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61 those of the author(s} and do not represent the official position or policies of the U. S. Department of Justicg.
'0 ~:.. l\!ational Institute of JU$iice' United States Departmeritof ~ustice c, ¥'ashington, D~C~20!)31." d' ." '"
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Victims .:=:s Wi tnesses of crt:: in Canada
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by a ii Dick Weller ':
and
Jean-Guy Desgagne
of the
Canadian Council on Social Development
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Q This report was prepared under contract to the Department of Justice0anada. Points '0 of view or opinions stated in this report a're those of the author and do not neces o
sarily represent the views or 'policies of c' the Department of Justice. 0 ,;' I) If Q
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~Io..:;."~- o L " Deputy Minister of Justice and Sous-ministre de la Justice et Deputy Attorney General of Canada sous-procureur general du Canada ) /1 Ottawa, Canada j I o p K1A aHa o o ,e ~ May 7, 1984' \1 ".~'. Dear Sir/Madam: In 1983,' the Department of Justice commissioned the Canadian Council on Social Development to conduct a survey of services to victims and witnesses of crime in Canada. This work included an inventory of services to victims of crime in Canada and an \'ana1ysis of the main trends in the development of victim services in Canada up to March 1983. The ,findings of this study were communicated to the Federal Provincial Task Force on Victims of Crime. U.S. Department of Justice ~atlonal.lnstitute of Justice The inventory of services was not. published but it is made This document has been reproduced exactly ,as received from the available to interested persons through the computerized person or organization originating it. Points of VIew or opinions stat~d 'data source on victims located within the Library and " in this document are those of the a!Jthors and do. not nec~ssari y represent the official position or policies of the NallOnallnstltute of Reference Centre, Ministry of ' the Solicitor General 'in 1,1 Justice. Qtta.wa~" 0 \\ Permission to reproduce this copyrighted material has been o gra~lster of supply and Services On the other hand, the analysis of the inventory of services, I entitled "Victims and Witnesses of Crime in Canada" has been ,J canada published by the Department of Justice due to its" interest . "to the National Criminal Justice Reference Service (NCJRS) ..' to a broad range of people and groupp involved in the aJ3,.~a \) (5' FUJ;lher reproduction outside of the NCJRS system requires permis. , ·of victim and witness assistance. . sibn of the copyrighl owner. , C I have enclosed a copy of this,,>report and I trust that you (; will find it informa~ve and useful. Yours sincerely, o c Roger Tasse Deputy Minister of Jus·tice 'i.. 1 © Minister of Supply and Services Canada 1984 Cat. No. JS 42-21/1984 ISBN 0-662-53013-6 -- ,. If (l Canada " :,~=-~~... ~~,,~- "-- ... ,.,~'"'-...::~-,---~ r, JjI I ~\ Deputy Minister of Justice and Sous-ministre de la Justice e! 1+ Deputy Attorney General of Canada sous-procureur general du Canada ottawa. Canada KlA OHa I I ! Le 7 mai 1984 I I Ij Monsieur/Ma,dame, ! En 1983, Ie ministere de la Justice a accorde un contrat de recherche au Conseil canadien de developpement social pour qu'il effectue une etude sur les services aux victimes et This report reflects the generou{~~ontributions of many temoins de crime au Canada. Cette etude g permis de dresser individuals representing both pub~1c and voluntary un inventaire complet des services disponibles au Canada pour o sector criminal justice and socia}, development interests. les victimes et temoins de crime, et d'analyser les pcrincipales a These contributions included pr9~ision of written ..~,- tendances ayant marque Ie developpement de ces services" information, response to questionnaires emplo~ed in,a 'jt:isq'u'en mars 1983. Les resultatp de l'etude ont en suite ~te nationa.l victim services survey and personal 1nterv1ews. communiques au Groupe de travail federal~provincial sur les We are grateful to all those who have assisted the victimes de crime. Council in this effort • .Le repertoire des services n'a pas ete publie. Toutefois, il est disponible aux personnes interessees via Ie service informatise d' information sur les victimes d'e crime si tue au Centre de Consultation du Ministere du Solliciteur General a Ottawa. Richard Weiler D' autre part, I' analyse du repertoire des services intitul(~ Canadian Council on Social Development "Victimes et temoins de crimes au Canada" a ete publieeQpar Ie ministere de la Justice en raison ds l'inter@t que cette analyse presentait pour un grand nombre de personnes e·t de groupes impliques dans ce domaine'~ c ~\ J't ai inclus une copie du rapport qui, je crois, saura vous @tre l.i'tile., Veuillez agreer, Monsieur/Madame, I' expres,sion de mes sentiments les meilleurs. Le sous-ministre de la Justice, o Roger Tas?e Piece jointe ,. Canada r 1 1 I PAGE CHAPTER ,Chapter 1 - Intl'oduction () 1) Introduction ...... •..•... ·····················;,·····, ...... '... . 1 The victim of crime " has often been seen to-have Q (; I Vi ctim Needs ...... •..... ········· ~ ., ...... '.' .. 1 not received due societal concern. This has resulted in recent 1.1 ·2 .""'.> II Victim Services ...... " ...... " ...... '~ .. years, in cORsiderab1e development in research and planning as I~, \ III 1981 Victims Survey .. : ...... ~ ...... 3 wen as in services designed to deal with the needs of victims. IV 1983 Victim Services Survey .... : ...... · •.. ··· ...... · 6 This report is intended to inform those interested in the planning and development of services to crime victims of these recent 2) B deve10pments~ Its objectives include: Recent Developments Tow~rds Victim Services ...... ~.-.:: .;:..'.~ : 8 I Federal Government Initiative ...... ···i···· ., ...... * To provide a summary of the Canadian experience in I I Infras t ructu re ...... ;, .... • .....•.. 8 determining the needs of victims and victim service .1 I I Research .•...... •...... ~, ...... •... 14 requirements - especially as they have emerged since IV Developments in the Law ...•...... ····· ...... 24 1 980. ,25~' (i i 3) Recent Servi ce Trends ...•...... ··············,·············· I i * To ihdicate, through descriptions and selected 25 ,\ illustrations, various trend~ in servi~e development I Historical Service Trends ...... · .. ·;·· .. ·······•·· ;:; I I Recent Servi ce Trends ...... ,; ...... 27 and victim based service projects. Social Development ...... ·.····•·············• 28 Hea 1 th Servi ce ...... • ...... •..• 28 * To identify a number of issues which will require 29 at ten t ion i nth e f ut u r e e v.o 1 uti 0 n 0 f s e r vic est 0 Social Service ...• !.! •••••••••••••• ".·············· crime victims. Special Interest Groups ...... •.. ~ ...... 34' The Just; ce System ...•...... •. · ..... ',..... ,t ...... •. 37 Co rrecti ons ..... " ...... •..... ;' ...... :: ...... 37 * To p~~~ide asststance to readers in seeking further ~\ i,oformation. This is accomplished in a number of ways. Pol ice .....•...... ' ..... j: ••~ •••••••••••• 'I' 37 Courts •. , •...... ~":~'\~II~io •••••• , ••••' •• 42 References to various pieces of research, demonstration f1"'1 r,' .' projects and ongoing programs are often employed as Crown Attorneys., .. ~ ...t'\:~# I; •• '\'~ ••••••••••••••• 43 J' illustrative examples throughout the paper. Further : . ~ !l~'?;,~ 46 there are numerous references in the paper to sources 4) Where to from Here? ..... :~ ...... ii ..~ ...... :...... ,. .. . of information related to research and service delivery /. • ~'\, .' ~,\\\~ tI!:i.. J Extent or ServlcelDevelopment. ~~...... ··\O~~ .,/ .... . 46 of victim services. The document also includes a I I Human ReSou rces ...... \~1.1 ...... 47 number of appendices identifying and/aescribing key III Process of Service Deve10pment-cQ,\l•...... •. 50 victim witne~s res~arch and projecifinitiativ~s. They , 52 D ' I V Unders tandi n9 of II Vi ct i m Servlftes II •••••••••• '0' • ••••••• also include an updated inventory of specialized victim V I nformati on Programs ...... ~ ...... ~' ...... ,,...... 53 witness p~ojects including transition homes, sexual VI The Justi ce Fi el d .....•...... , ...... 55 assault centres and crime compensaticon pro'grams. VI I Socj a 1 Development.,.", ...... !J• ••••••••••••••••••••• '". ••• 56 VIn The Ro1 e of the Voluntary Sector ...•...... " ..... ·· 56 Thus, the\document is intended to assist th~reader in gaining IX Organization of Services ...... , ... "...... 57 an updated appreci at i.on of Canadi an experi erk.e as well as '.c; X Government's Responsibilities ...•...... •.. ·.· •.. 59 knowledge of information resources should further material be required. d' 60 Can c1 us i on. ,.. ••.•.•.•••.••.••••... ~ .... II ...... ,'} .. " ...... Appendices LVICTIM NEEDS 1/ 1) Studies/Reviews The "co~sequences of a crime on a victim are dependerit 2) Victim/Witness Programs ~ on a number of factors. These include the type and severity of o the c r i me , the vi c tim I so age and. p tty sic a 1 con d i t 10 n ,the effect of the crime' on, his/her mental and physical health, the reaction o'f i family and friends and nsubs'equent in~olvement of the victim with .1 1 G tI ,u 3 2 major barriers in sharing a general understanding of d~velopment the criminal justice system. Needs resulting from victimization in this field. can be i mm e d i ate and /0 r 1 0 n 9 1 a s tin g • The y can be ph y s i c"a 1 s tiC i a 1 psychological, property-relJted or financial in nature.' t For purposes of the report, we have adopted the following definitions: II. VICTIM SERVICES "Victim services" will be employed to cover those ~ There are a number of factors which can lead to serv~ces required ~y victims of ~rime provided by cqpfusion in exploring the victim services field: publlC or voluntary based organizations which deal with needs directly resulting from the victimization a. The variety of ways in which researchers have categorized the person's relationship with the criminal justice' !i~tim services -,including grouping by population of system and a person's role as a victim/witness in the lnterest, e.g. chlldren, women; by type of organiiation legal process. providing se~vi~es, e.g. police or court based; by type o f g e n e r,a 1 v 1 C t 1 m nee d t 0 be s e r v ed, e. g. em 0 t ion a 1 A "service framework" which emphasizes financial trauma, physical damage, financial loss, etc; or assistance, personal care and court related services according to the specific phase of an individual's employed in a victim services survey undertaken in invo~vement in the criminal justice sys'tem, e.g. services 1983 by the CCSD (discussed in S@ction IV of this provlded at the time of victimization, court related support. Chapter). It included: Service Groupings Specific Services b. Th~ different meanings given to the same word by different wrlters. For example, "counselling" is often used to Fihancial Assistance -witness fees, ~ffender describe a service. But the term may refer to the restitution, victim c ha rae t e r i s tic s 0 f a 1 0 cat ion - r e c e pt ion Crail t r e - not the compensation, insurance services provided in the location, or it ma~ be used to claims, financial describe a method of providing service, e.g. htelephone assistance hotline" not the service(s}~themselves. ' Personal Care -personal escort services to c. There are different ways of defining crime: some would court, personal escort 'include a wide range of situations not included/covered services to police stations, by our criminal code as crimes, e.g. occupational legal or paralegal counsel, accidents; some suggest that crimes should include not follow-up counselling, crisis only those actions where the criminal justice system centres intervention, food/shelter, on a violation of the criminal code but also those actions 24-hour hotline, child care, whi~h wh~le similar in n~ture,are dealt with through other medical care, property repair, leg~slat~on, e.g. s?me vlo1atlons of highway traffic support to families of leglslat10n and faml1y laws. victims, escort service to social/health agencies d. T~ere is often a failure to distinguish among services dlrectedJto victims, to victims as witnesses and to Support within the -notification of court witnesses. I Legal System schedules, notification of r case dispositions, These definitional problems were noted both in the description of court 1 i t era t u r: and i n ~ her e s u 1 ~ s 0 f the de t ail e d sur ve y u n d e r t a k,e n by procedures, witness reception, the Canadlan Councll on Soc1a1 Development (C.C.S.D.) in 1981. transportation to court, providing investigation . Experience suggests that these distinctive perspectives status, preparation for and approaches employed in considering victim services will in testimony, victim/witness large part, remain due to the varied service planning frame~orks protection. 6 emplo~ed in the criminal justice and social development fields and the' d1v'erse approaches adopted by c:ommunities and organizations in r, These terms will be employed extensively where developing services. Such differences would not be construed as \\ 4 .. r~-~"''"-'~''-'''·:::'-;':'-''~'-:~::::-='''''''C;'';O~"'7~''''''''''''-''''''=-.""'" !l : ,J ,I, 5 4 r\ I) conside.rat"ion of service trends are ,presented. The survey included an extensive literature review, ~ distribution of questionnaires to approximately 800 arganizatians, * " Crim e s" a p p 1 i e sma i n 1y tot h 0 sea c t ion s,' wh i c h and the interviewing Df experts in the fields o.f criminal justice, contravene the criminal code of Canada. However, we sacial develo.pment and victim based pragrams in bath Canada and have also included child abuse, which generally is the United States. dealt with through provincial child welfare legislation. The results of this study lead the Cauncil to. identify five areas Df interest regarding the pravision af victim services This report is based on the analysis of: in Canada. They included: * The literature relating to victim services in Canada. * Services dealing with the direct crlS1S resulting fro. m vic tim i z a t ion • Th a s e inc 1 u de d s e r vic e s pro v ide d * Our understanding of 'the 1981 C.C.S.D. survey on by arganizations primarily concerned with specific servic~s to victims and witnesses in Canada. ,groups of citizens, i.e. the disabled, elderly, natives, immigrants, abused children, sexually * Consideration of developments in this field since 1980. assaulted wo~en dnd abused spouses. * Data arising from a more recent survey conducted by While many arganizations demanstrated interest in their C.C.S.D. for the Department of Justice (1983) on the constituents' service needs should they be victimized, only those state of victim services in Canada. specifically concerned with abused persons have established specialized victim services. ''x? III. 1981 VICTIM SERVICES SURVEY C (, In many cammunities across Canada, g~neralized crlS1S interventian programs are availabl~ through co~munity agencies. This report is, in part, a follow-up to a document prepared for While prepared to. provide victims with assistance, few agencies and published by the Ministry of the Solicitor General of Canada indicated that "specialized~ victim services were available. "Services to Victims and \~itnesses of Crime in Canada"- (based on a country wide survey conducted by the C.C.S.D.). The Police based crisis services were highlighted. The following is a summary of that report. study,identified a number af major prajects which, While different in design, baSically involved the development of this capability In 1981, the C.C.S.D. was requested to undertake a study in assisting police. Ex~mples included projects in Calgary and regarding the "State" of the Art" of victlm services in Canada EdmDnton. j) This work, which was the first of its kind in Canada fDcussed on the emerging service system to. crjme victims in Canada. More * Services directed to. assisti~g victims and witnesses to. I') , \, specifically, the study was undertaken: par tic i pat e e f f e c t i v e 1 y ; nth ~ c rim i n a 1 jus tic e si s t e lh wh i 1 e protecting their rights. * To identify and analyze current service trends and programs aimed at assisting crime victims in Canada. This service area was weak. Th~re was some evidence of police interest in infarming victims af the status af their * to cansider the relevance to the Canadian scene Df cases and the existence of written materials to guide witnesses. key service trends and models of victim services One major "witness U based project was identified in Alberta. "e v a 1 v i n g, i not her, co u n t r i e s - par tic u 1 a r 1y t th:~ Un i ted Haweyer this survey did not identify majar service trends pravided States of America. . ~ by, the caurts or crawn attDrneys directed to. meeting the reqUirements of victim/witnesges. : : To ide,n,tifY pDssib~e adjustments to. existing palicies and pragrams relatlng to. services far victims af crime ~ Services aimed at compensating victims for personal in Canada. ' ,) ,', . damages incurred as a result af a crime. Given the range af organization~ involved in ~raviding The survey did identify and describe the variaus crime c services af interest to. victims, the survey included"'consideration com p ens a t i on pro. g rams whi c h we rea vat 1 a b 1 e i n bot h t err ito r i e s a n'd of many arganizatians lacated in bath the social development and all but two provinces. j u·s tic e fie 1 d • ,"!,' --.~-~--~------ ,-. w ,.,,-;"'_"='="-r_v,=-;~.::-:;;~.~~==r.::~,~~::;;"£::' ,~~",~':"":"'-;::::,~t,;..t!;.~ J if I) , 6 7 * Services aimed at ac~ieving restitution, reconciliation * Provision of data to the Federal/Provincial Task or both between the offender and th~ victim. Force on Justice for Victims of Crime. The survey identified the extensive use of restitution * Development i~f an'il1formation base sui~ed' to provi~e ,~n Prince Edward Island and efforts toward increased use of this support to those involved in the plann1ng, evaluat10n ~~tence in other jurisdictions, e.g. Ontario. Also and management of victim servi~es. n vietim/offender programs were identified in a number of provinces. ":: (~ *" Provision of recommen~ations regarding the state of * Services that assist theOvictim to locate ando use information, means o(organizing and storing , information and approaches Which might be entertalned i..I?.I?..!: 0 Pria tee xis tin 9 s e r vic e s'\\ 0 l) ~J in developi~g a federal information service regarding This resulted ·in ide~tification of numerous trends a~ong victim services. police dep~rtments and special1zed victim based services, such as sexual abu~~ centres, in pra~idin~ appropriate coo~dination and The survey was conducted with considerable effort support. directed to drawing on involvement and support of many public and private organizations. It was also more extensive than the 1980 n", The rep 0 r t co n s i9 e red the va ria t i on sin" the com p os it i"o n survey in that it included: of services, location and objectives of projects focussed on victims, witnesses ~nd vittim/witnesses. It presented a * A more detailed description of victim and victim/ comparative description of similar developments in the United witness assistance projec~s in Canada. States. However, it cautioned aJJainst transferring American !j experience to the Canadian reality given a number.of distinctive * An ~~fort to identify the information requirements of, factors in our society including: those pl,nning and d~livering victim services. I., a. the differences in the nature and rate of crime; * Greater emphasis on locating programs and services ~~ ~ among organizations responsible for the courts and b. t he dis tin c t i v e f e de r a 1 and pro v inc i a 1 res po n sib i 1 i t ( e s crown attorneys' offices. compared to the American division of.responsibilitie~ between the federal and state level's of government; * An attempt to identify specific services directed to "jJ victim/witnesses, whether they be locate~ i~ c. the dis tin c t i ve pro c e sse s 0 f ide nt i fy i n g , j u d g e san d specialized victim/witness programs or wlthln the other legal officials in both count/lies; overa1l context of an organizations~ activities. d • the more Qxtensive range of public su~ported The survey involved consideration of existing health services available to Canadians. information gn victim services, interviews with ~ho~e p~ominently involved in the design, study or management of v1ctlm/w1tness , ;:) The report concluded with a brief"discussion of trends programs; contact by questionnaire with appr?xi~~tely 2!000 s?clal" an~ suggestions for change regarding a nUmber of issues in this deve16~ment and criminal justice based organlzatl0ns, (l~cludlng sample follo~-up telephone interviews); and selec~ed ons1~ht , Vfield includihg fe~eral provincial responsibilities; the need for , l a n~tional clearinghouse~ expansion of crime compensat~on programs visits. Results of this survey are inco~po~~ted ~n the d1ScusSl0n t oe inc 1 u d,~' pro per t y c rim e; ad jus t men t sin fed era 1 go ve r nmen t of recent ~evelopments of responses to v1ctlms Wh1Ch are fun din 9 me c han ism s - e s p e~c i all y the Can a d'a .A s sis tan c e P1 an; summarized in the following chapter~.l import~nce of guidelines for local community' planning for victim wi~h,the wi~e o services; and a proposed redefinition of the role of police to Chapter 2 deals range,of activities which permit more active involvement in supporting victims; and finally have cont~1buted to the provls10n of 1pfQrmatl0n, the organ- . policy makers. izational climate and legal developments supportive of victim ~, \ {f 1/ services. IV 1983 VICTIM SERVICES SURVEY ChaRter 3 is di rected at summan Zl ng a number of recent o This more ~ecent su~vey was intended to update the above developments in victim services found in ,both the criminal justice and social devel~pment fields. It also relates by specific menfinned o study. The objectives of thi~ survey included: 1 Detail'ed informaiio~ resulted from th}s survey is available through the Victim Resource Centre ~ocated in the library of the Solicitor General Canada in Ottawa. ~ 8 9 illustrations, to types of projects providing services to crime Promotl!1:g improved servi ces for vi ctims of crime. victims. * * Developing and providing information to victims, Ch~pter 4 identifies a number of general trends in the witnesses and pro'fessionals. Information related present and possible future state of victim services. A number of t ole gal 0 p t ion s, a>s sis tan c e a v ail a b 1 e for vic tim s issues which require resolution in the future development of of crime, the needs of victims and ways of dealing services are discussed. with victims more sensitively.• The booklet, is completed wit~ a series of appendices. Undertaking policy directed research projects. These are intended to assist the reader in identifying relevant * up-to~date information regarding crime victims. Topics include This incentive provided consultative and financial research, communications, victtm services and information support required to facilitate a number of major research, resources. educational, planning and service develd~ment activities across Canada. Most initiatives were undertaken in collaboration with provincial and local authorities. Chapter 2 - Recent Developments Towards Victims Services II. THE INFRA)STRUCTURE In the past coupl~ of years, a nationwide increase in An increasin~ "network" of persons concerned with victim interest and commitment exploring the needs of crime victims and needs has been evolving in Canada. In large part this has been deve~oping services to meet those needs has been evident. This the conSequence of the development of numerous organized groups comml~ment has been reflected in: responsible for specific tasks. In part, it is the result of many , 0} ed~cational initiatives of the past few years. Major activities * A major federal government initiative to promote directed to the needs of victims in the past few years have improvements in information and serVices. focussed on research, communication, policy and program formulation. These have been designed to involve an extensive * The development of an "infrastructure" involv\?ng many network of professionals and volunteers concerned with victim in the public and voluntary sectors concerned with needs. Ma,ny of the activities - be they national, provincial or victims. community~based were founded by task-oriented groups. These groups assumed various advisory, coordination, planQing and * ConSiderable increase in research in the field. management]responsibilities. Federal and provincial activities have tended to be dominated by government officials from the * Legal adjustments to protect the rights of victims. criminal just~ce field. * The development of victim services. 