Thessalon Area: Terrain Study

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Ontario Geological Survey

Northern Ontario Engineering Geology Terrain Study 97

THESSALON AREA

(NTS 41J/SW and part of 41K/SE) District of Algoma

D.F.VanDINE

1980

Ministry of Ministry of Natural Northern Resources Affairs Ontario Hon. James A.C. Auld Hon. Leo Bernier Minister Minister Dr. J. K. Reynolds Art Herridge Deputy Minister Deputy Minister OMNR-OGS 1980 Printed in Canada

THIS PROJECT WAS FUNDED BY THE ONTARIO MINISTRY OF NORTHERN AFFAIRS AND IS MANAGED BY THE ONTARIO MINISTRY OF NATURAL RESOURCES

Every possible effort is made to ensure the accuracy of the information contain ed in this report, but the Ministry of Natural Resources does not assume any liability for errors that may occur. Source references are included in the report and users may wish to verify critical information.

Publications of the Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources and price list are available through the Map Unit, Public Service Centre, Room 6404, Whitney Block, Queen©s Park, Toronto, and the Ontario Government Bookstore, 880 Bay Street, Toronto.

Orders for publications should be accompanied by cheque or money order payable to the Treasurer of Ontario.

ISSN 0709-4671 ISBN 0-7743-4373-7

Parts of this publication may be quoted if credit is given. It is recommended that reference to this report be made in the following form:

Van DINE, D.F. 1980: Thessalon Area (NTS 41J/SW and part of 41K/SE), District of Algoma; Ontario Geological Survey, Northern Ontario Engineering Geology Terrain Study 97, 16 p. Accompanied by Maps 5007 and 5009, scale 1:100000.

1200-80-HofC CONTENTS

Page 1.0 Introduction ...... l 2.0 Geological Setting ...... 2 2.1 Bedrock ...... 2 2.2 Quaternary ...... 3 3.0 Engineering Terrain Units ...... 3 3.1 Bedrock Landforms ...... 3 3.1.1 Description ...... 3 3.1.2 Significance ...... 4 3.2 Morainal Landforms ...... 5 3.2.1 Description ...... 5 3.2.2 Significance ...... 6 3.3 Glaciofluvial Landforms ...... 6 3.3.1 Description ...... 6 3.3.2 Significance ...... 7 3.4 Glaciolacustrine Landforms ...... 7 3.4.1 Description ...... 7 3.4.2 Significance ...... 9 3.5 Alluvial and Organic Landforms ...... 10 3.5.1 Description ...... 10 3.5.2 Significance ...... 10 4.0 Summary of Engineering Significance ...... 11 5.0 Example of a Derived Map: Sand and Gravel Resources ...... 11 5.1 General Comments ...... 11 5.2 Selection Criteria ...... 13 5.2.1 Landforms ...... 13 5.2.2 Texture ...... 14 5.2.3 Relief ...... 14 5.2.4 Drainage ...... 14 5.2.5 Other Factors ...... 14 5.3 Rating Procedure ...... 14 6.0 References ...... 15

TABLE

l - Summary of engineering significance ...... 12

m MAPS (accompanying report)

Map 5007 (coloured) Northern Ontario Engineering Geology Terrain Study, Data Base Map, Thessalon (NTS 41J/SW). Scale 1:100 000.

Map 5009 (coloured) Northern Ontario Engineering Geology Terrain Study, Sand and Gravel Resources Map, Thessalon (NTS 41J/SW). Scale 1:100000.

IV Northern Ontario Engineering Geology Terrain Study 97

THESSALON AREA

(NTS 41J/SW and part of 41K/SE)

District of Algoma

D.F. Van DINE 1

1.0 INTRODUCTION

This report contains an inventory of regional engineering terrain condi tions in the Thessalon area, District of Algoma. The area, which covers NTS block 41J/SW and part of 41K/SE, lies between Latitudes 46003©N and 46030©N and Longitudes 83WW and 84^8©W. This report forms part of a series of publications which provide similar terrain data for some 370 000 km2 of northern Ontario.

The purpose of the mapping is to provide a guide for engineering and resource planning functions at a level of detail consistent with a scale of 1:100000. The terrain information is contained on the Data Base Map (OGS Map 5007, accompanying this report). The Sand and Gravel Resource Map (OGS Map 5009, accompanying this report) is a derived map which illustrates the potential for finding surficial deposits of aggregate within the various terrain units.

Geologist, Gartner Lee Associates Limited, Markham, Ontario.

Manuscript approved for publication by the Chief, Engineering and Terrain Geology Section, January 25, 1980. This report is published with the permission of E.G. Pye, Director, Ontario Geological Survey. Interpretation of existing black and white aerial photographs, at scales of approximately 1:50000 and 1:38000, was the primary method of obtaining this terrain information. Supplementary airphoto coverage for St. Joseph Island, at a scale of 1:15 840, was supplied by the Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources. The interpretation was checked with published and unpublished literature which documented previous field visits and observations. During the fall of 1977, roads in the area were traversed and observed terrain conditions recorded as further verification of the office studies. Thus, the map represents a reconnaissance overview of the engineering conditions of the terrain.

An engineering terrain legend was developed to facilitate the mapping and to provide a common information base for the entire map series. This legend is shown on the accompanying Data Base Map. Further information on the mapping techniques, legend format, and possible uses of this terrain data is available in the "Ontario Engineering Geology Terrain Study Users© Manual" (Gartner, Mollard, and Roed 1980), a companion publication to this series of maps and reports.

