterflies (42 species). Unquestionably, recorded in Victoria in 1989 (Museum Victoria the most substantial recent contribution to increase 2015b). Both the immature and adult stages of this the knowledge of Lepidoptera biodiversity in the species are herbivores, and are known to be tightly City of Melbourne was delivered by the 2014 associated with elm trees (Ulmus spp.). Thus not Melbourne BioBlitz. Our data shows that the unexpectedly, we found Xanthogaleruca luteola BioBlitz’s nocturnal insect events increased the living on Fitzroy-Treasury Gardens’s English elms number of moth species known for the City of (Ulmus procera). In our survey, however, the species Melbourne by as much as 30%. was also found in association with the native brush box Lophostemon confertus, and three exotic The most frequently recorded butterfly in the ornamentals (Agapanthus praecox, Asparagus targeted insect survey was the white cabbage aethiopicus and Argyranthemum sp.). These series of observations has led us to hypothesise that this Panel 21 The Chauliognathus lugubris (opposite page)

70 71 butterfly Pieris rapae (Panel 23). This non-native in our targeted survey was the diamondback moth species was first recorded in Australia in 1937 Plutella xylostella (Panel 7), which constituted (Museum Victoria 2015a). The white cabbage the first record in the City of Melbourne of this caterpillar is strongly associated with plants species economically significant pest of brassica crops. in the Brassicaceae family (Braby 2000). Hymenoptera (Wasps, bees and ants) Another interesting butterfly species found in the survey was the dingy swallowtail Papilio anactus. Hymenoptera is the third most diversified insect Recorded in Carlton Gardens South, this native order in the City of Melbourne, representing species was not collected, but documented through approx. 15% of the municipality’s insect species the photograph seen in Panel 24. richness (Figure 3.1). Our combined data indicates that 198 Hymenoptera species occur in the City of Perhaps the most unexpected moth species found Melbourne (Table 3.1). Of these, 44% are wasps (87 species), 40% bees (79 species) and 16% ants (32 species). The most frequently occurring Hymenoptera species in the targeted insect survey was the European honey bee Apis mellifera (Panel 6), accounting for over 16% of all Hymenoptera records and for over 91% of all bee records. This species was also the most frequently occurring specialised pollinator and the most frequently occurring non-native species.

Panel 22 A mating swarm of soldier beetles (opposite page) Figure 6.1 The elm leaf beetle Xanthogaleruca luteola in Fitzroy- Treasury Gardens.

72 73 The two other bee species recorded in the targeted of all ant records. This species was also the most survey were Homalictus sphecodoides (Figure 6.2) frequently occurring seed disperser in the study. and Homalictus punctatus. Both species of halictid Ants in this species are generalist predators and bees are native to Australia (Walker 2009a, 2009b). scavengers that also tend Hemiptera for honeydew Taken together, these native pollinators accounted and collect nectar. for less than 2% of all Hymenoptera records and The second most common ant was Nylanderia less than 10% of all bee records. rosae, which accounted for 17% of all ant records. The second most common Hymenoptera species was the orange caterpillar parasite wasp Netelia producta (Figure 3.7). This species was also the most frequently occurring parasitoid in the study. Netelia producta accounted for 5% and 9% of all Hymenoptera and all wasp records, respectively. Another interesting wasp documented during the insect survey was the European wasp Vespula germanica. This non-native invasive social species was first recorded in mainland Australia in 1977 (Museum Victoria 2015c). European wasps are both herbivores and predators, feeding on fruit, nectar, insect exudates, insects and spiders (Kasper et al. 2008). Figure 6.2 The native Australian bee Homalictus sphecodoides (Source The most frequently occurring ant was a species in the Linda Rogan) native genus (Panel 25) [Iridomyrmex Panel 23 The cabbage butterfly Pieris rapae (opposite page) sp. (splendens group)], which accounted for 19%

74 75 This species is endemic to Australia. Ants in this Hemiptera (True bugs; Box 6.2) species are generalist predators and scavengers that supplement their diet with nectar. Hemiptera is the fourth most diversified insect order in the City of Melbourne, representing approx. 9% Another interesting Australian endemic ant of the municipality’s species richness (Figure 3.1). recorded in the targeted survey was Prolasius Our results show that 118 species of Hemiptera nitidissimus. The species accounted for 8% of all are found in the City of Melbourne (Table 3.1). Of ant records. The last Victorian record of Prolasius these, 20% are psyllids or other nitidissimus in the Atlas of Living Australia (2015) species (24 species), 31% leafhoppers or other dates back to 1932; however, this species has frequently been recorded in recent ant surveys in Victoria (Andersen 1988, Brew et al. 1989). Ants in this species are generalist predators and scavengers that also feed on insect honeydew. The most common non-native ant species was the Argentine ant Linepithema humile, which also accounted for 8% of all ant records. Argentine ants are considered invasive species and there is evidence that they are detrimental to native arthropod communities in south-eastern Australia (Rowles and O’Dowd 2009). Ants in this species Figure 6.3 The Rutherglen bug Nysius vinitor walking on a native are generalist predators and scavengers that also Asteraceae (‘Grasslands’ Installation, State Library of Victoria) collect insect honeydew and floral nectar. Panel 24 The dingy swallowtail (opposite page)

The dingy swallowtail Papilio anactus photographed during the insect survey of Carlton Gardens South.

76 77 species (37 species) and 49% accounting for 11% of all Hemiptera heteropteran bugs (57 species). records. This heteropteran bug was one of only eleven species to be The most frequently occurring Hemiptera in the documented in all four investigated insect survey was an empoascine leafhopper habitat types. This native species is [Typhlocybinae 2] (Figure 3.5), which accounted widespread and abundant, and considered for 19% of all Hemiptera records. This leafhopper a generalist herbivore (Malipatil 2007). The was also the third most frequently occurring species second most common heteropteran bug in the study (Figure 3.3). Interestingly, the second was the Pacific damsel bug Nabis kinbergii most common Auchenorrhyncha species was (Figure 3.6), which accounted for approx. 6% another empoascine leafhopper [Typhlocybinae of all Hemiptera records. This heteropteran 1]. This latter species accounted only for 6% bug was also the most frequently occurring of all Hemiptera records. As all other species of predatory species recorded in the study. As the Auchenorrhyncha, these species are herbivores; Rutherglen bug, the damsel bug Nabis kinbergii however, empoascine leafhoppers are specialised was one of the few species to be recorded in all herbivores capable of extracting nutrients directly the four studied habitat types. The species is widely from the plant’s leaves internal cells (Fletcher 2009. distributed in Australia. The third most common The next most common Auchenorrhyncha species heteropteran bug species was the broad-headed were the grey Anzora unicolor and bug Mutusca brevicornis (Figure 6.4), accounting the passionvine planthopper Scolypopa australis (Panel 26), which accounted each for approx. 3% of all Hemiptera records. Both species are native Panel 25 Ant head (opposite page) to Australia. A stacked microphotograph of an ant species in the genus Iridomyrmex (Source: www.antweb.org) The second most common Hemiptera was the Panel 26 The passionvine Scolypopa australis (page 81) Rutherglen bug Nysius vinitor (Figure 6.3),

78 79 Box 6.2 Hemiptera

The Hemiptera is the fourth most diverse insect order characterised by gregarious species that live in close in the world, with over 100,000 described species association with Eucalyptus, where they are attended ( and Foottit 2009). Of these, only 4,000 species by ants (Austin et al. 2004). have been recorded in Australia (Yeates et al. 2003). The Heteroptera are represented, amongst Hemipteran bugs or true bugs are characterised by others, by plant bugs, shield bugs (Panel 27), assassin their piercing-sucking mouthparts, which have been bugs, damsel bugs, stilt bugs and seed bugs. There are modified into a hard but flexible beak specialised in over 40,000 described heteropteran bug species in extracting nutrients from plants and animals (Carver et the world (Henry 2009), with approx. 2,000 species al. 1991). Most true bugs are herbivores, yet the group occurring in Australia (Austin et al. 2004). Most also includes predatory and omnivorous species. Most heteropteran bugs are either herbivores or predators true bugs are terrestrial, with a few groups living in (Mata 2013). Herbivorous species feed on roots, leaves, aquatic environments. The order is divided into three flowers, pollen, buds, seeds, fern fronds and fungi suborders: Sternorrhyncha, Auchenorrhyncha and mycelia, while predatory species prey upon insects Heteroptera, which we briefly describe below. and spiders. Predatory heteropteran bugs, through their Sternorrhyncha The Sternorrhyncha are represented capacity to regulate pest populations, are essential for by aphids, , psyllids, coccids, and ecosystem functioning and resilience against disturbance scale insects (Carver et al. 1991). All species in this in human-dominated environments. Heteropteran bugs group are herbivores. Psyllids are particularly interesting successfully utilise a large number of different habitats as most of species form ‘lerps’, specialised sugary (Schuh and Slater 1995). They have been found living in structures evolved to prevent or minimise desiccation. association with ants, termites and spiders. Some species Also interesting is the fact that most Australian psyllids present adaptations that allow them to thrive on water have close associations with Eucalyptus (Austin et al. surfaces or to live a true under water existence. Some 2004), a good example of plant-insect co-evolution. species live in the intertidal zone, while others venture Auchenorrhyncha The Auchenorrhyncha are into the open ocean. They have been recorded from all represented by , leafhoppers, treehoppers and vegetation strata in all ecozones and bioregions of the (Carver et al. 1991). As Sternorrhyncha, world. They are also ubiquitous in urban environments, all species in this group are herbivores. Male cicadas including ruderalised margins, gardens, parks and golf can perform impressive songs thanks to their complex courses (Mata 2013, Mata et al. 2014). sound producing organs. The ‘gum treehoppers’ (family 80Eurymelidae), a predominantly Australian group, is 81 occurring herbivore and predator, respectively (L Mata et al., in preparation). Taken together, the jumping plant lice or psyllids were the most frequently occurring group of Sternorrhyncha, accounting for approx. 8% of all Hemiptera records. In our targeted survey we recorded 10 genera, including Acizzia, Agelaeopsylla, Anoeconessa, Cardiaspina, Creiis, Ctenarytaina, Glycaspis, Mycopsylla, Phellopsylla and Trioza. With very few exceptions, jumping plant lice were found living in association with Figure 6.4 The broad-headed bug Mutusca brevicornis photographed in a grassland plot in Westgate Park. native trees and shrubs. The immature stages of these and other plant lice genera may produce for approx. 4% of all Hemiptera records. As can be lerps, which are protective crystallised structures appreciated in Figure 6.4, the broad-headed bug made out of the insect’s sugary exudates (ie, has evolved to mimic the Australian native grasses honeydew) (Carver et al. 1991). The other group it lives and feeds on. Not unexpectedly, we only of Sternorrhyncha found in the insect survey were found Mutusca brevicornis living in association with aphids (Panel 28), which accounted for 3% of all native grass and graminoid species (eg, Lomandra Hemiptera records. Both plant and longifolia, Poa labillardierei and Rytidosperma sp.). species are specialised herbivores that feed by In a recent investigation into the conservation value sucking sap out of the phloem sieve tube elements of heteropteran bugs conducted in south-eastern of their host plants (Risebrow and Dixon 1987). Melbourne’s green spaces, Mutusca brevicornis and Nabis kinbergii were the most frequently Panel 27 A shield bug (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) (opposite page)

82 83 Diptera (Flies, mosquitoes and midges) decomposing organic matter), and as such they play a critical role in recycling nutrients in both Diptera is the fifth most diversified insect order urban and non-urban ecosystems. in the City of Melbourne, accounting for approx. 8% of the municipality’s insect species richness An interesting Brachycera family frequently found (Figure 3.1). Our findings indicate that 105 species in the targeted insect survey was Agromyzidae. of flies, mosquitoes and midges occur in the City Species in this family are commonly referred to of Melbourne (Table 3.1). As much as 76% of all as leaf-miming flies. The immature stages of these Diptera species occurring in the City of Melbourne species are specialised herbivores. They feed by belong in the suborder Brachycera, which includes drilling tunnels within the leaf tissue of plants. We the dipteran species that are commonly known found five species of leaf-mining flies in the insect as flies. The remaining 24% belong in suborder survey, which accounted for approx. 7% of all Nematocera, which includes mosquitoes and Diptera records. midges. The most frequently occurring predatory The most frequently occurring Diptera and Brachycera found in the survey was a species of Brachycera in the insect survey was the lawn fly Hemerodromia. Like other well know predatory Hydrellia tritici (Figure 3.4), which represented insects such as mantises (order Mantodea) and approx. 19% of all Diptera records. The lawn fly mantispid lacewings (order Neuroptera), adult was also the second most common species in the Hemerodromia species have raptorial legs, one of whole study, and one of the very few species to the most distinct examples of convergent evolution be found in association with the four habitat types in the insect world. investigated. The second most frequently found Nematocera was a species of house fly [Muscidae

1], which accounted for 9% of all Diptera records. Panel 28 Aphids (opposite page) Adult house flies are detritivores (ie, they feed on

84 85 Taken together, the eleven species of nonbiting amongst the few Diptera species, and amongst midges (family Chironomidae) were the most the few insect species for that matter, that feed common Nematocera group recorded in the on fungi. Immature stages of gall midges on the insect survey. They accounted for approx. 14% other hand are amongst the few Diptera and insect of all Diptera records. The aquatic immature species that have evolved the capacity to induce stages of nonbiting midges are detritivores, and in plant tissue the abnormal outgrowths known as therefore contribute to recycle nutrients in aquatic ‘galls’. ecosystems. Adult nonbiting midges, as they Many flower-visiting fly species were also name implies, are not hematophagous (ie, feeding documented during the targeted insect survey on the blood of human or other mammals) but (Panel 29). The role that flies play in pollination indirect herbivores, feeding for example on nectar, will be discussed in more detail in Chapter 8. pollen and honeydew. While on the subject of hematophagy, it is interesting to note that our insect survey data includes only two records of hematophagous species. These were a species of sandfly [Ceratopogonidae 1], which was found once in Royal Park associated with Melaleuca viminalis, and a species of mosquito [Culicidae 1], which was found once in Carlton Gardens South associated with Agapanthus praecox. Perhaps the most interesting Nematocera found in Panel 29 Flower-visiting flies (opposite page) the targeted insect survey were a species of fungus From top left in clockwise direction: a tephritid fruit fly in Carlton Gardens South, the hoverfly Melangyna viridiceps in the ‘Grasslands’ gnat [Mycetophilidae 1] and a species of gall Installation, a blow fly in Women’s Peace Garden and another species of tephritid fruit fly in the ‘Grasslands’ Installation. All flies on midge [Cecidomyiidae 1]. Both species have quite Asteraceae. Blow fly photo by Michaela Plein. distinct ecological features. Adult fungus gnats are 86 87 88 Chapter 7 Ecological interactions

No insect is an island. As in every other type draw a broad picture of how plants and insects of ecosystem, insects in urban ecosystems are interact in the City of Melbourne. entangled in a complex network of ecological Our findings suggest that at least 575 plant-insect interactions (Bascompte 2009). These interactions interactions occur in public green spaces within can be antagonistic, as when one species gains the City of Melbourne. Naturally, some interactions benefit from interacting with another. Good were observed more often than others, which examples of antagonistic interactions are those we used here as a proxy of interaction strength. linking (1) herbivores with their host plants, (2) We first explored the nature of the plant-insect predatory species with their prey, and (3) parasitoids interactions and their strength by aggregating the with their host organisms. Ecological interactions plant species to family level and insect data to can also be mutualistic, as when species derive a order level, and plotted the resulting matrix into a mutual benefit from interacting with each other. heat map (Figure 7.1). Our plant-insect interaction Good examples of mutualistic interactions are data suggests that the strongest interaction between those linking flowering plants with their pollinators an insect order and a plant family exist between and seed dispersers. Other types of mutualistic Hemiptera and (dark blue cell in Figure interactions are also established between plant 7.1). Hemiptera were also closely associated with and insects, for example the ones linking predatory Fabaceae and Myrtaceae. Our data further suggests insects with their prey’s host plants. Here, we use close associations between Coleoptera and results from our targeted plant-insect survey to Myrtaceae, Diptera and Chenopodiaceae, Diptera