1. The federal government has developed an interdepartmental committee on justioe for victims of crime. This is responsible This~hapter will deal with the "non service related" for: (a) coordination of federal policies and activities; (b) activities. assistance to the federal/provincial task force concerned with victims; (c) sh~ring policy information with those responsible for I • FEDERAL'GOVERNMENT INITIATIVE federal, provincial and community developments; (d) sensitization of professionals to victim needs, and; (e) development of public ,In July of 1981, the federal government undertook a education initiatives. This committee involves the departments of commitment to mount a major ,18 month enhanced "victims" the Solicitor Gener-al, Justice, National Health and Welfare, initiative. This commitment included the effo~ts of a number of Sec ret a r y a f Stat e, Stat u s 0 f W0 men, Nat ion a 1 De f e n,.~ e and the ~ federal departments concerned with this subject under the R.C.M~P. Other departm~nts are included when appropriate •. leadership of the Ministry of the Solicitor Ge~eral and Department ,~ ~ of Justice. It involved an increased commitment of both resOUrces 2. There are nine provincial review committees that hav~ and collaborative action directed to: . developed across Canada. These mechanismt are composed"primarily of representatives of concerned provincia1> government * Better assessing victims· needs and related gaps in organizations responsible for victim services, federal government S e r vic e diDl j v e r y • representatives and in srime instances non-government interest groups. These consultative bodies undertake a variety of '.-::: , 0 . - - ~--....,------,-,--~ ----~------~--~ 11 10 education, Dadvocacy for public policy a~d service provlslon responsibilities according to the prioriti~s in their respective directed to victim service needs and c~ime prevention. Another province. In 3 couple of provinces, the activity has been approach considered, involved the development' of a national primarily directed to recommending a comprehenScive policy organization ~o~~osed primarily of service planners, providers and framework within which various government departments would assume victims concerned with service needs of victims. It would assume responsibility for introducing adjustments direq.ted to improving responsibilities similar to th05e undertaken by the National the existi~g system's victim and witness services~ In other Organization for Victim Assistance in the U.S.A., i.e. encouraging instances, the committees were primarils concern~d with the scope, developments in public awareness, policy and services to needs of and responsibility for services and the and short- and long-term ~ictims, and tOJmaintain a supportive informational network for plans for development of specialized victim projects e.g. in those concerned with the provision of victim services. Finally, Manitoba, the committee focussed on the development of a , there has been some activity among a number of representatives of province-wide comprehensive program to assist abused spouses. national v6luntary organizations concerned with victims directed to increased collaborative efforts in considering the development c 3. Many types of community-based consultative mechanisms hav~ of a common~ victim-focussed initiative among their members. This also developed. These usually include representatives of would assume responsibility for producing a country-wide community groups and organizations from both the social" cbnsultation directed at assessing the feasibility of developing a development and criminal justice fields interested in the needs of IIV~;C tim II focussed 0 r g ani z a t i on and i n de vel 0 pin g a nat ion a 1 vic tim s • The s e g r 0 ups, t h r 0 ugh me e tin g s, pub 1 i cwo r k s hop s, stu d'y ~clearinghouse" capacity under the auspices of the voluntary sessions and other activities, have been involved in education, sector. While none of these initiatives have yet materialized, research regarding victim service requirements~ and planning and I there has been considerable interest demonstrated among many coo r d i nat i on of the d eve lop men t of r e qu i red vi c tim s e r v i c.• es • voluntary organizations at national, provincial and cQmmunity ~ 1 levels in establishing policies, initiating public or professional 4. A significant action involving the federal and provincial education planning, coordinating and delivering victim services. governments has been the development of the federal/prcivincial task force on Justice for Victims of Crime. This body was The lack of clarity at present concerning a longer term established by Ministers responsible for criminal justice. Its national strategy in dealing with victims, the task and time mandate was to: focussed responsibilittes of many of those groups dealing with various aspects of'victims' concern, and the lack of an ongoing, (a) conduct an in-depth examination of the current needs of vif formalized organization of professionals, volunteers dnd ~ictims tims and their experiences with the criminal justice "system; concerned with the nee~s and the rights of victims are causing problems. It is not possible at this time to determine the (b) explore issues such as long-term funding i'mplications, form(s) in which those concerned with victims will continue appropriate ~egi~lative options, coordinating mechanisms" advocating, planning and developing victim services in Canacta. and funding alternatives t community involvement, and other topics which may be considered important in the development Considerable resources and effort have been directed to of vic~im services; the development of educational activities. Initiatives are usually supported by the federal and provincial governments. (c) advise Ministers on how to cQmmunicate and sensitize the Initiatives include conferences, workshops, audio visual materials public and crimina.l justice profess"ional.s as to the needs of and publications have. been directed primarily to those responsible victims; for research, design and management of organizations in the criminal justice and social development systems. (d) recommend waY,!i;;· by whi ch the two 1 evel s of government can ,ensure the efficient sharing af information and expertise Conferences have played a major role in the development 'in this area. . of commitment to vittims among government officials and professionals in the past few years. The objectives have included " The task force's eJforts provi dee the,Q.as'i s for development of long provision of information on patterns of victimization, victim term government st"rategies i~ thi $ ff~l de; needs, appropriate service response and professional methods in responding to victim needs. Finally, they have served to provide A number of other initiatives ~ave been partially G" opportunities for the increasing number of those committed to pursued regardin. g the organization of those concernedwithv~ct~ms. service i~terests of vi~tims to develop and maintain ongoing (To date these have not proven successful.) Some encouraged tija communication. The numerous conferences held during the past few de!elop~en! of a national based self-help organization ~om~osed of years have involved profeSSionals from across the country in crlme vlctlms that would participate in providing pubJic ~ .~ \-;.::0 . " ------" = f~ ,1\ ,. ~ /.'~ 12 Ii! 13 , "", lil " ~, varied experiences and have had conside~able Canadian ~ 'l· representation: ~ ~ I' j * Other community events have been integral components l' * of an overalF "community developmentllexercise directed Seve ~ a 1 0 f the rna jo r i n t ~a t ion a 1 me e tin g s o'n vic tim 'I to initiating victim services. ~ two-day workshop held ~e~vlcesh~ve been supported~ The first being the , i. 1 as t fa 1 1 i nOt taw ain vol vi n g pro f e s s ion a 1 s , JOlnt meetlng hosted by the American Organization 'volu::-nteers and agency representativesA.was sp,ecifically of yictim Service (NOVA) and two Canadian I,Ij.·. " i n ten de d t 0 inc rea sea war e n e s s abo u t \''C rim e vic tim " natlo~al. voluntary organizations, The Canadian i' J' needs, and existing services in Ottawa and to determin~ Assoc~atlon fo~ the Prevention of Crime and the ways bf improving services available to victims. There Canadlan Councll ?n Social Development. More recently, were a number of specific actiqns arising from this the.33rd !nte~natlonal Course on Criminology involving meeting including a lpcal polite department initiating soclal sClentlsts, pla~ners and service providers ,a victim training program for staff and the . from around the world met in Vancouver to consider IIt - :0 initiation of discussions regarding the develop~ent the needs of victims. ' ! of a victim s,ervices coordinatin.g committee. II * Numerous regional and community b'ased meetings have f Such educational endeavours have been important in been conducte~ ~here the emphasis has been on service encouraging action on behalf of victims, in information sharing, nee~s of.s~eclflc groups of victims such as natives, f and in developing a network of persons across the country with a 6enlor cltlzens and sexually abused women. For common interest in the needs of victims. Many of these meetings example, a rece~t meeting involving approximately two have resulted in the preparation of public r~ports. hundred professl0nals from the Maritimes dealt with the problems of abused women. This workshop, held in I1 Thes~ effbrts have been complemented by numeroys Monc~on, focussed on assessing the quality of eXisting 'publications and audio visyal materials directed at educating both s~rv~ce~ and means of facilitating improved inter professionals ind the public in various elements of the crime dl~c1pllnary efforts among professionals. 1 victim situation. As will be noted later in this paper, there has been ebnsiderable effort taken by many organizations concerned * Oth~r ~onferences and workshops have been directed at • c.;.' with victims to improve information services. Thij has been in assl~t~ng volu~teers a~d pr?fessionals in understanding 11 response to the increased recognition that many victims are not s~ec~flc technlques/skllls lnvolved in dealing with aware of relevant servi4,es already availa. .ble to them. ~lctlm~. For example, a recen~, two-day workshop rl lnvo~vlng over 150 participants from New Brunswick II r. RESEARCH II c~fl~lder~d the application of crisis intervention IJ m~thods 1n family violence situ~tions. A major The recent increased interest in research in this field compo~e~t was the co~sideration nf approaches, lt is reflected in a generally supported research strategy stressing (spe~lflcally, techn1ques developed in the London and I: the need to develop a Canadian data base on crime victims, their Res~lgouC~e project) employed in family violence needs, a v ail a bl e resources and gaps ; ns e r vic e s ti' These 'is t u die s , proJects 1n Canada. _ which could be central to the future design and evaluation of programs would involve the act\ve support and collaboration of O~her ~ommunity ~o~f~rences and workshops have been I 1 0 cal com mu nit y age n c i e s • Whe rep o.s sib 1 e, the y s h 0 u 1 d a 1 so' dlrect~d at sensltlz1ng, educating and informing reflect the views of specific group's of victims regarding their ~ommunlty leaders and agency personnel of the victim 1 1 ~xperiences and needs. The following information has been gleaned l~sue. LThese eff?rts, while varied in design, have from the many recently conducted national, provincial and alme~ a~ encouraglng greater community action on behalf community based studies. of v~ct1ms. They ~ave ~enerally been preceded by conslde~abJe pl~nnlng dlrected at identifying the National Studies appro~rlate subJects, program design and aUdience. , i A serles of such specially tailored workshops was The federal gQvernment has directly assumed or supported .;. conducted in Nova Scotia in 1982. The events in extensive research projects. These have included: A, Truro a~d Sydney focussed on pr'operty crime whereas 0 0 t h ~ Ha 11 fax pro g ram f c us sed ,on vic tim s f s ex u a 1 * Identification of the trends of crime, impact on ~ c r 1 me. Ea c h va r i ed" i nit s pro g ram des i g n, com p 0 sit ion victims and perceived needs for services. These " '" of and expected roles of participants. I II include both a" national urban victimization o , ~------'-- ~ r--"~ ~-""""'"- -..--,.---- - ,I c"ll ""'.'""'~'.:I.S<:'~~':"""'~_'Il-J-.~~~~~-=-"""~'~7!';':::':::;:.::::-;-;;;''''' , 14 15 survey conce?ned with the victims of crime in general and a nan a 1y sis ,,0 f sex u a 1 c rim e sag a ins t chi 1 d r en. (2) Risk of Victimization (Both are discussed in this section of the paper.) There would appear to be a much higher incidence of crimes committed than is evident from official crime statistics. * A' number of reviews have been undertaken directed to It is also evident, consistent with the general perception, that identifying and describing trends i~service delivery to vi!:tims and witnesses of crimes •. These exercises crime is generally equated with violence. Crimes in Canada are have included efforts to survey the present service rarely violent, most crimes being property related. system in regard to services directed to ,victims of crime in g:neral, such a~ those conglucted by C.C.S.D. (3) The Victims of Crime They also lnclude a number of moredeta41ed surveys Crime patterns appear to be tied to sex differences; directed to services to specific groups of vi~tims women are seven times m~re likely than men to be victims of sexual including sexual assault,'child abuse and abused assault, whereas men are twice as likelY to be victims of robbery spouses. Finally, crime compensation as a specific and assault. Age is also a factor. Contrary to pUblic opinion, type of service t~ victims has been assessed in some detail. Reference to some of these works is presented however, elderly citizens are rarely crime victims. In fact, throughout the report. . persons under 25 are most susceptible. There are also varied pat t e"fen .s 0 f c rim ere 1 ate d t 0 inc 0 mea nd 1 i f est y 1 e • A Canadian Urban Victim Survey (4) Fear of Crime . .. The most significant research relates to a major vlctlmlzatlon survey conducted by the Ministry of the Solicitor The survey sugge~ts that women and elderly citizens . General with tbe assistance of Statistics Canada. The research report greater fear of criffi~nal action than the general populatlon was conducted in seven major cent,res; greater Vancouver Edmonton (as reflected, for example, in fear of walking alone in onels own Winnipeg, Toronto, Montreal, Halifax, Dartmouth and St.'Johnls. ' neighbourhood). It involved intervi:ws with over 60,000 persons providing us with o the most comprehenslve picture available to date of the extent of (5) Perception of Police Behaviour reported and unreported crimes in 1981, the risk of criminal victimization, the impact of crime, public perception of crime The majority of respondents were prone to have positive the criminal justice system and victims l perceptions of fheir ' opinions of the police in matters of law enforcement, promptness experiences. in responding to calls, and approachability. Victims, h~~ever,. i were less positive about police response, with least satlsfactlon 1 ( regarding information on crime prevention matters. The.most A number of general patterns ha~e already been unhappy group of crime victims w~re sexual assault victlms. ide n t1 fie don the bas i s 0 fin it i a 1 a n a 1y sis 0 f' the sur v ey d a t a : (1) Reported and Unreported Crime (6) Awareness of Crime Compensation Programs These programs were generally not well known. This lack The survey demonstrated that over one half of crimes of understanding was shared by victims who would be eligible for .' we r e not r: p 0 r ted • Rat e s 0 f r e po r tin g va r i e d a c cor din g to, the type of crlme; theft, over 70% reported theft of a motor vehicle' such benefits. Many of the minority who were aware of the programs sex, women had hi gher' reporti ng rat~s than ma 1 es for sexua l' ' were misinformed as to the eligibility criteria. as~au1t; and age, persons over 65 were more likely to r.eport Thus, this national survey, while restrtcted to urban cr~mes ~ha~ were younger victims. Reasons given for not reporting settings, demonstrates that the majority of crim: !ictims do not crlmes lncluded the view that the crime was "to~ minor" that report the crime and are either unaware of, or mls1~formed ~s to, ~ 0 1 ice C'? u 1 d don at h. i n g a 1:5 0 u t the sit u a t ion, t hat i twa S victims services available. These results are conslstent wlth lnco~ve~l:nt,.or that the criminal justice system was too' complex and lntlmldatlng. Reasons for not reporting sexual assaults most community-based surveys addressing these matters. v a ri e d f rom th e u sua 1 pat t ern • The s e vi c t ms . s t res sed c on c ern wi t h negative attitUdes of criminal justice officials and a fear of A number of specific summaries dealing with the above revenge by offenders. subj'ects are being prepared for public distribution. Co~t~ct the C0 mI~ u n i cat ion s Di vis ion, Pro g ram Bra n c h 0 f the fed era 1 ~1l n 1 s try 0 f the Solicitor General for further information. o .. _J , .~--~----- ~ -~-~~---. ~r""'"P·"· , ...... ,. ,- ~ ; r II" ~ Ii .~ 16 17 ~i l I q:1 fl \: If 1\\' !! '. Badgley Committee primarily affected by the repective studies. \;. 0 ~ . The federa'l government has also embar~,ed on a major Most community-based assessment studies have been p1ece of research.rela~ed to sexual offences agalnst children and conducted in order to identify the pattern of crime in a community Ii j' youth. The w?rk 1S ~e1ng undertaken by a committee of experts and to provide appropriate data upon which sound decisions as to jf" under the cha1~man~h1p of Dr: ~obin Badgley of the University of what services, are needed can be established. Some reviews have i' T?r?nto. 'TheCom~lttee was J01ntly established by the federal attempted to include baseline information necessary in determining :. M1n1sters of Justlce and National Healt,h and Welfare. the effectiveness of programs to be tmplamented. I The committee is to ascertain the incidence and Information collected usually involves data provided by preva~enc~ of sexual abuse agairst children and youth and of their victims. Some assassments have relied on one set of data while explo1tat10n for sexua~ purp?s&'s by way of pro,stitution and bthers have involved victims both soon after and some time after pornography •. The comm1ttee 1S also examining the question of the crime. Information is generally related to the impact of the access b~ ch1l~ren an~ ~outh to pornographic material. Finally, crime and perceived service needs. Oata from witnesses is some the comm1ttee 1S exam1nlng the relationships between. the times included, focussing on their e~perienc~s in relating to the en for c em e n t 0 ~ the 1 a wan dot her me c han ;:,s msus e d by the com III u nit y criminal justice system. Information is usually collected to protect chlldren and youth from sexual abuse and exploitatione reg a r din g the ext e ntan d 1 0 cat ion 0 flo cal s e r\,; c e sap p r p p ria t e to victim needs. The data assists in determining where improved This ~o~k will require the committee to address certain coordinationJ referral and information, as well as new services, areas of the cr1m1nal code a~d.related legislation dealing with the above matter. More spec1f1cally, the group is examinihg: are required. Some reviews have also contacted selected 1. The elements of the offences with special attention to representatives from criminal justice arid social development ls~ues of age, consent and related considerati~ns of organizations in order to gain an appreciation of their concerns, eV1dence and publicity. . difficulties, and ~ossibilities in developing service responses to victims. A few reviews have attempted to develop criminal justice 2. Th~ incidence and p~evalence of sexual offences against _ system indicators required to develop baseline data for evaluation ch1ldren and youth 1n Canada. Where possible comparisons purposes. Abt Associates, for example, have propos&d that the are to be.made with the incidence and prevale~ce of sexual following may provide the framework for ongoing evaluation data: offenses 1n general. Police related: 3. Whethe~ such offences are likely to be brought to the attentlon of the authorities, whether they are likely to be 1. proportion of reported crimes cleared by charges; prosecuted and, if so, their outcome. 2. length of time victim property is retained as evidence; 4. The effective~ess of criminal sanctions and methods other 3. exploitation oJ home security; than the appllcation of criminal sanctions in dealing Wit~ 4. frequency of call backs to the same residence. types of conduct involved in these offences. Co u r t r e 1 at e,q : . T~e ~esults of this extensi¥e study should be publically aval~able w1thln the next year. "The report should provide . 5. proportion of family violence cases in whlch charges cons1derably g~eater unQer~tanding of these crimes and indications are laid; ~f the approprlate prevent1ve and treatment services required. 6. proportion of general cases in which charges are withdrawn by victims; Community-Based Studies' 7. ~roportion,of cases withdrawn due to victim non- attendance; Numerous pr~vincia~ and community-b~sed studies have 8. proportion of cases in which suspect is convicted; ,f 0 c u sse don, the. gap s 1 n s e r.~ 1 c e s r e qui red by vic tim s • Whi 1 e the \ ' res u 1 t s are not .. a 1 way s con s 1 s ten t, c e r t a i n g e n era 1 t r e'n d san d I suggested remedles are becoming evident. The following summarizes 'I t~e r~sults of m~ny of these recent initiatives. The material is ! organlzed accord1ng to the local ageRty responsible for or ' I 1 Mor~ specific information identifying relevant studies ~nd thel: source can be acquired by contacting the Consultation Sect10n.of the Programs Branch of the federal Ministry of I the SOllcltor General. ,_I" 19 18 investigation. 9. proportion of convictions in which restorative sanctions are imposed. (c) Crisis situations: Police Departments review policies and/or practices regarding victim assistance and where possible, define alternative Police are often the most significant contact with means of dealing with domestic complaints; victims. Victims· general reaction to the police is very provide in-service training for police officers; positive. Police are seen to respond quickly to calls, are develop backup capability which is available to polite, courteous, sympathetic to the victim·s situation and wOBk police officers on call. at apprehending the offender. However, victims often indicate that the police have difficulty in providing Uvictim service!! Th e,a b 0 ve s u g gest ion s h a ve he en con sid ere dan d par t i all y r e qui rem e nt s • Com pet in g de man d son the i r 't i me, the i r p r qJe s s 10 n a 1 or totally implemented in many communities through the development capability and other factors, often resul tLn limitations in of policy, adjustments in procedures, introduction of specific meeting victims· expect~tions. Service gaps ~hich have been.noted services and in some cases, the development of victim based include a lac~ of ~ollow-up information on the progress of tho projtcts providing various services within police departments. investigation, lack of knowledge of available services to better deal with victims· needs and the lack of specialized capability to Court deal adequately with th~ victim·s crisis. . ~ ,. The judicial system is the component of the criminal Numerous suggestions have been made for changes to deal justice system where justice is carried out. Many victims/ with these gaps: witnesses have encountered difficulty in relation to ~his institution not only because of the adversarial nature of the (a) Information on the investigati~n: system but also because of the lack of support available- in understanding, preparing for and accessing the system. The c rea flo n,. 