2.0 GEOLOGICAL SETTING:

2.1 BEDROCK:

Clastic metasediments of the Middle Precambrian (Huronian) Bruce and Cobalt Groups underlie much of the map-area (Giblin and Leahy 1967). They exhibit a general northwesterly trend; this trend is particularly pronounced between Thessalon and Echo Bay in the western half of the area.

Early Precambrian felsic intrusive and metamorphic rocks occur along the shore of the North Channel between Thessalon and Blind River. Middle Precambrian Nipissing Diabase intrusions are scattered through out the map-area, but tend to be concentrated north of Big Basswood Lake in the central part. St. Joseph Island and many of the other islands in the North Channel are underlain by relatively flat-lying Paleozoic limestone, shale, and sandstone.

The Precambrian bedrock commonly contains copper mineralization and minor occurrences of gold, uranium, and iron. Springer (1977) gives most of the area a "high" to "medium" mineral potential rating.

2.2 QUATERNARY:

Glacial flutings and drumlins within the Thessalon map-area indicate that the direction of glacial advance was toward the south-southwest. During this advance, thin ground moraine composed of generally sandy till was deposited over much of the bedrock surface.

During deglaciation, the receding ice mass deposited glaciofluvial valley train deposits in several places throughout the area. The rivers which deposited these flowed southward into a post-Algonquin glacial lake which occupied the basin of modern Lake Huron and inundated most of the lowlands lying to the north of the present shoreline. The waters of this lake reworked a large portion of the glacial till which had been previously deposited in the area. Much of the bedrock was washed clean and the gravel, sand, and silt from the till were redeposited in low areas as glaciolacustrine sediments, either shoreline features (gravelly sand) or lake plains (silty sand).

Since deglaciation, floodplain alluvium has been deposited along most drainage courses. The texture of the alluvial material tends to reflect the nature of the glacial materials present in the valley. Organic deposits have accumulated in many poorly drained depressions in bedrock, ground moraine, and lacustrine plain units.

3.0 ENGINEERING TERRAIN UNITS:

3.1 BEDROCK LANDFORMS:

3.1.1 Description:

Rock knobs (RN) are the most common bedrock landform in the Thes salon map-area. A thin, discontinous layer of ground moraine till overlies much of the rock knob terrain; this till mantle is generally less than l m thick on the crests of the knobs, but may thicken to several metres on the flanks of the hills. Rock knob terrain is generally rugged and has moderate to high relief. A terrain unit north of Big Basswood Lake illustrates many of the features typical of this landform:

RN(tMG, pQT) Mj-D(M)

The dominant landform is rock knobs, relief is moderate, and the topo graphy is rugged. Surface drainage conditions are generally dry. Ground moraine and organic terrain are subordinate landforms. These landforms may have both wet and dry areas, so drainage is mixed.

Rock ridge (RR) terrain is found at several places within the map-area. The largest expanse of this landform extends from Big Basswood Lake northwest to Rock Lake through the north-central part of the area. Numerous smaller rock ridge units occur in the northeastern part of the area. A typical letter code is:

RR(tMG) Hj-D

Rock plains (RP) are not exposed at the surface, but are present at vari able depths beneath the glacial deposits along the southwestern side of St. Joseph Island.

3.1.2 Significance:

RESOURCES: Some of the rock types found in the study area may be suitable for crushing and use as aggregate, but detailed evaluations would be necessary. Trap rock has been noted near Bruce Mines and silica is known to occur on the mainland north of St. Joseph Island (Springer 1977). Ground water may be found in faults, fractures, and joints within the bedrock, but its occurrence is unpredictable.

GENERAL CONSTRUCTION: Development and construction are difficult in bedrock terrain. Most construction will require rock blasting and filling, and suitable fill materials will probably have to be imported. Foundation conditions should be excellent on bedrock, but steep and complex slopes could present problems in siting structures. Route align ments will be difficult to locate and will often require extensive blasting and filling. WASTE DISPOSAL: Bedrock terrain in its natural state is generally unsuitable for all types of waste disposal. The development of lagoons or tile fields would probably require extensive importation of soil fill. Fractures in the bedrock could act as conduits for the migration of effluents, and the pollution impact on surface drainage courses could be significant.

3.2 MORAINAL LANDFORMS:

3.2.1 Description:

Ground moraine (MG) occurs in patches throughout the map-area. Thicknesses of till generally range from l to 5 m. Pockets of organic terrain and lacustrine plain deposits are common subordinate landforms within ground moraine units.

A typical letter code is:

tMG(smLP)7R Muw-D

The ground moraine forms a blanket over the bedrock. Relief is moderate, the topography is undulating, and the till in many localities shows evidence of having been washed by the waters of the glacial lake which covered the lowlands. The overall surface drainage conditions are dry. Silty sand lacustrine plain is a subordinate landform in this unit.

Till completely masks the bedrock in many parts of St. Joseph Island. Water well records indicate the till has thicknesses of 10 m or more. Such areas are designated:

tMG(sLP) Muw-D

The dominant landform is ground moraine composed of till. Relief is moderate and the area has an undulating surface that has been washed by glacial lake waters. The surface drainage conditions are generally dry. Sandy lacustrine plain deposits occur as a subordinate landform. Many drumlins composed of till occur at the northwest end of St. Joseph Island. 6

3.2.2 Significance:

RESOURCES: Commercial deposits of sand and gravel seldom occur in ground moraine. When such materials are present, they are very localized and their location is difficult to predict. However, sandy till is often a good source of borrow material. Ground moraine deposits are generally poor sources of ground water.