89 and Poaceae, Hymenoptera and Myrtaceae, and showed strong specialisation patterns. This was the Hymenoptera and Poacaeae. Poaceae species in our case of heteropteran bugs in the families Blissidae, plant-insect interactions dataset included weeping Cryptorhamphidae and Pachygronthidae, grass Microlaena stipoides, common tussock-grass which we documented only in association with Poa labillardierei, wallaby grass Rytidosperma sp. Poacaeae. It was also the case for the planthopper and kangaroo grass Themeda triandra, all of which family , which we found associated are native grasses. The legume family Fabaceae was exclusively with Xanthorrhoeaceae, a plant mostly represented by five native wattle species family represented by the native spiny-head mat- (Acacia acinacea, A. cognata, A. mearnsii, A. rush Lomandra longifolia. Likewise, the lacebug melanoxylon and A. verniciflua). The myrtle family family was documented exclusively Myrtaceae was represented by nine native species on Chenopodiaceae and Myrtaceae. Finally, of Callistemon, Eucalyptus, Kunzea, Lophostemon we assessed the direct interaction links between and Melaleuca. Finally, the goosefoot family herbivorous insect species and their host plants. Chenopodiaceae was represented by two native The strongest antagonistic interaction documented shrubs: the ruby saltbush Enchylaena tomentosa between a native insect species and a native plant and the fragrant saltbush Rhagodia parabolica. host was found between the pachygronthid bug Stenophyella macreta (Hemiptera: Pachygronthidae) We were also interested in exploring the links and a species of wallaby grass (Rytidosperma sp.). associating insect herbivores with their host plant families in more detail (Figure 7.2). Our results Taken together, our results highlight the key role show that the strongest interaction between that native plant species are playing in structuring herbivores and plants were those linking broad- interaction networks in urban ecosystems within the head bugs () with native grasses (Poaceae), City of Melbourne. This has important implications and leafhoppers (Cicadellidae) with native wattles (Fabaceae) (dark green cells in Figure 7.2). Our Panel 30 A honey bee (Apis mellifera) collecting nectar from a white clover (Trifolium repens) (opposite page) results further indicate that some herbivores 90 91 for stake-holders involved in developing pest of bush box). conservation strategies or policy. Efforts aimed We also explored the interactions between the at preserving the structure of species interaction main flower-visiting insect species and host plant networks may be equally important to achieve families (Figure 7.3). Our findings indicate that the conservation goals to those aimed exclusively at strongest flower-visiting insect-plant interactions preserving the species that anchor these networks were between non-native insects and non-native together (Tylianakis et al. 2010). plants. Specifically, between Lamiaceae plant An equally strong interaction however was species and the European honey bee Apis mellifera documented between the English elm Ulmus (Panel 6) and the cabbage butterfly Pieris rapae procera, a non-native species, and a native (Panel 23) (dark orange and red cells in Figure 7.3). generalist species of empoascine leafhopper The mint family Lamiaceae was represented by non- [Typhlocybinae 2] (Figure 3.5). It is interesting to native species of Lavandula, Mentha, Plectranthus, note that the planned introduction of the English Rosmarinus, Salvia and Stachys. At the plant elm into the City of Melbourne’s public green species level, the strongest interaction between spaces has been also associated in this study to the honey bee and Lamiaceae was with the white the concomitant unplanned introduction of the clover Trifolium repens (Panel 30). This finding non-native elm leaf beetle Xanthogaleruca luteola confirms those from previous studies reporting the (Figure 6.1) and the host-switching of this later strong association between honey bees and white species to native tree species such as the brush box clover, and their successful performance as white Lophostemon confertus. These latter set of findings clover pollinators (Goodman and Williams 1994, constitute a good example of how the introduction Goodwin et al. 2011). In the City of Melbourne of non-native species into new environments may the white clover is associated exclusively with the modify the structure of interaction networks in unforeseen ways; some of which may turn out to Panel 31 A predatory shield bug (Oechalia schellenbergii) on tansy (Tanecetum vulgare) (page 95) be detrimental (eg, if leaf elm beetles become a 92 aceae aceae aceae agaceaeaceae aceae angeaceae ynaceae aceae opor abaceaeagaceae oaceae iliaceae AcanthaceaeAlliaceaeAmaryllidaceaeAnacardiaceaeApoc Aspar Aster BerbendaceaeBoroginaceaeBuxaceaeCannaceaeCaprifoliaceaeCasuarinaceaeChenopodiaceaeCistaceaeCyper F F Garry GoodeniaceaeHydr LamiaceaeMor My MyrtaceaePhormiaceaePittosporPlatariaceaeP ProteaceaeRanunculaceaeRutaceaeT UlmaceaeXanthorrhoeaceae

Blattodea

Coleoptera

Dermaptera

Diptera

Hemiptera

Hymenoptera

Lepidoptera

Mantodea

Neuroptera

Orthoptera

Psocoptera

Thysanoptera

Figure 7.1 A heat map representing the number of documented interactions between plant families (horizontal axis) and insect orders (vertical axis). As the legend indicates, light blue represents fewer number of interactions and dark blue represents higher number of interactions. White cells represent no documented interactions 0 5110 5 20 25 30 between the corresponding plant family and insect order. 93 Figure 7.2 A heat map representing the number of documented interactions between plant families (horizontal axis) and insects in the main herbivorous families (vertical axis). As the legend indicates, light green represents 94 fewer number of interactions and dark green represents higher number of interactions. White cells represent no documented interactions between the corresponding plant family and insect family. 95 lawn habitat type. important role for native bees within mutualistic interaction networks in the City of Melbourne’s Although the strongest interaction of the European public green spaces. honey bee Apis mellifera was with white clover, and more generally with Lamiaceae, this specialised The plant-insect interaction patterns reported in pollinator was also closely associated with a wide this chapter will need to be corroborated with range of plant families (Figure 7.3), including a few further empirical data. As we have previously native Myrtaceae genera such as Lophostemon and noted in this report, we are in the process of sorting Kunzea. This suggest that the pollination network more filed material that will certainly contribute to of public green spaces in the City of Melbourne increase the resolution of the analysed interaction is dominated by this ‘supergeneralist’ non-native network(s). We also believe that a research- species, which is well aligned with previous studies oriented citizen science program specifically reporting Apis mellifera pollinating on a wide range aimed at documenting plant-insect interactions in of plant species (eg, Giannini et al. 2015). both public and private green spaces could go a long way in fine-tuning our picture of the way in On the other hand, the only two flower-visiting which plants and insects are interconnected in the insect species known to be native specialised City of Melbourne. pollinators, the halictid bees Homalictus punctatus and H. sphecodoides, were only documented in Fabaceae and Poaceae, respectively. Homalictus puntactus was documented exclusively on a native Fabaceae shrub, the varnish wattle Acacia verniciflua, while we found H. sphecodoides only on the native Poaceae wallaby grass Rytidosperma sp. and kangaroo grass Themeda triandra. These findings suggest that native plant species play an

96 Figure 7.3 A heat map representing the number of documented interactions between plant families (horizontal axis) and flower-visiting insect species (vertical axis). As the legend indicates, yellow represents fewer number of interactions and red represents higher number of interactions. White cells represent no documented interactions between the corresponding plant family and insect species.

97 98 Chapter 8 Ecological processes and ecosystem services

In Chapters 3 through 6 we have elaborated on insects here. Furthermore, we will illustrate how how the City of Melbourne’s public green spaces the life history strategies of some insect species are support insect biodiversity. And in Chapter 7 we also linked to a series of ecosystem disservices that introduced the idea that this insect biodiversity may affect urban inhabitants. does not stand in isolation, but is interconnected in a complex network of ecological interactions. Regulating ecosystem services In the present chapter we use our targeted survey We begin by exploring the links between insects, data to illustrate: their feeding strategies, the ecological processes (1) how insect species and their life history these strategies generate, and the regulating strategies and interactions are directly linked ecosystem services that these processes have with urban ecological processes, and the potential to deliver (Figure 8.1). Our findings (2) how these processes are linked to ecosystem indicate that a total of 71 links connect the insect services that benefit human city-dwellers. groups investigated with the feeding strategies they Here, we follow the classification of urban employ to complete their life cycles (left part of Figure ecosystem services reported in Gómez-Baggethun 8.1). The most dominant feeding strategy amongst et al. (2013), who grouped ecosystem services in insect in the City of Melbourne’s was herbivory, four categories: (i) regulating, (ii) provisioning, accounting for 46% of all links. Herbivores may be (iii) cultural, and (iv) supporting and habitat. We further sub-divided in seven feeding specialisations only documented the first two being delivered by (dot-margined box in Figure 8.1): (1) exudativores, 99 specialising on plant and/or insect exudates such as animal nutrients are assimilated and metabolised, sap, gum and honeydew; (2) folivores, specialising guaranteeing the flow of matter and energy through on leaf tissue; (3) graminivores, specialising in the food chain; (2) nutrient re-cycling, a process grasses; (4) nectarivores, specialising in pollen; (5) whereby scavengers, detritivores and xylovores palynivores, specialising in pollen; (6) granivores, facilitate decomposition, and thus the movement specialising in seeds; and (7) xylovores, specialising of nutrients back into the soil and water; (3) biotic in wood. Of these, the folivores were the dominant pollination, a process whereby nectarivores and group, accounting for 46% of all herbivory links. palynivores, but also other flower-visiting insects, The second and third most dominant feeding enable plant fertilisation by transferring pollen strategies were and parasitoidism, grains to the plant’s female reproductive organs; and representing 19% and 17%, respectively, of all (4) ant-mediated seed dispersal, a process whereby links. The less dominant strategies were detritivory adult ants transport elaiosome-bearing seeds away (ie, consumption of decomposing organic matter), from their parent plants. Our insect data suggests scavenging (ie, consumption of dead organic that this later process is being carried out in the City matter), fungivory (ie, consumption of fungi) of Melbourne’s public green spaces by ant species and elaiosome consumers (ie, consumption of of Aphaenogaster, Iridomyrmex and Rhytidoponera nutritious structures attached to seeds). These (A Andersen, personal communication). strategies together accounted for 18% of all links. Finally, our findings indicate that the ecological Our results also show that the feeding strategies process mediated by insects in public green spaces employed by insects within the City of Melbourne’s within the City of Melbourne may contribute to public green spaces may be linked with at least deliver at least four regulating ecosystem services four key ecological processes occurring within (blue box in Figure 8.1): (1) biological pest control, these urban ecosystems (green box in Figure 8.1): which is delivered when insect natural enemies (1) transformation of nutrients into biomass, a (also called biological control agents) regulate process whereby insect-consumed plant, fungi and populations of insect pests, noxious weeds and 100 Figure 8.1 Relationships between insect orders, feeding strategies, ecosystem processes and regulating ecosystem services. DIP: Diptera; HEM: Hemiptera; HYM: Hymenoptera; LEP: Lepidoptera; IS: Immature stage; A: Adults. The black down-pointed arrows indicate that the immature stages are fed by the adults. The dark x indicates the species 101 does not feed during the adult stage. plant diseases; (2) soil fertility, which is delivered native European honey bee Apis mellifera (Panel when insects contribute to retain in the soil basic 6 and Panel 30). Major initiatives are presently plant nutrients such as nitrogen and phosphorous, being conducted in the City of Melbourne to raise as well as soil-improving organic matter; (3) awareness of the importance of honey-producing pollination of crop and ornamental plants, which bees such as Apis mellifera (see for example is delivered when insect specialised pollinators Melbourne City Rooftop Honey 2015). and other flower-visiting insects contribute to Lerps are crystallised protective structures made out fertilise urban crops (eg, fruits and vegetables) of the sugar-rich liquid honeydew exudated by the and plants that are grown for decorative purposes; immature stages of jumping plant lice (Hemiptera: and (4) persistence of myrmecochorous plants (ie, ). Although not that well-known as a food plants that are naturally dispersed by ants), which source to most people, lerps are one of the main is delivered when the viability of plants with types of sweet foods gathered and consumed by elaiosome-bearing seeds is increased through ant- Aboriginal Australians (Turner 1984). mediated seed dispersal. Ecosystem disservices Provisioning ecosystem services Next, we explore the links between insects and the Provisioning ecosystem services are goods that are ecosystem disservices that they may cause (Figure obtained directly from ecosystems, for example 8.2). Our findings indicate that insects found in the food, water, wood and medicines (Gómez- targeted insect survey may potentially cause one Baggethun et al. 2013). Our results indicate that or more of the following six ecosystem disservices the City of Melbourne’s insects may supply at (red box in Figure 8.2): (1) human discomfort, for least two types of food: honey and lerps. Honey example a skin rash produced by a mosquito’s is mostly produced by social bees (Hymenoptera: bite; (2) allergic reactions, which for example may Apidae). In our study, we documented only one follow the injection of venom from a wasp’s sting; species of honey-producing bee, namely the non- 102 Figure 8.2 Relationships between insect orders, life history strategies and ecosystem disservices. DIP: Diptera; HEM: Hemiptera; HYM: Hymenoptera; LEP: Lepidoptera; IS: Immature stage; A: Adults.

103 (3) transmission of human diseases, for example diseases carried by blood sucking insects such as mosquitoes; (4) plant damage, for example the English elm leaf ‘skeletonisation’ (ie, the whole leaf is eaten except for its veins) caused by the leaf elm beetle Xanthogaleruca luteola (Figure 6.1); and (5) damage to stored products, for example when the red-rust flour beetleTribolium castaneum (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae) infests stored cereal grain. At least two types of insect behaviours, namely feeding and defensive (orange box in Figure 8.2), are associated with causing ecosystem disservices. For example, hematophagous insects such as mosquitoes may cause discomfort, allergies and/or vectorise a disease in humans by the simple act of feeding on its preferred source of food (ie, human blood). On the other hand, the non- native European wasp Vespula germanica may on occasions feel threatened by people, for example if a person inadvertently gets to close to its source of food. This action may trigger the wasp’s innate defense mechanisms, which may lead them to attack and sting the person.

104 Chapter 9 Recommendations for management and practice

Based on the evidence gained through this grasses and shrubs in existing established green study, we present below a set of four practical spaces, as well as in other novel spaces such as recommendations that we believe can substantially temporary installations, pop-up parks, median contribute to the insect conservation agenda in the strips, nature strips, ornamental beds, perennial City of Melbourne. meadows, greenroofs and greenwalls, could go a long way to promote insect biodiversity in the Recommendation 1: Incorporate insect habitat municipality. Beyond this, and arguably much into existing and new green space planning more appealingly, some or all of these greening interventions could be aimed at re-wilding the City Results from the Little Things that Run the City of Melbourne with insect species that used to live project provides new and vital information to here but are presently absent. enable the City of Melbourne to plan for and manage biodiverse green spaces. Our findings, for Recommendation 2: Develop a long-term insect example, provide strong evidence of the positive monitoring program effects of the mid-storey and grassland habitat types on insect biodiversity, and of the key role We believe a long-term insect monitoring program that native plant species are playing in structuring could greatly benefit from monitoring (1) rare interaction networks. Incorporating more native species, (2) potentially problematic non-native

105 species, and (3) beneficial species. moth Plutella xylostella, a species first recorded in Melbourne in October 2014. This moth is amongst Monitoring rare species the most economically significant pest of brassica As discussed in Chapter 3, as many as 220 insects crops both in Australia and internationally. species in the City of Melbourne have not been Monitoring beneficial species found in over 50 years. A long-term monitoring scheme could be specifically aimed at confirming We believe that the long-term monitoring of key the occurrence of these species in the City of herbivores, predators, parasitoids, pollinators and Melbourne. seed dispersers in both public and private green spaces is a critical steps towards fully elucidating Monitoring potentially problematic non-native the network of interactions sustaining ecological species processes in the City of Melbourne urban In this study we have found several non-native ecosystems. insect species that may potentially disrupt key Ideally, this long-term monitoring scheme would ecological processes occurring within the City include protocols to recruit and train citizen of Melbourne urban ecosystems. For example, scientists. By doing so, the City of Melbourne the non-native Argentine ant Linepithema humile could further strengthen the research component was first recorded in the City of Melbourne in of their citizen science program whilst generating 1962 and was also found in our targeted survey. essential evidence to guide their future green space A strong body of evidence suggests that this management strategies. aggressive invasive species is capable of displacing native ant species, and is doing so breaking ant- mediated seed dispersal interactions. Future long-term monitoring could also focus on better understanding the distribution of the diamondback

106 Recommendation 3: Conduct further targeted biodiversity in the municipality. Collecting methods insect surveys such as Malaise traps and Berlese extraction should also be considered in future targeted insects Our study was aimed at elucidating the occurrence surveys. and distribution of insects within the City of Melbourne in a wide range of green spaces and Recommendation 4: Promote community habitat types. Yet, due to the complex nature of engagement around insect biodiversity insect biodiversity, it is unlikely that a single study could capture this diversity completely. Our team The present and planned research outcomes of is in the ongoing process of sorting and identifying the Little Things that Run the City project include: a substantial amount of insect material that will two formal reports; a series of scientific papers; a be presented in a report in June 2016. Even with curated insect photographic collection (which has this larger dataset we still believe there are many been made accessible to the public through the knowledge gaps that could be addressed by online sites BowerBird and Flickr); a geographic conducting further targeted insect surveys. information system (GIS) layer of the municipality’s insect biodiversity; and an illustrated children’s Our findings indicate for example that an insect eBook/ book on the insects that live in the City of survey specifically targeted at beetles, including Melbourne. The City of Melbourne can draw upon bark and ground-dwelling species, in Fitzroy- this suite of resources to promote the community’s Treasury Gardens, Princes Park, Royal Park interest in insect biodiversity. and Westgate Park could lead to a much more complete understanding of beetle biodiversity in The second Melbourne BioBlitz, to occur in the the City of Melbourne’s public green spaces. Also, summer of 2016, will be an excellent opportunity surveys targeting butterflies and moths in Carlton to share the preliminary findings from the Little Gardens, Princes Park and Westgate Park could Things That Run the City project and to engage greatly improve our understanding of Lepidoptera the community with conservation-oriented insect

107 research. Aside from promoting the results of this particular project, we believe that the Little Things that Run the City research can be a springboard for conversations with other parties, including, for example, private land owners, about how we can all help to support greater insect biodiversity in urban environments. The City of Melbourne is now well-positioned to ‘say a word on behalf of these little things that run the world’.

108 References

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117 118 Appendix 1 Species data

Table A2.1 Insects species documented in the City of Melbourne arranged by order and family.

Observations legend

Data sources: Atlas of Living Australia (ALA), Melbourne BioBlitz (BB) and The Little Things that Run the City insect survey (TLT).