0 fan i n for mat ion boo k 1 e t des c rib i n g' the primary responsibility for supporting the victim/witness rest~ criminal justice process and court proced~res, (often with the office of the Crown Attorney. Numerous studies related materials are provided to victims by pol~ce); to the needs of vi~tim/witness have recommended adJurtments establishment of a policy"directing police officers including: to clearly explain procedures to complainants on initial calls; J a) Provision of Support to Victims development ~f identification cards providing the name of the involved police officers, telephon~ number and * Dev~lopment and distribution of materials describing the victim·s file number. These cards are given to the legal process and .role of the witness and victjmsj identification of further sources of services establishment of a procedure to systematically inform and information. victims when an offender is apprehended or upon the closing of the relevant case; * Development and preparation of materials which define development of a Unotification U service within the the rights of victim/witnesses regarding their police department which would keep victims informed relationship with poli~ej legal aid, opportunities as to the progress of thair case. for alternative processes, e.g. diversion, restitution, and role as witnesses. (b) Referral to appropriate services: , Establishment of procedures whereby the crown would be advise police officers througW formal training expected to inform the victim of any change in court sessions, of the existence of services available to sessions, plea bargaining results, sentence and .:. 0 rationale for such. victims; I~ ensure that occurrence reports include reference 1 ton 0 t i f yin g the vic tim 0 f a vail a b l.e s e r vic e s ; * Establishment of a Uwitness management program!! which assign police officers or volunteers to forward would be responsible for informing witnesses regarding ~ information io victims on availab~e services; scheduling of cases, informing witnesses of "" prepare,infbrmation pack~ges describing existing witness fees and expense reimbursements, assisting services to be provided to victims during ... " o o ,~ " . -.-.-" -.-..~. ';"'''''=M'''''''''''·'~'· 0lC ~,~~.,"""-'- "'''>ow _ + C· • 0 20 21. wit n e sse's i n 1 oc a tin 9 'kn vol v e d pol ice off ice r s or crown attorneys when required. has been introduced in various communities in Canada. The choices made often reflect ,the specific design of the stu~y of relevan~e * Development of ~ "toll free" legal information of various~'-'approaches to a community. The sele~tlQ,n also can" telephone system which would provide information and reflect the extent of involvement and level of lnterest p~esent in crisis sUQport for victim/witnesses.' a community. finally, thil specific invo1ve~ent ~nd commltment of local organizations often influences the deslgnatl0n of * Undert~king"of a study regarding the needs of victim/ responsibilities. wit n e sse sin the co u r t set tin g wit h a vie w t 0 ~~_/ recommending procedural adjustments and modific'ations Community Service Agencies oft her ole san d res pan sib i 1 iJ i e s 0 f c our t bas e d . c)ersonnel which would better ~ccommodate the victiml The roles assumed by the community in meetin~ t~e needs witness. of victims can also be of major significance. Of~en vlctlms who do not report a crime are dependent on t~ese serVlces. . " .; * Development of an agency which would provide\~a range of Furthermore, assistance which is not aval1able thro~gh the po1~ce vic tim / wit ne s Sse r vic e s - inc 1 u din 9 1 ink a g e. a),rl d sup p 0 r t o~, courts must often be provided through these serVlces. Studles in the victim's relationship with the crown a~d court. have revoa1ed considerable variations in the extent and types of services~required. One general them~ which ~s how~ver a~parent, b) Provision of witness fees and other forms of support is the lack of information on communlty servl~es,.1n~ludlng t~ose which would be spefifical1y relevant to ce~taln v1c~lms ofcr,me, * Provi si on (~t\,\U rect payment of wi tness fees, especi ally e.g. programs for abused wives. Thus, v~r10us.studles have in areas whlcli are se6ved, by circuit courts. recommended developments in this sector lnc1udlng: * Ex ami net h e fa i r n e s s 0 f P re sen t fee s s c h e d u 1 e san d * Development of support services - often available at accompanying expenses incurred by witnesses, with a the scene of th~ crime - which might include emergency view to altering amounts if justified and possible. response, emergency transportatoi on, ~ri s~ s i nter vention, advice on police and.investlgat~ve procedures, c) Sentencing and information regaTding ava11able ser~1ces. * Develop policies and procedures whereby the victim is Refinement of hospital services so as to ~ro~ide . routinelY consulted in assessing the actual financial victims - especially sexually assau~ted v1ct~m~ . w~th loss or damage inflicted by the criminal incident. needed support, Adjustments could 1nc~u~e d1m1n1sh~ng The "victim impact n reView, conducted by either a the time in waiting for services, prov1s10n of emat10na1 probation officer ass;\gn'ed by ,the court or by"crown suppori and providing follow-up contact. o l attarney staff, would be either a component of the pre-sentence report or separately provided to the Devel;bpment oCf folloW-up programs di rected to i nf?rmi ng judge. victflms of avai'lable services whi.ch ",night be requlred. j . " * Increase the use of r~stitution where appropriate, and, * Es tfa b 1 ish an e f f e c t i If e m0 nit 0 r i n g me c han ism toe n sur e where possible, assign t,he court with ~:;je direct '<:o:b I'd ina t ion 0 f s e r vic est 0 vic tim s. ' responsibility both for collect~on from offenders and payment ~o victims. Summary h f; * Examine possib11i~ies of imp~~menting a mediation /Again, th~ above suggestio~s have been.d~v~l?ped i~ based program involving the 'Victim and offender, v a rio u s ,t 0 mm,u n ; tie sac; r 0 sst he co u n try. Re ~ p a ~ s 1 b 1 11 ~ 1 e s for especially in crimes related to property offenses. these s,:ervices va"ry according to the commun]~y.s part1cula~ . \ i n t ere st and com mi ,t men t s • Th us, sam e c?,m mu n 1 t 1 e s ha v e 0 r g a n 1 zed .:. J' . t) * Inc rea set h e use 0 f pea c e'b and sin cas e s wher e dam est i c these.'services in community-based agenc1es s~ch as the Jo~n Howard ~: disputes are possible and ~o danger is considered Socif,:'tY,t Others h~ve developed a.collaboratlve. partnersh~p the C 5 imminent. i n v01 vi ng bot h po 11 e a nel, non -po 11 c e ba sed res au r c e s as 1 s "t~ ~a&e in the vfctim services project.in Ottawa where efforts ?f "!> It is worth noti~g that each of the above suggestions both the Sa~vation Army and the pollee d~partment are.h~r~onlzed. S;,till other comm'unities have given the dlrect respons1bl11ty for .. •r :0 1\ ' I) " < S <) rI' -,'.f 23 22 /1-, I' c~1m~s surveyed to date. H provision of services to both police and civilian experts th~~ugh ,i the police department, as is the case with the Domestic Response Perhaps one of the most significant findings in.th~ Team in Metropolitan Toronto and the Family Consultant Service in research to date is the consistently high percentage.of vl~tlm~ London. reporting a need for more information regarding the 1nvestlgat10n Evaluations of specific victim/witness projects have process and status of cases •. Thus,.ma~y reviews and.stud~es.have indicated that the major serVlce prlor1ty of most crlme Vlct1~S also been initiated. Only a small number have been completed. 0 was related to information needs. These include: /l- Unfortunately, the limited number of reviews, varied types of projects evaluated, and the variety of methods employed, do not * Inf'ormation related to specific aspects of'the case allow for general conclusions to be dra~n. However, of ~hese in ~hich they are involved. This would include /1 reviews which have been completed, a number are of superlor information related to charges, hearings, adjournments, # quality •• Given the major interest in ~valuatior encou~tere~ i~ disposition of the case and return of stolen property. the recent survey among many organizatlons concerned wlth vlctlms, a listing of some of the "more well-known victim needs~ assessments * Introductory information on the relevant substantive and program evaluations is provided in Appendix, 2. ' law the criminal justice process and the rules of such key'players as the victim, witness, accused, police, W'h i 1 e con s id era b 1 e e f for t has bee n d ire c ted at ~rosecutor and judge. conducting research regarding patt~rns of victim needs, service 'c requjrements and effe~tiveness of services provided, it is i ! * Information on services which are available to victims important to recognize that present data, especially those \ in meeting their needs. These services can be present developed within specific comm~nity-based studies, reflect in both the criminal justice and social development considerable inconsistencies. The differences are accounted for I by the difficulties related to undertaking research in an area as systems. I" complex as the criminal justice system. Moreover, methods and Thus while our knowledge of this field is rapidly survey instruments have djffered. At times different study foci ! developing, ca;e should be taken in considering exist~ng populations of interest and variations in the analyses of data information when planning for the development of serV1ces for have also limited the opportunity to generalize on findings. crime victims. In addressing the basft concern,of the needs of victims, studies have focussed on,the impact of crime on victims and their IV. DEVELOPMENTS IN THE LAW general needs, the needs of victims in relating to police and the There has been an increasing interest in legal . c~Qurts,l,----:..--, and the presence and effectiveness of existing services. adjustments directed to improving the employment of ~he law 1n specific areas of crime, e.g. family violence, ~ns~rlng that ~h~ Studies of the financi~l costs of crime to victims have criminal justice system is responsible to the vlctlm, and deflnlng 0 0 000 • s how nco v era g e cos t s ran gin g fro m$l t $1, Wh i 1'e the the res po n s i.b i 1 i tie s 0 f vic tim 5' i nth e 1 ega 1 s y s t em. ·~mounts are gen~rally not large, many victims were not insured for the loss. Many also indicated a preference for some return of the One of the most evident adjustments is found in recent loss through restitution orders rather than jail sentences or amendments to the Criminal Code relevent to assa~lt~ and.sexual fines of offenders.- offenses. These changes alleviate some of the dlfflcult~es ~ confronting victims of sexual assault, especially in the1r Only a small percentage' of those victims recelvlng physical injury due to violent crime indicate a need for either r e 1 at ion s hip wit h t h,e c rim ina L~~ us tic e s y s t em. ~"'. me d i calor den tal car e ( The Can a d ian Ur ban V/i c t fm Sur v e y s tat e s There has been considerable activity and interest among approximately 10%). General patterns of emotional trauma are more politicians and officials at federal ~nd provinci~l levels in difficult to discern. However, research suggests that the major developing policies directed to ensurl~g ~ore act~ve respons~ of reactions are anger, nervousness and some confusion. While the police to certain types of crimes. Th1s.,s.esp~clally t~ue 1n majority of victims are upset with the crime, few tend to develop regardsto ensuring charging of assault vlctlms 1n domestl~ . sp~~ific longer-~erm fears such as entering one's home, going out vi 0,1 en c e sit u a t ion s • At the nat ion all eve 1, are po r ton V1 ole n c e at night or be~ng alone. Most victims have dealt with their in the Family" by the Standing Committee o~ ~e~lt~ and Welfare, emotional trauma thsough their own social networks, not through parliamentary discussions, and the recent l~ltlatlve~ un~ertaken fJ(r mal s e r v i ~ e s • Howe v e r, a, ~ u ~ 1 u n d e r s tan din g . 0 f .t his mat t e r i s for the Status of Women, all suggest more dlrect actlon 1n riO)} yet posslble due to the llmlted number of vlctlms of personal (/ !.__ __"~, "'~:''',,'._~._.~!_ .. _ ._ .•_~- ... ·._=.=·,=~""'''''="7~._ •• ·._. 25 H , . ! 24 \\11 l' , personal needs of victims and their active role as participants in treating spouse and family abuserg a~ criminal offenders. The the criminal justice process. ~, R.C.M.P.~ together with provincial Attorney Generals, have i! actively pursued the development of a consfstent national arrest I. HISTORICAL SERVICE TRENDS policy for spouse assault. Finally, provinces such as Manitoba, have gone public in their endorsement of a more active arrest While these biases have been evident in the development policy in this field. of the criminal justice system, there were trends suggesting increased concern with the plight of the victim through the There has been increasing intarest and distussion sixties and seventies. This is evident in the number of services regarding ppssible amendments to the Criminal Code, development of provided by public and voluntary organizations located in both the othe~ legislation, or p'Ossible application of existing laws (in social development and criminal justice fields. These have partlcular the new Charter of Rights) ~irected to enhancing rights included: of victimg. This interest reflects the influence of ~ number of American experiences where vic~ims rights legislation has recently * The development of a national crime compensation been actively pursued, increased pu~ .. ic ftwareness of the possible program. This cost-shared program exists in both role of the law in providing citiz~ns with a new range of rights, territories and all but one of the provinces. It especially as is evidenced in the growing awareness of the is intended to provide financial aid to victims. p 0 s sib 1 e imp 1 i cat ion s a r i sin g f r'O'm 0 ur new Ch art e r 0 f Rig ht san d Eligibility is limited to victims of violent public interest in the major federal government initiative crimes. d ire c ted to a com pre hen s i ve r eli i e w 6f· the c r'i min a 1 cod e • The s e interests have been noted by both politicians and others concerned * The development of specialized programs to meet the with victims; they have been reflected in recent publications and needs of the abused spouse. These initiatives directed they have been included ~s a legitimate area of concern jn the to women and children "in transition" from an current criminal code review. unacceptable domestic situatton usually involving ongoing physical abuse. These programs have typically Opinions on the extent to which rights should be attempted to provide emergency shelter, crisis and protected vary accord'ing to the person's perception of the extent legal counselling and referral assistance. of society's responsibility for an individual's victimization including the victim's right to publically su~ported services'and * Programs directed to provide assistance to sexually u the responsibility of the criminal justice system to victims. assaulted women. These programs have primarily "Rights" m~y inclu~e the right to protection fornthe victim, right related to rape crisis victims. They have to reparatlon for lnjury, loss. trauma; suffering and other generally focussed on the provision of specific consequen~es, the right to regain the state of physical, services for the individual, including crisis psychologlcal, social and financial welJ-being present before the intervention, personal counselling, legal advice and other personal support services. They also have j' crime, the rig~t to be fully informed, ~o ha~e the victim's family protected by the criminaf justice system in resolving conflicrs included an educational component, usually directed to a~ising fr?m.a c~iminal action and the right to a social system increaslng public awareness of the phenomena and wlth less lnJustlce and conflict. increasing sensitivity and expertise of professionals in both the social development and criminal justice systems in dealing with these problems." Chapter 3 - Recent Service Trends Programs directed to assist abused children. This * societal commitment has its roots in much of the Our society has emphasized the re$ponsibility of the Canadian social welfare legislation and programs state for bringing the offender to justice. Essentially the created over the past 100 years intended to criminal justice system h~s emphasized the role of offenders in assist children requiring attention. Recently, the system including their detection, apprehension, and specific and focussed concern has been directed to " the abused child. These efforts have been reflected \~ dis~osition.o~ th:ir cases, their incarceration and ultimately \ thelr rehabllltatlon. Further, efforts to reform the criminal in major social, health, education, legal policy and ~'\ j~stice system have generally been directed towards prptecting the program initiatives involving provincial government rlghts of the accused and towards the treatment of offenders. departments, child welfare agencies, hospitals and >;> various professional associations. This historical approach in OUr legal system has tended to , diminish the extent to which society has accommodated both the 26 27 difficulties in coordinating service needs with the There was also increased support provided to the victim existing social service network ~ere among th~ , through programs,~ithin the criminal justice syst~m specifically problems being identified by pollce and organ1zat10ns d ire c ted toe n c o'llr a gin g d ire c t com pen sat ion b e pro v ide d by the concerned with serving victims. offender to the victim. This has included: * Concern that victim/witnesses be treated in a sensitive * The use of restitution by the courts as a sentencing manner in order to maintain an effective crim~nal , option available under the CriminalCode"~f Canada. justice process. This ~ould ~nclude enco~raglng thelr This initiative, 'which is exercised0at the discretion participation in reportlng cr1m~s and,the~r of the presiding judge, involves the payment of money constructive assistance in the 1nvest1gat10n, and where or services by the offender to victims. The extent of necessary, participation in the court experience. use of this option has varied among pr'ovince$, e.g. Prince Edward Island included restitution orders as II. RECENT SERVICE TRENDS a component of almost two thirds of its probation cas e loa d in 1 980 .' Many restitution orders are In conducting the 1983 survey on victim servi~es, an, integral components of broader based diversion, attempt was made to determine the extent of ~orm~l co~m1tment 1n restitution and mediation programs. the provision of services b~ the,major organ1zatlo~s 1n both,the social development and just1ce f1elds. The fo1low1ng summarlzes a * The development of programs directed to encouraging sectoral perspective of these findings: victim/offender reconciliation programs. These initiatives attempt to mediate and reconcile the Soci al Olavelopment (i victim with the offender. Health Services * Some specialized programs directed to the social, personal and information needs of victims in general The public health system, which is e~sentiallY developed in the seventies. these initiatives were responsible for health promotional and prevent~ve,heal~h,car~ o often established in conjunction with large urban matters has demonstrated increasing interest 1n 1d~nt1flcatl0n of police departments such as London and Edmonton., certain'classes of victims, specifically, abus~d ch1ldren an~ Finally, there has always been a service netwo~k victims of famfly violence situations. Commun1ty-based publ1C available to accommodate many victim needs through ?health staff are often actively involved in the development of the ongoing activities of many service organizations. services of value to crime victims, e.g. the development of mental This would include the direct support provided by health programs such as crisis int~rve~tion program~. However, police departments and other related social and other than this form of collaborat1ve 1nvolvement wlth,other health services. agencies in the identification and development o~ serVlces ~o, victims these health agencies are not involved 1n the prov1s10n Despite all of these developments, there has been of services specifically for crime victims. increasing concern among many Canadian experts in the criminal justice system for the need to more aggressively define and meet Canada has also developed a complex and varied system of the service requirements of the victims of crime. community mental health programs. These programs, often located in public organizations such as hos~itals, public health, Reasons for this concern were varied and included: organizations or in voluntary agenc1es, are generally act1ve in provision of crisis intervention! and.sh?rt- and long-term * The influence of the American experience in this area counselling often required by crlme v1ctlms. during the seventies where extensive public and private support was provided in the development of a range of There is increasing evidence of interest in victimology victim and witness based services. among many mental health profes~i?nals., The majo~ity who are involved with victim needs partlC1pate.ln,the de~lgn and , * Increased recognition of the extent of difficulty in development of other community based vl~t1m servl~es, ~ro~lde . 1 ink i n 9 th e vic tim 0 f c rime wit h bot Ii' s h 0 rt and 1 0 n g back-up consultation and, where approprlate, pr?v1de v1ct~ms wlth term service requirements as a direct consequenca of direct services (albeit in the context of generlcally des1gned the victimization experience (often related to domestic mental health services). violence). Lack of "on site" crisis support, I ",<"",_,_,_,___ , .