GENERAL CONSTRUCTION: Construction conditions are generally favourable within ground moraine landforms. Deep excavations may encounter bedrock, particularly in areas designated tMG/R. Bearing capacities are adequate for normal structures. Boulders may cause handling problems.

WASTE DISPOSAL: Deeper ground moraine deposits have good poten tial as sites for both solid and liquid waste disposal. However, detailed hydro geologic studies will be required to establish local conditions.

3.3 GLACIOFLUVIAL LANDFORMS:

3.3.1 Description:

Glaciofluvial outwash (GO) is found throughout the eastern half of the area, in the valleys of the Mississagi, Little White, Bridgland, and Cobden Rivers. The letter code

sgGO Lp-Dh

describes the large outwash unit along the Bridgland River north of Thessalon. This deposit consists of gravelly sand, relief is low, and the topography is planar. Surface drainage conditions are dry, but a high water table is suspected. Outwash units in the northern part of the Bridgland River valley and in portions of the Little White River valley are composed of medium sand with limited amounts of gravel.

Only one glaciofluvial esker (GE) system was noted in the map-area. This is located about 4 km south of Richards Landing on the north western part of St. Joseph Island. The esker is a low, ridged feature composed mainly of sand; surface drainage conditions are dry. The deposit has been washed by the waters of the post-Algonquin glacial lake which inundated the island. This feature is not large enough to be shown as a separate terrain unit on the map, but its presence is indicated by a series of esker graphic symbols (>>>>).

3.3.2 Significance:

RESOURCES: The glaciofluvial units have the best potential for sand and gravel resources of any landform in the map-area. Glaciofluvial out wash deposits containing gravelly sand were noted along the lower parts of the Bridgland, Mississagi, Little White, and Cobden Rivers. The esker on St. Joseph Island is a potential source of sand material. Outwash deposits in valleys can also be good sources of ground water.

GENERAL CONSTRUCTION: Glaciofluvial landforms are generally suitable for most types of construction. Where high water tables are present, dewatering may be necessary for excavations. There is some flooding potential for sites located near rivers, particularly where alluvial plains are present.

WASTE DISPOSAL: Glaciofluvial landforms are not naturally suited for the disposal of liquid or solid wastes. Problems associated with disposal relate to the movement of contaminants in the ground water system and to the hydrogeologic connection between waste and the aquifer. Careful investigations should be undertaken to determine the environmental impact of waste disposal in these areas.

3.4 GLACIOLACUSTRINE LANDFORMS:

3.4.1 Description:

Glaciolacustrine plain (LP) units occur in low areas adjacent to Lake Huron. They cover much of St. Joseph Island and a strip of land approxi mately 12 to 20 km wide along the north shore of Lake Huron. These sediments were deposited in the post-Algonquin glacial lake which inundated the area. The action of the lake waters washed the till from much of the bedrock in the area and redeposited its components, the sand and silt, in depressions between the bedrock highs. A typical letter code is:

smLP(RN)7R Lu-D

The dominant landform is a glaciolacustrine plain. Silty sand forms a blanket over bedrock and a low relief, undulating surface is common. Rock knobs are a subordinate landform and the terrain is generally dry. On St. Joseph Island, the lacustrine plain deposits are found in associa tion with ground moraine till:

sLP(tMG) Lp-D

Numerous small lacustrine beach deposits were formed at the edge of the post-Algonquin glacial lake, particularly on the south and southwest sides of till or bedrock highs. This lake and the subsequent "lower levels" left fragmentary beach features at various elevations between 305 m and 183 m (above sea level). Examples of this series of abandoned shorelines, indicated by the graphic symbol (n-n- inr) are found in the lowland area between Thessalon and Mississagi Bay.

The larger beach features in the area are commonly designated by a letter code such as:

sgLB Mur-D

These beach deposits are composed of gravelly sand, and have moderate relief and ridged to undulating topography. Surface drainage conditions are generally dry.

A large beach complex was mapped in the centre of St. Joseph Island, ringing the hamlet of Carterton. This deposit is represented by the letter code:

sgLB Mut-D The beach is composed of gravelly sand and has undulating, terraced topography with moderate relief and dry surface drainage conditions. This feature, together with several similar beach deposits nearby, is a valuable local source of aggregate.

A large glaciolacustrine delta deposit, located at Hagans Hill, 10 km east of Thessalon, is a very important aggregate source. The feature, which has several pits located in it, is represented by the letter code:

gsLD Lpt-D

The delta is composed of sandy gravel, has low relief, and is planar and terraced. Surface drainage conditions are dry. This deposit is a significant local and regional source of aggregate.

3.4.2 Significance:

RESOURCES: Glaciolacustrine plain deposits have little potential for aggregate resources. Glaciolacustrine beach and delta landforms can be significant where areas and thicknesses are substantial. Large aggregate deposits are located in a beach near Carterton on St. Joseph Island and in a delta at Hagans Hill east of Thessalon. The potential for locating ground water in glaciolacustrine plain, beach, and delta deposits is low.

GENERAL CONSTRUCTION: Construction can encounter problems in fine-grained glaciolacustrine soils. Silt is easily excavated but is difficult to compact and difficult to handle in wet weather. Poor drainage char acteristics, high frost susceptibility, and low shear strengths can also cause problems. Coarse-grained (sand and gravel) beach and delta de posits are generally favourable for construction purposes.