Urban green spaces: Argyle Square (AS), Carlton Gardens South (CGS), Canning/Neill Street Reserve (CNR), Fitzroy-Treasury Gardens (FTG), Grasslands Installation (GI), Lincoln Square (LS), Princes Park (PP), Royal Park (RP), State Library of Victoria (SLV), Westgate Park (WP) and Women’s Peace Garden (WPG).

Habitat types: Tree (T), mid-storey (MS), grassland (G) and lawn (L).

Shaded rows indicate morphospecies in our reference collection that are pending species level identification.

Photographic records are indicated with the superscripted code pho.

119 Order Family Species First record Last record Observations

Blattodea Blattidae Neostylopyga rhombifolia - - ALA: CoM Platyzosteria melanaria - - ALA [CoM] Blattidae 1 17/01/2015 17/01/2015 TLT: FTG(MS) Blattidae 2 16/01/2015 16/01/2015 TLT: RP(T) Blattidae 3 11/01/2015 11/01/2015 TLT: CGS(MS) Blattidae 4 24/01/2015 24/01/2015 TLT: WP(MS) Blattidae 5 06/01/2015 06/01/2015 TLT: AS(MS) Ectobiidae Choristima galerucoides - - ALA: CoM Ectoneura major - - ALA: CoM Kalotermididae Calotermes iridipennis - - ALA: CoM Neotermes insularis - - ALA: CoM Ectoneura suffusa - - ALA: CoM Rhinotermitidae Coptotermes acinaciformis 13/11/1939 7/02/1940 ALA: CoM Coptotermes frenchi - - ALA: CoM Coptotermes sp. 1 30/10/2014 30/10/2014 BB: FTG Termitidae Amitermes xylophagus 04/05/1938 04/05/1938 ALA: CoM

120 Order Family Species First record Last record Observations

Coleoptera Acanthocnemidae Acanthocnemus nigricans - - ALA: CoM Anobiidae Anobium punctatum 09/01/1940 09/01/1940 ALA: CoM Deroptilinus granicollis - - ALA: CoM Hadrobregmus australiensis 27/09/1935 27/09/1935 ALA: CoM Lasioderma serricorne - - ALA: CoM Pseudopronus matthewsi - - ALA: CoM Ptinus clavipes - - ALA: CoM Ptinus tectus 25/05/1945 25/05/1945 ALA: CoM Stegobium paniceum - - ALA: CoM Anthicidae Anthicidae 1 16/01/2015 16/01/2015 TLT: RP(G) Anthicidae 2 12/11/2014 12/11/2014 TLT: GI(G) Anthicidae 3 24/01/2015 24/01/2015 TLT: WP(G) Anthicidae 4 23/10/2014 23/10/2014 TLT: GI(G) Anthicidae 5 13/11/2014 13/11/2014 BB: RP Anthribidae Araecerus coffeae - - ALA: CoM Euciodes suturalis 23/10/2014 7/01/2015 TLT: PP(G), GI(G) Euciodes sp. 1 08/01/2015 08/01/2015 TLT: PP(G) Prypnus sp. 1 14/04/1918 14/04/1918 ALA: CoM

121 Order Family Species First record Last record Observations

Coleoptera (continued) Attelabidae Euops falcatus 10/03/1918 10/03/1918 ALA: CoM Beliadae Isacantha sp. 1 - - ALA: CoM Pachyura australis - - ALA: CoM Rhinotia hemisticta - - ALA: CoM minutus 09/10/1925 09/10/1925 ALA: CoM Heterobostrychus aequalis 10/02/1973 10/02/1973 ALA: CoM brunneus 19/03/1930 18/10/1961 ALA: CoM Lyctus linearis 19/03/1930 19/03/1930 ALA: CoM Lyctus parallelocollis - - ALA: CoM Lyctus sinensis 19/03/1930 19/03/1930 ALA: CoM Minthea rugicollis 24/06/1961 24/06/1961 ALA: CoM Sinoxylon anale 07/09/1982 07/09/1982 ALA: CoM Xylion collaris 01/11/1908 01/11/1908 ALA: CoM Xyclobosca canina 08/02/1998 31/10/2014 ALA: CoM; BB: FTG Xylotillus lindi - - ALA: CoM Bothrideridae Deretaphrus fossus - - ALA: CoM Deretaphrus ignarus - - ALA: CoM Deretaphrus piceus - - ALA: CoM

122 Order Family Species First record Last records Observations

Coleoptera (continued) Buprestidae Agrilus australasiae - - ALA: CoM Castiarina australasiae - - ALA: CoM Castiarina delectabilis - - ALA: CoM Castiarina erythromelas - - ALA: CoM Castiarina erythroptera - - ALA: CoM Castiarina flavopicta - - ALA: CoM Castiarina octomaculata - - ALA: CoM Castiarina rectifasciata - - ALA: CoM Castiarina rufipennis - - ALA: CoM Castiarina scalaris - - ALA: CoM Castiarina supergrata - - ALA: CoM Castiarina thomsoni - - ALA: CoM Castiarina vicina 12/04/1881 12/04/1881 ALA: CoM Castiarina xanthopilosa - - ALA: CoM Cisseis sp. 1 19/08/1927 19/08/1927 ALA: CoM Cyrioides imperialis 11/12/1918 11/12/1918 ALA: CoM Diadoxus erythrurus - - ALA: CoM Diadoxus scalaris - - ALA: CoM Diphucrania acuducta 14/11/1903 14/11/1903 ALA: CoM Diphucrania aenea - - ALA: CoM Diphucrania acuducta 14/11/1903 14/11/1903 ALA: CoM Diphucrania aenea - - ALA: CoM Ethonion sp. 1 - - ALA: CoM

123 Order Family Species First record Last records Observations

Coleoptera (continued) Buprestidae (continued) Melobasis hypocrita - - ALA: CoM Melobasis monticola - - ALA: CoM Melobasis obscurella - - ALA: CoM Melobasis purpurascens - 10/11/2014 ALA: CoM; BB: FTG Nascio vetusta - - ALA: CoM Stigmodera macularia - - ALA: CoM Temognatha menalcas - - ALA: CoM Temognatha mitchellii - - ALA: CoM Temognatha sanguinipennis - - ALA: CoM Temognatha suturalis - - ALA: CoM Temognatha variabilis - - ALA: CoM Torresita cuprifera - - ALA: CoM Cantharidae Chauliognathus lugubris - 24/01/2015 ALA: CoM; BB: FTG, RP; TLT: CGS(MS), RP(MS, G), GI(G), WP(G, L) Carabidae Adelotopus dytiscides 14/12/1918 10/11/1952 ALA: CoM Adelotopus rubiginosus - - ALA: CoM Agonocheila antipodum 03/08/1918 03/08/1918 ALA: CoM Agonocheila biguttata 03/08/1918 03/08/1918 ALA: CoM Agonocheila cribripennis - - ALA: CoM Agonocheila curtula 10/03/1918 14/04/1918 ALA: CoM Agonocheila mollis - - ALA: CoM Amblystomus gagatinus - - ALA: CoM

124 Order Family Species First record Last records Observations

Coleoptera (continued) Carabidae (continued) Amblystomus gracilis - - ALA: CoM Amblystomus montanus - - ALA: CoM Amblytelus brevis - - ALA: CoM Amblytelus curtus 05/11/1944 05/11/1944 ALA: CoM Amblytelus sinuatus 14/04/1918 14/04/1918 ALA: CoM Apotomus australis 18/02/1919 18/02/1919 ALA: CoM Arthropterus howittii - - ALA: CoM Arthropterus westwoodii - - ALA: CoM Bembidion errans - - ALA: CoM Calosoma schayeri 24/12/1949 24/12/1949 ALA: CoM Catadromus lacordairei 19/09/1920 19/09/1920 ALA: CoM Celaenephes parallelus - - ALA: CoM Chlaenius australis - - ALA: CoM australasiae - - ALA: CoM Clivina dilutipes - - ALA: CoM Clivina heterogena - - ALA: CoM Clivina lepida - - ALA: CoM Clivina melanopyga - - ALA: CoM Clivina planiceps 14/10/1934 14/10/1934 ALA: CoM Clivina procera - - ALA: CoM Clivina riverinae - - ALA: CoM Clivina sellata 13/03/1936 13/03/1936 ALA: CoM Clivina suturalis - - ALA: CoM

125 Order Family Species First record Last records Observations

Coleoptera (continued) Carabidae (continued) Clivina sp. 1 30/10/2014 30/10/2014 BB: FTG Coptocarpus australis - - ALA: CoM Darodilia mandibularis - - ALA: CoM Demetrida suturata 09/03/1918 09/03/1918 ALA: CoM Dicrochile goryi 12/12/1935 26/02/1936 ALA: CoM Dystrichothorax bicolor - - ALA: CoM Egadroma piceus 10/04/1919 10/04/1919 ALA: CoM Elaphropus ovensensis - - ALA: CoM Epelyx walkeri - - ALA: CoM Euthenarus promptus - - ALA: CoM Geoscaptus laevissimus 12/12/1935 12/12/1935 ALA: CoM Haplaner velox - - ALA: CoM Helluo costatus - - ALA: CoM Homethes elegans 09/03/1918 09/03/1918 ALA: CoM Homethes gracilis 14/12/1918 14/12/1918 ALA: CoM Homethes guttifer 04/02/1917 04/02/1917 ALA: CoM Hypharpax australis - - ALA: CoM Hypharpax rotundipennis - - ALA: CoM Laccopterum loculosum - - ALA: CoM Lacordairia anchomenoides - - ALA: CoM Lacordairia argutoroides - - ALA: CoM Lecanomerus bicolor - - ALA: CoM Lecanomerus discoidalis - - ALA: CoM

126 Order Family Species First record Last records Observations

Coleoptera (continued) Carabidae (continued) Limnastus pilosus 03/08/1918 03/08/1918 ALA: CoM Mecyclothorax punctipennis - - ALA: CoM Microlestodes macleayi 28/08/1918 28/08/1918 ALA: CoM Mecyclothorax ambiguus - - ALA: CoM Microlestodes yarrae 04/05/1919 6/05/1919 ALA: CoM Minuthodes minima - - ALA: CoM Notagonum marginellum - - ALA: CoM Notonomus australasiae - - ALA: CoM Notonomus chalybaeus - - ALA: CoM Notonomus fergusoni - - ALA: CoM Notonomus philippi - - ALA: CoM Oodes inornatus - - ALA: CoM Parazuphium mastersii 19/09/1920 24/12/1938 ALA: CoM Pericompsus australis 10/04/1919 10/04/1919 ALA: CoM Pericompsus yarrensis 19/09/1920 19/09/1920 ALA: CoM Phaenaulax nanus - - ALA: CoM Philophloeus distinguendus 27/07/1980 27/07/1980 ALA: CoM Philophloeus eucalypti - - ALA: CoM Philophloeus luculentus - - ALA: CoM Phorticosomus felix - - ALA: CoM Platycoelus prolixus - - ALA: CoM Pogonus cardiotrachelus - - ALA: CoM Promecoderus lucidicollis - - ALA: CoM

127 Order Family Species First record Last records Observations

Coleoptera (continued) Carabidae (continued) Promecoderus subdepressus - - ALA: CoM Prosopogmus sp. 1 06/05/1919 06/05/1919 ALA: CoM Pseudoceneus sollicitus - - ALA: CoM Sarothrocrepis benefica 09/03/1918 09/03/1918 ALA: CoM Sarothrocrepis corticalis - - ALA: CoM Sarothrocrepis humerata - - ALA: CoM Sarothrocrepis luctuosa - - ALA: CoM Sarothrocrepis suavis - - ALA: CoM Sarticus discopunctatus - - ALA: CoM Sarticus esmeraldipennis - - ALA: CoM Scaraphites rotundipennis 1/01/1911 1/01/1911 ALA: CoM Sphallomorpha suturalis - - ALA: CoM Tachys captus - - ALA: CoM Tachys infuscatus - - ALA: CoM Tachys transversicollis - - ALA: CoM Teraphis melbournensis - - ALA: CoM Theprisa australis - - ALA: CoM Trigonothops pacifica - - ALA: CoM Trigonothops pauper - - ALA: CoM

128 Order Family Species First record Last records Observations

Coleoptera (continued) Cerambycidae Allomicrus exiguus - - ALA: CoM Ancita antennata - - ALA: CoM Ancita lineola - - ALA: CoM Atesta tasmanica - - ALA: CoM Atesta thorntoni - - ALA: CoM Bethelium ornata - - ALA: CoM Bethelium signiferum 09/12/1932 09/12/1932 ALA: CoM Bimia bicolor - - ALA: CoM Brachopsis nupera - - ALA: CoM Cnemoplites edulis - - ALA: CoM Coptocercus aberrans 20/02/1991 20/02/1991 ALA: CoM Coptocercus rubripes 14/08/1990 14/08/1990 ALA: CoM Earinis mimula 30/05/1912 30/05/1912 ALA: CoM Eburophora octoguttata - - ALA: CoM Epithora dorsalis 10/10/1907 20/12/1953 ALA: CoM Gracilia minuta - - ALA: CoM Hesthesis acutipennis 08/03/1918 08/03/1918 ALA: CoM Hesthesis plorator - - ALA: CoM Hylotrupes bajulus 20/12/1963 20/12/1963 ALA: CoM Molorchus sp. 1 - - ALA: CoM Nenenia thoracica - - ALA: CoM Neostenus saundersii 03/03/1935 03/03/1935 ALA: CoM Notoceresium impressiceps 12/02/1918 12/02/1918 ALA: CoM

129 Order Family Species First record Last records Observations

Coleoptera (continued) Cerambycidae (continued) Omotes erosicollis - - ALA: CoM Pachydissus sericus - - ALA: CoM Paroplites australis - - ALA: CoM Pentacosmia scoparia - - ALA: CoM Phacodes obscurum - - ALA: CoM Phacodes personatus 15/03/1926 19/04/1932 ALA: CoM Phoracantha frenchi 21/09/1919 21/09/1919 ALA: CoM Phoracantha latus - - ALA: CoM Phoracantha mastersii - - ALA: CoM Phoracantha obscurus - - ALA: CoM Phoracantha punctatus 20/10/1907 20/10/1907 ALA: CoM Phoracantha recurva 15/10/1903 15/10/1903 ALA: CoM Phoracantha semipunctatus 01/03/1909 01/03/1909 ALA: CoM Phoracantha synonyma 30/11/1949 26/11/1990 ALA: CoM Phoracantha tricuspis - - ALA: CoM Proagapete carissima 7/08/1912 3/02/1931 ALA: CoM Rhinophthalmus modestus - - ALA: CoM Rhinophthalmus nasutus - - ALA: CoM Platyomopsis albocincta - - ALA: CoM Rhytiphora rugicollis - - ALA: CoM Scolecobrotus westwoodii - - ALA: CoM Syllitus rectus 02/11/1907 02/11/1907 ALA: CoM

130 Order Family Species First record Last records Observations

Coleoptera (continued) Cerambycidae (continued) Symphyletes piliger - - ALA: CoM Teispes insularis - - ALA: CoM Uracanthus loranthi - - ALA: CoM Uracanthus strigosus - - ALA: CoM Uracanthus sp. 26/12/1904 26/12/1904 ALA: CoM Cerambycidae 1 14/01/2015 14/01/2015 TLT: RP(MS) Chrysomelidae Acanthoscelides obtectus - - ALA: CoM Adoxia benallae - - ALA: CoM Altica corusca 09/03/1918 09/03/1918 ALA: CoM Aporocera erosa - - ALA: CoM Arsipoda erichsoni 14/04/1918 14/04/1918 ALA: CoM Arsipoda variegata - - ALA: CoM Arsipoda sp. 1 03/01/2015 11/01/2015 TLT: CGS(L), PP(T, MS), WPG(L) Augomela hypochalcea - - ALA: CoM Aulacophora olivieri - - ALA: CoM Bruchus sp. 08/05/1934 08/05/1934 ALA: CoM Cadmus sp. 1 12/11/2014 14/11/2014 BB: RP, WP Callosobruchus maculatus 27/03/1965 27/03/1965 ALA: CoM Calomela bartoni - - ALA: CoM Calomela curtisi - - ALA: CoM Calomela maculicollis - - ALA: CoM Calomela satelles - - ALA: CoM

131 Order Family Species First record Last records Observations

Coleoptera (continued) Chrysomelidae (continued) Calomela vittata 10/01/1934 24/02/1971 ALA: CoM Cassida denticulata - - ALA: CoM Chaetocnema olliffi - - ALA: CoM Chalcolampra aenea - - ALA: CoM Chalcolampra constricta 25/09/1927 25/09/1927 ALA: CoM Chalcolampra repens - - ALA: CoM Chrysophtharta decolorata - - ALA: CoM Chrysophtharta hectica 10/11/1934 10/11/1934 ALA: CoM Chrysophtharta pallida - - ALA: CoM Chrysophtharta sp. - - ALA: CoM Dicranosterna picea 18/05/1947 18/05/1947 ALA: CoM Ditropidus concolor 26/01/1918 26/01/1918 ALA: CoM Ditropidus davisii - - ALA: CoM Ditropidus elegantulus 12/10/1918 12/10/1918 ALA: CoM Ditropidus pastus - - ALA: CoM Ethomela adelaidae - - ALA: CoM Monolepta sp. 1 - - ALA: CoM Monolepta sp. 2 23/11/2014 24/01/2015 TLT: GI(G), WP(L) Nisotra breweri 08/08/1921 06/02/1922 ALA: CoM Nisotra obliterata 06/02/1922 06/02/1922 ALA: CoM Paropsis aspera 27/12/2013 27/12/2013 ALA: CoM Paropsis atomaria 10/01/2013 10/01/2013 ALA: WP Paropsis carnosa 01/01/1900 01/01/1900 ALA: CoM