• 1 .... ,'" ='-.'':;:';';;~'.::;:-:;';::':':::~'' I 29 28 l /j planning, developing and coordinating services required by Hospitals, whether they emphasize general care or focus victims. -This is especially evident in regard to services which l on pyschiatric needs, remain the primary institution providing r are focussed on specific groups of victims, e.g. abused children, , emergency, acute and chronic health care services. They con~inue rape victims and abused spouses. Some of these agencies have been - to be the major provider of immediately required health serVlces actively involved in public education on victim related concerns to victims. There is an increasing trend to sensitize and train such as child abuse. Others have actively pursued the development prGfessionals and adjust practices so as to better deal with of specialized local service programs such as rape crisis centres. specific crime victim groups such as rape victims, sexually a~used Still others have undertaken considerable research, and public children and abused spouses. Also, hospital staff are often very education in encouraging increased se~vice sup~ort for justice involved in community planning and service coordination efforts organizations dealing with victims (e.g. the Metropolitan Social directed to victims. Some hospitals are involved in tailoring Planning Council had actively pursued the nee~ for greater support services· specifically directed to victims.? This is generally f to police in dealing with domestic violence situations - a major related to services for the se~ually abused victim and often influence in the development of the domestic ~esponse team). involve the secondment of staff or volunteers from specialized i '/ victim service programs such as rape crisis centres to assist Perhaps the most consistently involved agency has been hospital emergency ward staff. the United Way of the lower Mainland. For years this organization has been a pioneer in public education, research and project Few hospitals are engaged in ,the provls1on of major development regarding crimes of sexual abuse and family violence. victim service projects. An exception is the Child Protection Its efforts have not only focussed on supporting the victim but ll Centre of The Children's Hospital of Winnipeg which provides the have also included concern for the lIoffender , e.g. the provincial base of multidisciplinary clinical expertise in the development of treatment programs for spouse abusers. prevention and treatment of child abuse and neglect: The cen~re is concerned with health, welfare, legal and educatlonal serVlces. Sexual~ Assault Centres At present, the centre is considering the development of a "legal/paralegal child advocacy project". The project would focus These programs continue to develop in Canada. Whil,e primarily on the province's native population. The project team each, by definition, is concerned with victims, many also provid~ would ~ork with the centre's multidisciplinary group in providing witness based support, generally limited to provision of legal expertise in assessing cases and with paralegal advocates to information on rights of victims and court procedures. Some work with native families. This specific project would involve centres will accompany witnesses to court. Most agencies are legal counsel responsible for preparing all legal child protection actively involved in public information, training of professionals -;., submissions and preparing medical staff in their role as court and provision of direct services. Interest in both advocacy and experts. Paralegal child advocates would~assist native families preventive action is also often present. and communities in assuming responsibilities for child care and welfare services. Most agencies provide a range of direct services to victims. They usually include a 24-hour hotline, crisis SOCIAL SERVICES inte~vention, follow-up counselling and support to families of crime. Most provide information on legal and paralegal counsel, General Welfare Assistance shelter, child and medical care, court procedures and preparation for court appearances. In most part, these programs are publically supported efforts providing financial support of the federal, provincial, The interests highlighted in the 1981 survey on this ,,. (I and, in some cases, mUnicipal governments. They are directed to subject continue, including: "persons in need". There is evidence of increasing interest and involvement of welfare officials in developing community-based * continued extensive research on the phenomenon of services to victims of crime. Most organizations provide sexual abuse and the treatment of its victims; assistance for emergency accommodation, financial assistance and certain other specialized services to victims as well as others. * extended educational initiatives directed to A .:. professional g~oups and service agencies intended to 1 Social Planning Council-l. improve understanding of the nature of sexual abuse and appropriate service responses. These initiatives " ~ Social planning councils, (voluntary agencies found in are primarily directed to police, health and court "" many c0mmunities), while not normally involved in the provision of service professionals. direct services, have often played a major role in advocating for, '" , )( r~ i' II 31 1 30 II 1:1Ii r onUthe extent to which arrangements are made to provide for abused spouses who move from the home. While most victims report limited . Re c ~ n t c h a rvg e sin t ~e 1 a w reg a r din g sex ua 1 ass a u 1tan d physical injury, upwards of ten percent are severely injured. The ~ an extens1ve 1ncreas4 of publ1~ awareness regarding sexuallY emotianal consequences tend to be extensions of what victims of violent abuse of women have further sensitized both the public other violent crimes experience. and the legal system to the significance of this form of violence. As a result: Many centres are involved, with some difficulty~ in * Programs specifically directed to meeting the service determining their legitimat~ responsibilities. The problems which Deeds of these victims continue to develop. centres face relate to th~ extent to which they shoul~ retain responsibilities which they haVe traditionally assumed~ but now· * Programs, in both social development ~nd criminal are accepted., as appropriate responsibilities"of o.ther justice, are increasingly b~ing designed to ensure o r g ~ n i z at i 0 ~ si n ,1: he. c rim i. n a 1 jus tic e system ~ e. g. pCr 0 vis i on of collaboration in planning and service provision'among ass1stance 1n prepar1ng for court. Underlying this situation is· agencies. fundamental differences of opinion regarding the extent to which sexual assault centres can be expected to coopera~e and * Specialized projects and training are being provided to participate with social development~and justice organizations many police officers. while ensuring approprf~te prpvision of services to these victims see kin g the ira s sis t'a nc e • '" I * Policies encouraging more effective sentencing are , I being developed. 1he centres are also confronted with difficulties in deter~ining thei~ responsibi~it~es w~thin social development Specifically, a number of program-related developments agencles for varl0US other vlctlms~ lncluding sexually abused have been evidenced in the past few years. The federal government children and incest victims. hasVrecently establi~hed the National Clearinghouse on Family " Violence located in the Department of Health and Welfare. It is . . 1hese centres- .are generally funded by vari ous sources tntended to provide assistance to 'governments, non-gove~nm~nt lncludlng government% voluntary sector and private sector support. groups and agencies,.professionals.and the.ge~eral publlC ~n T~ e pro g r ~ ms ha ~ e ,b e e n p 1 a g u e d wit h 1 i mit e d fun din g con s t r a i n t s identifying, preventlng and combatlng the 1ncldence of famlly Slnce thelr be~lnning. ~R~cently~ programs have not only expressed I, violence as it relates to women, children and elderly citizens. t concern regardlng the llmlted resources available to them but Initial interests of the program are to: have also indicated concern regarding the trend of many p;ovinces J to move away from the "block fun~ing" approach generally employed * gathe~, ~rganize and disseminate existing 1nformation a few years ago to fund on the basis of detailed criteria such as abo u t Can a d i-"a.n res ear c han d pro g ram s ; number~ of clien~s served.and quantitative and qual~tative analysls of serVlces prov1ded. Many organizations fear that this provide service information related to funding sources, form of fundjng could lead to disclosure of confidential * innovative programmihg and inventories of available i~forma~ion. l~ere.is also a ~oncern that. this form of funding services; mlght d1stort or fall to take lnto account the value of services . currently provided r such as public education. provide biblio.g,r.~phic information and material; * -\. " Services for Abused Spouses _'. provide technica"~a,nd~;" consultatlve..' asslstance 1n th.e ~ conducting of workshops and conferences, consultatlon Spouse abuse has recently received considerable public to individiauls and groups concerned with programming attention. 1ryis has resulted in considerable progres~ in the and assisting in the development of audio-visual and development of policies r programs and research. . pri nted materi al; " W?rk unde~tak~n in the past few y~ars suggests that '* compile and maintain a centralized record of Canadian \~ " add 1 t 1 0 na 1 . 1 n for mat ~ 0 n . 1 S nee d e din 0 r d e r tog a ina com p 1 e t e, research; \ unde~sta~dlng of thJS Jssue i~ Ca~ad~ •. While there is a growing ~ rea~lzatlon that the problem lS slgnlflcant r researchers differ as * develop and distribute new materials including .... to ltS extent. It is also difficult to determine the financial films and printed material for professioQals and cost to society of this prablem in that this is largely dependent "" () II 33 32 Finally, the project includes a rural service public education. This program has already been met specifically directed to the interests of those living in sparsely with a demand from professionals and the public that populated rural area~ where other service~ ~r~ o!ten.not. . exceeds the initial resources provided. available. This "community development" 1n1t1at1ve 1S pr1marlly directed to acquainting persons with the Winnipeg based prog~a~, In recognizing the resource limitations in providing with the availability of province-wide services, e.g. the cr1S1S sUfficient q~antities of "transition house" based programs, an line provided by the central program, and to encouraging the alternative service pattern is emerging regarding crisis development of volunteers and special services such as "safe ad~o~odation requirements of the abused spouse. "Safe homes" are house" accommodation in private homes. increasingly evident in many parts of Canada, especially in isolated and rural communities~ These homes are, in fact, private The project is provided with po~icy d~rection.fro~ t~e residences whose qwner provides the ~mergency housing. In most Manitoba Committee on Wife Abuse. The Ch1ldren s Home 1n W1nnlpeg instances, these ~bmes are developed and supported by staff of assumes the major~ responsibility in administration, program staff local or neighbouring community services such as transition homes. training and supervision. An extensive evaluation is now being While most programs provide shelter to anyone requiring emergency initiated. assistance, some are primarily intended to service abused spouses. Required services not available in these homes, such as ., The project is di rected to aLl concerned women, professional counselling~ are provided by appropriate community incl~ding natives, and represents ~ major commitm~nt to the agencies. collaborative involvement of agencles and profess10nals and the community at large. One of.the most dramatic service developments in this , field has occurred i~ Manitoba. This province-wide initiative A recent development in London, Ontario, represents involves the need f9r collaborative involvement of professionals, another innovative means of providing services to abused,women. volunteers and orgahizations in both the social development and Based on the research ~nd experience of both a local coordinating justice fields. committee on Family Violence and the Family Counselling Program located within the police department, a separate initiative - the This project now comprises a number of specific Battered Women's Advocacy Cl i ni c - has been eS,tabl i shed. The activities which are carried out by professional staff, volunteers clinic essentially attempts to assist the abused women i~ - often women who have experienced wife abuse - and sotial work determining what course of actio~ they wish ~o pursue.and, wh~re students. The public education component is designed to involve appropriate, supportingu that cho1ce. Thus, 1f the cl1ent deCldes special interest groups, e.g. unions, school associations which that she wishes to pursue the matter through the courts, the include written materials, seminars and media exposure. The cliniC staff will provide se,rvices such as preparing a report of program attempts to alert'people as to the dimenSions of the the situation for the Crown, acquainting the individual as to problem and the remedies available to deal with the victim's court procedures arid practices and where appropriate, advocate for needs. The professional educational component is directed to the person through presence in the court. " legal, social and health professionals. These efforts are o intended to increase awareness of, and sensitivity to, the needs If however, the individual does not wish to pursue the of the abused spouse. matter through the cou~ts, clinic staff wi~l ass~st in pro!iding support and appropriate referrals to other agenc1es acco~d~ng to " Another component of the project includes a the client·s decision to stay or leave her home. The clln,c comprehensive advocacy service. This involves the assignment of provides service ~nd support.oril~ where such !s.no~ available. fully trained volunteers to victims who request help. Advocates through other exi~ting organ1zat10ns. The cl1n1c 's staffed w1th will act as resource persons and assist victims in dealing with bot h 1 ega 1 and p a rla'1 ega 1 s t a f f • A g r 0 u p 0 f vol u n tee r sal s 0 legal and social development based agencies such as courts, participates in the clinic program. police, welfare agencies and other services providing counselling, \.1 iccommodation and educational services. . SPfCIAL INTEREST GROUPS The project includes a~ crisis telephone service, Servi ces for the Di sabl ed available on a twenty-four hour basis throughout the province, prov1ding crisis assistance, information on available services, The services for the disabled, especially those in the assistance in identifying an advocate for the victim if desired. community, are provided through a complex net~ork of public, vol untary and sel f-hel p organi zati ons in Canaci,a. Increased f) r I it " 35 o 34 I most organizations serving these citizens! an exception is the commitment to offering disabled persons - be they physjcally;, planning initiative with Age and Opportunlty C~n~re.In~., an to em 0 t ion all y 0 r meJl tally dis a b l}~ d - 0 PP 0 r tun i tie s top ar tic i pat e agency located in Winnipeg. This propose~ proJec~ 1S lntended as self-sufficient integrated'7-citizens in communities' has increased "assist elderly victims of crime to deal wlth feel1ngs of fe~r! the s e r vic e s y s t em's s ens i t i v i t Y to the com pre hen s i ve s e r vice nee ds frustration anger and confusion. The proposal calls upon J?ln~ of the disabled. J !) articipati~n of the agency with the exi~ting police;p~sed vlctlm ~ n d co u r t - bas e d wit n e ssp raj e c t s top r 0 v 1 dec 0 mpre h eri,is 1 ve sup p 0 r t Many service and advocacy-based organizations are assessing to victims over 60 years of age. the need to develop support for handicapped Victims. The-disabled as .;", victim/witnesses are often Gonfronted with difficulties due to their The experience of the 1983 victim servic~s.survey.also dis a b i 1 i tie s . The y 0 f ten re'tj u ire ext r a ass i s tan c e i n,a c t i vel y and suggests that some police departments provide.speclflc serVlces con s t r u c t i vel y par tic i pat i n gas vic tim / wit n e sse sin the 1 ega 1 s y s t em. such as property repair and court transportatlon to elderly This concern has been demonstrated in the development of major. studies victims. undertaken by voluntary organizations concerned with the disabled person, e.g. a recent revie* of victim service requiremen~s for the As is noted in other parts of the paper, whil~ t~e n~eds developmentaJly disabled in Ontario. Also, a recent major Inquiry of elderly victims are not often dis~i~guishab~e.from vlctlms ~n regarding the matter of access to the legal system by distbled persons I eneral, some researchers have identlfle~ speclfl~ needs ?f thlS was chaired by Judge Rosie Abella for the Ontario government. The '~1ctim group. They have recommended varlOUS serVlce developments development of programs and staff in many community services to more including: effectively assist their constituents as victims and victim/witnesses (e.g. expanding the responsibilities of advocates assisting disabled * 0 The need to provjde specific services to elderly persons) is further evidence of increasing concern for disabled victims on the scene, includin~ emergen~y . victims. transportation, emergency repalrs and flnanclal and emotional support. There is also increasing evidence of accommodation being made by organizations in the criminal justice system to meet the * : The need to develop banking systems which are readily disabled person's needs, for example, certain police or court accessible to senior citizens. 0 based victim services ensure the provision of transportation to {:'.' court for disabled persons, and ensure translation existence of * The need to increase the awareness of elderly citizens certain legal-based advocacy services for the disabled. However, of Various crime prevention measures. other than the advocacy program of the Canadian Association for the Mentally Retarded and some specialized community legal Services to Natives clinics, there is no trend to the development of specific victim projects directed solely to disabled persons. Some court worker programs a~d frie~d~hip c~ntre~ . servicing native persons are involved 1n pro~ld1n¥ crlm~ V!ct1m Services to Elderly Citf~en!{-"'~ c services. These centres essentially act as. multl-servlce centres providing or housing a ra~g~ of soclal, health, legal and Canada also provide~ a range of publtc and voluntary recreational services or opportunltles. services specif4cally intended to assist elderly citizens in meeting accommodation, cultural, recreation, educational and Court worker programs often provi~e se:vi~es to victims social service requirements. Based prima~ily o~ American of ime. The main services valuable to crlme vlct~m~ as .. experience, there has been, and continues to be, a special 'indicated in C.C.S.D.'s recent survey, inclu~e.provlsl0n of cr1S1S interest among many of those planning Victim s~rv;ces to ensure "intervention follow-up counselling and proYls10n of p~rsonal that special attention be given to elderly victims. Recent escort assistance to court. Information and referra~ 1S a~so . Canadian research on victim patterns and service requirements ~rovided in regard to court related services and Varl?US flnanclal tends to sugg~st that only a small percentage of crime victims are assistance programs. These services are not necess~r11y formally elderly. A few specific studies have been undertaken on the defined or limited to vict~ms •. The :ecent survey d1EJ not l!ncover subject, perhaps the most noteworthy being a provin~ial stUdY on ~ny major victim based proJect 1n thls program area. the subject bei ng condUcted for the Attorney Genera1 of Alberta. Most victim needs assessment reviews have also attempted to study A number of friendship centres indicated tha~ they are the specific needs of elderly victims. Few suggest that i~volved in the provision of services to victi~s of crlme. A few s p e cia 1 i zed s e r vic e s for e 1 d e r 1 y v,j c tim s a r e- r e qui red • Wh i 1 e d.al wi~h wttness services. Victim-based serVlces are often specific fiervices to elderly victi~s have not been developed by = 37 36 r /) I" D 11 1 becoming som~what restricted with primary involvement focussed on pr~marily dire~t~d to"the.n~eds of abu~ed child~en and spouses. 1 supporting restitution orders and developing court-directed Whlle the specl!lc CO~posltlon.of serVlces provlded varies, many mediation exercises. Some corrections organizations indicated centr~s are actlvely lnvolved 1n the provision of direct services continued responsibility for provision of other services, relatlng to personal care - p~marily crisis intervention c per~onal escort services to court and follow-up counselli~g. including property repair, provision of legal information or Asslstance related to court scheduling, dispositions and court notification of court procedures and preparation for testimony. procedures is also provided. Some centres also offer both information and referral assistance in regard to court related and Police personal care servJces where appropriate. It is interesting to I,I As ,was recogni zed in the 1981 survey, the pol i ce were note t~at a number ~f centres also provide interpretation services the most actively involved organizations dealing with victims. The for cllents, both wlth the courts and social agencies. Victim interest in this field has continued in the past few years. The based projects are limited t~ victim-offender reconciliation ~ programs located yn a few centres. 1 I Canadian Association of Chiefs of Police have assigned special priority to the subject. The R.C.M~P. and community police () i departments have embarked on active development of policies While some cent rei have indicated an interest in the directed to the provision of more sensitive and comprehensive d~v~lopmeht ?f fu~l-fledged vic~~m services, actual program§ are ! services to victims. As well, local police organizations have llmlt~d t? dlverslon reconciliation initiatives, directed by ~ initiated a number of victim needs assessments and recent organlzatlons such as the Alberta Native Counselling Services of "Ii victim service projects. Albe~t~. This agency, wh!ch has traditionally b~en involved in provldlng a range of serVlces to native persons i~ Alberta has t The results of the recent survey involving both commun r~ce~tlY b~en developing a plan for a comprehensive court based ity police organizations and R.C.M.P. detachments suggests that: vlctlm asslstance program. The proposal emphasizes the need to t prov~de m~re than is available to the agency's court workers in Most assume responsibility for various victim services deallng wlth a range of court related activity. * as part of their on-going responsibilities. While the specific pattern of services and roles assumed by .' THE JUSTICE SYSTEM departments varies, the general trend is for police to provide information and refer victims for personal Corrections care services wherever possible. They are also prone to be directly involved in the provision of services The 1981 victim survey indicated that ~orrections related to linking the victim with the criminal orga~i~ations ~er~ often major players in the development and justice system. provls10n of vlctlm services. CCSU's 1983 survey however, n suggests that.there have.b~en some dimini~hing of responsibility U The majo~ity of organizatio~s also provide court among correctlons authorltles in providing victi~ services. * related services. C Never~heless, services continue to be prov;,ided by many correction age n c 1 e sac r 0 sst he c 0 u n try. Pro bat ion 0 r f ice r s as sum e d ,: ,There is a tendency for police organizations to responsibility for preparing of victim impact statements. They * assume more direct service responsibility where wer~ ~ener~llY man~ate~ to a$sist the c,ourt in establishing and other service orqanizations are not.available. admlnlsterlng restltutlon orders. Correcti~ns have been at the Howey~r, this "afl things to all people" ~ole is forefront in.developing and managing - often through generally not considered desirable. sub-co~t~ac~lng to ~oluntar~ sector ~gencie~ - victim/offender reconclllatlon serVlces. Flnally, a number of provincial PoliGe continue to be involved in the planning ahd ~ov~r~m~nt.organiz~tions responsible for corrections were involved cooperative implementation of mosf special victim/witness projects 1n lnltlatlng speclal victim/witness service projects. The recent in Canada. Often they have continued to assume leadership in the survey suggests that the role of corrections in this field is development of demonstration victim service projects. Many police if? organizations have concluded that changes directed at improving ~. While this.section employs specific examples' intended to' o the needs of victims can be introduced through training, policy ,1lustrate varlOUS means of ongoing services, it is important to and procedural changes. t,\ not~ that there are numerous other significant victim/witness (,' proJec~s. Ap~endix Most.have been identified in 2. Many have One of the more interesting and comprehen~ive responses been.fl,!en conslderable attention in this document e.g. "Services \ to Vl'ctlms and Witnesses of ,Crime in Canada". ·~ .....'.• -----1"1 .