WASTE DISPOSAL: Surface sand provides a good medium for the disposal of septic tank effluent. Care must be taken to ensure that the water table and bedrock are not too near the surface. Sanitary landfills must be carefully designed to avoid surface contamination. Lacustrine beach and delta deposits are generally poor sites for waste disposal. JO

3.5 ALLUVIAL AND ORGANIC LANDFORMS:

3.5.1 Description:

Alluvial floodplain deposits are found along most of the rivers in the Thessalon map-area. The alluvial materials are commonly derived from outwash deposits in the river valleys, and the relative sand and gravel content in the alluvium often reflects the composition of the outwash. Sandy to silty alluvium is present in several river valleys near the Lake Huron shoreline, where the rivers flow through silty to sandy lacustrine plains. Alluvium along the Bridgland River in the central part of the area is represented by the letter code:

sAP Lp-W

The alluvial plain is composed of sand and has low relief and planar topography; surface drainage conditions are wet.

Organic terrain in the Thessalon map-area is usually associated with poorly drained depressions in bedrock, ground moraine, or glacio lacustrine units. A good example of the organic terrain bedrock associa tion occurs north of Big Basswood Lake. A typical letter code from this area is:

pOT Lp-W

These pockets of organic terrain are composed of peat; relief is low; the topography is planar; and surface drainage conditions are wet. Several large areas along the Lake Huron shoreline east of Thessalon consist of organic terrain with subordinate amounts of lacustrine plain and/or bedrock knobs. A typical letter code is:

pOT(smLP, RN) Lp(w)-W

3.5.2 Significance:

Development on alluvial plains is difficult. Flooding is common and 11 ground water levels are usually high. Dewatering is often necessary for excavations. Some granular materials have been extracted from alluvial plain deposits along the Mississagi River and the potential exists for small-scale extraction in other alluvial deposits.

Organic terrain is a problem for most forms of human activity. Con struction would have to contend with soft and highly compressible soils, adverse water conditions, and poor access.

4.0 SUMMARY OF ENGINEERING SIGNIFICANCE:

From an engineering standpoint, bedrock is the most significant terrain material in the Thessalon map-area. It presents obstacles to all forms of development. Many of the settled areas along the north shore of Lake Huron are located on lacustrine sediments and engineering problems associated with those sediments have been overcome. Areas of ground moraine and outwash have some limitations in terms of development, but are not particularly troublesome for engineering works.

Table l is a summary of the general engineering significance of the more common terrain units found in the area. This table is intended only as a guide to help the reader in assessing the overall significance of the map- units. Site-specific work is necessary to better define actual ground conditions, such as drainage and slope, which are not considered in the table, but which may affect the engineering significance of the various terrain units.

5.0 EXAMPLE OF A DERIVED MAP: SAND AND GRAVEL RESOURCES:

5.1 GENERAL COMMENTS:

The Data Base Map (OGS Map 5007, accompanying this report) is readily adaptable to the preparation of various land capability maps for specific functions. To demonstrate this application, the landforms containing possible deposits of sand and gravel have been evaluated. The deposits have been rated on a relative basis, using a scale of "good" to "poor" as shown on the Sand and Gravel Resources Map (OGS Map 5009, 12

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IVLLNHXOd SNOUIQNOD IVSOdSId 3DHnOS3H NOUDAHISNOO HXSVM 13

accompanying this report). Other types of derived maps are discussed in the "Ontario Engineering Geology Terrain Study Users© Manual" (Gartner, Mollard, and Roed 1980).

It must be kept in mind that the intent of this evaluation is to provide information that should be used only as a guide for regional planning purposes. The level of detail that can be expected is consistent with the l: 100 000 scale of the map.

Due to the reconnaissance nature of this study, the sand and gravel resources are qualified by the term "possible", as defined by the Asso ciation of Professional Engineers of Ontario (1972): "Possible ore or inferred ore is that material for which quantitative estimates are based largely on broad knowledge of the geologic character of the deposit for which there are few, if any samples or measurements. The estimates are based on an assumed continuity or repetition for which there are reason able geologic indications; these indications may include comparisons with deposits of similar type. Bodies that are completely concealed may be included if there is specific evidence of their presence".

5.2 SELECTION CRITERIA:

A number of factors must be considered when selecting areas with potential sand and gravel resources. Examination of the legend format on the Data Base Map is the starting point for the selection process. Note that the units on the map are based upon landform types and their associated material composition or soil texture. Local relative relief and drainage characteristics of the landform are also described.

The first step in the selection process is to locate landforms that are potential sources of sand and gravel. Other factors that might affect the suitability of these landforms are then considered. These include: the quality or texture of the material; relief; drainage; and association with other landform types. The following is an outline of the selection process used in the Thessalon map-area.

5.2.1 Landforms:

The landforms which have potential for aggregate resources in the Thessalon map-area are glaciofluvial outwash (GO), eskers (GE, 14

lacustrine beaches (LB), lacustrine deltas (LD), lacustrine plains (LP), and alluvial plains (AP).

5.2.2 Texture:

Only one deposit in the Thessalon map-area is classed as sandy gravel (gs) in texture. The lacustrine delta at Hagans Hill, 10 km east of Thessalon, is the most important deposit in the map-area, largely because of its high gravel content which makes the material suitable for crushing. Lacustrine plain deposits and the single esker deposit are predominantly sand (s). The outwash, beach, and alluvial plain deposits consist of both sand (s) and gravelly sand (sg). The presence of silt or clay in a deposit renders it unsuitable for use as aggregate, under the guidelines followed in this study.

5.2.3 Relief:

Relief is not a factor in the assessment of sand and gravel resources in the Thessalon map-area.