132 Order Family Species First record Last records Observations

Coleoptera (continued) Chrysomelidae (continued) Paropsis charybdis - - ALA: CoM Paropsis dilitata - - ALA: CoM Paropsis variolosa - - ALA: CoM Paropsisterna brunnea - - ALA: CoM Paropsisterna cloelia 14/11/2014 14/11/2014 BB: WP Paropsisterna liturata - - ALA: CoM Paropsisterna nigerrima - - ALA: CoM Paropsisterna nucea - - ALA: CoM Paropsisterna rufipes - - ALA: CoM Paropsisterna semifumata - - ALA: CoM Peltoschema oceanica - - ALA: CoM Peltoschema sp. 1 06/01/2015 06/01/2015 TLT: AS(MS) Peltoschema suturalis 28/10/1975 28/10/1975 ALA: CoM Sutrea egena - - ALA: CoM Trachymela catenata - - ALA: CoM Trachymela nodosa 01/01/1900 01/01/1900 ALA: CoM Trachymela stigma 01/01/1900 01/01/1900 ALA: CoM Trachymela tuberculata - - ALA: CoM Trachymela sp. 1 08/01/2015 08/01/2015 TLT: PP(T) Xanthogaleruca luteola 30/10/2014 18/01/2015 BB: FTG; TLT: FTG(T, MS) Chrysomelidae 1 11/01/2015 11/01/2015 TLT: CGS(MS) Chrysomelidae 2 24/01/2015 24/01/2015 TLT: WP(T)

133 Order Family Species First record Last records Observations

Coleoptera (continued) Clambidae Clambus myrmecophilus - - ALA: CoM Cleridae Allelidea brevipennis - - ALA: CoM Blackburniella hilaris 23/12/1927 23/12/1927 ALA: CoM Cleromorpha novemguttatus - - ALA: CoM Eunatalis porcata - - ALA: CoM Eunatalis spinicornis - - ALA: CoM Lemidia accincta 01/09/1928 01/09/1928 ALA: CoM Lemidia australiae 20/09/1905 20/09/1905 ALA: CoM Lemidia hilaris - - ALA: CoM Lemidia pallida - - ALA: CoM Lemidia quadricolor - - ALA: CoM Lemidia simulans - - ALA: CoM Necrobia ruficollis - - ALA: CoM Opilo congruus 09/03/1918 09/03/1918 ALA: CoM Phlogistus rufipes - - ALA: CoM Tarsostenus carus 23/12/1919 15/10/1925 ALA: CoM Tarsostenus univittatus 10/02/1919 10/02/1919 ALA: CoM Tenerus abbreviatus - - ALA: CoM Trogodendron fasciculatus - - ALA: CoM Trogodendron tenebricosum - - ALA: CoM Cleridae 1 23/11/2014 23/11/2014 TLT: GI(G) Cleridae 2 08/01/2015 08/01/2015 TLT: PP(T)

134 Order Family Species First record Last records Observations

Coleoptera (continued) Coccinellidae Coccinella transversalis 22/03/1908 28/10/2014 ALA: CoM; BB: FTG Cryptolaemus montrouzieri - 19/01/2015 ALA: CoM; TLT: WPGpho Diomus notescens - 11/01/2015 ALA: CoM; TLT: CGS(MS), SLV(MS) Harmonia conformis 30/11/1907 11/01/2015 ALA: WP; TLT: CGS(T), LS(T), PP(T, G), SLV(MS) Hippodamia variegata 04/04/1915 24/01/2015 ALA: CoM; TLT: WP(G) galbula 11/01/2015 11/01/2015 TLT: CGS(T) Micraspis furcifera 14/11/2014 08/01/2015 BB: RP; TLT: PP(MS) Micraspis frenata - - ALA: CoM Orcus bilunatus 14/02/1904 14/02/1904 ALA: CoM Rodolia cardinalis 13/11/2014 13/11/2014 BB: RP Serangium bellum 06/01/2015 17/01/2015 TLT: AS(MS), CGS(T), FTG(MS) Coccinellidae 1 8/01/2015 18/01/2015 TLT: FTG(T), PP(T) Coccinellidae 2 11/01/2015 14/01/2015 TLT: CGS(MS), RP(G) Coccinellidae 3 08/01/2015 08/01/2015 TLT: PP(T) Coccinellidae 4 07/01/2015 24/01/2015 TLT: PP(G), WP(MS) Coccinellidae 5 07/01/2015 07/01/2015 TLT: PP(MS) Coccinellidae 6 25/01/2015 25/01/2015 TLT: RP(T) Curculionidae Abethas varians - - ALA: CoM Acantholophus squamosus 03/02/1917 03/02/1917 ALA: CoM Amorphorhinus australis 21/12/1972 21/12/1972 ALA: CoM Amorphorhinus rugicollis - - ALA: CoM Amycterus mirabilis - - ALA: CoM

135 Order Family Species First record Last records Observations

Coleoptera (continued) Curculionidae (continued) Asynonychus cervinus 14/02/2015 14/02/2015 TLT: FTGpho Baeosomus uvidus - - ALA: CoM Bagous australasiae 24/12/1952 24/12/1952 ALA: CoM Chrysolopus spectabilis - - ALA: CoM Cubicorhynchus globicollis - - ALA: CoM Cubicorhynchus maculatus - - ALA: CoM Cubicorhynchus sp. - - ALA: CoM Cydmaea luctuosa - - ALA: CoM Cydmaea mixta - - ALA: CoM Emplesis cryptorhyncha - - ALA: CoM Emplesis tarsalis - - ALA: CoM Encosmia cornuta - - ALA: CoM Epirus maerens - - ALA: CoM Erytenna consputa - - ALA: CoM Gerynassa nodulosa 25/09/1927 25/09/1927 ALA: CoM Gonipterus lepidotus 19/09/1920 19/09/1920 ALA: CoM Gonipterus notographus - - ALA: CoM Haplonyx fasciculatus - - ALA: CoM Haplonyx maialis - - ALA: CoM Leptopius sp. 1 03/09/1875 09/03/1940 ALA: CoM, RP Leptopius squalidus 10/03/1944 10/03/1944 ALA: CoM

136 Order Family Species First record Last records Observations

Coleoptera (continued) Curculionidae (continued) Listroderes costirostris 10/01/1949 20/12/1952 ALA: CoM Listroderes delaiguei 21/04/1928 21/04/1928 ALA: CoM Listroderes foveatus 28/06/1925 05/11/1944 ALA: CoM Mandalotus postcoxalis 13/07/1913 13/07/1913 ALA: CoM Melanterius inconspicuus 23/09/1927 23/09/1927 ALA: CoM Melanterius semiporcatus - - ALA: CoM Mythites tuberculatus 28/02/1921 28/02/1921 ALA: CoM Naupactus leucoloma 15/03/1950 15/02/1953 ALA: CoM Neolaemosaccus querulus 19/12/1927 19/12/1927 ALA: CoM Neolaemosaccus subsignatus 29/12/1929 29/12/1929 ALA: CoM Parorthorhinus aethiops 05/02/1931 24/01/1953 ALA: CoM Rhamphus acaciae - - ALA: CoM Sclerorinus bubalus - - ALA: CoM Sclerorinus dilaticollis - - ALA: CoM Sclerorinus sordidus - - ALA: CoM Scolytus multistriatus 05/02/1975 05/02/1975 ALA: CoM Steriphus caudatus 22/02/1953 24/02/1953 ALA: CoM Syarbis alcyone - - ALA: CoM Talaurinus scaber - - ALA: CoM Curculionidae 1 30/10/2014 07/11/2014 TLT: GI(G) Curculionidae 2 06/01/2015 16/01/2015 TLT: AS(MS), RP(T) Curculionidae 3 11/01/2015 11/01/2015 TLT: CGS(L)

137 Order Family Species First record Last records Observations

Coleoptera (continued) Curculionidae (continued) Curculionidae 4 11/01/2015 11/01/2015 TLT: CGS(MS) Curculionidae 5 14/01/2015 14/01/2015 TLT: RP(MS) Curculionidae 6 07/01/2015 07/01/2015 TLT: RP(MS) Anthrenus sp. 1 23/10/2014 23/10/2014 TLT: GI(MS) australis - - ALA: CoM Anthrenus verbasci - - ALA: CoM carnivorus 05/10/1976 05/10/1976 ALA: CoM Dermestes haemorrhoidalis 20/02/1975 22/09/1976 ALA: CoM Dermestes lardarius - - ALA: CoM Dermestes maculatus 20/07/1938 20/07/1938 ALA: CoM Trogoderma morio - - ALA: CoM Ditiscidae Antiporus blakei - - ALA: CoM Antiporus gilbertii - - ALA: CoM Australphilus saltus - - ALA: CoM Hyderodes schuckardi - - ALA: CoM Hyphydrus sp. 1 13/11/2014 13/11/2014 BB: WP Lancetes lanceolatus - - ALA: CoM Limbodessus compactus - - ALA: CoM Liodessus amabilis - - ALA: CoM Liodessus gemellus - - ALA: CoM

138 Order Family Species First record Last records Observations

Coleoptera (continued) Ditiscidae (continued) Megaporus gardnerii - - ALA: CoM Megaporus hamatus - - ALA: CoM Necterosoma penicillatum - - ALA: CoM Onychohydrus atratus - - ALA: CoM Onychohydrus scutellaris - - ALA: CoM Platynectes monostigma - - ALA: CoM Platynectes reticulosus - - ALA: CoM Rhantus suturalis 01/01/1900 01/08/1959 ALA: CoM Sternopriscus meadfootii - - ALA: CoM Elateridae Agrypnus sp. 1 30/10/2014 30/10/2014 TLT: GI(G) Parablax ingwa - - ALA: CoM Gyrinidae Macrogyrus oblongus 01/02/1960 01/02/1960 ALA: CoM Histeridae Kanaarister latisternus - - ALA: CoM Hydraenidae Gymnochthebius australis 12/07/1919 12/07/1919 ALA: CoM Hydrophilidae Berosus australiae - - ALA: CoM Berosus duplopunctatus 24/01/1917 09/03/1918 ALA: CoM Berosus majusculus 16/02/1918 16/02/1918 ALA: CoM Berosus queenslandicus - - ALA: CoM

139 Order Family Species First record Last records Observations

Coleoptera (continued) Hydrophilidae (continued) Berosus sp. 1 28/02/2010 01/03/2014 ALA: RP, CoM Berosus vijae 20/10/1917 20/10/1917 ALA: CoM Cercyon haemorrhoidalis - - ALA: CoM Cercyon quisquilius 23/03/1918 23/03/1918 ALA: CoM Dactylosternum sp. 1 30/11/1957 30/11/1957 ALA: CoM Enochrus samae - - ALA: CoM Helochares tristis - - ALA: CoM Hydrobius assimilis 05/11/1909 05/11/1909 ALA: CoM Hydrochus australis 16/02/1918 16/02/1918 ALA: CoM Hydrochus multicolor 16/02/1918 16/02/1918 ALA: CoM Hydrophilus albipes 01/01/1900 26/11/1950 ALA: CoM Hydrophilus latipalpus 26/11/1950 14/02/1986 ALA: CoM Limnoxenus zealandicus 03/11/1909 01/08/1959 ALA: CoM Paracymus pygmaeus 24/01/1917 24/01/1917 ALA: CoM Pseudohydrobius sp. 1 - - ALA: CoM Latriidae Corticaria sp. 1 23/10/2014 24/01/2015 TLT: AS(MS, L), CGS(T, MS), CNR(T, L), FTG(MS), GI(G), LS(T), PP(All), RP(All), SLV(MS), WP(T, MS, G), WPG(MS) Corticaria sp. 2 08/01/2015 08/01/2015 TLT: PP(T) Leiodidae Agyrtodes atropos - - ALA: CoM

140 Order Family Species First record Last records Observations

Coleoptera (continued) Lucanidae Ceratognathus niger - - ALA: CoM Lamprima aurata 28/11/1907 28/11/1907 ALA: CoM Lamprima latreillii 14/11/2014 14/11/2014 BB: WP Syndesus cornutus - - ALA: CoM Carphurus sp. 1 23/10/2014 23/10/2014 TLT: GI(G) Simoderus effeminatus - - ALA: CoM Melyridae 1 08/01/2015 08/01/2015 TLT: PP(T) Melyridae 2 16/01/2015 17/01/2015 TLT: RP(MS) Mordellidae Mordellidae 1 16/01/2015 16/01/2015 TLT: RP(MS) Mordellidae 2 16/01/2015 16/01/2015 TLT: FTG(MS), RP(T) Nitulidae Epuraea californica - - ALA: CoM Nutilidae 1 23/10/2014 11/01/2015 TLT: CGS(MS), GI(G), SLV(MS) Ptiilidae Acrotrichis sericans - - ALA: CoM Acrossidius tasmaniae 04/02/1947 04/02/1947 ALA: CoM Adoryphorus coulonii 2/11/1952 30/10/2014 ALA: CoM; BB: FTG, RP Anomalomorpha giveni - - ALA: CoM Chondropyga dorsalis 26/02/2015 26/02/2015 TLT: PPpho Dasygnathus trituberculatus 02/04/1944 03/04/1950 ALA: RP Onthophagus mniszechi - - ALA: RP

141 Order Family Species First record Last records Observations

Coleoptera (continued) Scydmaenidae Scydmaenidae 1 13/07/1918 19/09/1920 ALA: CoM Staphylinidae Aleochara actae - - ALA: CoM Aleochara haemorrhoidalis - - ALA: CoM Aleochara sp. 1 30/10/2014 30/10/2014 TLT: GI(G) sulcifrons 12/07/1919 12/07/1919 ALA: CoM Anabaxis sp. 1 - - ALA: CoM Anotylus dispar 5/02/1918 5/02/1918 ALA: CoM Anotylus piceicollis - - ALA: CoM Anotylus sparsus - - ALA: CoM Anotylus varius - - ALA: CoM Anotylus vinsoni 19/01/1918 19/09/1928 ALA: CoM Araeocerus macleayi - - ALA: CoM Articerus aurifluus 24/08/1918 25/09/1927 ALA: CoM Articerus curvicornis - - ALA: CoM Astenus indicus 12/07/1918 12/07/1918 ALA: CoM Austrolophrum australe 16/07/1917 16/07/1917 ALA: CoM Austrolophrum cribriceps - - ALA: CoM Cafius sabulosus - - ALA: CoM Calodera inaequalis 25/09/1927 25/09/1927 ALA: CoM Carpelimus exiguus - - ALA: CoM Carpelimus apicirufus 12/07/1919 12/07/1919 ALA: CoM Carpelimus punctatus - - ALA: CoM Carpelimus siamensis 20/06/1918 20/06/1918 ALA: CoM

142 Order Family Species First record Last records Observations

Coleoptera (continued) Staphylinidae (continued) Collacerothorax spinicollis - - ALA: CoM Ctenicellus sp. 1 19/09/1920 25/09/1927 ALA: CoM Ctenisophus impressus 23/08/1918 23/08/1918 ALA: CoM Ctenisophus longicornis 12/07/1919 12/07/1919 ALA: CoM Ctenisophus vernalis 23/08/1918 23/08/1918 ALA: CoM Curculionellus riparius 25/08/1918 19/09/1920 ALA: CoM Dabrosoma subopacum 01/12/1952 01/12/1952 ALA: CoM Eupines quintana 24/08/1918 12/07/1919 ALA: CoM Grevillia blackburni - - ALA: CoM Heterothops laticeps - - ALA: CoM Heterothops luctuosus 10/05/1919 10/05/1919 ALA: CoM Lathrobium bipartitum 03/08/1918 12/07/1919 ALA: CoM Lathrobium mutator 12/07/1919 19/09/1920 ALA: CoM Lobrathium rubriventris 03/08/1918 03/08/1918 ALA: CoM Megalopinus melbournensis 03/08/1918 19/09/1920 ALA: CoM Myrmecocephalus fauveli 10/07/1917 16/07/1917 ALA: CoM Narrabeen cribratus - - ALA: CoM Oedichirus tricolor - - ALA: CoM Osorius victoriae - - ALA: CoM Paederus australis - - ALA: CoM Paederus simsoni - - ALA: CoM Philonthus discoideus 10/02/1918 10/02/1918 ALA: CoM Philonthus politus - - ALA: CoM Philonthus subcingulatus - - ALA: CoM

143 Order Family Species First record Last records Observations

Coleoptera (continued) Staphylinidae (continued) Phloeostiba tasmanica - - ALA: CoM Pinophilus latebricola 19/09/1920 19/09/1920 ALA: CoM Pinophilus rufitarsis 19/09/1920 19/09/1920 ALA: CoM Plataraea sordida 19/01/1918 19/01/1918 ALA: CoM Pselaphaulax geminatus 12/07/1919 12/07/1919 ALA: CoM Pselaphaulax lineatus 12/07/1919 12/07/1919 ALA: CoM Pselaphophus atriventris - - ALA: CoM Pselaphophus binodosus 24/08/1918 24/08/1918 ALA: CoM Quedius fulgidus 06/12/1911 06/12/1911 ALA: CoM Quedius cuprinus - - ALA: CoM Quedius diemenensis 10/03/1918 10/03/1918 ALA: CoM Quedius tepperi - - ALA: CoM Rybaxis hortensis - - ALA: CoM Schistodactylus brevipennis - - ALA: CoM Scymbalium arcuatum 03/08/1918 19/09/1920 ALA: CoM Scymbalium microcephalum 19/09/1920 19/09/1920 ALA: CoM Scymbalium rufum 19/09/1920 19/09/1920 ALA: CoM Sepedophilus australis - - ALA: CoM Sepedophilus phoxus 22/03/1919 22/03/1919 ALA: CoM Sepedophilus triangulum - - ALA: CoM Tasgius ater 10/04/1936 10/04/1936 ALA: CoM Thyreocephalus phoenicopterus 09/10/1917 09/10/1917 ALA: CoM Tiracerus irregularis 10/05/1919 10/05/1919 ALA: CoM Tyraphus sp. 1 19/09/1920 19/09/1920 ALA: CoM