~~_~"==,,,,"=",o==~u~~="~·,_ ..... II 39 "n 38 has been a victim-focussed project in the Vancouver Police Department. The commitment to encourage better Use 01' existing (f) provide informal in-service and field training for police officers in the area of crisis intervention. I\l resour~es.through.changes. in the existing system is being pursued by a vlctlm coordlnator wlth research assistance from the provincial Ministry of the Attorney General. The objectives of This program is essentially dependent on a corps of the exercise are to develop and implement a plan of adjustments family consultants who assist police officers in dealing with and instii~te a monitoring process of these changes. The individuals and familie~. The service operates out of police development of the project includes: headquarters and allows consultants to be in direct radio contact with police officers. They are mobile and can therefore provide im~ediate assistance to police crisis calls. Officers determine * Dete~~ining the needs of victims and means of addressing them. This was accomplished through whether to involve the service, based on their evaluation of the case and the perceived likelihood that participants will avail c q,n sid era t ion 0 f ex i s tin g v 1 c t 1m d a t a; i n t e r vie Ws with a sample of victims; police- and non-police themselves of the service. b~sed ?ge~cies - including those primarily concerned wlth vlctlms; and those serving the broader Alternative models have also been developed and committee. Site visits with other victim projects evaluated such as the Family Crisis Project in Restigouche and the were also conducted. Domestic Response Team in Toronto. The Domestic Res~onse Team was recently initiated as a twelvemonth demonstration project with * Development and coordination of the implementation the Metropolitan Toronto Police. The project reflects a long of the strategy. history of commitment of both the police department and concerned social agencies and professional~ to more effectively provide * Tracking of two hundred victims through the criminal follow-up support to police officers confronted with domestic justice system f~,om the time of victimiz·ation to court. violence experiences. The development of the present project resulted from the active involvement of the professional social * Creation of an advisory committee of agency work association~ the social plahning ~ouncil and concerned representatives to consider information arising from service agencies. Activities leading to the 1981 experiment implementation of the strategy. included numerous workshops, studies and a positive cooperatfve planning exercise involving both social se~vices agencies and the . Many police departments continue to explore more police. These teams are available to calls for assistance of effectlvemeans ?f.d~aling with.domestic violence through direct police offfcers on duty during social agency "off hours", i.e. d~velopment of clvll~an professlonal capability. Such is the case from 5:00 p.m. to 3:00 a.m. wlth the well establlshed London family consultant service located in that community's police department. This program, established ! While other communities hwve relied on back up "non in 1970, attempts to: p olil ice II ( Paid 0 r vol un tar y) "P e r son n e 1, i twa s dec ide d t hat a , number of characteristLcs of many domestic violence situations in Ca) assist officers by providing immediate assessment and Toronto.warranted the use of collaborative teams of human resource !nterven~ion in crisis situations and by supplying specialists and police officers. These factors include the I~ ., JnfOrmatlon about, or arranging referrals to ! complex mix of varied cultural conditions and the neighbourhoods il often most likely to experience domesti~ violence situations. appropriate community resources; , ! I) • 1 II (b) aid in the prevention of serious and/or emotional ! il The project~ located in a couple of the department's dysfunctions through early detection and intervention; divisions, inv~lved three "domestic response teams". It has been - managed by a j6int committee involving representatives of the (c) facilitate increased understanding and cooperation ~ Metropolitan social servicest the community family service agency between mental heaith and law enforcement and the police. The specific services of the teams include professionals; provision of direct crisis support at the site of ~he crime and follow-up services to victims providing counselling, information •• (d) increase community awareness of the social role of the and assistance in identifying and receiving support from police force; appropriate community agencies. Direct services, referral I • "coordination and advocacy actions are carried on through field and (e) provide a model of human services to other communities direct office visits and phone contact - designed to meet the through careful documentation and evaluation; needs and convenience of the victim. Cases are generally open for I, ,t" 41 40 civilian and police professional. a period of seven weeks. Still other police departments are experimenting with A recent evaluation of the project considered the means of developing cooperative service programs with local effectiveness of its staffing and organizational arrangements, courts. Such initiatives are in evidence in numerous communities information systems and communications components. It suggests including Calgary, Edmonton, W~~nipeg and Kitchener Waterloo. The that the project is achieving its objectives in ~roviding the major intention in this approach is to provide a continuity of necessary backup to police and increasing the effective service from reported victimizations through the disposition of cooperation of those agencies involved. the case. Other police departments ~re considering, or are The Kitchener project had its historical base in the involved in, projects which stress linkage between the police early seventies in one of the first victim offender reconciliation department and a community-based agency. programs, stressing mediation as the means of "corre~ting" the situation. This project was developed by the Mennonlte Central For example, the Salvation Army in Ottawa has been Committee with some support from the Ontario government. It actively involved for some time in the development of a continues to serve the community. The project was expanded in victim/witness assistance program. A project was mounted in 1979 with the addition of a community mediation service directed January of 1980, primarily serviced by volunteers. It is closely to resolving disputes involving neighbours, relatives and tenants linked to the efforts of the local police department. A needs as an alternative to civil or even criminal prosecution. ' analysis regarding the service was conducted in 1981. It suggested that the service was not well-known. However, most' Shortly ther~after, a comprehensive victim study was victims indicated the need for such a service. This information, undertaken, intended to define victim needs and develop a service coupled with extensive involvement with community organizations, mod e 1. The n e\~ d s sur v e y s u g g est ~ d t hat ~ any vic tim ~ we rea b 1 e t 0 lead the Salvation Army to develop a more comprehensive service. meet their nee~s. Most needs WhlCh requlred attentlon were related to pra~tical, "hard" issues, e.g. property repair, The program is to include two components. The first - a transportation and financial assistance. Based on the study victim assistance initiative - would be responsible for providing results and community experiences, an advisory group composed of service to victims, acquaint them with the court process, and representativES of the police, community and courts d~veloped ~ encourage greater sensitivity and commitment to the needs of two-pronged victim service model: This includes servl~es p~ov~ded victims by organizations in both the criminal justice and social by a community service organizatlon solely concerned wlth vlctlms t· development fields. Services would be directed to victims and the police department. requiring services and to families of victims. Ref~rrals would, at least initially, be primarily from ~he police. The police component involved the hiring of required staff directed to designfng the program within the departmental The witness assistance component is intended to help the system and training of police officers. The initiative, located witness gain a greater understanding of, 'and appreciation for, the in the Community Relations Branch of the department, acts on court process; assist witnesses in their relationship with the referrals of individual victims and police officers. At times the criminal justice process; and promote longer-term change in the project will initiate contact with victims of violent crime. response of courts to victim witness needs, e.g. development of a c witness waiting area. The program would inform witnesses of The police component provides services to persons in all procedures in court cases, ensure that witnesses are informed as offense categories. They include crisis counselling, information to the progr~ss of their cases, reduce unnecessary inconvenience on the status of the investigation, court case, crime compensation and costs on witnesses, and assist with witness renumeration and crime prevention, referral to community resources and needs. provision of ongoing services when the case proceeds to court. The project employs a number of methods in providing these The first component of this project has recently services. They includ~ the provision of an identification card for received required support for the upcoming year. It will v~ctims, notification of all break and ente~ victims by mail of initially service all victims of crime. It will be involved in assistance available to them and the use of victim advocates. providing a 24-hour crisis intervention initiative concerned with emergency transportation needs, home repajrs, emotional support and Given the different designs of the various police-based residential clean-up, information on case status, crime 0 projects fOcussing on domestic violence, coupled with the present compensation and referral to social agencies. The project" fragmentary evaluative information regarding these initiatives, it located in the police bUilding, is being coordinated by botft a ,\ I( -, .--~"'r~_~~" ...... --...".~. ·-"-·-'~~~-~o~'f>=--::t..-=~~-':::::'::;::'=w,::-:-::"-'-"'-'-.-"--'~. 42 43 .. i, is not yet possible to determine which model (s) are most suited to British Columbia from organizations which were effectively deal with police requirements in this field. concerned with services directed to both objectives (e.g. some provincial corrections systems) to The Administration of Courts provinCial Attorneys General, where. the major concerns relate to constructive involvement of the witness as The recent survey ~xplored in some detail the extent of a measure of increased effectiveness of the system. involvement of those offices responsible for the administration of courts. * The development of research projects and programs directed to improving the operations of the courts - One of the more well established court-located in part through information and assistance for the victim/witness programs is located in the provincial court in victim witness. winnipeg. This latter development has been evident in studies and Ji This program is provided with ongoing policy direction developments in British Columbia, the Territories and Ontario. j by an advisory board composed of representatives of the judiciary, The most comprehensive initiative relates to the "case management" the office of the prosecutor, the police department and community model deSigned and partially implemented in British Columbia. based agencies. One of those agencies represented is the Mennonite Central Committee - the group responsible for the The "case management model II is directed to increased initial development of a victim/offender reconciliation program in commitment to the victim through the development of improved case Winnipeg from which this project evolved. The program provides a management practices in the operations of theOlegal system. This wi de range of servi ces to both vi.ctims and wi tnesses i ncl udi ng the approach, which seeks to improve the efficiency of the various . provision of information outlining court procedures; provision of components in the legal process, i.e. the Crown, police and witness fees; management of restitution; preparation for court; courts, also provides opportUnities for increased sensitivity and witness alert and court conciliation procedures; and referrals to support to crime victims as witnesses. A further argument community-based service agencies when required. Staff and supporting this approach relates to the recognized cost savings volunteers have been actively involved in, and developed formal which can be introduced in the legal system--some of which might linkages with. related community services including the . be directed to costs required in assisting victims. This interest develppment of a victim-focussed program based in the police in developing an integrated case management system has been de p a r,;t men t, and s pee i ali zed s e r vic e s for sex u all y a bus e dan d s po use demonstrated in a number of jurisdictions in the past few years, abused victims. There is considerable variation in the extent of including British Col~mbia, the Yukon, N.W.T. and, more recently, services provided to victims through the other court i nOn tar i 0 • Wh i 1 e the r e has bee n s 0 me ~~V a ria t ion i n reg a r d tot he administrators. In most instances, services focus on the needs of specific methods involved in each program, most initiatives have the victim as witness and include provision of information included analysis of the existing situation, design of a system, regarding court procedures, claims compensation and other court implementation, and monitoring and evaluation of the newly defined related matters. Also most offices indicated some form of system's impact. involvement in regard to the proviSion of witness fe€s. t' iL The first, and perhaps most influential, of these Overal r:;:\ the/e has been increased emphasi s on thli~ initiatives was developed in British Columbia. The basic case provision of assistance to the victim as witness within th~ management system involves the development of appropriate and ~ustice system during the past few years. This trend is e~ident consistent procedures, systematic communication and clearly 1 n : ,I defined responsibilities and relationships of those involved in the legal process. The major,ity of components are primarily * The support provided to many of the victim/witness concerned with improvement iri the efficiency and effectiveness of projects in the late seventies emphasized the needs of the system. These include charging standards, reports t~ Crown the victim which are the direct consequence of the Counsel. information preparation and processing~ They involve the victimization experience. This has now shifted ~n police/crown relationship, the crown/defense relationship, case some areas of Can~da to support to the victim in o disposition and follow-up, and a trial coordination program. . ~.:. \~ . understanding and positively participating with the t criminal justice system. Two components of the system can ha~e a direct impact on the victim/witness: fiA * The shifting of responsibili~i:ies for victim services "" in certain prOVincial go~i'e'~llments e.g. Ontario and (1) Witness notification, which involves the notificati~n , "~)) , () <~~.;C::~..:;:;t:·:·;;~;!:..,=:r;;:::;:;:::,,;;;,;::,·;e-~;:·~~-:;-C'.·,~,,,, ~_~, c< •• t--'.. -- II ;, 44 45 1 1.:1' • iI of police and civilian witnesses regarding their appear to be related to providing information, witness fees, appearance in court, can also include the provision restitution provision, court escort services and.preparation for ~ of additiorial services to witnesses. This testimony. A small number indicated that they attempt to provide responsibility, which is vested with the crown, is some direct counselling and crisis intervention assistance to undertaken by a witness notifier, who is responsible victim/witnesses. Almost one half of those contacted in the for the notification of witnesses, providi~g witnesses recent survey indicated that they do attempt to provide both with additional information pertaining to appearances, referral and coordination assistance where possible. There is dates and times, court locations, procedures in court in-service provision but the services are provided informally and and so on. Notification and denotification is now not recorded - in ~art due to the lack 6f formal authorization by carried on by telephone and mail, not through personal provinces for such involvement of crown attorneys. The recent contact, as was the past practice. survey also suggests that there are a number of considerations underway among the crown attorneys in various provinces regarding (2) Witness admini~trationOinvolves all aspects of witness the development of expanded services which will more directly contact following the witness notification phase. assist the victim witness, e.g. the development of witness o Functions include travel and accommodation advocates. Economic restraint~ coupled with the continued debate arrangements, court facilities for witnesses and as to the appropriateness of the crown attorney's giving special witness fees. British Columbia has introduced a toll as~istance to victims, has delayed some of these pending service free line and arrangements with a major airline plans. directed to facilitating travel and accommodation arrangements for witnesses. Both components are Chapter 4 - Where to from here? perceived as notably improving the efficient ii coordination of the system and also providing more There would appear to be a number of emerging trends in effective service to the witnesses. .. the evolution of services to cr~me victims since 1980. They indicate a number of choices and challenges regarding the extent, While it has been difficult to involve all components of manner and direction in the future development of victim services. the legal process in supporting the case management approa~h, Those patterns discussed below are not presented in any particular initial developments indicate there is merit in continued efforts order and are not necessarily mutually exclusive. to gain support for the system. I. EXTENT OF SE~VICE DEVELOPMENT Crown Attorneys There has not been a substantial growth either in new The recent survey also attempted to identify services projects or in the expansion of existing specialized victim or provided through Crown Attorneys' offices. Few victim/witness victim/witness services. While it is true that new initiatives projects were identified. One such initiative is t~e coordinator have recently been instituted, such as the Domestic Response Team program located with the Crown Attorneys office in Ottawa. in Toronto, it is also the case t~at other projects have been established to provide just and fair treatment to witnesses in terminated, such as the Victim Services Project in Victoria. order to ensure their participation and cooperation with the While there continues to be evidence of interest in meeting victim judicial process. ~ requirements among social develnpment-based agencies, C.C.S.D.·s recent survey does not indicate any significant trend in the The program coordinator and his assista~t are involved development of services specifically intended to meet victim ~n.c?or~inating e~eme~t~ of the judicial process specifically in needs. The one major exception however, is the development of lnltlatlng and malntalnlng communications with police, crown services to victims through the actions of many police counsel, defense council and crown witnesses. This "case odepartments. This is often reflected in the considerable efforts management" function allows staff to determine when the witness gf many police organizations intended to train police officers, might not be require:d; ensure witnesses are suitably notified and a d jus t pro c e d u res, and i n t rod u c e s e r v,f c e s, e. g. vic tim arranging of trial dates according to witness availability. The identification cards. Unfortunately, the extent of these program also assists witne~ses through the provision of developments cannot be accurately determined. .;.. information on the justice system; assist~nce i~ the return of property and referrals to sottal and legal agencies. This limited growth of services is not necessarily a ~ reflection of a lack of interest in victim services. Many There was some evidence that most crown attorneys communities are currently involved in determining victim service ffo, provide some services to victim witnesses. The major trends needs prior to establishing victim service programs. Much effort ...." I' .-'-... ~-"" ... - , if fII !I " ,!l;., -~ 46 ~ 47 Ii!iI f '\ \ is being directed t? pr?viding i~fo~nation and training sessions ) for,staffs of organ1zatlons deal1ng with victims, e.g. police. new phenomenon"in that a number of major projects develop~d during lJ. offlcer~ a~d health care professionals. These developments often the seventies included volunteers, this pattern is expanding to r7su~t 1n 1nc:eased sensitivity to, and awareness of, the needs of include organizations se~ving victims in general ~nder both publ~c vl~tlms ?f cr1mes. Such adjustments might not, however, be and voluntary auspices, e.g. police departments. Evidence of th1S eVl~ent 1n ~he formal definition of specialized victim services~ Wi$ found in the recent C.C.S.D. survey. It is evident in the It lS,als? 1mport~nt to note the extensive efforts of many Htc rea sin g pub 1 i c i nt ere s tin vol u n tar y p r'o g rani s. s u c has t h ~ . o~ga~~zat10ns,to,lmprove the quality of information available to Victim Service Program in Vancouver and the Resr1gouche proJect 1n v~ctlms of eXlstlng community services. Also much effort has been N.B. both of which are dependent on volunteers. It is popular dlrec~ed ~o the development of more effective planning and with those planning for development of new or expapded.services. coor~1~at10n"metho~s ~mong,service agencies, intended to improve It is typified for example in the design of the Salvatlon Army the llnkage of vlct~ms w1th required service agenci~s. Again Program in Ottawa. One of the larger voluntary projects is the. such d~velopme~ts~ whlle not necessarily reflecting a major "Citizen Participation and Support Project" of the Edmonton Pol1ce expa~slon of ~lctlm-focussed services, could represent Department's Victims Servic~s Unit. This is a good example of a c?ns~derable ~mp~ovement in the provision of services to victims " s hi f t tow a r d s d e pen den c y on vol u n tee r s by a we 11 - est a b 1 ish e d w1thln the eXlstlng systems. v'ictfm project. , ,Of course receni limited growth in regard to victim The Victim Services Unit with the Edmonton Police serVlces 1S al~o ~elated to"cons~raints on service developments. Department represents one of the most comprehensive and well-known It reflects a walt and see attltude of some provinces in respect ~jctim services programs in Canada. Since 1979, it has undertaken to the then pen~ing Victim Task Force Report, major needs a staged expansion of services now available to all victims of a~sessment studles, and program evaluations currently underway crime. The services include property return, information to Flnally the re~ent economic climate has severely limited the • growth of serVlces. victims regafding their case status, support in meeting emotional requ i rements th rou gh pers ona 1 vi sits and referra 1 s. The p rag ramI· s evaluation has resulted in fundamental adjustments in the police " It is,intere~ting to note that the majority of recently de p.a r t men t 's i n for mat ion s y stem, p r act ice 0 f 0 f f ice r s (e: 9 • 1nstl~ut~d serVlce proJects and/or expansion of existing programs informing victims of the program) and promoting the serVlce (e.g. for v1ctlms have relied on the developments of a skilled volunteer development of information cards and brochures). cor ~ s, s elf - h e 1 p ~ r 0 ups 0 r , h a ve red ire c ted res 0 u r c e,s a 1 rea dy" ava~lable to s~rv1ce agenc1es. Most developments have there10re , a VOl de d ext ens 1 ve add illt ion a 1 cos t s • 1, Demands on the program doubled when it was expanded to cover all victims of crime. Department constraints suggested that I I. .;..;.H..;;..;UM,,",-,A.,:.;.N.::.....:.;R:..:;:E..=.S.:..O U:::...!R~C::.::E:..:::S \\ resources were not available to maintain the basic services, let alone meet the increasing. awareness of the peed for a back-up crisis capability. The possibility of meeting these reqUirements . Give~ the reality of recent resource constraints, the through the ~se ofa qualified volunteer team was considered in a emerg1~g ~xperle~ce gained in the development of victim services, and Sh1!tlng attltudes and interests of both the public and community-based seminar invo~ving conc~rned agencies. Th~s, meeting led to the general Vlew that regardless of the eXlstlng pro! e s s ~ 0 n a 1 s, tIP e ~ e , has bee ~ a. sub s tan t i ali ncr e a s e i n vol u n tarY o programs, victims often continue t~ "fall between the cracks" of ~ctlon ~n the provlslon of vlctlm services. This has been evident :n the ln~olvement ?f citizens as volunteers providing assistance the service system. The victims unit was encouraged to develop a to, or b~lng superv1sed by, professional staff. It is also volunteer capability. (~ p~es~nt 1n the development of self-help initiatives involving vlctlms. , The resulting volunteer project is intended to alleviate ,} "crime victims' suffering, increase their sense of security and Voluntarism confidence tn the judicial and law enforcement system, increase victim coordination in the prosecution of cases and increase One of the means for developing or expanding ~ervices to coorctination of existi.ng community services and resources victims while dealing with resource constraints l'S the f availabl~ to victims. volunteers. use 0 t t' t t Th ~'~,\proJec \' . emP 1 oys Vl . C 1m avocad es '0: There has been an increasing~interest in the development of qualified volunteers to deal with victims needs. While not a r (1) lessen the immediate impact of a disruptive stressful J ' crime; 1 \ \~', fW U il '\ ! 