5.2.4 Drainage:

Drainage conditions are a very important factor in the derivation process. Dry (D) areas are best suited for extraction. High water tables (h) may limit the depth of extraction in a deposit by conventional means. Mixed (M) wet and dry surface conditions indicate the possible need for dewatering. Under normal circumstances, wet conditions (W) effectively eliminate a deposit from consideration.

5.2.5 Other Factors:

Another factor which plays a minor role in the assessment of deposits is the presence of near-surface bedrock (/R). In the Thessalon area, this restriction only reduces the rating of one deposit.

5.3 RATING PROCEDURE:

Based on the above selection criteria, the derived Sand and Gravel Resources Map (Map 5009, accompanying this report) was produced. The rating scale of "good", "fair", and "poor" on the map evaluates the J5

deposits on a relative basis, and thus provides general guidance only. Detailed field studies, including subsurface investigations, are required to better define the quantity and quality of the aggregate materials.

6.0 REFERENCES:

Association of Professional Engineers of Ontario 1972: Performance Standards for Professional Engineers Advising on Mineral Properties; Association of Professional Engineers of Ontario, Toronto, 16 p.

Boissonneau, A.N. 1965: Surficial Geology, Algoma, Sudbury, Timiskaming and Nipis sing; Ontario Department of Lands and Forests, Map S465, scale 1:506 880 or l inch to 8 miles. Surficial geology 1962, 1963. 1968: Glacial History of Northeastern Ontario II. The Timiskaming- Algoma Area; Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, Vol. 5, No. l, p. 97-109.

Frarey, M.J. 1977: Geology of the Huronian Belt Between Sault Ste. Marie and Blind River, Ontario; Geological Survey of Canada, Memoir 383, 87 p. Accompanied by Maps 1412A to 1415A, scale 1:50000.

Gartner, John F., Mollard, J.D., and Roed, M.A. 1980: Ontario Engineering Geology Terrain Study Users© Manual; Ontario Geological Survey, Open File Report 5288, 99 p.

Gartner Lee Associates Limited 1974: Aggregate Resources Search - North Shores of Lakes Superior and Huron, Districts of Thunder Bay and Algoma; Ontario Division of Mines, Open File Report 5117, 116 p.

Giblin, P.E. and Leahy, E.J. 1967: Sault Ste. Marie - Elliot Lake Sheet, Algoma, Manitoulin, and Sudbury Districts; Ontario Department of Mines, Map 2108 16

Geological Compilation Series, scale 1:253440 or l inch to 4 miles. Geological compilation 1964, 1965.

Giblin, P.E., Leahy, E.J., and Robertson, J.A. 1977: Geological Compilation of the Blind River-Elliot Lake Sheet, Districts of Algoma and Sudbury; Ontario Geological Survey, Preliminary Map P.304 (1977 revision), Geological Com pilation Series, scale 1:126 720 or l inch to 2 miles. Geolo gical compilation 1974 to 1976.

Ontario Ministry of the Environment 1976: Water Well Records for Algoma District; Unpublished Com puter Records to 1976.

Prest, V.K. 1970: Quaternary Geology of Canada; p. 675-764 in Geology and Economic Minerals of Canada, edited by R.J.W. Douglas, Geological Survey of Canada. Economic Geology Report No. l, 5th edition, 838 p.

Robertson, J.A. and Card, K.D. 1972: Geology and Scenery, North Shore of Lake Huron Region; Ontario Division of Mines, Geological Guidebook No. 4, 224 p.

Springer, Janet 1977: Ontario Mineral Potential, Blind River Sheet and Part of Sault Ste. Marie Sheet, Districts of Algoma, Sudbury, and Manitoulin; Ontario Geological Survey, Preliminary Map P.1513, Mineral Deposits Series, scale 1:250 000. Compilation 1976, 1977.

Van DINE, D.F. 1980: Bark Lake Area (NTS 41J/NE), Districts of Algoma and Sudbury; Ontario Geological Survey, Northern Ontario En gineering Geology Terrain Study 93, 12p. Accompanied by Map 5006, scale l :100 000. 1980: Wakomata Lake Area (NTS 41J/NW), District of Algoma, Ontario Geological Survey, Northern Ontario Engineering Geology Terrain Study 92, 13 p. Accompanied by Map 5005, scale 1:100000. Ontario Geological Survey

Northern Ontario Engineering Geology Terrain Study 97

THESSALON AREA

(NTS 41J/SW and part of 41K/SE) District of Algoma

D.F.VanDINE

1980

THIS PROJECT WAS FUNDED BY THE ONTARIO MINISTRY OF NORTHERN AFFAIRS AND IS MANAGED BY THE ONTARIO MINISTRY OF NATURAL RESOURCES

Orders for publications should be accompanied by cheque or money order payable to the Treasurer of Ontario.

ISSN 0709-4671 ISBN 0-7743-4373-7

Parts of this publication may be quoted if credit is given. It is recommended that reference to this report be made in the following form:

1200-80-HofC CONTENTS

TABLE

l - Summary of engineering significance ...... 12

m MAPS (accompanying report)

Map 5007 (coloured) Northern Ontario Engineering Geology Terrain Study, Data Base Map, Thessalon (NTS 41J/SW). Scale 1:100 000.

Map 5009 (coloured) Northern Ontario Engineering Geology Terrain Study, Sand and Gravel Resources Map, Thessalon (NTS 41J/SW). Scale 1:100000.

IV Northern Ontario Engineering Geology Terrain Study 97

THESSALON AREA

(NTS 41J/SW and part of 41K/SE)

District of Algoma

D.F. Van DINE 1

1.0 INTRODUCTION

Geologist, Gartner Lee Associates Limited, Markham, Ontario.