144 Order Family Species First record Last records Observations

Coleoptera (continued) Tenebrionidae laevigatus 05/01/1950 23/02/1950 ALA: RP Ecnolagria grandis 16/11/2014 20/01/2015 BB: RP; TLT: RPpho Gonocephalum elderi 30/06/1947 30/06/1947 ALA: RP Trogidae Omorgus australasiae - - ALA: CoM Omorgus euclensis 20/02/35 20/02/35 ALA: CoM Trox scaber - - ALA: CoM Trogossitidae Tenebroides mauritanica 13/02/1933 23/11/1937 ALA: CoM Zopheridae Synagathis kauricola - - ALA: CoM Dermaptera brunneri - - ALA: CoM Dermaptera 1 08/01/2015 08/01/2015 TLT: PP(T) Diptera Acroceridae Ogcodes sp. 1 03/03/2015 03/03/2015 TLT: RPpho Agromyzidae Agromyzidae 1 30/10/2014 30/10/2014 TLT: GI(G) Agromyzidae 2 23/10/2014 16/01/2015 TLT: AS(MS), CGS(L), GI(G), PP(L), RP(G), SLV(MS) Agromyzidae 3 24/01/2015 24/01/2015 TLT: WP(L) Agromyzidae 4 08/01/2015 15/01/2015 TLT: PP(L), RP(MS) Agromyzidae 5 16/01/2015 16/01/2015 TLT: RP(G)

145 Order Family Species First record Last records Observations

Diptera (continued) Anthomyiidae Anthomyia sp. 1 12/11/2014 12/11/2014 BB: FTG Cerdistus margitis 10/03/1918 10/03/1918 ALA: CoM Neocerdistus acutangulatus 09/03/1918 09/03/1918 ALA: CoM Neoscleropogon durvillei 02/02/1986 02/02/1986 ALA: CoM Asilidae 1 16/01/2015 16/01/2015 TLT: RP(MS) Asilidae 2 16/01/2015 17/01/2015 TLT: FTG(MS), RP(G) Asteiidae Astiosoma melbournense - - ALA: CoM Bibionidae Bibio imitator 30/10/2014 13/11/2014 BB: FTG, RP Bombyliidae Villa sp. 1 19/01/2015 19/01/2015 TLC: WPGpho Calliphoridae Calliphora augur 29/10/2014 29/10/2014 BB: FTG Chrysomya rufifacies - - Calliphoridae 1 23/10/2014 23/10/2014 TLT: SLV(MS) Cecidomyiidae Cecidomyiidae 1 30/10/2014 30/10/2014 TLT: GI(G) Ceratopogonidae Ceratopogonidae 1 16/01/2015 16/01/2015 TLT: RP(MS) Chironomidae Chironomus sp. 1 30/10/2014 30/10/2014 BB: FTG

146 Order Family Species First record Last records Observations

Diptera (continued) Chironomidae (continued) Chironomidae 1 06/01/2015 18/01/2015 TLT: CGS(MS), CNR(L), FTG(T, L), PP(G), RP(T, MS, G) Chironomidae 2 30/10/2014 30/10/2014 TLT: GI(G), RP(T, MS, L) Chironomidae 3 12/11/2014 17/01/2015 TLT: CGS(MS), FTG(MS), GI(G), PP(T), RP(MS), SLV(MS) Chironomidae 4 16/01/2015 16/01/2015 TLT: RP(MS) Chironomidae 5 23/11/2014 23/11/2014 TLT: SLV(MS) Chironomidae 6 12/01/2015 12/01/2015 TLT: LS(T) Chironomidae 7 07/01/2015 07/01/2015 TLT: RP(G) Chironomidae 8 07/01/2015 07/01/2015 TLT: RP(G) Chironomidae 9 12/01/2015 12/01/2015 TLT: LS(T) Chironomidae 10 07/01/2015 07/01/2015 TLT: RP(L) Chironomidae 11 17/01/2015 17/01/2015 TLT: FTG(MS) Kiefferulus paratinctus - - ALA: CoM Riethia stictoptera 04/08/1971 04/08/1971 ALA: CoM Chloropidae Chloropidae 1 12/11/2014 17/01/2015 TLT: FTG(MS), GI(G), RP(MS), SLV(MS) Chloropidae 2 23/11/2014 23/11/2014 TLT: GI(G) Chloropidae 3 03/01/2015 24/01/2015 TLT: PP(T, L), WP(G) Chloropidae 4 06/01/2015 06/01/2015 TLT: CNR(L) Chloropidae 5 06/01/2015 06/01/2015 TLT: AS(MS), RP(MS) Culicidae Aedes notoscriptus - - ALA: CoM Aedes rubrithorax - - ALA: CoM Aedes sagax - - ALA: CoM

147 Order Family Species First record Last records Observations

Diptera (continued) Culicidae (continued) Culex australicus - - ALA: CoM Culex pipiens - - ALA: CoM Culiseta inconspicua - - ALA: CoM Culicidae 1 11/01/2015 11/01/2015 TLT: CGS(MS) Dolichopodidae Arachnomyia cuprea 27/02/1984 27/02/1984 ALA: CoM Austrosciapus sp. 1 10/10/1974 10/10/1974 ALA: CoM Heteropsilopus brevicornis - - ALA: CoM Heteropsilopus cingulipes - - ALA: CoM Parentia dispar - - ALA: CoM Parentia sp. 1 11/01/2015 11/01/2015 TLT: CGS(MS) Drosophilidae Drosophilidae 1 30/10/2014 23/11/2014 TLT: GI(G), SLV(MS) Empididae Hemerodromia sp. 1 23/10/2014 23/11/2014 TLC: GI(G), SLV(MS) Ephydridae Hydrellia tritici 23/10/2014 18/01/2015 BB: FTG; TLT: AS(MS, L), CGS(T, MS, L), FTG(T, MS, L), LS(T), PP(MS, G, L), RP(MS, G, L), WP(MS), WPG(L) Ephydridae 1 23/10/2014 23/10/2014 TLT: SLV(MS) Ephydridae 2 17/01/2015 17/01/2015 TLT: FTG(MS)

148 Order Family Species First record Last records Observations

Diptera (continued) Lauxaniidae Lauxaniidae 1 23/10/2014 14/01/2015 TLT: RP(MS) Lauxaniidae 2 23/10/2014 11/01/2015 TLT: FTG(MS), RP(MS) Lauxaniidae 3 23/10/2014 17/01/2015 TLT: FTG(MS) Lauxaniidae 4 23/11/2014 23/11/2014 TLT: GI(G) Lauxaniidae 5 08/01/2015 08/01/2015 TLT: PP(MS) Lauxaniidae 6 03/01/2015 03/01/2015 TLT: PP(T) Lauxaniidae 7 16/01/2015 17/01/2015 TLT: FTG(MS), RP(T, MS) Lauxaniidae 8 14/01/2015 25/01/2015 TLT: RP(MS, G) Lauxaniidae 9 25/01/2015 25/01/2015 TLT: WP(MS) Lauxaniidae 10 07/01/2015 07/01/2015 TLT: PP(G) Lauxaniidae 11 16/01/2015 24/01/2015 TLT: RP(MS) Lauxaniidae 12 14/01/2015 24/01/2015 TLT: RP(MS) Lauxaniidae 13 08/01/2015 14/01/2015 TLT: PP(MS), RP(MS) Poecilohetaerus schineri 30/10/2014 12/11/2014 BB: PP Trypetisoma sp. 1 13/11/2014 13/11/2014 BB: RP Limoniidae Limoniidae 1 13/11/2014 13/11/2014 BB: RP Lonchaeidae Lamprolonchaea brouniana 08/01/2010 08/01/2010 ALA: CoM Lonchopteridae Lonchoptera furcata 23/10/2014 17/01/2015 TLT: FTG(MS), RP(MS) Muscidae Helina sp. 1 30/10/2014 30/10/2014 BB: FTG Musca sp. 1 30/10/2014 30/10/2014 BB: FTG

149 Order Family Species First record Last records Observations

Diptera (continued) Muscidae (continued) Muscidae 1 23/10/2014 17/01/2015 TLT: AS(L), CGS(L), FTG(MS, L), GI(G), PP(All), RP(MS), SLV(MS), WPG(MS, L) Muscidae 2 08/01/2015 17/01/2015 TLT: CGS(MS), FTG(MS), PP(MS) Muscidae 3 08/01/2015 16/01/2015 TLT: PP(MS), RP(T, MS) Muscidae 4 08/01/2015 08/01/2015 TLT: PP(MS) Muscidae 5 11/01/2015 24/01/2015 TLT: CGS(MS), WP(MS) Muscidae 6 08/01/2015 18/01/2015 TLT: FTG(MS), PP(G), RP(G) Mycetophilidae Mycetophilidae 1 16/01/2015 16/01/2015 TLT: RP(MS) Phoridae Phoridae 1 23/11/2014 17/01/2015 TLT: CGS(MS), FTG(T, MS, L), GI(G), PP(MS, G), RP(MS, G), SLV(MS) Phoridae 2 11/01/2015 14/01/2015 TLT: CGS(G), RP(MS) Pipunculidae Pipunculidae 1 08/01/2015 08/01/2015 TLT: PP(G) Platypezidae Platypezidae sp.1 17/01/2015 18/01/2015 TLT: FTG(T) Platystomatidae Rivellia sp. 1 30/10/2014 25/01/2015 TLT: WP(MS) Platystomatidae 1 14/01/2015 24/01/2015 TLT: RP(MS), WP(MS) Sciaridae Sciaridae 1 03/01/2015 16/01/2015 TLT: PP(L), RP(G) Sciaridae 2 06/01/2015 06/01/2015 TLT: AS(T) Sciomyzidae Sciomyzidae 1 12/11/2014 17/01/2015 TLT: FTG(MS), GI(G) Sciomyzidae 2 23/10/2014 12/11/2014 TLT: GI(G) 150 Order Family Species First record Last records Observations

Diptera (continued) Sepsidae Sepsidae 1 08/01/2015 14/01/2015 TLT: PP(T), RP(MS) Stratiomyidae Exaireta spinigera 29/10/2014 29/10/2014 BB: FTG Syrphidae Eristalis sp. 1 14/11/2014 14/11/2014 BB: WP Ischiodon scutellaris 30/10/2014 08/11/2014 BB: CGS, FTG Melangyna damastor 13/11/2014 13/11/2014 BB: FTG Tachinidae Tachinidae 1 23/10/2014 12/11/2014 TLT: GI(G) Tachinidae 2 08/01/2015 14/01/2015 TLT: PP(MS), RP(L) Tachinidae 3 08/01/2015 08/01/2015 TLT: PP(MS) Tephritidae Bactrocera fagraea - - ALA: CoM Tephritidae 1 16/01/2015 16/01/2015 TLT: RP(G) Therevidae Anabarhynchus sp. 1 - - ALA: CoM Therevidae 1 16/01/2015 16/01/2015 TLT: RP(G) Tipulidae Gynoplistia sp. 1 23/02/2015 23/02/2015 TLT: CGSpho Ulididae Ulididae 1 23/10/2014 18/01/2015 TLT: FTG(MS), GI(G), RP(T) Ulididae 2 12/11/2014 12/11/2014 TLT: GI(G)

151 Order Family Species First record Last records Observations

Ephemeroptera Baetidae Cloeon sp. 1 13/11/2014 13/11/2014 BB: WP Hemiptera Alydidae Mutusca brevicornis 07/01/2015 24/01/2015 TLT: PP(G), RP(G), WP(G) Aphididae 1 07/11/2014 11/01/2015 TLT: CGS(MS), SLV(MS) Aphididae 2 23/10/2014 07/01/2015 TLT: GI(G), PP(G), SLV(MS) Cinara cupressi 24/08/1932 24/08/1932 ALA: CoM Blissidae Heinsius sp. 1 08/01/2015 08/01/2015 TLT: PP(G) Iphicrates spathus 25/01/2015 25/01/2015 TLT: RP(G) Philagra parva 14/11/2014 14/11/2014 BB: WP Issidae 1 25/01/2015 25/01/2015 TLT: RP(G) Chryptorhamphidae Chryptorhampidae 1 07/01/2015 08/01/2015 TLT: PP(G) Cicadellidae Cicadellidae 1 08/01/2015 08/01/2015 TLT: PP(T) Deltocephalinae 1 23/10/2014 23/11/2014 TLT: GI(G) Deltocephalinae 2 23/10/2014 25/01/2015 TLT: GI(G), RP(MS, G), WP(L), SLV(MS) Deltocephalinae 3 07/01/2015 07/01/2015 TLT: PP(G) Deltocephalinae 4 14/01/2015 14/01/2015 TLT: RP(G)

152 Order Family Species First record Last records Observations

Hemiptera (continued) Cicadellidae (continued) Deltocephalinae 5 25/01/2015 25/01/2015 TLT: RP(G) Deltocephalinae 6 16/01/2015 16/01/2015 TLT: RP(MS) Deltocephalinae 7 16/01/2015 16/01/2015 TLT: RP(MS) Deltocephalinae 8 16/01/2015 16/01/2015 TLT: RP(MS) Eurymelidae 2 08/01/2015 08/01/2015 TLT: PP(G), RP(MS) Iassinae 1 23/10/2014 30/10/2014 TLT: GI(G) Iassinae 2 08/01/2015 08/01/2015 TLT: PP(T) Iassinae 3 16/01/2015 16/01/2015 TLT: RP(MS) Iassinae 4 24/01/2015 24/01/2015 TLT: WP(MS) Idiocerinae 1 08/01/2015 08/01/2015 TLT: PP(T) Idiocerinae 2 16/01/2015 16/01/2015 TLT: RP(MS) Macropsinae 1 14/01/2015 14/01/2015 TLT: RP(MS) Ledromorpha planirostris 13/11/2010 13/11/2010 BB: RP Paradorydium sp. 1 08/01/2015 08/01/2015 TLT: PP(G) Trocnadini 1 16/01/2015 16/01/2015 TLT: RP(MS) Typhlocylinae 1 23/10/2014 17/01/2015 TLT: CGS(MS, L), FTG(MS, L), GI(G), PP(MS, L), RP(MS, G), SLV(MS) Typhlocylinae 2 23/10/2014 17/01/2015 TLT: AS(T, MS, L), CGS(MS, L), FTG(T, MS, L), GI(G), LS(T), PP(T, MS, G), RP(MS, G, L), SLV(MS), WP(MS), WPG(MS) Typhlocylinae 3 23/11/2014 23/11/2014 TLT: GI(G) Cicadidae 1 16/01/2015 16/01/2015 TLT: RP(MS) Sigara sublaevifrons - - ALA: CoM Cydnidae 1 30/10/2014 30/10/2014 BB: FTG 153 Order Family Species First record Last records Observations

Hemiptera (continued) Delphacidae Delphacidae 1 30/10/2014 30/10/2014 TLT: CGS(G) Delphacidae 2 14/01/2015 14/01/2015 TLT: RP(G) Eurymelidae Eurymelidae 1 08/01/2015 08/01/2015 TLT: PP(T) Anzura bicolor 07/01/2015 16/01/2015 TLT: CGS(MS), PP(G), RP(T, MS) Colgar sp. 1 10/11/2014 10/11/2014 BB: FTG Siphanta hebes 08/03/1918 08/03/1918 ALA: CoM Siphanta sp. 1 07/01/2015 14/01/2015 TLT: PP(T, MS), RP(MS) Rentinus dilatatus 13/11/2014 13/11/2014 BB: RP Lygaeidae Crompus oculatus 25/01/2015 25/01/2015 TLT: RP(MS) Eurynysius meschioides 16/01/2015 16/01/2015 TLT: RP(MS) Nysius caledoniae 03/01/2015 03/01/2015 TLT: WPG(MS) Nysius vinitor 23/10/2014 25/01/2015 TLT: AS(T, MS), CGS(MS, L), CNR(T), GI(G), PP(MS, G, L), RP(MS, G), SLV(MS), WP(G), WPG(MS) Chaetedus longiceps 07/11/2014 11/01/2015 TLT: GI(G) Coridromius sp. 1 23/11/2014 08/01/2015 TLT: PP(MS), SLV(MS) dilutus 07/11/2014 11/01/2015 TLT: CGS(MS), GI(G) Mirini 1 23/10/2014 23/11/2014 TLT: SLV(MS) Mirini 2 08/01/2015 08/01/2015 TLT: PP(T) Mirini 3 17/01/2015 17/01/2015 TLT: FTG(MS) Mirini 4 16/01/2015 16/01/2015 TLT: RP(T) 154 Order Family Species First record Last records Observations