49 11I' 0 ! "Ir,\ \L (2) help vi,ctims to cope with the effects of crime by \l providing counselling and contacts with social ~pproach to deal with other victims of specific.crimes, e.g •. agencies; ~ncest violent assault and property related crlmes. There 1S I Jintere~t in the development of groups with a major self-help (3) focus on the prevention of further victimization and icom~onent to d~al with certain offender ~r?u~s,.e.g. sexual provide encouragement to the victim by explaining the iassault and wife abuse offenders. Such ln1tlat1ves are no ~onger apprehension and prosecution process; I ; the primary. interest of victi~ service progr~ms conc~rned w1th I' specific groi:tps of victims; they are also be1ng consldered ?y some (4) help to increase the "unit availability time" of police ~omprehensive vittim services. Thus, for example, a communlty- members and be of service to investigators by providing I Ij b'~ed victim service program in Kitchener W~terloo ~nder ~h~ . assistance to the victim during the crime 'I dircaction of, a community board - the Commun1ty JUst1ce In1t1atlves investigation. ft " - has initiated a number of self-help groups. These gro~ps focussing on victims ahd families of incest, rape and Ch1ld fl Advocates are involved when: victims are disoriented; molestation, and spouse abuse offender~ ar~ resourced by competent experts from appropriate s e r vic e~o r g a n 1 z a t 1 0 n s • the crime is an event which is expected to threaten his/her family - -..:::;- or security; the victim lacks a personal support sytem (i.e. '" (J friends to assist); or when moral support is required in domestic Finally a m~jor "self-help" based development has crime related events (e.g. suici~es). , " recently evolved ~cross Canada. "Victims.of Yiolence" .represents a number of community self-help groups prlmar1ly composed of Advocates become involved in two situations. First, friends family and victims 'of violent crime. These groups where there is severe distress the investigating"officer will tend to'assume a number of roles including provisions of support call on citizen advocates. Two are assigned to the crime location to comfort, console, counsel and cope with the consequences o~ the and provide the required support and assistance at this time. crime. Most community chapters of this move~e~t ar~ al~o actlvely Second, when the investigating officer believes that follow-up involved in advocating for changes in the crlmlnal JUStlc~ ~ystem assistance might be required, he will forward a report of the case which are deemed to support possibilities of contin~ed crlmlnal to the victim services unit. ~ activity. Concerns have included proposed changes 1n regard to capital punishment, manditory supervision programs an~,~o on. The program numbers approximately 70 advocates who Groups have also actively enco~ra~ed socie~y's suppor~~ln provide 5 hours a week. The servi~e is available from 6 p.m. to 3 providing numerous rights to vlctlms of crlme. a.m. ,Monday to Friday and 10 a.m. to l.a.m. Saturdays an.d Sundays. The program is supervi sed and c05drdi nated by members of Self-help approaches also are confronted with challenges the police force. Regular educational and recreational events are to their value. Can such groups provide the experience offered by available to volunteers. skilled professionals? Do such groups create unnecessary dependency of its members? and so on. While the above trend appears to be '~well establ i shed in th~ victim services system, the role of volunteers is often Perhaps the most important issue which.must be a~dr~ssed que s t ion e d .C0 n cC''-.T n sin c 1 u d e the rights of volunteers to personal by those responsible for the development of serv1c~s for vl~tlms information on both victims and offenders, the capability of is to determine the basic purpose(s) of these servlce~. Th1S volunteers to assume responsibilities traditionally identified paper has indicated that most service projects emphaslze the needs with professionals, and so on. ~ . of the victim as a consequence of the victimization.and/or as a par tic i pan tin the c rim; n a l jus tic e s y s tern. . The r ~ ~ s, h owe v e r , Se 1 f -He le. another perspective, often present~d by those provldlng ~olunta~y ~ support. This view stresses the 1mportance of encouragl~g soclety " Self-help basedVprograms are al,o being considered and to more aggressively dea1 with the perpetrator of the crlme. developed by numerous orgawizatiorr's concerned \·dth victim needs. t This attitude is reflected in encouraging the This a p pro a c h has be e n em p 1 0 ye d p rim a r 11 y" by vic tim s e r vic e organizations concerned with specrfic types of crime victims _ I development of support services to assist the offender, e.~. the sexually abused spouses and sexual assault yicti~s. This i r e c e n t de vel 0 p men t 0 f' t rea t men t p r og ram s for s p 0 u s ~ a bus e r s • I t continues. However, there is now an interest on the part of is evident in certain initiatives directed to publlcally .: numerous agencies in expanding the applic~tion of the self-help 1~timidate offenders. It is also apparent in efforts of PU~llC ~ education and advocacy efforts directed to incr~ased penaltles : for crime offenders. The underlying motivati~n and consequent. action of individuals and groups espousing the above, will" requlre , \ 'j ,,0$.. £ r---~ J' 51 h 50 l! \\1'l' attention. * An increasing trend towards adapting the existing service systems and their staffs to better meet victim ~ III.· PROCESS OF S~RVICE DEVELOPMENT needs. This is evident in the emphasis placed on professional training programs, development of .. There is considerable evidence that many provinces information-based programs and development of more commun~t1e~ and.service organizations, regardless of their ' effective referral methods. econom1C sltuat10n or inclination towards victim service ~evelopment! are not prepared to develop new services until there IV. UNDERSTANDING OF "VICTIM SERVICES" 1S clear eV1dence of their need. As has been pointed out elsewher~, the~e has been considerQble effort directed to The recent C.C.S.D. survey suggested that there remains ~esearch1n~ cr1me patterns, assessing the needs of victims, their a lack of understanding among many agencles as to the meaning of 1n~er~sts 1n ~ccessing se~vices, the lev~) of knowledge of the victim services. This not only reflects the various approaches eX1~t1ng serv~ces and reV1ews of specialized victim/witness organizations undertake in the planning and accounting systems P~OJ~ct~. !hlS ~pproach of as~essing the need for developing they adopt; it also reflects a continued lack of appreciation of vlctlm serVlces 1S note~orthy 1n that it does not represent the the scope of potential impact on crime victims and their g e n,e r a ~ a ~ pro ~ c h t a ken 1 nth e s eve n tie s wit h the de vel 0 p men t 0 f subsequent service needs. Too often organizations providing many vlct1m/w1tness services. It repressnts a response to: "generic" services, such as mental health counselling or crisis intervention assistance, initially suggest that they do not provide * A gr?wing awareness of the American experience where services to victims of crime. However, when asked if they provide cons~derable resources were initially directed to specific services at times to victims, they would respond in the serV1ce developMent without needs assessments and affirmative. service evaluations on which to legitimize the need !or the new se~vice network. This approach, in part, There is a need for greater understanding of the range 1S often perce1ved to have contributed to massive of possible service needs of victims both as a consequence of cutbacks in that program. their victimization and in their capacity as participants in the criminal justice system. This would assist in determining the * An increasing awareness of the mapy myths which have actual and/or potential role of organizations in both the social g~ne~ally b~en held regarding the need for various development and criminal justice systems in servicing crime Vlctl~ servlces •. Thus, for example, the generally victims. This does not necessarily imply, as some have argued, perce1ved extenslve "service need" of victims is that a detailed victim focussed service planning continuum must be challenged in Canadian Otudies which often developed to be adopted by those organizations serving victims. demonstrate that many victims would not necessarily While that might be helpful for those focussing on victim revert to a !ormal service organization to meet their services, it would not be generally helpful for those focussing on needs resultlng from victimization. It is also victim services, it would not be generally practical, given the a~pa~e~t that the elderly ~itizens of Canada are rarely variations in the design of existing information systems in vlctlm1zed and the crimes against elderly citizens are ag~ncies and, more-importantly, the primary service interest of g~nerally no~-violent crimes. Thus the often held many of those organizations which deal at times with victims. It !leW that thls population requires special attention will, however, be necessary to develop a communications initiative 1n the development of victim services is suspect. wherein the specific service needs of victims are defined in accordance with the various generic service frameworks employed by *' A concern that s~ecialized victim services have often organizations in both the so~ial development and criminal justice ... not met the s~r!lce.dem~nds initially expected of them. systems. This wjll allow for increased understanding as to the Such.un~er-ut1l1zat10n 1S already evident in a number ) 0 extent of those services available to victims. It will permit of. V1 c t 1 m based projects. I ti ~onb~ yet clear whether \ many in the mainstream of both service networks to recognize their th1S ph~no~enon r~flect.s a lack of ~reparatory research t responsibilities in serving crime victims. as to v1ctlm serVlce requirements, ~he lack of , ~ k now 1 e d 9 e 0 f the s e pro g ram son the 1,1 art 0 fo vic tim s the I The findings of the C.C.S.D,,~urvey suggests that little A\ effe~t of t~e agency providing servllces or the victim's has been done in many communities to r.ommunicate with existing \ seek1ng aS~lstance.th~ough other ave~ues. For example, organizations as to their service responsibilities to crime ~ does locat1on of v1ct1m services in a traditionally victims. It is clear that organizations such as those providing «I offe~der-focussed agency limit public use of these mental heal~h services, multi-service centres and general welfare serVlces?· . , \1 ' ... -~ ---~-----~-----~~------~ 52 53 assistance agencies benefit in defining their "place" in the Ministry of the Solicitor General, and under the victim service area. guidance of an inter~departmental advisory committee, has been directed to: While common service patterns might be developed for cc» purposes of educating service organizations, the main need will be l -establishment of a collection of Canadian published to support agencies interest in serving victims so that they will and unpub1i~hed documents relating to victim issues; be part of the Canadian "victim service movement" without necessarily being expected to introduce new planning systems I -recommendation to purchase textbooks on victims for inappropJ;:iate to their overall interests "and requirements. the Ministryls library; V. INFORMATION PROGRAMS 1 -contacting other sources of information relating to victims; o A major emphasis in the development of response to I victimsl needs is the provision of information directed to -determining the feasibility of developing an automated informing the public as to their rights as victims, their role in I information system on victims. relating to the criminal justice system and the availability of I services required to meet service needs resulting from onels j Depending on the governmentls decision ~egardin~ i~s future victimization. responsibilities to victims and the resources ava11able, lt 1S hoped that a more comprehensive information service to complement The federal government has actively expanded its I existing efforts might be developed. responsibilities in preparing materials and developing information activities directed to professionals and thee public on the issue I Most victim and witness programs have included emphasis of services to victims of crime. These have included: ~n the need to share information with the public and victims. The means whereby information is being provided vary. There is * the preparation and production of a number of I inc rea sed i n t ere s tin the pro vis ion 0 f wr itt e n info r'ma t ion t 0 relevant documents; victims. Some organizations, primarily police departments~ have •. ' ado pte d for mal p r act ice s wher e by 0 f f ice r s are man q~ ted 'I t 0 1 ~ f 0 ~ m * estab1ishment,of the Family Violence Film Collection. victims of available services. Many programs provlde °on slte A set of 18 films are available free of charge through informational ~rograms. For example, the Community Justices. 30 regional National Film Board offices; Initiative in Kitchener-Waterloo includes as a component of ltS responsibility on information, a kiosk run by sta~f ~nd * publication and distribution of a quarterly newsletter volunteers. The kiosk, located in the local prov1nclal court, to over 8,000 professionals, groups and agencies; (criminal division) provides advice and information to both victims and witnesses. 0 * development and distribution of primary and secondary source material on wife-assault, child abuse and Adjustments in the systems invo~ved.in.tracing.v~ctims neglect and abuse of the elderly, including the have been introduced in a number of organ1zat10ns - speclflcally distribution of over 5,000 copies of How the Law courts and police. Perhaps the most comprehensive initiative in Can Help Battered Women; this regard is the development of a province-wide program in Quebec concerned with victims of crime. This ~rogram includes: * response to over 1200 requests for information per month; " The provision of an information pamphlet to victims * by police. The pamphlet includes the following * establishment of a Reference Centre of books, reports " i n for mat i on - t h ec 0m pJ a i n t f i 1 e, n a'm e and n urn b e r of and other materials on family violence. inves,tigative o,fficer, information on the criniinal . justice system and information on various financial * preparing to meet the demand for information and c~ifpensation options a,vailable to victims. consultation received by the "Cl'earinghouse on Family Violence. Relaying of complaint form from police to crown * attorney. Information includes considerable data on * The development of an initial victims resource victim. collection. This initiative, located within the ~. d J', .~ \1 :f ~ 54 55 ;:f II n\\\ II f{ I. ,1 d * The laying of charges, information on the victim providing services to victims/witnesses. These varied patterns of ~ will be computerized at both'judicial districts and ! accepted responsibility appear to be the t'esult of a number of ~ 'I at central in the office in Montreal. L factors such as different views as to the legitimate roles and r r'esponsibilities of the courts t=u victims. There is also some "{ The Montreal central office regularly mails information evidence of shifting responsibilities for victim services in to the victim related to information on the charge, certain provincial jurisdictions. Thus, for example, the strong role of the victim as witness, and updating the victim involvement and interest of the correctional systems in provinces o n de v e ~:so pm e n t s .' i nth e cas e • such a~ British Columbia and Ontario in developing and supporting both victim and victim/witness services during the late seventies * An i n for mat i on book 1 e t on the t ria 1 pro c e d u r e' s~ ill ,I;' has diminished. At the same time, there is increased involvement be incorporated wi~h the sUbpoena when the vic~tm is. of the Attorneys Genera 1 's offi ce in both provi nces - emphas i zi ng called upon as a wltness. . developments more directly related to the needs of victims as witnesses. This raises some important questions. Is it * That once the disposition is rendered, the court cTerk appropriate for Crown Attorneys to provide s~ec1al assistance to responsible will correspond with the victim. advising i,' victim/witnesses? Can correction-based organizations him/her of the terms of the sentencing disposition. /, legitimately meet their primary mandate in dealing with offenders while also providing services to victims? The extent of personal This comprehensive information system is in the commitment of both politicians and senior administrators in these implementation phase. It is hoped that most of th~ province willi programs has also been a major factor in determining the extent of soon be provided with the district-based computer capability their organization's involvement with victims. All of these required to fulfill the program1s mandate. factors influence both auspices and design decisions on victim services. There is no apparent consistency in the development of, Other information programs have also been established to responsibility to victims within the criminal justice system. assist victims and/or witnesses in receiving information. One of the most comprehensive projects - the Justice Resource Service _ VII. SOCIAL D~VElOPMENT has recently been established in P.E.I. This project co sponsored by the federal government and provincial governments Developments in victim services in the social involves a full-time coordinator. The program focusses on victims development field appear to be largely limi~ed to those of crime, domestic violence, vandalism, public legal education and specialized victim programs and training initiatives for community involvement in criminal justice. professional staff dealing with sexual abuse and family violence matters. There is little evidence to suggest that major The program is av~ilBble to individuals, community initiatives have been undertaken by those responsible for the gro~ps and ~overnment dep~rtments. Its services include provision facilitation and development of victim services in encouraging or of lnfGrmatl0n and educatl0nal programs for the public, supporting developments attuned to the range of personal care and consultative assistance in reso~ving problems with the criminal financial service reqUirements of victims in general. This reality justice system and development of community-based initiatives. is in sharp contrast to the strong support and interest expressed in surveys and conferences since 1980 among many organizations . . Thus exp~ri~nce and research pOinting ,to the importance within the social development field. It is in contrast to the of ens~rlng that vlctlms are;aware of existing services, the continued concerns expressed by many leaders representing police, operatlons of the criminal justice system and their related the crown and courts that more direct responsibility for many responsibilities are increasingly being reflected in Canadian required support services of victims be assumed by the existing programs. social development network. These factors, coupled with the general interest in avoiding unnecessary duplication of services VI. THE J.,U STIC E FIE lD and improving the effectiveness of use of the existing se~vice system, suggest a number of questions which merit consideration. There is not a consistent pattern of defined Who should be responsible for financing and administration of the .::. res~onsibility in provision of services to victims among th"e range of social development based services for victims such as J\ varlOUS components of the criminal justice system. mental health counsellJng? How are these services to be planned \ and developed? By who~? What relationship is to be developed This div~rsity is evident among similar organizations. between those responsible for the criminal justice and social ~ Thus, for example, those responsible for admini~tration of courts development systems in the planning, development and coordination .::: demonstrate varied interests or levels of active involvement in of these servi~es? , \) ,. -~·~_'~"l:..~.",,~.4''''' __~tt:" .... ~~~~~---..",",~- 57 56 I;i programs either as ongoing initiatives, (e.g. sexual abuse I centres)'or as demonstration initiatives. ;Now, howev~r! ~any are VIII. THE ROLE OF THE VOLUNTARY SECTOR 1 increasingly convinced that.gr~ater att~nt~on to s~ns1t1z1ng ~\l expert professionals, rede~lgn~ng of eXlit1ng serV1ces ~nd There are a number of issues which will require ensuring appropriate coord1nat10n and rerer~al systems among those consideration in defining the voluntary sector's role in the !I organizations in contact with victims and ~ltnesses offers ~he . planning and delivery of victim services. Considerable II most appropriate direction for future serV1ce developments 1n thlS differences of opinion still exists regarding the appropriate I field. These views stem from: role(s) of this sector. To iTlustrate: r * Are cog nit i 6 nor the dis tin c t i ve ria t u r ~ ? f t h ~ . * A n urn b e r 0 f nat ion a 1 vol u n tar y 0 r g'd n i z a t ion s h a v e Canadian service system in both the cr1m1nal Just~ce assumed an active role in undertaking educational I and social development fields. The scope of serV1ces responsibilities, development of policies and available, and criteria for ~ligibility of services, encouragement of victim focussed services. Yet (e.g. universal health care.1~surance) ~uggest that an interest of a n~mber of these organizations newly devised programs spe~lf1callY d~slg~ed to meet in collaborating in the development and maintenances victim n~eds often result 1n the dupllcat10n of of a clearinghouse has not yet been favourably services. received by government. ~ * A'general reluctance to adopting the "special * While a number of victim-based projects have been project/program" approach in dealing with ~u~an service initiated by voluntary organizations, often with full J developments in the United States - emphaS1Z1~g government support, many government officials still specialized services - there is a strong ccmm1tment maintain that such responsibilities should be assumed in this country to expanding the capability.and . dir~ctly by government agencies. sensitivity of our existing service system 1n deal1ng 1 with emerging service requirements. Future victim servi~e development requires resolution on i "\ the appropriate role and responsibilities of the voluntary sector As a result: Ii (\ in this field. Is the voluntary sector an appropriate vehicle for I providing victim services? Are agencies involved with the needs [1 * Some provinces have, to date, resisted participation of offenders appropriate to provide victim services? What is the in the development of new "special victim projects". appropriate relationship of government and the voluntary sector in Others are indicating concern regarding the future determining responsibilities for planning and delivering services? j of existing projects. Should they be continued? 1st her 0 leo f the vol u n tary sec tor 1 i mit edt 0 s e r vi n gal lor 0 n 1y [ Sho~ld the results of these initiatives be reflected some groups of crime victims? Are those responsibilities most ! J in the development of the existing service system suited to the voluntary sector limited to certain roles, e.g. If and the projects thems~lves ~erminate~? In fact, advocacy, public education, or information dissemination L some provinces are actlvely ln~olve~ 1~ the . responsibilities? Should the voluntary agency be expected to p development of policies regardlng v~ct:m serv:ces which demonstrate capability in provision of effective victim services will emphasize the development of v~ct1m serv:ces prior to assuming long term responsibilities? Should voluntary within the existing network of serVlces and dl~courage agencies assume the leadership role in initiating and developing future "special project ll status for these serV1ces. new services which, when proven, are then transferred t~ the ~ public sector - as was recently the case with the ~innipeg Many planners in this field are "concerned with the II * results of the emerging research on crime patterns, victim/witness service. Answers to these matters will provide J greater clarity in the voluntary sector as to their expected 1.