2.0 GEOLOGICAL SETTING:

2.1 BEDROCK:

The Precambrian bedrock commonly contains copper mineralization and minor occurrences of gold, uranium, and iron. Springer (1977) gives most of the area a "high" to "medium" mineral potential rating.

2.2 QUATERNARY:

3.0 ENGINEERING TERRAIN UNITS:

3.1 BEDROCK LANDFORMS:

3.1.1 Description:

RN(tMG, pQT) Mj-D(M)

RR(tMG) Hj-D

Rock plains (RP) are not exposed at the surface, but are present at vari able depths beneath the glacial deposits along the southwestern side of St. Joseph Island.

3.1.2 Significance:

3.2 MORAINAL LANDFORMS:

3.2.1 Description:

A typical letter code is:

tMG(smLP)7R Muw-D

Till completely masks the bedrock in many parts of St. Joseph Island. Water well records indicate the till has thicknesses of 10 m or more. Such areas are designated:

tMG(sLP) Muw-D

3.2.2 Significance:

3.3 GLACIOFLUVIAL LANDFORMS:

3.3.1 Description:

Glaciofluvial outwash (GO) is found throughout the eastern half of the area, in the valleys of the Mississagi, Little White, Bridgland, and Cobden Rivers. The letter code

sgGO Lp-Dh

3.3.2 Significance:

3.4 GLACIOLACUSTRINE LANDFORMS:

3.4.1 Description:

smLP(RN)7R Lu-D

sLP(tMG) Lp-D

The larger beach features in the area are commonly designated by a letter code such as:

sgLB Mur-D

These beach deposits are composed of gravelly sand, and have moderate relief and ridged to undulating topography. Surface drainage conditions are generally dry.

A large beach complex was mapped in the centre of St. Joseph Island, ringing the hamlet of Carterton. This deposit is represented by the letter code:

gsLD Lpt-D

The delta is composed of sandy gravel, has low relief, and is planar and terraced. Surface drainage conditions are dry. This deposit is a significant local and regional source of aggregate.

3.4.2 Significance:

3.5 ALLUVIAL AND ORGANIC LANDFORMS:

3.5.1 Description:

sAP Lp-W

The alluvial plain is composed of sand and has low relief and planar topography; surface drainage conditions are wet.

pOT Lp-W

pOT(smLP, RN) Lp(w)-W

3.5.2 Significance:

Organic terrain is a problem for most forms of human activity. Con struction would have to contend with soft and highly compressible soils, adverse water conditions, and poor access.

4.0 SUMMARY OF ENGINEERING SIGNIFICANCE:

5.0 EXAMPLE OF A DERIVED MAP: SAND AND GRAVEL RESOURCES:

5.1 GENERAL COMMENTS:

73 73 73 73 73 tH b o O O o O O O O 0 O 0 w O O o O O O O 8 O 0 0 CD 0 O 0 O OH OH

0 73 73 w 73 73 73 IH IH O O O O O o 8 o O O O O 0 O 0 O O o 0 OH O o 0 O OH OH 1 o "B 73 B 73 73 73 S 8 8 O o O O 0 s O O O O o O O O O o OH OH O 0 0 O O s o o

IVLLNHXOd SNOUIQNOD IVSOdSId 3DHnOS3H NOUDAHISNOO HXSVM 13

accompanying this report). Other types of derived maps are discussed in the "Ontario Engineering Geology Terrain Study Users© Manual" (Gartner, Mollard, and Roed 1980).

5.2 SELECTION CRITERIA:

5.2.1 Landforms:

The landforms which have potential for aggregate resources in the Thessalon map-area are glaciofluvial outwash (GO), eskers (GE, 14

lacustrine beaches (LB), lacustrine deltas (LD), lacustrine plains (LP), and alluvial plains (AP).

5.2.2 Texture:

5.2.3 Relief:

Relief is not a factor in the assessment of sand and gravel resources in the Thessalon map-area.

5.2.4 Drainage:

5.2.5 Other Factors:

Another factor which plays a minor role in the assessment of deposits is the presence of near-surface bedrock (/R). In the Thessalon area, this restriction only reduces the rating of one deposit.

5.3 RATING PROCEDURE:

6.0 REFERENCES:

Frarey, M.J. 1977: Geology of the Huronian Belt Between Sault Ste. Marie and Blind River, Ontario; Geological Survey of Canada, Memoir 383, 87 p. Accompanied by Maps 1412A to 1415A, scale 1:50000.

Gartner, John F., Mollard, J.D., and Roed, M.A. 1980: Ontario Engineering Geology Terrain Study Users© Manual; Ontario Geological Survey, Open File Report 5288, 99 p.

Giblin, P.E. and Leahy, E.J. 1967: Sault Ste. Marie - Elliot Lake Sheet, Algoma, Manitoulin, and Sudbury Districts; Ontario Department of Mines, Map 2108 16

Geological Compilation Series, scale 1:253440 or l inch to 4 miles. Geological compilation 1964, 1965.

Ontario Ministry of the Environment 1976: Water Well Records for Algoma District; Unpublished Com puter Records to 1976.

Robertson, J.A. and Card, K.D. 1972: Geology and Scenery, North Shore of Lake Huron Region; Ontario Division of Mines, Geological Guidebook No. 4, 224 p.