Hemiptera (continued) Miridae (continued) Orthotylinae 1 30/10/2014 12/11/2014 TLT: SLV(MS) Phylinae 1 23/10/2014 16/01/2015 TLT: CNR(T), FTG(MS), PP(MS), RP(MS), SLV(MS) Phylinae 2 24/01/2015 24/01/2015 TLT: WP(T) Phylinae 3 30/10/2014 30/10/2014 BB: FTG Rayieria sp. 1 16/01/2015 16/01/2015 TLT: RP(T) Sidnia kinbergii 23/11/2014 11/01/2015 TLT: CGS(MS), SLV(MS) Taylorilygis sp. 1 6/01/2015 25/01/2015 TLT: AS(MS), FTG(MS), PP(MS), RP(T, MS), WP(T) Nabidae Nabis kinbergii 30/10/2014 25/01/2015 BB: FTG, RP; TLT: AS(MS), CGS(MS), GI(G), PP(MS, G), RP(T, G), SLV(MS), WP(G), WPG(L) Pachygronthidae Stenophylla macreta 7/11/2014 24/01/2015 TLT: PP(G), RP(G), SLV(G), WP(G) Pentatomidae Cuspicona sp. 1 17/01/2015 17/01/2015 TLT: FTG(MS) Cuspicona sp. 2 25/01/2015 25/01/2015 TLT: WP(MS) Eysarcoris sp. 1 11/01/2015 11/01/2015 TLT: CGS(MS) Kapunda troughtoni 07/11/2014 07/11/2014 TLT: GI(G) Oechalia schellenbergii 23/02/2015 23/02/2015 TLT: CGSpho Plautia sp. 1 24/01/2015 24/01/2015 TLT: WP(MS) Poecilometis sp. 1 24/01/2015 24/01/2015 TLT: WP(T) Theseus sp. 1 11/01/2015 11/01/2015 TLT: CGS(MS) Psyllidae Acizzia sp. 1 14/01/2015 17/01/2015 TLT: FTG(MS), RP(MS) Acizzia sp. 2 16/01/2015 16/01/2015 TLT: RP(T) Agelaeopsylla sp. 1 23/10/2014 14/01/2015 TLT: RP(MS), SLV(MS) 155 Order Family Species First record Last records Observations

Hemiptera (continued) Psyllidae (continued) Cardiaspina sp. 1 08/01/2015 08/01/2015 TLC: PP(T) Creiis sp. 1 14/01/2015 14/01/2015 TLC: RP(G) Ctenarytaina sp. 1 08/01/2015 16/01/2015 TLC: PP(T, L), RP(T) Glycaspis sp. 1 08/01/2015 08/01/2015 TLC: RP(T) Mycopsylla fici 11/01/2015 11/01/2015 TLC: CGS(T) Phellopsylla sp. 1 14/01/2015 14/01/2015 TLC: RP(G, L) Spondyliaspis sp. 1 13/11/2014 13/11/2014 BB: WP Trioza sp. 1 16/01/2015 16/01/2015 TLC: RP(T) Trioza sp. 2 16/01/2015 16/01/2015 TLC: RP(T) Pyrrhocoridae versicolor 12/11/2014 12/11/2014 BB: WP Emesinae 1 17/01/2015 17/01/2015 TLC: FTG(MS) Brentiscerus putoni 30/10/2014 30/10/2014 TLC: SLV(MS) Laticlerada nidicola 31/10/2014 31/10/2014 BB: FTG Paromyocara punctatum 16/01/2015 16/01/2015 TLC: RP(T) Plinthisus woodwardi 11/01/2015 11/01/2015 TLC: CGS(MS) Remauderiana inornata 23/11/2014 23/11/2014 TLC: GI(G), SLV(MS) Stizocephalus sp. 1 08/01/2015 08/01/2015 TLC: PP(MS) Scolypopa australis 16/01/2015 18/01/2015 TLC: FTG(MS), RP(MS)

156 Order Family Species First record Last records Observations

Hemiptera (continued) Tingidae Eritingis sp. 1 08/01/2015 08/01/2015 TLT: PP(T) Malandiola sp. 1 23/10/2014 08/01/2015 BB: RP: TLT: PP(MS) Tingis sp. 1 16/01/2015 16/01/2015 TLT: RP(T) Hymenoptera Apidae Apis mellifera 07/09/2009 25/01/2015 ALA: FTG, CoM; BB: CGS, FTG, RP, WP; TLT: AS(MS, L), CGS(MS, L), FTG(T, MS), GI(G), LS(MS), PP(T, L), RP(T), SLV(MS), WPG(MS) Thyreus caeruleopunctatus 10/02/2015 10/02/2015 TLT: RPpho Bethylidae Bethylidae 1 08/01/2015 11/01/2015 TLT: CGS(T), PP(T) Bethylidae 2 08/01/2015 08/01/2015 TLT: PP(MS) Braconidae Aphidius colemani 14/03/1984 14/03/1984 ALA: CoM Braconidae 1 16/01/2015 16/01/2015 TLT: RP(G) Braconidae 2 30/10/2014 23/11/2014 TLT: GI(G), SLV(MS) Braconidae 3 12/11/2014 23/11/2014 TLT: GI(G) Braconidae 4 23/11/2014 08/01/2015 TLT: GI(G) Braconidae 5 06/01/2015 08/01/2015 TLT: PP(T) Braconidae 6 06/01/2015 16/01/2015 TLT: AS(L) Braconidae 7 08/01/2015 16/01/2015 TLT: RP(MS) Braconidae 8 08/01/2015 08/01/2015 TLT: PP(MS) Braconidae 9 08/01/2015 14/01/2015 TLT: PP(G) Braconidae 10 14/01/2015 24/01/2015 TLT: RP(MS) Braconidae 11 17/01/2015 24/01/2015 TLT: WP(T) Braconidae 12 17/01/2015 17/01/2015 TLT: FTG(MS) 157 Order Family Species First record Last records Observations

Hymenoptera (continued) Colletidae Euhesma sp. 1 16/02/1979 24/02/1979 ALA: RP, CoM Euryglossa adelaidae 18/12/1979 18/12/1979 ALA: RP Euryglossa ephippiata 18/12/1979 18/12/1979 ALA: RP Euryglosa sp. 1 13/11/2014 13/11/2014 BB: RP Euryglossina atra 20/02/1979 20/02/1979 ALA: RP Euryglossina fuscescens 16/02/1979 19/02/1980 ALA: RP Euryglossina healesvillensis 20/02/1979 20/02/1979 ALA: RP Euryglossina hypochroma 15/02/1914 18/12/1979 ALA: RP, CoM Euryglossina kellyi 20/02/1979 20/02/1979 ALA: RP Euryglossina philoxantha 18/12/1979 19/02/1980 ALA: RP Euryglossina mellea 19/02/1979 20/02/1979 ALA: RP Hylaeus elegans 04/05/1913 16/02/1979 ALA: RP, CoM Hylaeus honestus 20/02/1979 24/02/1979 ALA: RP Hylaeus euxanthus 11/12/1927 24/02/1979 ALA: RP, CoM Hylaeus bituberculatus 15/02/1914 15/02/1914 ALA: CoM Hylaeus nubilosus 11/12/1927 16/02/1979 ALA: RP, CoM Hylaeus accipitris 3/02/1929 03/02/1929 ALA: CoM Hylaeus aralis 10/11/1929 24/02/1979 ALA: RP Hylaeus chlorosomus 18/02/1931 24/02/1979 ALA: RP, CoM Hylaeus perhumilis 24/02/1979 24/02/1979 ALA: RP Hylaeus woyensis 10/11/1929 10/11/1929 ALA: CoM Hyleoides concinna 07/12/1919 08/03/1930 ALA: CoM Hyphesma atromicans 19/02/1980 19/02/1980 ALA: RP

158 Order Family Species First record Last records Observations

Hymenoptera (continued) Colletidae (continued) Leioproctus alleynae 18/12/1979 18/12/1979 ALA: RP Leioproctus plumosus 18/12/1979 19/02/1980 ALA: RP Pachyprosopis haematostoma 20/02/1979 19/02/1980 ALA: RP Pachyprosopis psilosomata 20/02/1979 18/12/1979 ALA: RP Pachyprosopis kellyi 20/02/1979 19/02/1980 ALA: RP Crabronidae Bembix sp. 1 14/11/2014 14/11/2014 BB: WP Dipariidae Dipariidae 1 12/11/2014 12/11/2014 TLT: GI(G) Dipariidae 2 23/10/2014 23/10/2014 TLT: GI(G) Dipariidae 3 23/11/2014 23/11/2014 TLT: GI(G) Dipariidae 4 06/01/2015 18/01/2015 TLT: AS(MS), CGS(MS), FTG(T), PP(MS) Dipariidae 5 16/01/2015 16/01/2015 TLT: RP(T) Encyrtidae Encyrtidae 1 12/11/2014 12/11/2014 TLT: GI(G) Encyrtidae 2 08/01/2015 08/01/2015 TLT: PP(T) Encyrtidae 3 08/01/2015 08/01/2015 TLT: PP(T) Encyrtidae 4 17/01/2015 17/01/2015 TLT: FTG(MS) Eulophidae Ophelimus nuptus - - ALA: CoM Figitidae Figitidae 1 12/11/2014 23/11/2014 TLT: GI(G), SLV(MS)

159 Order Family Species First record Last records Observations

Hymenoptera (continued) Formicidae Anonychomyrma sp. 1 08/01/2015 08/01/2015 TLT: PP(T) Aphaenogaster longiceps - - ALA: CoM Camponotus consobrinus 08/11/2014 08/11/2014 BB: RP Camponotus gasseri 08/01/2015 08/01/2015 TLT: PP(T) 1 08/01/2015 08/01/2015 TLT: PP(T) Dolichoderinae 2 07/01/2015 08/01/2015 TLT: PP(G) Formicidae 1 16/01/2015 16/01/2015 TLT: RP(MS) Formicidae 2 11/01/2015 11/01/2015 TLT: CGS(MS) Formicidae 3 08/01/2015 08/01/2015 TLT: PP(T, MS) Heteroponera sp. 1 18/05/1958 18/05/1958 ALA: CoM Iridomyrmex purpureus - - ALA: CoM Iridomyrmex rufoniger - - ALA: CoM Iridomyrmex sucheri 08/01/2015 18/01/2015 TLT: CGS(MS), FTG(MS), PP(G), RP(T, MS), SLV(MS) Iridomyrmex sp. (splendens group) 30/10/2014 24/01/2015 TLT: CGS(G), FTG(MS), GI(G), PP(G), RP(G), SLV(MS), WP(G) Leptomyrmex erythrocephalus - - ALA: CoM Linepithema humile 12/01/1962 25/01/2015 ALA: CoM; TLT: WP(MS, L), WPG(MS) Monomorium destructor 14/02/1940 14/02/1940 ALA: CoM Monomorium pharaonis - - ALA: CoM Monomorium rubriceps - - ALA: CoM Monomorium sydneyense 16/01/2015 16/01/2015 TLT: RP(MS, G) forficata 12/08/1917 13/11/2014 ALA: CoM; BB: RP Myrmecia mandibularis 29/09/1913 29/09/1913 ALA: CoM Myrmecia nigriscapa 24/02/1924 02/12/1956 ALA: CoM

160 Order Family Species First record Last records Observations

Hymenoptera (continued) Formicidae (continued) Myrmecia pilosula - - ALA: CoM Myrmecia pyriformis - - ALA: CoM Myrmecia simillima 24/02/1924 24/02/1924 ALA: CoM Nylanderia rosae 12/11/2014 17/01/2015 TLT: FTG(MS, L), GI(G), PP(L), SLV(MS) Ochetellus glaber - - ALA: CoM Ochetellus sp. 1 6/01/2015 16/01/2015 TLT: AS(MS), RP(T) Pheidole sp. 24/05/1991 24/05/1991 ALA: CoM Prolasius nitidissimus 11/01/2015 18/01/2015 TLT: CGS(MS), FTG(MS), LS(T), RP(MS) Rhytidoponera aspera - - ALA: CoM Rhytidoponera metallica 17/01/2015 17/01/2015 TLT: FTG(T) Rhytidoponera victoriae 3/01/2015 3/01/2015 TLT: PP(L) Solenopsis invicta - - ALA: CoM Gasteruptiidae Gasteruption fibuloides 27/02/1928 27/02/1928 ALA: CoM Gasteruption secundum - - ALA: CoM Halictus pallidifrons - - ALA: CoM Halictus subpallidifrons - - ALA: CoM Homalictus brisbanensis 16/02/1979 19/02/1980 ALA: RP, CoM Homalictus megastigmus 14/11/2014 14/11/2014 BB: WP Homalictus niveifrons 01/11/1927 03/03/1929 ALA: CoM Homalictus punctatus 15/01/1929 14/11/2015 ALA: CoM; BB: RP, CoM; TLT: RP(MS) Homalictus sphecodoides 12/01/1910 24/01/2015 ALA: CoM; BB: FTG; TLT: RP(G), WP(G)

161 Order Family Species First record Last records Observations

Hymenoptera (continued) Halictidae (continued) asperithorax - - ALA: CoM Lasioglossum bicingulatum 15/01/1928 18/02/1985 ALA: RP, CoM Lasioglossum bryotrichum - - ALA: CoM Lasioglossum calophyllae 18/12/1979 07/11/2014 ALA: RP, CoM; BB: FTG Lasioglossum cognatum 01/02/1914 01/01/1928 ALA: CoM Lasioglossum conspicuum - - ALA: CoM Lasioglossum convexum - - ALA: CoM Lasioglossum erythrurum 18/12/1979 18/02/1985 ALA: RP, CoM Lasioglossum gilesi 22/02/1914 22/02/1914 ALA: CoM Lasioglossum helichrysi - - ALA: CoM Lasioglossum hemichalceum 24/02/1979 20/02/1984 ALA: RP, CoM Lasioglossum hilactum - - ALA: CoM Lasioglossum instabilis - - ALA: CoM Lasioglossum lanarium 01/02/1914 14/11/2014 ALA: CoM; BB: FTG, WP Lasioglossum litovillum - - ALA: CoM Lasioglossum mundulum 01/02/1914 18/02/1985 ALA: RP, CoM Lasioglossum orbatum 28/01/1906 01/11/1927 ALA: CoM Lasioglossum platycephalum 03/02/1929 03/02/1929 ALA: CoM Lasioglossum plorator - - ALA: CoM Lasioglossum pulvitectum 10/11/1927 14/11/2014 ALA: CoM; BB: WP Lasioglossum repraesentans 18/06/1930 18/06/1930 ALA: CoM Lasioglossum semipolitum - - ALA: CoM Lasioglossum sulthicum - - ALA: CoM Lasioglossum vitripenne 03/03/1929 06/12/1930 ALA: CoM

162 Order Family Species First record Last records Observations

Hymenoptera (continued) Halictidae (continued) Lipotriches flavoviridis 21/01/1906 03/02/1929 ALA: CoM Lipotriches hippophila 21/01/1906 21/01/1906 ALA: CoM Ichneumonidae Ichneumonidae 1 23/10/2014 11/01/2015 TLT: CGS(MS), GI(G), PP(MS), SLV(MS) Ichneumonidae 2 08/01/2015 08/01/2015 TLT: PP(MS) Ichneumonidae 3 16/01/2015 16/01/2015 TLT: RP(G) Ichneumonidae 4 16/01/2015 16/01/2015 TLT: RP(MS) Lissopimpla sp. 1 14/11/2014 14/11/2014 BB: RP Netelia producta 23/10/2014 25/01/2015 BB: FTG, RP, WP; TLT: FTG(T), GI(G), RP(MS), WP(T, MS) Sericopimpla crenator 17/11/2014 17/11/2014 BB: WP Megachilidae Megachile ignita - - ALA: CoM Megachile lucidiventris 18/01/1915 17/01/2011 ALA: RP, CoM Megachile maculariformis 16/02/1979 19/12/1983 ALA: RP, CoM Megalyridae Megalyra minuta - - ALA: CoM Megalyra rufipes - - ALA: CoM Mutilidae Mutilidae 1 16/01/2015 16/01/2015 TLT: RP(G) Pergidae Perga affinis 19/09/2010 19/09/2010 ALA: WP

163 Order Family Species First record Last records Observations

Hymenoptera (continued) Perilampidae Perilampus emersoni - - ALA: CoM Pteromalidae Amerostenus aereipes - - ALA: CoM Coelocybomyia nigriventris - - ALA: CoM Eucharomorpha goethei - - ALA: CoM Systasis juvenalis - - ALA: CoM Pteromalidae 1 23/10/2014 08/01/2015 TLT: GI(G), PP(G), SLV(MS) Pteromalidae 2 23/10/2014 12/11/2014 TLT: GI(G), SLV(MS) Pteromalidae 3 12/11/2014 07/01/2015 TLT: GI(G), PP(MS) Pteromalidae 4 23/10/2014 23/11/2014 TLT: GI(G) Pteromalidae 5 23/11/2014 08/01/2015 TLT: GI(G), PP(T) Pteromalidae 6 08/01/2015 08/01/2015 TLT: PP(T, MS) Pteromalidae 7 03/01/2015 03/01/2015 TLT: PP(L) Pteromalidae 8 06/01/2015 08/01/2015 TLT: CNR(T), PP(T) Pteromalidae 9 08/01/2015 08/01/2015 TLT: PP(T) Pteromalidae 10 08/01/2015 08/01/2015 TLT: PP(T) Pteromalidae 11 07/01/2015 07/01/2015 TLT: PP(G) Pteromalidae 12 11/01/2015 11/01/2015 TLT: CGS(T) Pteromalidae 13 08/01/2015 08/01/2015 TLT: PP(G) Pteromalidae 14 08/01/2015 08/01/2015 TLT: PP(G) Scelionidae Scelionidae 1 23/10/2014 23/11/2014 TLT: GI(G), SLV(MS) Scelionidae 2 07/11/2014 12/11/2014 TLT: GI(G)