\ victim needs and service availability. In many 0 ' , cnmmunities, the general assumptions regarding th~ responsibility in this field. " ,"' I '~, need for extensive new services have not proven to be ~\ IX ORGANIZATION OF SERVICES tl justified. Thus, some specialized victi~ ~ervices are \ under-ut i 1 i zed. Studi es often. suggest 11 m1 ted It I1 There is increasing interest among those responsible for interest on the part of victims for specialized ~ the development of victim services in including these services in services and often, when they are required, they are "" ~he service framework of existing organizations. In recent years, available through the existing service system. These , considerable attention has been given to the development of . .\ findings, coupled with the need to effectively use specialized programs for &evelopment of victim, and witness 1. II I t' f 1\ ! '. i 111 r'------...,..---.,,~·~"·""~,·='·===r~~="=.'r"r""'x","." .. , , I( "I 58 59 !I~\i, the existing service resources, further support the abused spouse program in Manitoba, many of the ~, expanded use of~the existing system to meet/victim programs to deal with sexual assault. Interagency ~ requirements. Redirecting resources or emphasis in involvements in the development of special service an o~ganizatio~ with a general mandate, e.g. programs intended for victims in general as well hosp1tals, soc1al ~elfare agencies is much easier as in the on-going management ~f these programs, than the development of 01' "winding down" of have also increased. The challenge is perhaps specialized programs and projects. not in encouraging cooperative action, but rather in ensuring that organizations are supported in their . This vi e w i s not 0 f co u r ~ e un i ve r sally, he 1 d • We desire to collaborate •. This is especially important contlnue to support certain specialized victim programs, e.g. in an environment where other agency program priorities s~xu~l abuse ~rogram~ •. Certain programs providing services to are pressing and resources are limited. vlct1ms of ~r1me, or1~lnally developed as demonstration projects, have been glven on-go1n9 status within the organizatidns housing * Ensuring that victims are aware of available services. the~~ As has been demonstrated in this paper, there are al~o a This is achieved through public information programs numb~r ?f new initiatives focussing on the development of and appropriate referral systems. It is achieved spec1al1zed programs/projects, e.g. the development of the wife through instituting practices whereby professionals abuse and victim/witness projects in Manitoba. However, even are expected to advise victims as to services' where new developments are occurring, it is important to recognize available. It requires considerable preparation that the majority tend to stress the need for collaboration and of professional staff, especially police, regarding coord~nation with existing service organizations. They emphasize the characteristics of the existing service system. that 1n the long term, existing service organizations should assume ~reater re~ponsibility either through training of x. GOVERNMENTS' RESPONSIBILITIE~ profess10nal staff and/or adjustments in their policies and procedures. Projects such as the Vancouver Police project are There continues to be considerable concern among therefore often intended to be at least parti~lly , representatives ~f both governments and the voluntary sector as to self-destructive. the definition of appropriate levels of responsibility for planning and delivery victim services. While this involves It is obvious that a number of challenges confront those mainly the federal and provincial governments, many local responsible for the development of victim services in the future. governments are also increasingly interested (e.g. the involvement They include: of the regional government in Metropol~tan Toronto in developing JiL· the domestic response program). While it is generally conceded * Ensuring that the existing ser~ice system is that the tesponsibility for development of many of the vt~tim prepared to accommodate and service victims. This based services linked to social development initiatives is will require adjustments in mandates, practices, primarily provincial, responsibilities for the various components proc~dures; ~riorization and design of programs. within the criminal justice system are not as evident. For It w!ll req~l~e the development and design of in example, tpe various responsibilities of the federal and serV1ce tralnlng programs of professional staffs provincial levels of government in the adminlstration of Justice directed to acquainting them with the specific n~eds ~nd Corrections and the involvement of all three levels of of victims and0exploring means whereby these needs government in police services create confusion. Further, there is can be addressed. . a need to clarify the future relationships of the federal and provincial governments where national supportive activity is * ~etermining th~ ex~ent to which, and means whereby, provided in this field, e.g. national information services, public Improved coord1natlon and referral methods can be education, demonstration and research responsibilities. Joint developed among agencies involved with victims. ~ federal/provincial actions in these areas such as the creation of There now appears to be considerable commitment the federal/provincial victims t~sk force argue~ well for future on the part of organizations in both the social cooperation in this area. development and criminal justice systems to "~ork ~ogether" •. This development has a strong \~ h1stor1cal base 1n the evolution of child abuse I ~ervi~es in.Canada. More recently such cooperation 1S eVldent 1n the development of services for other specific victim groups, e.g. the development of the .. )) ,t' 61 60 APPENDIX I Conclusion STUDIES/REVIEWS This paper in part describes the many developments which have recently occurred f'n'con~idering Canadian society's The following is a partial list of studi~s which. have responsibili~y to victims of trime. While these continue to be recently been ~on~ucted in Cana~a .. T~er r~present questions regarding the extent, means and capability of our national provlnclal and communlty lnltlatlves. They society to respond to the ,victims or crime, ,there is little doubt represent assessments of.victim a~d witnes~ n~eds, ~nd that future developments in the structuring ot law, operations of the availability of requlred serVlces. Whlle the I1st the criminal justice system and deSign of servi~es will reflect a is partial it does represent the major research . much greater recognition of the rights and needs of crime victims. initiatives undertaken in the past three years focusslng on the general area of victim and victim services. '{A number t'of specialized studies on. subj ects such a~ the effectiveness of crime compensatlon programs, Chlld sexual abtlse,requirements and so on are not included.) National OVERVIEW AND ANNOTATED BILIOGRAPHY OF THE NEEDS OF CRIME VICTIMS (Dr. Colin Meredith) dttawa: Research Divislon; Solicitor General Canada. unpublished The pur.pose of this proj ect was to rev~ew. the Ii terature and compl ete an annotated", blbll0graphy on the needs of victims. Q SERVICES TO VICTIMS AND WITNESSES OF CRIME IN CANADA (Norquay and Weiler) Ottawa: Research Division;" Solicitor General. unpublished = The study identifies and assesses the principal types of victim and witness servites that currently exist or are being developed in Canada. It offers suggestions for future policy and program ~ev~lop ment in t,he following areas: fed~ral/provlncla~ o ',-' relationships; the need for ~ natl0nal focus pOlnt; crime compensation; funding mechanisms; the role of . , governments; local planning of services; the"" role of police and victim rights. -,'j (\ ,. '~'-""---- -~'=="''"'=~,~",$';",=''''~~~'''=~">~'' Ii ;{ 62 " 1:( 63 ASSESSME~T OF VICTIM WITNESS NEEDS IN' THE YUKON' (Audrey McLa~ghl~n) Ottawa: Resea~ch Division, Department of Provincial/Territories I Just~ce EVALUATION OF THE WnTNESS COMPONENT OF THE CASE MANAGEMENT This review was:intended to accommodate a PROJECT IN BRIl'JSH COLUMBIA (Mr. H.J. Bradley) Ottawa: "Jnumber. of ob~ ec~ives i:qcluding identifying and Research Division; Department of Justice. published ~naly~~n¥ ex~stl~g services availabl~ to victimsi ~~entlfYlng ~he extent and nature of victim and This project carried out in conjunction with the w~tn~ss need~, .identifyin~ mean~ of meeting British Columbia government included evaluation VIGtl~ and WItness needs, and proViding ned~ssaTY of the impact of a newly introduced case manage basel~ne data for future evaluation of victim ment system on witness satisfaction. The services. evaluation was intended to monitor all phases of the new system including witness notification, The rev~e\'l was condticted Gunder the direction of witness administration, ,case disposition and follow a stee::lng co~ittee cNORTHWEST TERRITORIES 'ANALYSIS OF CASE MANAGEMENTPRACTIGES IN THE NORTHWEST TERRITORIES (Susan Lee Green) Ottawa: Research Division, Department f (Mr. Henry J. Bradley) Ottawa: Research Division; Department of Justice o. Justice o o This victims needs assessment was intended to The review includes a detailed analysis of a number ,:::.:' ~nalr~e both fr?m the point of view of the criminal of specific subjects including witness control- Just~cB and SOCIal service ag~ncies and victims . both police and civilian; witness notification and th~mselves th~ extent to which victim needs are denotification procedures; the cost analyses of beLngmet. The project was intended to ensure both; witness and personal travel and accommodation that. decisions regarding development of victimo r procedures; fe,asibili ty of introducing witness serVIces were basec!- on sound data and to provide i managers and a central reservation system; and the some of the b':lseli:rie information necessary if ! perceptiOn of witnesses of the court process. future eff~ctlveness studi'es on victim services I we::e. to 1;>e conducted. The res,earch included 1 The review team was given direction through a gal~lng ~nformation on victim needs services steering committee' composed of representatives of avaIlable to victims, use of servic~s by victims each of the justice components iniolved. and vi~w~ rege::-rdi.~g the treatment of the victim by the crl~lnal"~ustlce system. ANALYSIS TO EVALUATE CASE MANAGEMENT AND TRIAL COORDINATION PRACTICES AND THEIR EFFECT ON VICTIMS AND WITNESSES OF CRIME The review ,'.lNas ~onducted with the assistance of IN THE YUKON (Mr. Henry J. Kr.adley) Ottawa: Research Division; the N. W. T. JustIce and Co):'rections Conuni ttee. A Department of Justice "', - ''\:0 report has been prepared":l( I) Ii (\ This review of witness management systems and trial t coordination practice included the analysis of a 1 number of specific are.as of interest. Its empha'sis I ,r I was similar to the review conducted in the Northl'lest '0 · Territories. This review was also under the dir~ction 0;·• of a st~eTing committee composed of representatives I of each involved component of the justice system. ' 1 A report has been prepared including findings, r~.commeIlda tions, implementa tion strategies and 10 () resource requirements. . t ,II I..~,J( .~--~-~~ , .~~ 65 64 ,1'\ ,I NEEDS AND SERVICES FOR CRIME VICTIMS IN CALGARY: VICTIM STUDY FOR THE PLANNING OF VICTIM ASSISTANCE SERVICES IN SERVI CES IN CALGARY: THE PROGRAM AND THE RESEARCH , , il ; > P . E. 1. PHASE I (Dr. Col in Meredith) Ottawa: Res earch 1JudithMuir) Ottawa: Research DiVision: Ministry of the Division, Ministry of the Solicitor General - unpublished 1 Solicitor General - unpublished \1 \~ The purpose of ,this project was to develop The purpose of this proj~ct is to collect data detaiTed research plans for a comprehensive which can be used by the police department to an~lysis of the needs for changes in victimc II plan additional services .to victims and to services in P.E.I. The plans were developed assess their effectiveness through discussion with provincial criminal justice officials, through an assessment of the I! STUDY FOR THE EVALUkl'IONOF THE EDMONTON POLICE DEPARTMENT 'S ; ; '.; availability of data and on the basis of an SERVICES UNIT: PHASE I (C. Meredith) Ottawa: Research analysis of present services. The plans were n Division, Ministry of Solicitor General - unpublished submitted to the province for approval and were ( accepted. The purpose of the project was to devel~p :;) detailed research plans for the evaluatlon of . I the victims services unit of the Edmonton Pollce STUDY FOR THE PLANNING OF VICTIM ASSISTANCE SERVICES IN .t Department. The research plans were. developed P.E.I. pHASE II (Dr. Colln Meredith) Ottawa: Research I on the basis of an assessment of avallable Division, Ministry of the Solicitor General ,i information sources in a manner which incorporated '\: the management information needs of the police The purpose of this study is to collect data il! department. These plans were submitted to the 1 ~or the local planning committee to assist them ! police department for approval .and accepted. A in the Planning of Victim Services. Data will i second proj ect to carry out thlS agreed upon be collected so as to serve as a baseline for ! research is to be undertaken. future evaluation of any new services. )/ . ,,1 VICTIMS AND WITNESSES: EXPERIENCES, NEEDS AND COMMUNITY/ Community , f CRIMINAL JUSTIOE RESPONSE (W.K. Stuebing, Ph.D.) Ottawa, Research Div;Lsion, Department of Justice - publish~d,' " STUDY FOR THE PLANNING OF VICTIM ASSISTANCE SERVICES IN RICHMOND, E.C. - VOLUME I (Dr. Colin Meredith) Ottawa: 1 The research project was undertaken in Red Deer, Research Division, Ministry of the Solicitor General I fh order to identify the needs of victims aneJ witnesses. 1t Such information would provide data required to plan for The purpose of this study was to collect informa '~ appropriate :rictim witness services: ,!he study.~ncluded tion for the local plann1ng committee intended interviews.wlth over four hundred vlctlms and W1Lnesses, to assist them in planning for victim services. and included an assessment of existing social In addition data was collected to serve as a and justice based service agencies. Based on an baseline for subsequent evaluation of any new analysis of victim and ,vi tness experiences) needs and services. concerns; the activities of and response of those responsible for the criminal justice system, the cou~ts ANALYSIS OF NEEDS FOR VICTIM-WITNESS ASSISTANCE IN RICHMOND and community services, the report suggests that a Vlew (Dr. Colin Meredith) Ottawa: Research Dlvision, Department of developments b~ c;onsidered .. These ~nc~ude.increased of Justice } information, provls10n of clarlty of vlctlm rlgh~s.and improved victim and witness serVlces through tralnlng I \ .:. This review was conducted in conjunction with a of professionals, sensitizing of practice~ of existing i \ J study on the needs of victims in Richmond. This. 1 agencies, ~nd the development of new serVlces. ~ survey focussed on the impact of the criminal c( justice system on witnesses and involved inter ~ ... viewing of two }Jundred witnesses. The pro j .ect was undertaken for the local victim services planning committee representing both local agencies '" and government officials. (, 66 67 ASSESSMENT OF THE' AVAiLABILITY 0:);( SERVICES TO VICTIMS OF RESEARCH ON VICTIM SERVICES IN THE, KITCHEN.ER-WATERLOO REGION CI, -~ Sil "" "0 ,. ~, IJ. ~~:,:;::~~:;.,~::;::ti;=~~-----~-~..-.--," 'j_...... "'""~;,....., jr . . -," .~ .. "" .... ~."'-,,~.-~;~:'.j ~'-'-- ....' ....1 o.-;;:.---~= ...'~= ..... !~--"~- ,::.:::::::;::::::.~..;:;;::,~ ..... 't:;:-:~<;:::o.~:=~"=O·-""'-;«-'''·· II 69 68 f \1 J j APPENDIX II I f VICTIM SERVICES UNIT CALGARY POLICE' SERVICE VICTIM/WITNESS PROGRAMS " I Lecatien: Calgary, Alberta Address: Reem 337, Building I,' c This\17 appendi1.~dentifies varieus types ef pregrams directed 8 Manning Clese N.E., to, cr ime vic ·elms. The fir st greuping includes a descr iptien Calgary Alberta. " - -ef many ef the""Cspecialized victim prejects representing T2E 7NS I D • distinctive appreaches in s~rving crime victi~s. The TeJ. Number: 268-2093/268-2094 appendix then identifies transitien hemes and sexual Centact Persen: Jeyce Brewn, assault centres. Finally, a listing ef crime cempensatien Ceerdinatien ef Victim Unit pregrams is included." 0 Inspecter Crabb~, Calgary Pelice Ferce The victim unit is pelice-based. It is lecated within I - SPECIALIZED CRIME VICTIM PROGRAMS the Cemmunity Services Sectien ef the department. 'Referrals to, the unit are frem pelice efficers, victims themselves and secial service agencies. The Victim VANCOUVER POLICE DEPARTMEN't Unit also, initiates centacts and effers assistance to, victims threugh telephene and letters •. Lecatien: Vanceuver, British Celumbia Address: Vanceuver Pelice Department ,- S'tnce the CalgaryPelice Ferce has' a Crisis Unit to, Vanceuver, B.C. V6A 2T2 respend to, immediate victim needs, the Victim Services Tef:' Number: Unit cencentrates enfellew-up services. These services Centact Persen: R.J. Stewart, Chief Censtable include: emeti,enal suppert, assistance in the return ef stelen geeds, infermatien abeut rape, infermatien abeut This prejec~ fecusses en a needs assessment. It available cemmunity service, infermatien en crime will examine existing services that aid victims. preventien, assistance in filing f9r crime cempensatien, This weuld include an interest in pelicy, services, infermatien abeut victim rights, infermatien en ceurt statistics data and cests. One hundred randemly precedures andceurt dates. selected., victims who' have reperted crime to, Vanco1..l1ter Pel ice Department will be interviewed The pregram services all crime victims, altheu'gh cen in erder to, determine their immediate and leng centratien is 'en victims ef persenal crimes and elderly term needs. Victims "''leuld include these who' have victims. experienced crimes agains~ the person er persenal preperty. The staff include: (1) ene full~time pelice sergeant respensible fer overall police'eperatiens.(2) two' full-time This needs assessment survey will make recemm'endatiens civilian ceerdinaters respensible forpregram develepment c,pncerning a medel victim preject, i.e. types ef and management ahd (3) suppert staff.' A detailed services effered; lecatien ef preject; staff evaluatien of the pregrammhas been cempleted and is qualificatiens; referral netwerk, pamphlets and available. " bret;:,hures required; needs ef special victims (juvenile" elderly, retarded, handicapped, sudden death and' rap~e victims); cest ef prej ect and liaisens ,neq~ssary w,itJ: pers.ens eurside cri~inal justice system to, achleve a successfvlpre]ect. I u "r,he' suryel will itlv9lve ene full-time cehsul tant. i , ~, I) " Of:: " J, " f]\) ,,- "" " " o'li I"~ "a " ,,() " I!-.I) " I) 1] " " 11(1 .. I) ~ " ''Ii - ~ ...... "-" .. ..-,""~~ .. ""'---~--'". -~ -- 70 I 71 VICTIM SERVICES UNIT - EDMONTON POLICE DEPARTMENT I! courts; crlS1S phone - 24 hours a day to address Location: Edmonton, Alberta immediate needs; resource development in rural areas, Address: 9620 103rd A Avenue, i.e. safe houses for refuge; and, family and child Edmonton, Alberta. support. T5H OH7 Tel., Number: (403) 421-3333 The program involves seven staff people, a supervisor, Contact Person: Sgt. Ed. Payuk public 'and professional educators, rural programmer, '0 an advocacy and crisis phone lvorker and three child and family follow-up staff. These staff develop such The program is located in ,the police department. It programs and train volunteers throughout the province. has expanded over the yea~s ~nd now services all Volunteers also are used in public education, crisis victims of crime. The project has included res response and advocacy. :ponsibil~ties for revi?,ing ihd updating departmental lnf?rmatlon syste~s regar~~ng victims, develo~ment of WINNIPEG POLICE DEPARTMENT - VICTIM SERVICES PROJECT varlo~s types.of lnformatlon required by victims ensur.lng ongolng communication with victims with Location: Winnipeg, Manitoba r~ga~d to the status of t~e investigation, status of Address: 151 Princess Street, stolen property, preparatlOh for court and so on. P.O. Box 1680, Recen~lf' th~ program has developed a victim advocacy Winnipeg, Manitoba. capablllty dlrect~d ~o assisting ~he victim throughout R3C 2Z7 /J the course of thelr lnvolvement wlth the criminal Tel. Number: (204) 985-6078/985-6343/985-6350 justice system. Contact Person: Chief Ken Johnston; Supt. Herb Stevens; Constable Bernie Dionne The.unit is under the direction of'a police ~fficer. It lnvolves a large corp of trained )volunteers. An The project is intend~d t () , • (.! ""I~ :::11 C, '...... '<~--·---·--"""""""'~'-'~··fj ,."' , ~ ... ".-,~-,- ...... Cil) r 11 ,Ii ti :" ~ !, 72 73 ..I I II ji, n '\ Ii' I ;1i·i ~ ~ next-'of-kin homicide victims and n~-of-kin fatal VICTIM/WITNESS SERVICES IN WATERLDO REGION - YEAR ONE I, 1 I l ~I ; accident victims (where charge laid). Elderly victims i; would also receive special attention. Location: Kitcherter, Ontario "j', "If Address: 27 RoX St., :' ;l The project will involve one full time policeCdnstabl~ Kitchener, Ontario. IJ who will be responsible for providing information to . N2H 4B4 \' victims, and developing training for police; there Tel. Number: (519) 744-6549 will also be one full time victim service worker who Contact Person: Mark Yantzi will provide direct services and develop/train volunteers V~ctim-Offender Services Coordinator and support services; support staff and part time assistance of officers within the department will be The program operates 1) Police-Based Component; 2) provided. Finally, volunteers would also be trained to Community-Based Component. Referrals come from police provide direct victim assistance. investigator and victims. Certain victims are contacted by project staff by letter informing them of services. VICTIM/WITNESS ASSISTANCE PROJECT - WINNIPEG Police-Based Services include short-term assistance to Location: Winnipeg, Manitoba victims (referral to social services, information about Address: 373 Broadway Ave., criminal justice system - case status, offer crime Winnipeg, Manitoba. '/ prevention services); notifying selected victims of R3C 227 sentencing date; informing certain victims of outcome of Tel. Number: (404) 944-3459 j sentence and providing information to court on loss of Contact Person: Chief Judge Gyles victim. Community-Based Services includa advocating needs Provincial Attorney General. f of victims/witnesses in the community, arranging for volunteers to provide direct assistance, community The project is located in the Provincial Judges Court. education, staff an information kiosk at court and Referrals are from police 1 g,ocial services and victims/ developing self-help groups for victims. witnesses themselves.' Most recent emphasis is directed to serving witnesses. The project serves all families of homicide victims, victims of attempted homicide; all sexual assault victims, a,ll Services include information about crimInal justice robbery victims, all wounding-assault causing bodily harm system--brochure accomganies subpoena;Rinformation about and selected residential break and enter victims of the social services; information about case staths; notifica Region of Waterloo. tion of court date; cancellation of c.ourt attendance; assistance with the return of stolen property; and The Community based Component involves one victim-offender arr'anging of interpreters. The program operates a reception service coordinator (full-tim~) whose responsitiiliti~s centre to provide the above services and offers protection include : community eduql tion ,direct services ,in area of from harrassment." c &~.JJ self-help groups, coordination of volunteers in courts and planning expansion of services. The' Police-based It serves all victims and lwi£nesses in the-' City of Component includes a victim/witness coordinator (full Winnipeg. HoweV6:r, the maj ori ty of cases~handled were time) whose responsibilities inc,lude :,,- training of st&!'f, '.. witnesses since located in court house. The ~Toject is developing records system., providing information to victim, now being expanded to four other communities in Manitoba. notifying victims of court disposition. There is ,also a Staff include: a full time civilian co;brdinator to develop witness worker (full time) whose responsibilities "include: and implement the project; one full time staff worker provision of services (to witnesses, working with crown (civilian) to provide services. An advisory. board l'laS of, attorney. A Victim Services Worker (~ time) assumes .;. developed to oversee policy developments. A-needs responsibilities for direct victim assistance. The ,( assessment associated with the project was undertaken in project also uses volunteers to provide practical assistance " 1981. 