Ontario Geological Survey Map 5007 I IE T\^P. OF Nf-lCD Northern Ontario Engineering POT Geology Terrain Study f, pOT RRttMGj Data Base Map THESSALON NTS41J/SW 86 - 00© 95-00© 32-00© V l* 47 0 30 3 © 2 U l (

INDEX TO ADJOINING SHEETS 1:100000 024

One centimetre represents one kilometre

ENGINEERING TERRAIN LEGEND

h K J \\l 11-W"1 The legend comprises four main components arranged as follows: AiHrtfeirin^T, \RBjnT AOFKn^V ; tMG(smLP) MATERIAL LANDFORM tMGtsgGOj/R TOPOGRAPHY DRAINAGE

drainage

relief of subordinate landform

topographic variety of dominant landform

slash indicates a veneer of one landform overlying a pQT/sGQ second landform P. OF\THE T\M.P- OF/^M Lp-W Afacie/^^J.^ Bav LETTER SYMBOLS MATERIAL b boulders, bouldery r rubble c clay, clayey s sand,sandy g gravel, gravelly m silt, silty p peat, muck t till

LANDFORMS ALLUVIAL MORAINAL AP Alluvial plain L& " Mr.Menomy ME End moraine D-*YiAV MG Ground moraine COLLUVIAL MH Hummocky moraine CS Slope failure CT Talus pile. GD Ice contact delta, esker CW Slopewash and debris delta, kame delta, delta creep sheet; minor talus moraine EOLIAN GE Esker, esker complex, cre vasse filling ED Sand dunes GK Kame, kame field, kame terrace, kame moraine GO Outwash plain, valley ORGANIC train OT Organic terrain RW(tMG,bOT) 1- i GLACIOLACUSTRINE LB Raised (abandoned) beach BEDROCK -. \--"\\ A IIJ ©-- ridge \HflG(Vff -©^ LD Glaciolacustrine delta RL Bedrock plateau LP Glaciolacustrine plain RN Bedrock knob RP Bedrock plain RR Bedrock ridge /R Bedrock below a drift ^r !,©. \^fc-t:r v .^-* veneer MUNUSCONG 5te\^. eoijteitt TOPOGRAPHY sLB Rocky LO CAL RELIEF Pt. H Mainly high local relief M Mainly moderate local re lief L Mainly low local relief VARIETY c channeled p plain d dissected, gullied r ridged j jagged, rugged, cliffed s sloping j* cliffy volcanic rock signa t terraced ture u undulating to rolling k kettled, pitted w washed, reworked n knobby, hummocky DRAINAGE SURFACF CONDITION W Wet h Suspected high water table D Dry M Mixed wet and dry GRAPHIC SYMBOLS Major end moraine (symbol located over ridge crest if Small landslide scar present) Well expressed drumlins and Sand or gravel pit drumlinoid ridges Quarry or mine workings evi All other linear ice-flow fea dent from atrphotos or field tures observation (crossed picks are Esker ridge (continuous, dis shown in the area of open continuous. The symbol does excavation) not indicate direction of flow) Other man-made features Abandoned shoreline (contin (rock dumps, tailings, la uous, discontinuous} goons, landfills, etc.; type of Local dune area (type and lo feature mentioned where cation ol individual dunes not identifiable) indicated) Steep-welled valleys, often Abandoned river channel, bedrock-controlled features spillway, or ice marginal (continuous, discontinuous) channels Talus (defined, inferred; base of talus triangle indicates Fort St. Joe Lp-D Escarpment downslope side of escarp \ Pt. © ment) Line joining the same terrain units

NOTE 1: This map is intended to be an inventory of regional engineering terrain conditions Its purpose is to provide a guide for engineering and resource planning functions. The buundarisre uf the terrain units shown an the map are approximate only, consistent with a 1:100,000 scale Site specific investigations, are required in order to obtain detailed information for a particular area. The map user should refer to the accompanying report for a fuller description of terrain in the study area.

NOTE 2: Colour is used to enhance what is uunsicleied lo be the dominant engineering condition in simple, complex or layered terrain units. Sturgeon t © NOTE 3: DISTRICT OF ALGOMA Bay O Not all letter and graphic symbols shown in the legend necessarily appear on this map DISTRICT OF M A NIT OU LI N sheet. Information from this publication may be quoted if appropriate credit is given. Reference to this map is recommended as follows; VanDine, D. F Engineering Geology Terrain Evaluation by D. F. Vanuine, 1979: Northern Ontario Engineering Geology Terrain Study, GARTNER LEE ASSOCIATES LIMITED, TORONTO, ONT 1 977 Published 1 979 Base map derived from 1 inch to 2 miles Provincial Series, Survey s and Mapping Branch. Ministry of Natural Resources. Data Base Map, Thessalon. Ontario Geological Survey. Map 5007, Scale 1:1 00 000

THIS PROJECT WAS FUNDED BYTHEONTARIO MINISTRYOF NORTHERN AFFAIRS Ministry of ^on- ^ames A. c. Auld Minister Natural ^ .,, n Dr. J. K. Reynolds Deputy Minister Ontario "3 P-VVSVSV Ontario Geological Survey Map 5009 . C* THE TV f P. OF MACDONALD, 1 © i \ v ^ Northern Ontario Engineering 24 Geology Terrain Study Sand and Gravel Resources Map k Sylvan^Valley 26 THESSALON NTS41J/SW 86"00© 33 s 00© 82©OC©

Seeking L,

DiamoruT^^ - A tf c fern-- xfry

PLUMMEB AD1)ITIONAL(T , J! - i X ^.1

l ;100 OOU 2

One centimetre represents one kilometre

GOOD© Examples of good possible resources Include: (i) the glaciolacustrine beach deposits at Hagans Hill northeast of the town of Thessalon f-p-r^K-, on the basic engineering terrain map); (ti) the glaciolacustrine beach deposits in the central portion of St Joseph