164 Order Family Species First record Last records Observations

Hymenoptera (continued) Sphecidae Podalonia tydei 11/11/2014 11/11/2014 BB: WP Sphex sp. 1 04/02/2014 04/02/2014 ALA: CoM Stephanidae Schlettererius cinctipes 14/01/1972 14/01/1972 ALA: CoM Tiphiidae Phymatothynnus pygidialis - - ALA: CoM Tiphiidae 1 17/01/2015 17/01/2015 TLT: FTG(MS) Torymidae Macrodontomerus atricornis - - ALA: CoM Vespidae Delta sp. 1 24/01/2015 24/01/2015 TLT: WPpho Vespula germanica 13/04/2011 14/04/2015 ALA: FTG, CoM; BB: FTG; TLT: PP(T) Family unknown Chalcidoidea 1 16/01/2015 16/01/2015 TLT: RP(G) Chalcidoidea 2 23/10/2014 23/10/2014 TLT: SLV(MS) Chalcidoidea 3 08/01/2015 08/01/2015 TLT: PP(T) Chalcidoidea 4 08/01/2015 08/01/2015 TLT: PP(T) Chalcidoidea 5 08/01/2015 08/01/2015 TLT: PP(T) Chalcidoidea 6 11/01/2015 11/01/2015 TLT: CGS(L) Chalcidoidea 7 03/01/2015 03/01/2015 TLT: PP(L) Chalcidoidea 8 18/01/2015 18/01/2015 TLT: FTG(T) Chalcidoidea 9 11/01/2015 11/01/2015 TLT: CGS(MS) Chalcidoidea 10 08/01/2015 16/01/2015 TLT: PP(G), RP(MS, G) Chalcidoidea 11 08/01/2015 08/01/2015 TLT: PP(MS)

165 Order Family Species First record Last records Observations

Hymenoptera (continued) Family unknown (continued) Chalcidoidea 12 08/01/2015 08/01/2015 TLT: PP(T) Chalcidoidea 13 08/01/2015 08/01/2015 TLT: PP(G) Chalcidoidea 14 08/01/2015 08/01/2015 TLT: PP(G) Chalcidoidea 15 17/01/2015 17/01/2015 TLT: FTG(T) Chalcidoidea 16 14/01/2015 14/01/2015 TLT: RP(G) Chalcidoidea 17 24/01/2015 24/01/2015 TLT: RP(T) Lepidoptera acuta 13/11/2014 13/11/2014 BB: RP Anthela denticulata 13/03/1907 13/03/1907 ALA: CoM Anthela nicothoe 15/03/1930 15/03/1930 ALA: CoM Anthela ocellata 06/09/1925 15/09/1950 ALA: CoM Munychryia senicula - - ALA: CoM flavescens - - ALA: CoM Arctiidae Amata sp. - - ALA: CoM Anestia ombrophanes 20/10/1907 30/10/2014 ALA: CoM; BB: FTG Halone consolatrix 30/10/2014 30/10/2014 BB: FTG Nyctemera amicus 25/10/1905 6/01/1950 ALA: CoM Spilosoma canescens 06/10/1911 17/10/1950 ALA: CoM Spilosoma glatignyi - - ALA: CoM Termessa gratiosa - - ALA: CoM Termessa nivosa 17/11/1909 17/11/1909 ALA: CoM Thallarcha chrysochares - - ALA: CoM Tigrioides alterna - - ALA: CoM 166 Order Family Species First record Last records Observations

Lepidoptera (continued) Bombycidae Bombyx mori - - ALA: CoM Brachodidae Miscera mesochrysa - - ALA: CoM

Carposinidae Paramorpha perileuca - - ALA: CoM Castniidae Synemon plana 09/10/1982 09/10/1982 ALA: CoM Labdia deliciosella 12/11/2014 12/11/2014 BB: FTG Leptozestis gnophodes - - ALA: CoM Limnaecia anisodesma - - ALA: CoM Limnaecia isodesma - - ALA: CoM Macrobathra chrysotoxa 30/10/2014 13/11/2014 BB: FTG, RP Macrobathra desmotoma 30/10/2014 30/10/2014 BB: FTG Macrobathra heminephela 14/11/2014 14/11/2014 BB: RP Trachydora argoneura - - ALA: CoM Trachydora microleuca - - ALA: CoM Trachydora pauxilla - - ALA: CoM 30/10/2014 30/10/2014 BB: FTG Sedenia rupalis 30/10/2014 30/10/2014 BB: FTG

167 Order Family Species First record Last records Observations

Lepidoptera (continued) Depressariidae Enchocrates glaucopis 13/11/2014 13/11/2014 BB: RP Pedois hypoxantha - - ALA: CoM Geometridae Boarmia pansticta 19/01/1920 19/01/1920 ALA: CoM Chlenias banksiaria 14/11/2014 14/11/2014 BB: WP Chlenias belophora 14/05/1944 14/05/1944 ALA: CoM Chloroclystis approximata 30/10/2014 30/10/2014 BB: FTG Chloroclystis catastreptes 30/10/2014 13/11/2014 BB: FTG, RP Chlorocoma dichloraria 13/11/2014 13/11/2014 BB: RP Chrysolarentia heliacaria - - ALA: CoM Chrysolarentia mecynata 30/10/2014 30/10/2014 BB: FTG Chrysolarentia phaedra 30/10/2014 30/10/2014 BB: FTG Chrysolarentia subrectaria 23/01/1907 23/01/1907 ALA: CoM arietaria 30/04/1910 22/04/1944 ALA: CoM Circopetes obtusata 13/11/2014 13/11/2014 BB: RP Crypsiphona ocultaria 03/04/1922 03/04/1922 ALA: CoM Dysbatus sp. 1 13/11/2014 13/11/2014 BB: RP Ectropis excursaria - - ALA: CoM Ectropis fractaria - - ALA: CoM Epicyme rubropunctaria 30/10/2014 30/10/2014 BB: FTG Epyaxa subidaria 30/10/2014 30/10/2014 BB: FTG Eucyclodes insperata - - ALA: CoM Gastrina cristaria 13/11/2014 13/11/2014 BB: RP Gastrinodes argoplaca 07/09/1907 07/09/1907 ALA: CoM

168 Order Family Species First record Last records Observations

Lepidoptera (continued) Geometridae (continued) Idiodes apicata - - ALA: CoM Microdes squamulata 13/11/2014 13/11/2014 BB: RP Mnesampela comarcha 09/05/1930 09/05/1930 ALA: CoM Mnesampela privata 17/04/1895 01/03/1930 ALA: CoM Oenochroma vinaria 13/11/2014 13/11/2014 BB: RP Paralaea porphyrinaria - - ALA: CoM Pholodes sinistraria 30/10/2014 30/10/2014 BB: FTG Phrissogonus laticostata 30/10/2014 13/11/2014 BB: FTG, RP Prasinocyma semicrocea 13/11/2014 13/11/2014 BB: RP Scioglyptis hemeropa - - ALA: CoM Scopula rubraria 20/02/2011 20/02/2011 ALA: RP Selidosema leucoplecta - - ALA: CoM Syneora cheleuta - - ALA: CoM Thalaina clara - - ALA: CoM Thalaina inscripta - - ALA: CoM Thallogama nigraria - - ALA: CoM Zermizinga sinuata 20/03/1930 20/03/1930 ALA: CoM Glyphipterigidae Glyphipterix calliscopa 01/01/1880 01/01/1880 ALA: CoM Glyphipterix chrysoplanetis 13/11/2014 13/11/2014 BB: RP Glyphipterix polychroa 12/12/1900 12/12/1900 ALA: CoM Abantiades magnificus - - ALA: CoM tedi - - ALA: CoM

169 Order Family Species First record Last records Observations

Lepidoptera (continued) Hepialidae (continued) Oxycanus antipoda 26/05/1925 26/05/1925 ALA: CoM Trictena atripalpis 10/04/1909 10/04/1909 ALA: CoM Hesperiidae Cephrenes augiades - - ALA: CoM Dispar compacta - 06/03/2015 ALA: CoM; TLT: WPpho Mesodina halyzia - - ALA: CoM Ocybadistes walkeri - 10/02/2015 ALA: CoM; TLT: RPpho Taractrocera papyria - - ALA: CoM Trapezites symmomus - - ALA: CoM Lasiocampidae Entometa apicalis 01/03/1930 01/03/1930 ALA: CoM Entometa fervens 10/11/1897 01/05/1971 ALA: CoM Genduara acedesta - - ALA: CoM Genduara punctigera - - ALA: CoM Pararguda nasuta 04/09/1928 25/09/1930 ALA: CoM Pararguda rufescens - - ALA: CoM Pinara metaphaea - - ALA: CoM Pinara obliqua 10/09/1930 10/09/1930 ALA: CoM Porela vitulina - - ALA: CoM acasta - - ALA: CoM Candalides erinus - - ALA: CoM Candalides hyacinthinus - - ALA: CoM Hypochrysops delicia 24/12/1902 24/12/1902 ALA: CoM

170 Order Family Species First record Last records Observations

Lepidoptera (continued) Lycaenidae Lampides boeticus - - ALA: CoM Nacaduba biocellata - - ALA: CoM Ogyris abrota 27/08/1969 11/02/1977 ALA: RP Ogyris amaryllis - - ALA: CoM Ogyris olane - - ALA: CoM Paralucia aurifer - - ALA: CoM Theclinesthes serpentatus - - ALA: CoM Zizina labradus 15/03/2013 15/03/2013 ALA: CoM Zizina otis 08/11/2014 14/11/2014 BB: CGS, FTG, RP, WP Lymantriidae Acyphas semiochrea - - ALA: CoM Euproctis sp. 1 30/10/2014 30/10/2014 BB: FTG Iropoca rotundata 30/05/1950 19/06/1950 ALA: CoM Agrotis infusa 12/05/1919 13/11/2014 ALA: CoM; BB: RP Agrotis munda 13/11/2014 13/11/2014 BB: RP Agrotis porphyricollis 13/11/2014 22/03/1922 BB: FTG, RP Agrotis radians 08/04/1905 08/04/1905 ALA: CoM Apina callisto - - ALA: CoM tenuis 26/01/1990 13/11/2014 ALA: CoM; BB: RP Australothis rubrescens - - ALA: CoM Bathytricha truncata - - ALA: CoM Chrysodeixis argentifera 10/04/1890 13/11/2014 ALA: CoM; BB: RP Chrysodeixis eriosoma 02/05/1956 2/05/1956 ALA: CoM

171 Order Family Species First record Last records Observations

Lepidoptera (continued) Noctuidae (continued) Chrysodeixis subsidens 12/04/1893 14/05/1951 ALA: CoM Cosmodes elegans 24/10/1921 30/10/2014 ALA: CoM; ALA: FTG Cruria donowani 01/12/1949 01/12/1949 ALA: CoM Dasygaster eugrapha - - ALA: CoM Dasygaster padockina 14/03/1930 13/11/2014 ALA: CoM; BB: RP Dasypodia selenophora 11/03/1907 28/11/2014 ALA: RP, CoM; BB: FTG Diarsia intermixta 15/03/1967 15/03/1967 ALA: CoM Ectopatria aspera - - ALA: CoM Ectopatria horologa - - ALA: CoM Epicyrtica lichenophora 15/03/1927 15/03/1927 ALA: CoM Helicoverpa punctigera 05/10/1919 13/11/2014 ALA: CoM; BB: FTG Hypoperigea tonsa 30/10/2014 30/10/2014 BB: FTG Leucania exarans - - ALA: CoM Leucania uda - - ALA: CoM Mataeomera dubia - - ALA: CoM Mythimna convecta 13/09/1950 13/11/2014 ALA: CoM; BB: FTG, RP Neumichtis expulsa - - ALA: CoM Neumichtis nigerrima 28/10/1925 09/08/1950 ALA: CoM Neumichtis spumigera 02/10/1950 02/10/1950 ALA: CoM Pantydia sp. 1 - - ALA: CoM Persectania ewingii 18/09/1947 13/11/2014 ALA: CoM; BB: FTFG, RP Phalaenoides glycinae 05/01/1909 16/01/2015 ALA: CoM; TLT: FTGpho Proteuxoa angasi - - ALA: CoM Proteuxoa atrisquamata - - ALA: CoM

172 Order Family Species First record Last records Observations

Lepidoptera (continued) Noctuidae (continued) Proteuxoa capularis 03/04/1925 27/03/1930 ALA: CoM Proteuxoa cinereicollis - - ALA: CoM Proteuxoa cornuta - - ALA: CoM Proteuxoa cyanoloma - - ALA: CoM Proteuxoa flexirena 13/11/2014 13/11/2014 BB: RP Proteuxoa hypochalchis 30/10/2014 30/10/2014 CC: FTG Proteuxoa marginalis 21/03/1928 21/03/1928 ALA: CoM Proteuxoa microspila 01/03/1930 01/03/1930 ALA: CoM Proteuxoa monochroa 04/11/1928 04/11/1928 ALA: CoM Proteuxoa ochrias - - ALA: CoM Proteuxoa paratorna - - ALA: CoM Proteuxoa sanguinipuncta 12/02/1951 12/02/1951 ALA: CoM Proteuxoa testaceicollis 28/03/1891 28/03/1891 ALA: CoM Proteuxoa tibiata 12/12/1950 12/12/1950 ALA: CoM Spodoptera exigua 11/11/1903 01/03/1930 ALA: CoM Nolidae Nola phaeogramma 15/11/1907 15/11/1907 ALA: CoM Uraba lugens 09/03/1894 14/11/2014 ALA: CoM; BB: RP, WP Epicoma contristis 31/05/1898 31/05/1898 ALA: CoM Psalidostetha banksiae 04/01/1911 04/01/1911 ALA: CoM ALA: CoM andromacha - - ALA: CoM Argynnina cyrila - - ALA: CoM

173 Order Family Species First record Last records Observations

Lepidoptera (continued) Nymphalidae (continued) Charaxes sempronius - - ALA: CoM Danaus petilia 25/12/1966 25/12/1966 ALA: CoM Danaus plexippus - - ALA: CoM Geitoneura acantha - - ALA: CoM Heteronympha banksii - - ALA: CoM Heteronympha merope 24/12/1918 18/12/2009 ALA: WP, CoM Heteronympha paradelpha - - ALA: CoM Heteronympha penelope - - ALA: CoM Junonia villida 14/11/2009 14/11/2009 ALA: WP Oreixenica kershawi - - ALA: CoM Oreixenica lathoniella - - ALA: CoM Tisiphone abeona 31/03/1892 31/03/1892 ALA: CoM Vanessa itea 15/12/1943 29/10/2014 ALA: CoM; BB: FTG, WP Vanessa kershawi 22/11/1949 15/11/2014 ALA: CoM; BB: CGS, RP, WP Aeolothapsa malacella 30/10/2014 30/10/2014 BB: FTG Barea orthoptila - - ALA: CoM Borkhausenia amphixantha - - ALA: CoM Callithauma callianthes 30/10/2014 30/10/2014 BB: FTG, RP Delexocha ochrocausta 30/10/2014 13/11/2014 BB: FTG, RP Euchaetis iozona - - ALA: CoM Garrha repandula 30/10/2014 13/11/2014 BB: FTG, RP Hoplostega ochroma 13/11/2014 13/11/2014 BB: RP Olbonoma triptycha 30/10/2014 13/11/2014 BB: FTG, RP

174 Order Family Species First record Last records Observations

Lepidoptera (continued) Oecophoridae (continued) Philobota productella 30/10/2014 13/11/2014 BB: FTG, RP Philobota prophryxantha - - ALA: CoM Philobota sphenoleuca - - ALA: CoM Piloprepes anassa 30/10/2014 30/10/2014 BB: FTG Procometis diplocentra - - ALA: CoM Procometis hylonoma - - ALA: CoM Procometis periscia - - ALA: CoM Ptyoptila matutinella 13/11/2014 13/11/2014 BB: RP Stathmopoda crocophanes 13/11/2014 13/11/2014 BB: RP Tachystola anthera 13/11/2014 13/11/2014 BB: RP Tachystola hemisema 30/10/2014 30/10/2014 BB: FTG Themerastis celaena - - ALA: CoM Papilionidae Graphium macleayanum - - ALA: CoM Papilio aegeus - - ALA: CoM Papilio anactus 16/02/2012 04/02/2015 ALA: CoM; TLT: CGSpho Papilio demoleus 14/10/2014 14/10/2014 BB: WP Anaphaesis teutonia - - ALA: CoM Catopsilia gorgophone - - ALA: CoM Catopsilia pyranthe - - ALA: CoM aganippe 10/05/2010 11/05/2014 ALA: CoM Delias harpalyce 31/03/1892 31/031892 ALA: CoM

175 Order Family Species First record Last records Observations

Lepidoptera (continued) Pieridae (continued) Eurema smilax - - ALA: CoM Pieris rapae 03/04/1940 20/01/2015 ALA: FTG, CoM; BB: CGS, FTG, RP; TLT: AS(MS), FTG(MS), GI(G), WPG(MS) Plutellidae Plutella xylostella 23/10/2014 13/11/2014 BB: CGS, FTG, RP; TLT: GI(G) Psychidae Clania sp. 1 12/11/2014 12/11/2014 BB: WP Hyalarcta nigrescens 26/07/2010 14/11/2014 ALA: WP; BB: WP Lepidoscia epitricha - - Narycia epichrysa - - Narycia semiota 11/05/1900 11/05/1900 ALA: CoM Pterophoridae 1 26/03/2011 26/03/2011 ALA: CGS Assara holophragma 13/11/2014 13/11/2014 BB: RP Endotricha dispergens 30/10/2014 30/10/2014 BB: FTG 13/11/2014 13/11/2014 BB: RP Galleria mellonella - - ALA: CoM Heteromicta pachytera 30/10/2014 30/10/2014 BB: FTG Scenedra decoratalis 30/10/2014 30/10/2014 BB: FTG Saturniidae Opodiphthera eucalypti 02/02/1953 02/02/2015 ALA: CoM; TLT: PPpho, RPpho Opodiphthera helena 08/08/1949 08/08/1949 ALA: CoM Sesiidae Synanthedon tipuliformis - - ALA: CoM 176 Order Family Species First record Last records Observations

Lepidoptera (continued) Sphingidae Agrius convolvuli 09/04/1931 19/02/1976 ALA: CoM Hippotion celerio 27/09/1948 27/09/1948 ALA: CoM Edosa hemisema - - ALA: CoM Moerarchis inconcisella 30/10/2014 30/10/2014 BB: FTG 30/10/2014 30/10/2014 BB: FTG Monopis icterogastra 30/10/2014 30/10/2014 BB: FTG 30/10/2014 30/10/2014 BB: FTG Epiphyas asthenopis 11/08/1900 11/08/1900 ALA: CoM Ixonympha hyposcopa 01/10/1904 01/10/1904 ALA: CoM Thrincophora lignigerana 13/11/2014 13/11/2014 BB: RP Mantodea Mantidae Archimantis sp. 1 02/03/2015 02/03/2015 TLT: RPpho Orthodera ministralis 14/02/2015 14/02/2015 TLT: FTGpho Mantidae 1 17/01/2015 17/01/2015 TLT: FTG(MS) Mantidae 2 16/01/2015 16/01/2015 TLT: RP(T, MS) Mantidae 3 07/01/2015 11/01/2015 TLT: CGS(MS), PP(G) Neuroptera Chrysopidae Apertochrysa edwardsi 30/10/1937 13/11/2014 ALA: CoM; BB: RP Italochrysa insignis 10/12/1927 5/02/1951 ALA: RP

177 Order Family Species First record Last records Observations

Neuroptera (continued) Chrysopidae (continued) Mallada signatus 30/10/2014 25/01/2015 BB: FTG, RP; TLT: PP(T), RP(MS), WP(T) Plesiochrysa ramburi 20/12/1927 20/12/1927 ALA: CoM Coniopterygidae Neosemidalis globiceps 07/01/2015 16/01/2015 TLT: CGS(T), PP(T, MS), RP(MS) Hemerobiidae Drepanacra binocula - - ALA: CoM Megalomina berothoides - - ALA: CoM Micromus tasmaniae 18/11/1925 17/01/2015 ALA: CoM; BB: FTG, RP; TLT: FTG(T, MS), SLV(MS) Psychobiella sordida - - ALA: CoM Mantispidae Austromantispa sp. 1 14/11/2014 16/01/2015 BB: RP; TLT: RP(MS) Campion australasiae 14/04/1931 14/04/1931 ALA: CoM Campion callosus 14/11/2014 14/11/2014 BB: RP Campion impressus - - ALA: CoM Campion rubellus - - ALA: CoM Spaminta minjerribae - - ALA: CoM Theristria discolor - - ALA: CoM Myrmeleontidae Austrogymnocnemia tindalei - - ALA: CoM Bandidus canifrons 18/03/1953 13/11/2014 ALA: CoM; BB: RP Glenoleon falsus 28/02/1909 21/02/1929 ALA: CoM Heoclisis fundata 14/02/1943 14/02/1943 ALA: CoM Protoplectron sp. 1 - - ALA: CoM Oedosmylus sp. 1 - - ALA: CoM

178 Order Family Species First record Last records Observations

Odonata Adversaeschna brevistyla 13/11/2014 13/11/2014 BB: WP Anax papuensis 10/11/1950 10/11/1950 ALA: CoM Coenagrionidae Ischnura aurora 30/01/2010 14/11/2014 ALA: WP; BB: RP Xanthagrion erythroneurum 11/11/2014 11/11/2014 BB: WP pygmaea - - ALA: CoM Corduliidae Hemicordulia australiae 02/12/1930 02/12/1930 ALA: CoM Hemicordulia tau 06/05/1900 14/11/2014 ALA: CoM; BB: CGS, FTG, RP Austrolestes analis 05/12/2003 05/12/2003 ALA: CoM Austrolestes annulosus 30/01/2010 11/11/2014 ALA: WP; BB: WP - - ALA: CoM Austrolestes sp. 1 04/02/2015 04/02/2015 TLT: CGSpho Libellulidae Diplacodes bipunctata 30/01/2010 11/11/2014 ALA: RP, WP; BB: FTG, WP Orthetrum caledonicum 09/02/2008 30/01/2010 ALA: WP Synlestidae Synlestes sp. 1 28/02/2010 28/02/2010 ALA: RP Austroaeschna unicornis 08/03/1908 08/03/1908 ALA: CoM

179 Order Family Species First record Last records Observations

Orthoptera Acrididae Acrida conica 15/01/2015 15/01/2015 TLT: RPpho Austracris guttulosa 14/11/2014 14/11/2014 BB: RP, WP Acrididae 1 16/01/2015 25/01/2015 TLT: RP(MS, G) Acrididae 2 24/01/2015 24/01/2015 TLT: WP(G) Tettigoniidae Tettigoniidae 1 03/01/2015 11/01/2015 TLT: AS(MS), CGS(MS), WPG(MS) Tettigoniidae 2 16/01/2015 16/01/2015 TLT: RP(MS) Psocoptera Caeciliusidae Maoripsocus sp. 1 06/01/2015 07/01/2015 TLT: AS(T) sp. 1 08/01/2015 11/01/2015 TLT: CGS(T), PP(T) briggsi 11/01/2015 25/01/2015 TLT: CGS(T), RP(T) Siphonaptera Leptopsyllidae Leptopsylla musculi - - ALA: CoM Thysanoptera Phlaeothripidae Liothrips ater - - ALA: CoM Thripidae Frankliniella schultzei 31/03/1934 31/03/1934 ALA: CoM Pezothrips kellyanus 12/04/2003 12/04/2003 ALA: CoM Thrips imaginis - - Thysanoptera 1 07/11/2014 25/01/2015 TLT: CGS(MS), FTG(MS), GI(G), RP(T, MS, L), SLV(MS)

180 Order Family Species First record Last records Observations

Thysanoptera (continued) Thripidae (continued) Thysanoptera 2 25/01/2015 25/01/2015 TLT: WP(MS) Thysanoptera 3 14/01/2015 24/01/2015 TLT: RP(L), WP(T, G) Thysanoptera 4 25/01/2015 25/01/2015 TLT: RP(G) Trichoptera Ecnomidae Ecnomus turgidus 15/03/1986 15/03/1986 ALA: CoM Hydroptilidae Cheumatopsyche sp. 26/02/1918 26/02/1918 ALA: CoM Hydropsychidae 1 - - ALA: CoM Hydroptilidae Hydroptilidae 1 15/03/1986 15/03/1986 ALA: CoM Leptoceridae Notalina spira 13/11/2010 13/11/2010 ALA: CoM Oecetis sp. 26/02/1918 01/10/1953 ALA: CoM Leptoceridae 1 30/10/2014 30/10/2014 BB: FTG, RP

181 182 Appendix 2 Methodological approach

Study area Study sites

The present study was limited to the City of We conducted our targeted plant-insect interaction Melbourne Local Government Area (Victoria, survey in the following eleven public green space Australia). The municipality covers 37.7 km2 and sites: Argyle Square, Canning/Neill Street Reserve, as of 2014 had a residential population of approx. the area of Carlton Gardens south of the Royal 122,000 people. As much as 79% of the City of Exhibition Building (henceforth referred to as Melbourne’s area is covered by built space, while Carlton Gardens South), the combined areas of approx. 13% is covered by green spaces. The Fitzroy Gardens and Treasury Gardens (henceforth geographic coordinates of the City of Melbourne referred to as Fitzroy-Treasury Gardens), the are 37º 49’ S and 144º 58’ E. The average maximum temporary intervention that greened the forecourt temperature in summer is 25º, while the average of the State Library of Victoria during October- minimum temperature in winter is 7º. The average November 2014 (henceforth referred to as annual rainfall is 650.5 mm. These data were ‘Grasslands’ Installation), Lincoln Square, Princess provided by the City of Melbourne (2015). Park, Royal Park, the ornamental beds of the State Library of Victoria (henceforth referred to as State Library of Victoria), Westgate Park and Women’s Peace Gardens.

183 The following public green space sites were also worked out well for the smallest sites (eg, 1,000 surveyed but are not reported here: Birrarung Marr’s m2), but would have become widely unfeasible for flowering meadow, Gardiner Reserve, Garrard large sites such as Royal Park (1.5 million m2). We Street Reserve, Murchison Square, Pleasance therefore estimated the total area to be surveyed Gardens, Royal Botanic Gardens, Systems Garden per each habitat type in each green space using a and University Square. logarithmic function closely related to the species- area relationship. Specifically: Metadata associated with all these 19 study sites

(log10 S) - 3 are given in Table A2.1. Ph = 100 · 2 where P equals the total area to be surveyed of Study plots h habitat type h and S the area of the green space We established 157 study plots within the 19 green site (non-impervious). This formula satisfies the space sites described above. Plots were stratified condition that the total area to be surveyed of a by habitat type, for a total of 47 tree plots, 37 mid- given habitat type in a 1,000 m2 site is 100 m2 storey plots, 24 grassland plots, 48 lawn plots and (10%), whilst yielding proportionally smaller one temporary flowering meadow. survey areas as site size increases.

The number of plots established in each green Likewise, the ideal plot would have had an area of space sites varied as a function of the site’s area, 100 m2 (10 x 10 m). In practice, however, the size and as a function of the habitat types present in the of each plot (Ps) was determined by: given green space site. In an ideal experimental P = S/P design with no resource constraints, we would s n have aimed to survey at least 10% of the site’s total area. In our study, however, this would have 184 Park area Total Plot Number Habitat Total park area (- impervious surveyed size Total plots Park name of plots types (m2) surfaces) (m2) area (m2) (m2) established [Pn] surveyed [S] [Ph] [Ps] Royal Park 1,517,840 1,261,946 858 95 9 All 36 Princes Park 395,620 329,280 573 95 6 All 16 Westgate Park 284,847 239,791 520 104 5 All 20 Royal Botanical Gardens 385,143 221,078 508 102 5 All 20 Fitzroy-Treasury Gardens 321,274 175,776 474 95 5 T, MS, L 15 Carlton Gardens South 88,122 47,244 319 106 3 T, MS, L 9 University Square 16,435 12,768 215 108 2 T, L 3 Lincoln Square 13,264 9,865 199 100 2 T, MS, G, L 6 Argyle Square 12,892 8,335 189 95 2 T, MS, L 5 Women's Peace Garden 6,675 5,684 169 84 2 T, MS, L 6 Gardiner Reserve 5,286 3,655 148 148 1 T, MS, L 3 Pleasance Gardens 3,711 3,404 145 145 1 T, L 2 Murchison Square 3,767 3,294 143 143 1 T, L 2 State Library of Victoria ~3,000 ~2,400 130 130 1 T, MS, L 3 Canning/Neill Street Reserve 1,898 1,601 115 115 1 T, L 2 Garrard Street Reserve 1,159 1,081 102 102 1 T, L 2 Systems Garden - - 100 100 1 T, MS, L 3 Grasslands Installation (2014) - - - - - G 1 State Library of Victoria ornamental beds (2014) - - - - - MS 1 Birrarung Marr's flowering meadow ------1 156

Table A2.1 Information on study sites. Shaded areas represent the green space sites surveyed during the project but not reported in the present study.

Habitat types refer to tree (T), mid-storey(MS), grassland(G) and lawn (L). The formulas by which Ph, Ps, and Pn were calculated are given in the text.

185 where the number of plots to be established in plots varied considerably in mid-storey, grasslands each site (Pn) was defined as: and lawn plots, ranging from 2 to as much as 40 species. On the other hand, tree plots were P = Integer (S/10) n specifically planned to be structured by one single This specification allowed plot size to vary between tree species. In total, 257 plant species were found 2 2 75 m and 150 m , and the number of plots of each within our plots: 29 in tree plots, 164 in mid-storey habitat type to be established in each site to vary plots, 23 in grassland plots 45 in lawn plots. Over between 1 and 9. 50% of the tree species investigated were native to Australia. Plant species were mostly identified Values for S, Ph, Ps and Pn are given in Table A2.1 in situ during December 2014 by a trained field Temporal replication botanist (Anna Backstrom). In tree, mid-storey and most grassland plots, we measured the volume of The targeted insect survey was conducted from each plant species found within the plot. Before early January to late March 2015. Each plot was each insect collection round we also documented surveyed three times during this period and the whether tree, mid-storey and grassland species average time elapsed before re-sampling a plot was were in flower or not. In lawn plots we only approx. 30 days. Here, however, we report only documented the flowering patterns of the white on the material collected during the first temporal clover Trifolium repens. replicate round, which corresponds exclusively to material collected in January 2015. Insect survey methods

Plant species identification The survey protocol was divided in two components: direct observation and sweep- The number of plants species recorded within

186 netting. Direct observation was always conducted grassland plots were aggregated into one single prior to sweep-netting, and consisted on a trained sweep-net event. In order to minimise collector field researcher walking through the plot while bias, all sweep-netting was conducted by a single taking notes of any insect species observed. The researcher (LM). minimum time spent doing direct observations was Our survey protocol explicitly avoided collecting five minutes. Direct observations were conducted the immature stages of species. Moreover, we put by Kate Cranney, David Duncan, Xavier Francoeur, a considerable effort in minimising the amount of Michelle Freeman, Ascelin Gordon, Christopher adult insect material collected. Known species, Ives, Luis Mata, Estíbaliz Palma and Michaela either directly observed or sampled in the net, Plein. On occasions insects detected during direct were recorded in situ and released. Only when observations protocol were also photographed absolutely necessary for posterior identification using a digital reflex camera equipped with a 100 were specimens collected, in which case they mm macro lens. were extracted into a collecting vial through For sweep-netting we employed an entomological an entomological pooter. Specimens were then net with a central rod of 90 cm, a bag diameter of transferred to a labeled storing vial containing a 50 cm and a bag depth of 55 cm. We employed preservative liquid (70% Ethanol). five sweeps per each cubic metre of above-ground vegetation, therefore guaranteeing that survey ‘Grasslands’ Installation effort was proportional to the plot’s vegetation The survey protocol for the ‘Grasslands’ Installation structure. Plant species within tree, mid-storey was slightly different from the rest of the green and most grassland plots were sweep-netted space sites. This site was surveyed six times on a individually, while plant species in lawn and a few weekly basis during October and early November

187 2014. Each survey consisted of 200 sweeps of approx. 80% of all samples collected during the the described entomological net, which were first temporal replicate. distributed evenly throughout the site’s vegetated area. All sweep-netting was conducted by the same Insect identification researcher (LM). We then proceeded to identify the morphospecies in Insect sorting the reference collection to the lowest taxonomical level possible, ideally species or genus, but in many Insects were first sorted to order under a binocular occasion also family and superfamily. Daniel Bickel microscope by Kate Cranney, Luis Mata, Laura worked with the Diptera, Ken Walker with the Stark and Tessa Smith. We then separated the Hymenoptera (excluding Formicidae), Nick Porch specimens into morphospecies and used these to and Ken Walker with the Coleoptera, Melinda Moir build a reference collection. Each morphospecies with the and Tingidae, Linda Semeraro was assigned a code that began with the three first with the Auchenorrhyncha, Mali Malipatil and Luis letters of the order the morphospecies belonged to. Mata with the Heteroptera, Timothy New with the For example, the first Hemiptera morphospecies Neuroptera and Psocoptera, and Alan Andersen was assigned the code ‘HEM001’. Only one or two with the Formicidae. representatives of each morphospecies were placed in the reference collection. All other duplicate Other sources of data material was stored away in appropriately labeled, Insect data derived from the 2014 Melbourne 70% ethanol filled plastic vials. After sorting each BioBlitz was contributed directly by the City field vial, insect data was recorded in both paper of Melbourne. Field insect photographs were and digital format. This report includes data from uploaded to the citizen science platform BowerBird

188 (http://www.bowerbird.org.au) and placed into a project titled ‘The Little Things that Run the City’, which was specifically conceived for this purpose. A total of 128 records were uploaded, many of which have been identified to species, genus or family by the network’s contributing experts (see Acknowledgements). Insect data for the City of Melbourne derived from the Atlas of Living Australia (ALA) (http://www.ala.org.au) was directly downloaded from the ALA’s website on September 2015. As the 2014 Melbourne BioBlitz insect data has been collated into the main ALA dataset, we removed from our City of Melbourne ALA dataset all records taken after September 2014.

189 190