Bruce Is - /sqGO\ Staf: (iii) t he glaciofluvial outwash north of Tunnel Lake l i pt.h) FAIR© Examples of fair possible resources include- (i) the alluvial plain along the Little White River and the Mississagi River l sgAP \ \LpC-Dh l ; (ii) the glaciofluvial outwash deposits along Bridgland River /sgGO syGO\ ,

(iii) the glaciolacustrine beach deposits on St. Joseph Island /sLB , sLB .\ \Lp-D Lp-Dh/ POOR* Exam pies of poor possible resources include: (i) the alluvial plain along a number of small streams on the mainland l SAP \ \Lp-Dhf © and (il) the glaciolacustrine plain deposits on the eastern and southern portions mtj^©fe©^gfg*©i;©JJl-©-M- J © f!R of St. Joseph Islanddjijjfc .^TT 1^5^)-

existing sand and gravel pit.

Due to the reconnaissance scale of mapping, small sand and gravel deposits may not be shown, but their importance as wayside pits should not be overlooked for planning pu rposes.

Information from this publication may be quoted if appropriate credit is given, Reference to this map is recommended BS follows: VanDine, D. F. 1 979 Northern Ontario Engineering Geology Terrain Study/ Sand and G ravel Resources Map, Thessalon. cdl Survey, Map 5009, Scale 1 ;100 000

\fississaei Bay

tast Grant f. Fishery Cs1^

,v-\'•^ \ \ \ -\.i-\ tt

DISTRICT OF AL.OOMA DISTRICT OF MANITOULIN

83 o 00© Engineering Geology Terrain Evaluation by D. F. VanDine, p Published 1979. Base map derived from 1 inch to 2 mites Provincial Series, Surveys and Mapping Branch, Ministry of Natural Resources GAH l NtR LEE ASSOCIATES LIMITED, TORONTO, ONT 1977 :f©© ;r!*TW^ Ministry of Hon- James A- c. Auld Minister Natural ^ , ^ n Dr. J. K. Reynolds Deputy Minister Ontario

Ontario Geological Survey Map 5009 COB*. C* THE ^P. OF MMCDONALn, Northern Ontario Engineering - r " ?s-x t' : ..: i "vi Geology Terrain Study Sand and Gravel Resources Map THESSALON NTS41J/SW

o Diamond : Lake P.Tj) Gordon QreyDitck \ L. A W AX-J. 79f'*< \ W

Pegamasai f

1:100000 2____l O 2 J i i l t-

One centimetre represents one kiln metre

JMacLenrian J F. i ri \\ -. i \

SAND AND GRAVEL RESOURCES MAP LEGEND GOODOOD© tx amples of good possible resources include. (i)i) the glaciolacustrine beach deposits at Hagans Hill northeast of the town of Thessaloni-p -p , on the basicc engineeringengneerng terrainerran mop); (ii) the glaciolacustrine beach deposits in the central portion ot St. Joseph BASSWOOD Island f ,SP . r. l ; and /saGO\ (iii) the glaciofluvial outwash north of Tunnel Lake! i^rn)- FAIR© Examples ot fair possible resources include: (i) the alluvial plain along the Little White River and the Mississagi River

(j i) the cjiaciofluvial outwash depositsalong Bridgland River /sgGO -syGO\ .

.* \V7.r Richards \ {i i i) the glaciolacustrine beach deposits on St. Joseph Island t sLB . .sLB i\ \ J^VvY \ Up-D Lp-Dh/ POOR© Livingst Examples of poor possible resources include: (i) fhe alluvial plain along a number of small streams on the mainland Greek l sAP \ \LrOTj ;3nd (ii) the glaciolacustrine plain deposits on the eastern and southern portions ,c i ui , -,/ sLP sLP/R sLP( Village of of St. Joseph Island^,, .-^^. —

Hilton Ueach BKisting sand and gravel pit.

Note:

Due to the reconnaissance scale of mapping, small sand and gravel deposits may not be shown, but their importance as wayside pits should not be overlooked for planning purposes. V^Thessalon LIGHTHOUSE pj CORP. 0.H THE Informal ion from this publication may be quoted if appropriate credit is given. Reference to this map is recommended as follows. VanDine, D. F 1979: Northern Ontario Engineering Geology Terrain Study, Sand and G ravel Resources Map, Thessalon. Ontario Geological Survey. Map 5009, Scale 1 ; 100 000

MUNUSCONG i Mississagi Bay

riPechs ^V i r( pt.

- ~ ,V^* .-''/T Sterling "Edw,w7 ri

S L A M D Sturgeon \~7 ' DISTRICT OF ALGOMA _ _ —————————— DISTRICT OF MANITOULIN

840 07'30" Engineering Geology Terrain Evaluation by D. F. VanDine, Published 1 979. Base map derived frnm 1 inrh TO ? rnilss Prnvincial Series. Surveys and Mapping Branch. Ministry of Natural Resources. GARTNER LEE ASSOCIATES LIMITED, TORONTO. ONT 1977. - " ' ~ ,:* ::'-':-:*:- " l© © -©" , ' " ' ' ',l i .. - . ' " ., ©- © © ' - ' ^ 'f.'' '~ ', '. ' '.- - ' '' " ~. '. ' ' ' " ' ©-© ©" . ^."^:©--- -." © ©M^ ^ . © © \' "^ ~, ', . .", ^t -f J-^ ©.-.© J..-^^ 3-^S^^f^*^ THIS PROJECT WAS FUNDED BY THE ONTARIO MINISTRY OF NORTHERN AFFAIRS.