'r}1e project has also undergone a recent external at time of crime and to provide infhrmation at witness evaluation. kiosk in court house. ~ l "'" I , 1 I.) Z' U 74 75 OTTAWA VICTIM/WITNESS' ASSISTANCE SERVICE - SALVATION A:i~Y AND THE OTTAWAPOL'IGE 'PORCE as a cr1S1S intervention unit between the hours of 7:00 p.m. and 3:00 a.m., upon request of uniformed Location: Ottawa, Ontario police officers. Address: Salvation Army, 192 Somerset St. W., The, project services victims involved in ~omestic crisis Ottawa, Ontario. situations of the Metroplitan Toronto Po11ce Department. K2P OJ4 It has recently undergone an extensive external program Tel. Number: (613) 236-9620 evaluation. . Contact Person: Major Fred Mills FAMILY CONSULTANT SERVICE - CITY OF LONDON POLICE DEPARTMENT 'I;he project is located within the Ottawa Police Station. ,', Re£errals mainly come from the Ottawa Police Force. Location: London, Ontario Address: Box 3415 Services include: crisis intervention (~mergency trans London, Ontario. portation, home repai~s, emotional support, clean up of W6A 4K9 residence); information on case status, criminal injuries Tel. Number: compensation and crime prevention; referral to social Contact Person: services and advocacy with community agencies. The project is intend~d to ~r?vid~ sup~ort to, po~ice The project serves all victims of crime ,and their officers confronted w1th cr1S1S s1tuat1ons. it 1S families. located in the police department and is c~osely . coordinated with community mental and soc1al serV1ce The proj ect will involve, a full-time police sergeant to organizations. It is supported through. the effo:ts of provide overall direction of project, train police both a management committee and profes~1onal ad~1sory officers and initiate changes i110 police to make police . committee which liaises·between.commun1ty agen~1es and practices more sensitive to victims; a victim coordinator provides proftf~ional consultat1on to the serV1ce. () .'--./ to overse~ and provide direct victim services, liaison wi th commun,i ty agencies, train volunteers and., support The program pro:rides direc~ ~risis c;nd C:0l;1n:elling staff. A core of 40 volunteer.s has been trained to service to vict1ms and fam1l1es fac1ng cr1S1S referral provide direct victim a~sistance and £olldw~up services. to appropriate community agencies. ~t is also involved in providing education t~ the commun1ty, local agencies and police officers. .",. DOMESTIC RESPONSE TEAM The program is staf:fedl'(,i th professional coun:ellors. It Location: Toronto, Ohtario has recently undergone an extensive evaluat10n. Address: 50 Belmont Street, Suite 100, Toronto, Ontario. RESTIGOUCHE FAMILY CRISIS INTERVENTION PROJECT M5R iP8 ~ Tel. Number: (416) 96l-l536C! Locat.ion: o Ne'\'/ Brunswick Contact Person: Judith A. Sutcliffe Address: P.O. Box 5001, Local 307, Sutcliffe Group Incorporate''d City Center, . Campbellton, N.B. The service model has been in operation since August 17, E3N 3H5 Tel. Number: (506) 753-4411 1981. It is guided by an interagency advisory committee. 0 The objective of the project is to help victims in Contact Per~on: Jean R. Dupuis, Citizen's Committee domestic crisis situations and alleviate police involve ~ ment in domestic crisis. This rural and urban cr:usis intervention project which A. is police-based re~ponds to.famil~ viole~ce.calls. . \ The project involves three teams, consisting of a social Specially trained volunteers prov1de med1at10n, counsel11ng, ~. worker and a ~community relations officer. Each operate make referrals to relevant community agencies, arrange for ..:; emergency shelter and follow-up ?n the case. co , o \J , , ~'A_._ "<:>".,;-,,,:...,;4~--:r":""~;:;;.';~""-~1'"~II:r~:~t-ll:"","*'·· ,,,,, ,. \ II - TRANSITION HOMES 77 76 PROVINCE OF BRITISH COLUMBIA The proj~ct is available 24 hours/day, 7 days/week. * Marguerite Dixon House * Ishtar Transition House It provides each of the five police detacMlents with 7659 - 14th Avenue 19900 Brydon Crescent a team of volunteers. This group is ~rained to BURNABY, B.C. LANG ELY , B.C. /1 intervene in family crisis situations. ,,(Intervention V5E 2T2 = # V3A 4A5 can include assistance tn identification of the problem, Telephone: (604) 525-3223 Telephone: (604) 534-9442 examination of alternativ(;'~s, mediation and setting of realistic goals for the family. The project also provides refuge for emotional1.y,and physical:I.Y abused Eurnaby Emergency Shelter for Women * Haven House women and children as well as other'individuals i'lho need and Children 'BOX 311 immediate removal from home to a safe accommodation for 5135 Sperling Avenue NANAnlO, B.C. a period of time. \\ BURNABY, B.C. Telephone: (604) 754-7123 " V5E 2T2 The project ~,nvolves a Citizens' Cammi ttee of 24 representatives from various agencies. It includes a * Nelson Emergency Shelter Ste,ering Committee of 5 appointed meIl].ber? from Citizens' * Ann Davis Transition House Program Committee. Staff, include a Program Consul tal1;t, a Research Box 136 601-B Front Street Coordinator, Regional Representatives in each of four CHIL~IWACK, B.C. NELSON, B.C. reg-ions and Volunteer Interveners. ',I d' V2P 6H7 VIL 4B6 Telephone: (604) 792-3116 Telephone: (604) 352-3504 The proj ect has included a needs assessment. An evaluati9n is presently underway. * Fort Nelson Women's Emergency * Emily Murphy House Shelter c/o #207 - 1139 Lonsdale Ave., CRIMINAL JUSTICE CONSULTANT RESOU~CE SERVICE P.O. Box 34 NORTH VANCOUVER, B.C. /j FORT NELSON, B.C. V7M 2H4 Loca tion:. Prince Edward Island VOC lRO I Telephone: (604) 987-3374 Address: Department of Justice, Telephone: (604) 774-3729 P.O. Box 2000,;' .:) Charlottetown, P.E.I. ,t::oHaven House CIA 7MB * Fo~t St. John Women's Transition District 69 Tel. Number: (90~~ ~92-5411 I' " House Society of Organized Services '\ Contact Person: Julie Dobb, Justice Resourc~ Service \'~) (Meope House) ", P.O. Box 89B c/o 97·08 - 106th Street PARKSVILLE, B. q.] This program provides 1) information to residents, FORT ST. JOHN, B.C. VOR 2S0 community agencies and government on cr~me prevention, VlJ 2N? 0 Telephone: (604) 248-2093 alternatives to traditional methods of d~ling with 1. Telephone: (604P 785-5208 juveniles and general informatioif on the operation of the CJS in Pririce Edi'lard Island; 2) a consul tant service * Port Alberni ~ransition House directed toward CJ problem solving and program development \k Kamloops #8 - 4965 Argyle Street (emphasis on services to victims or addressing problems The "Y" Women' s Emerge~9Y Shelter FORT ,AIJ3ERNI, B. C • concerning specific crime); 3) support to organizations 222" McIntosh V9Y lV6 and suppor~ for workshops and seminars to be held at a KAMLOOPS, B.C. Telephone: (604) 724-0313 local level (emphasis on community based initiatives Telephone: (604) 374-6162 at resolving CJ problemst"-'1 ,~j C) It is intended to serve professional, community members, * Kelowl'la Women's Emergency Shelter victims , organizations. OnE:t,professional coordinator BoX 1575, Station "A" ,. if';, involved in providing service. KELOWNA, B~C. :~ \--_1 .0' ~ ;J VlY 7V8 ¢( Telephone: (604) 762-9922 ~ ... * Those transition houses marked with an asterisk are ~bmbers of the , '~B.C./Yukon Society of Transition HouQses. I .. :-, ~> J c 1~". ,0' fti ,~~"",,: .... ~ " '0 w..·.! 79 78 rl PROVINCE OF BRITISH COLUMBIA PROVINCE OF BRITISH COLUMBIA 1 Vancouver Rape Relief and Nelle Olsen * Coquitlam Women's Transition Surrey Emergency Shelter ¢ Women's Shel ter UNION BAY, B.C. House 9374 - 134th Street 77 E. 20th Avenue VOR 3BO Post Office Box 213 SURREY, B.C. VANCOUVER, B.C. Telephone: (604) 335-2569 PORT COQUITLAM, B.C. V3V 5S2 V5V lL7 V3C 3V7 Telephone: (604) Telephone: (604) 872-8212 Telephone: (604) 464~2024 Marilyn Guille " 106 IslandHwy. North * Ksan House Society Vernon Transition House COURTENAY, B.C. * Phoenix House 2814 Hall Street P.O. Box 625 V9N 3N8 1770 - 11th Avenue TERRACE, B.C.' VERNON, B.C. Telephone: (604) 338-7848 PRINCE GEORGE, B.C. V8G 4B7 VIT 6M6 V2L 388 Telephone: (604) 635-6447 Telephone: (604) 563-7305 * victoria Women's Transition * Women in Need Society Transition House * Prince Rupert Transition House ':; House Box 6271 - Station "c" Box 957 Box 153 VICTORIA~ B.C. _ PRINCE RUPERT, B. C • TRA-IL, B.C. V8P 4.GO - V8J 2Z3 VIR 4G5 Telephone: (604) 385-6611 Telephone: (604) 627-8588 Telephone! (604) 264-1718 --. (Programme in Start-up Phase) o I:" "White Rock Women's Place * Amata Transition House Powell Place Sanctuary for Women 821 Kent Street 698 MacLean Street 333! Powell Street " WHITE ROCK, B.C. QUESNEL, B.C. VANCOUVER, B.C. 'V4B 4S7 V2J 3J9 V6A lG5 Telephone: (604) Telephone: Telephone: (604) .. * Williams Lake Transition House * Nova 'Transition House * Vancouver Transition House Box 8 5360 River Road c/o Emergency Services R.R. #3 RICHMOND, B.C. 575 Drake Street Scharf Road Telephone: (604) 270-4911 VANCOUVER, B.C. WILLIAMS LAKE, B.C. V6B 4K8 V2G ~.P2 Telephone: (604) 434-9133 Telephone: (604) * Sechelt Transition House Box 1413 SECHELT, B.C. Mun,roe House Kaushee's Place VON 3AO (Second Stage Housing) P.O. Box 4961 Telephone: (604) P.O. Box 33904 WHITEHORSE' Yukon Territories .... Station liD" Y1A 4S2 VANCOUVER, B.C. Telephone: (403) 668-5733 * S.A.F.E. Society V6J 4L7 Box 1463 Telephone: (604) 734-5722 SALMON ARM, B.C. VOE 2TO * Those transition houses marked with an asterisk are members of the Telephone: (604) 832-9616 B.c./Yukon Society of Transition Houses. r c:- * Thosetransi tion houses marked with an asterisk are members of the L~=.,==>~ B.C./Yukon Society of Transition Houses. (/ 80 81 '. 1\ PROVINCE OF ALBERTA /.\" / { PROVIN'CE OF SASKATCHEWAN ./ Calgary Wemen's Emer,gency Shelter Harbeur Heuse 938 - 15 Ave. S.W." c/o. Lethbridge YWCA Dene Kwan Self-Help Ceuncil Interval Heuse CALGARY, Alberta 517 - 4th Ave.' S. P.O. :Sex 119 211 Fifth Avenue Nerth T2R OS3 106 McFarland Blk. LaLeche, Sask. SASKATOON, Sask. (403) 245-5901 LETHBRIDGE, Alberta S7L 2P2 (306) 244-0185 TlJ, ON4 Moesejaw Transitien Heuse Discevery Heuse Bex' 1866 Calgary Family Suppert Seciety Lloydminster Interval Heme Seciety" MOOSE JAW, Sask. P.O. Bex 967, Pestal Statien ~ Bex 1.523° S6H 7N6 CALGARY, Alberta LLOYDMINSTER, 1\,lberta (306) 693-6511 T2P 2K3 S9V lK5 (403) 875-0966 Ce-erdinating Cemmittee fer Sher iff - King HeiLlse " )~ Wemen's Crisis Centres 320 - 5th Avenue S.E. Med ~c~ne·· Ha t Wemen ' s(, 892 - 105th Street CALGARY, Alberta ' Shelter Seciety NORTH BATTLEFORD, Sask. T2G OE5 631 Prespect Drive'SW S9A lSI MEDICINE HAT, Alberta TIA lC2" Edmenten Wemen's. Shelter Battleford Interval Heuse 2705 ..;; Averd A~s , 11315 St. Laurent Drive 10020 - 103 Avenue Central Alberta Wemen's NORTH BATTLEFORD, Sask. EDMONTON, Albert.a Emergency Shelter S9A 3P5 T5J OG7 4631 - 50th Street (306 445-2742 (403) 479-0058 RED DEER, Alberta T4N lXl (403) 846-5643 Besim waskayikan Interval House, W.I.N. House· !~ 615 6th Street East 11814 - 46 Streiet PRINCE ALBERT, SasK,. EW~Ol NTON, Alber'ta stv ON7 Tlg'W lB6 (403) 474-3488 Transition House 2022 Retallack Street Crisis Centre REGINA, Sask. Bex 8141 - C1€!a.rwater P.O. c S4T 2K2 FORT McMURRAY I' Alberta (306) 569-2292 T9H 4J2' o (403) 743-7221.4 Regina Native Wemen's Residence \:. and Resqurce Centre' Odyssey Heusel I 2907 Dewdney'i 10123 107th l\,venue REGINA, Sask. .:. GRANDE PRAIRIE, Alberta ,t S4R 3L3 \~ T8V OT6 (306) 527-3505 \ 'l ~ ... '" ----~-~---- -~ ----,,--..,------.------~-- /) .~" '''''''''''"~'''''''"''''''''~''~''''~;~~ __ '~'''''~'"l.,.:;;o;,~=~""",,"'''''='''=:.q.,''zJr"~,''''~ (! 01 !/ () 83 82 o ~:ROVINCE OF ONTARIO \) ...,. PROVINCE OF MANITOBA * Atikokan Wemen's Crisis Centre * Chatham Wemen's Centre I") Bex 1244 Bex' 641 Westman Women's Shelter - YWCA I' ATIKOKAN, Ontario. CHATIW1, Ontario. 148 - 11 f11 Street rl POT lCO " N7M 5K8 BRANDON,o Maniteba Telephene: (807)' 597r~5,*8 Te1ephene: (519) 354-6360 R7A 4J4 ::: 0 0 '0" :',; \;1 (204) 727-3644 (:'il) * Women and Children Crisis centre "~I * Baldwin, Heus'e, 83 Berczy Street 102 Baldwin S:tree:c' Nerth W.I.N. Heuse BARRIE, Ontar ie" CORNWALL, Ontario. #1-55 SelkirkA,venue L4N 3R1 c' K6H 4J2 THOMPSON, Maniteba Te1ephene: (705) 728-6300 Telephene': (603) 938-2958 R8N OMS . I) "n 'I (204) 677 -9668 c-. Gran t Heu:~\~ * Nerth Yerk WemE;}n's Shelter Committee 0 " P. o. Bex 8\68 P.O. Box 2246 Native'Werne-n' s Transiti~n Centre B~VERTON, 1\ On tar ie St9,-tietl, ""c" 367 "Selkirk Avenue LOK lAO ' DOWNSVIEW, Ontario. WI~IPEG, Man.l,jtoba M3N 3T1 R2W 2M3 _ Te1ephene! (416) 663-2733 (204) 589-18'59 * Y.M. and Y.lv~~c'C.A. /,) Crisis Heuslng 40 Queen Street * Aveca House -::::::~~berne H6useCr is is-Shel ter BRANTFORQrl1l Ontario. Bex 338 ~r -fer Battered Wemen "N3T 3B2 - EGANVILLE, Ontario. 447 Webb Place ,Te1ephene: (519) 752-6568 " I) KOJ ITO WINNIPEG, Maniteba Telephene: (613) 628-2154 E3B 2P2 (204) 775-8197 Neva Vitar-wo:men' s, Shelter c/o. Wyatt, purceli Wil Stillma.n * Elliet Lake Wemen's Greup - and Scettl' P.O. Box 818 () Dauphin Crisis Centre 103 Dar1ing8treet ELLIOT LAKE, Ontario. 29-1st Avenue S.W. BRANTFORD, Ontario. P5A" 2R6 Dauphin, Manite.ba 'I. Te1ephene: (848) 461-9818 R7N lR9 (204) 6387"8777 * Family Crisi~) Shelter Bex 3282 * Mainstay Heuse Q CAMBRIDGE} Ontario. District ef Rainy Riv~r Crisis N3H 4T3 Shelter Incerperated Telephene: (519) 621-6830 Eox 611 .... , I FORT FRANCES, On t,a.r ie ! \ P9A 3M9 r * Lanark Ceunty \ T~lephene: (807) 274-9790 Interval Heuse Bex 107 \ ,< CARLETON PLACE, ontario. K7C 3F3 \~ Teiliephene: (613) 257-5960~ \ -r'~--'''' • Those transition houses marked w~th an a:~:-t~~,sk are members ef the ,Ontario. Asseciatien ef Interval and Tr 9JJsi t;.kpl1 Heuses .• -' [t..,~ Q I, 84 85 PROVINCE OF ONTARIO ~~ROVINCE OF ONTARIO II Emily Stowe Shelter for ()Women Inc. Community Residence * Janus Forbes (Transition House) * * Women's Place, Kenora c/o St. Andrews's School G Social Services Department Box 155 Box 687 60 Brimorton Road, Room 207 , 505 North Tarbutt Street GERALDTON, Ontario KENORA, .ontario THUNDER BAY, Ontario Telephone: (807) 854-0541 SCARBOROUGH, ontario .. P9N 3X6 MIP JZl (, Telephone: (~07) G23-2711 854-0831 Telephone: 0807) 468-7233 Telephone: (416) 4~8-5111 Str eet Haven" * Women in Crisis * "Kingston Interval House * Women;s Place-Women's Shelter 87 Pembroke Street P.O. Box 1451 P.O." Box 224 Box 1265 c TORONTO, Ontario GUELPH, Ontario KINGSTON, Ontario 'ST. CATHERINES, Ontario H5A 2N9 NIH 4Kl K7L 4V8 L2R 7A7 Telephone: (416) 967-6060 Telephone: (519) 836-1110 Telephone: (613) 546-1777" 1 Telephone: (416) 684-8331 Nellie's Women's Hostel * Inasmuch House * Anselma House I Y.M.C.A./Y.W.C.A. Emergency Housing 275A Broadview Avenue P.O. Box 368 127 Duke S'/::reet East 16 Mary Street TORONTO, Ontario HAMILTON, Ontario KITCHENER, Ontario ST. THOMAS, Ontario M4M 2G8 L8N 2V5 N2H lA6 1 ! N5P 2S3 " Telep~o~e: (416) 461-1084 Telephone: (416) 529-814,9 Telephone: (519) 576-054,D Telephone: (519) 631-9800 II ,0 742-5894 i * Toronto Interval House * Hope Haven Crisis Shelter for Women 596 Huron Street 984 Montclair Family Centre Sudbury Young Women's Christian TORONTO, Ontario HAMILTON, Ontario 42 Stanley Stre'et Association M5S 2G6 L8M 2E6 LONDON, Ontario st. Andrews's Place Telephone: (416) 924-1491 Telephone: N6C IBI III Larch Street Telephone: (519) 433-0641 SUDBURY, Ontario ~P3E 4T5 * Women in Transition Native Women's Centre 143 Spadina Road 47 East Ave. N. Telephone: 674-2210 * Women's Community House )) TORONTO, On tar io,\ HAMILTON, ,,0n tario 267 picadilly $treet L8L 5H4 ,,' M5R 2Tl LONDON, Ontario * Beendi§'en House Telephone: (416) 967-5227 Telephone: N6A IS3 239 North Syndicate Avenue Telephone: (519) 439-4543 ,~, THUNDER BAY, Ontario Anduhyaun Hous,e * Patricia Centre P7C 3V9 Telephone: (807) 622-5101 106 Spadina ~oad Box 248 * Halton Women's Place TORONTO, Ontario c/o Township, of Ignace Office P.O. Box 156 115R 2T8 IGNACE, Ontario MILTON, Ontario * Women'$ Place POT ITO L9T 2C8 (Crisis Homes Inc.) Telephone: (807) 934-2942 Telephone: (416) 878-7757 316 Bay street *" Women's Habitat of Etobicoke 878-8555 THUNDER BAY, Ontario 1'49 Stanley Street P7B lSI TORONTO, Ontario * Kapuskasing Feminaide Telephone: M8V IN8 c/o 12 Maple Drive Telephone: (416) .:. KAPUSKASING, Ontario \~ P5M 2A6 \ i', Telephone: (705) 335-3966 (, * Those transition houses marke-d with an asterisk are members of the ~ Ontario Association of Interval and Transition Houses. ... * Those transition houses marked with an asterisk are members of" the ,. Ontario Association of Interval and Transition,\Houses. -~ - ---,- -~.- . 87 86 PROVINCE OF QUEBEC PROVINCE OF ONTARIO La Passerelle (Alma) * La Rose des vents de Drurr~ond * Transition House 298, Boul. Champlain 462, "rue Leclerc P.O. Box 78, ALMA, Quebec DRU~ONDVILLE, Quebec WARDSVILLE, Ontario GaB 5Wl J2C 3P5 ~OL 3NO 668-4671 472-5444 Telephone: (519) 693-4903 La Passerelle * Centre Mecht'ilde * Women's Place Soeurs du Sacre Coeur 98, rue Eddy c/o All Peoples Church 1 Est 4ieme Avenue HULL, Quebec', 109 Chaffey Street AMOS, Quebec J8X 2W4 Y/ELLAND, Ontario J9T lC4 777-2952 L3B 2Y6 Telephone: (416) 788-0113 We Care Crisis Centre * Le Toit de L'Amitie 116 Terrace Eardley 492, rue Bostonnais * Hiatus House AYLMER, Quebec LA TUQUE, Quebec 694 Victoria Street J9H 6B5 G9X 2Hl f) '~ WINDSOR;" Ontar'io o N9A 4N2 ~elephone: (5191 253-4458 * Maison Fopard La Maison de Freludelnc. 47, Boul. Fapard 485, Saint-Luc BAI~ ST-PAUL, Quebec LAVAL-DES-RAPIDES, Quebec * Women's Emergency Shelter GOA IBO HIN 4Yl Woodstock IITc. (418) 435-2552 '667-8647 c, 768 Lawrason Street WOODSTOCK, Ontario N4S IP9 * Centrl~ Fi§minin du SaguenayInc. Maison d'Accueil de la Telephone: (519) 539-1439 376, rue Price est Rive Sud Case PQstale 1032 73, de la Visitation CHICOUTIMI, Quebec co, LEVIS, Quebec ' G7H 5G4 G6V 5Ml . o "549-4343 H II pro'j et * Maison 'des "Femmes de la Cote-Nord Havre des Femmes , 24, avenue Mance \.--: C.P. 118 ,BAlE COMEAU, Quebec L'ISLET'SUR M~.E?, Quebec 296-4733 or, 296-4799 GOR 2BO 247-5166 " .. ' * Horizon pour ellesJ;nc. 130, rue Loiselle. Carrefour Pour Elle) f/ COWANSVILLE, Quebec 1575, rue Brebeuf I a CJ } J2K 3137 LONGUEUIL, Quebec \ 26~-2292 J4J 3P3 ~ 651-5800 i* Those transition houses marked with an asterisk are members of the r Ontario Association of Interval and Transition Houses. , 11;y. " ~.:-, ! () * Le Regroupement Provincial des,)Mal.sons Cf'Hebergement et de Transition "I' pour Vic times de Violence. ""'. (s. I) ..,;... -- ...... ~- .. ".--'~"". Ci \ () r il , . o 0 (I I: 0 \~, i/ if t 'l () (\ (; ('J~ " "'~ I,' cD 0 ':' ". ----0=-- '" j I! i. I I· o I G i) o o ~, I (( ':1..\ \ ~I ') .::\ o o o Q {~/ .' ~-...... ::.~-...._.~- .. :.".,-c:.-:;;-~-:.."":".;;.-.=...'--~~;:..-~;~~:-.::::;:::::::'"~~;:;~:.::::-::-::.'::::"'-:~::':-~-::::;:;:~:~-::;~";;:-:::::::::::;~'::::~;::::;!::;:j:;;t;:".=:r.:::~,-::;e.",~~=",,"~,,=,{, ____ • "_. _ "'-,.. _ ...... , !~ {) ",.j 88 89 PROVINCE OF QUEBEC PROVINCE OF QU.EBEC Maison d 'accuei1 La Maison des f~es du Bas Coup d I E11e Inc. (Le) Gigone Inc. * Assistance aux Femmes de 313, Vezina Montreal Inc. Saint-Laurent C.P. 368 ST-JEAN-SUR-RICHELIEU, Quebec 1.\ MATANE, Quebec Cod e Postal 82 202 ,- de 1a Cathedra1e \l Station E G4W 2P4 RIMOUSKI, Quebec \J3B 6Z5 562-3377 5132, rue Esplanade G5Lu5J2 346-1645 MONT~EAL, Quebec 723-0333 H2T 3A6 . (514) 270-8291 Maison d accuei1 Ie Mitan * L'Esca1e pour E11e ' Auberge de 11 am~fie de Roberva1 66 Rue st. Louis 8235., rue Sainte-C1aire 694, rue Plante MONTREAL, Quebec STE. THERESE, .. Quebec H1L 1W8 Alternative pour e11es 'ROBERVAL, Quebec J7E 3G8 351-3374 292 Fortin G8H 1B1 435-4651 ROUYN, Quebec 275-2195 J9X 4Z2 11 o 1 * Residence de L I Avenue A * Maison du Reco.nfort 849 Laporte * Refuge Pour Femmes 2096 Aven~e A TROIS-RIVIERES, Quebec MONTREAL, Quebec * La Maison Unies-vers-femmes West Island H4C 2P4 39, La Savane.Est West .Is1and Women I s 'She1 tE"X G8Z 2X2 (514) 932-9171 POINTE-GATINEAU, Quebec C.P. 203 376-8311 J8T 6V7 ROXBORO, Quebec 568-4710 H8Y 3E9 (514) 620-4845 Accuei1 du Sans-Abri * Centre Refuge Montreal * C.P. 399 431, Rue Dufferin VALLEYFIELD, Quebec Succursale de Lorimier * La Maison des ~;femmes de Quebec MONTREAL, Quebec 290, rue che1ri"ier ''''=, * L'Escale de L'Estrie Inc. J6S 2B1 H2H 2N7 QUEBEC, Queb~c 584, rue London (514) 371-4618 G1K 1RZ (514) 523-1095 SHERBROOKE, Quebec (418) 529-2165 J1H 3N1 c 56'9-3611 Centre Arnical de La Baie Inc. 1331, 2e Avenue Auberge de Transition (~ * C.P. 245 Box 266, Stn. NDG Centl:'e Femmes (Y.W.C.A.) VILLE DE LA BAlE, Quebec MONTREAL, Quebec 855, Avenue Holland * La C1e sur 1a Porte QUEBEC, Quebec 545-B rue Girouard ouest G7B 3R4 H5A 3P6 , ~ GIS 3S5 ST.-HYACINTHE, Quebec 544-4625 481-0495 or 481-0496 683-2548 J2S 2X7.__ Centre Inte:r,-Va1 Inc. Maison d'accueil et 1175, rue Saint-Mathieu Maison d ' Accuei1 Frangois Roy Inc. MONTREAL, Quebec (Maison Kinsmen)' - d I hebergement, H3H 2P7 760, Chemin Ste-Foy 75, Place du Marche QUEBEC, Quebec ST-JEAN-SUR-RICHELIEU, Quebec GIS 2J5 i' J3.B 6Z5 Le Chainon (688-9024 f 346-1645 4373 Esplanade St. (.' MONTREAL, Quebec H2W 1T2 Le Regroupement Provincial des Maisons d 'Hebergemente1: de Transition (514) 845-0151 pour Victime~ de Violence. .: . , o ;~ \ -,:-/ .~ * Le Regroupement Provincial des Maisons d I Hebergement et de Transi tiol; (' pour Victimes de Violence. " .or , () ,Iii .. - .. ,_.--, \) :;; '_'. r-~::':~L""-"",_ ,... ~. ".~ 'N' ...... '''- *,,,,...... «- .~_$ ._ ._. 90 91 P~OVINCE 00 OF NEW BRUNSWICK II PROVINCE OF NEWFOUNDLAND Centre Vallee Lourdes ',* Fundy House Transition House 2080 Vallee Lourdes P.O. Box 234 'A Shelter for Women and Children BATHURST, New Brunswick ST. STEPHEN ,1,';New BrunswiCk!~, P .0 00 Box 44 60 Telephone: (506) 548-2350 E3L lGO ~ ST. JOHN'S, Nfld. 1/ Teleph,Ql1~: (506) 466-4485' A1C 6C8 Telephone: (709) 753-1461 Maison Notre'-Dame C.P. 578, 4 Rue Centrale * Accueil Ste-Famille CAMPBELLTON, New BrJ,insw.tck P.O. Box 3001 E3N 3G9 - TRACADIE, New Brunswick Telephone: (506) 753-4703 EOC 2BO PROVINCE OF NOVA SCO~IA Telephone: (50G) 395-2212 --~----~~~~~~~~I--- Centre de Depannage Byrony House Monte Ste-Marie P.O. Box 3453 641 Rue St-Fran90is HALIFAX' Nova Scotia EDMUNDSTON, New Brunswick B3J 3Vl ;1 E3V 3K2 0 Telephone: (902) 423-4616 Telephone: (506) 735-3971 735-6397 Transition House P.O. Box 487 * Freder icton Transi"tion House SYNDEY, ~ova Scotia Post Office Box 1143 B1P lH4 . FREDERICTON, New Brunswick Telephone: (902) 539-2945 E3B 5ij2 Telephone: (506) 454-1498 • * Cross Roads for Women/Carrefour PROVINCE OF PRINCE. EDWARD ISLAND Box 1247 Main Post Office MONCTON, New Brunswick = E1C 8P9 Anderson House o Telephone: (506) 382-2002 Box 964 CHARLO~TETOWN, P.E.I. (i ClA 7M4 Centre Aid Leroyer , Telephone: (902) 892-0895 j .1 ST-BASILE, New Brunswick ;1 EOL lHO ";~ :1 i I ! i :' * Hestia House "'I 'i Bo,x 7135, Station 'A' i u i ST. JOHN, New Brunswick" ~ E2L 485 ;,i ,i Telephone: (506) 642-2493 \ ~ ,l i ~ ~1 c ;i '* New Brunswick Association of Transition House Workers ,p" d { i\ :{ { ~ ~ , 1 , 1 \\ i f t~! -r-~\ (f I/' 92 93'~ PROVINCE OF ALBERTA III - SEXUAL ASSAULT CENTRES Calgary Sexual Assault Centre "PACE 1725 - 12th Street S.W. (Providing Assistance, Counselling PROVINCE Oll!"'-,fl BRITISH COLUMBIA Calgary, Alberta and Education - Victims of T2T 3Nl Sexual Assault) I Telephone (403) 244-1353 10122-l00th Avenue Cowichan Rape/Assault Centre ,Victoria Rape/Assault Centre Suite 201 , P. O. Box 89 '1947 Cook Street" l5A Grande Prairie, Alberta Duncan, British Columbia Victoria, British Columbia Lethbridge Sexual Assault Centre T8V OV5 V91 3Xl V8T 3P8 5-740 - 4th Avenue S. Telephone (403) 539-6692 Telephone (604) 746-5188 Telephone (604) 383-3232 Lethbr idge, Alberta 383-5545 TlJ ON9 Sexual Assault Centre of Edmonton Telephone (403) 320-7730 308 - 10179 - 105th Street Nanaimo Rape Assault Centre Suite 303 285 Prideaux Street Whi tehorse "Rape Crisis Centre Edmonton, Alberta " Suite 105 c/o 302 Steele Street T5J lE2 Nanaimo, British Columbia Whitehorse, Yukon c' Telephone (403) 423-4102 V9R 2N2 PROVINCE OF' SASKATCHEWAN Northwest Women in Crisis I Box 821 Terrace, British:Columbia Battleford Area Rape Saskatoon S~u:al Assault Centre V8G 4Rl Crisis Centre D-249-2nd Avenue South Telephone (604) 872-8212 Box 1044 Saskatoon, Saskatchewan North Battleford, Saskatchewan S7IS lK8 S9A 3K2 , Telephone (306) 244-2224 Thompson-Nicola Rape Crisis Centre Telephone ('306) ,937-3222 387 - 4th Avenue Kamloops, British Columbia V2C 3Pl Prince Albert~ Sexual Assault Telephone (604) 374-9600 Centre 11001J'"lst Avenue East prince Albert, Saskatchewan /J Vancouver Rape Relief S6V 2A7 77 Eas·E 20th Avenue Telephone (306) 764-1011 Vancouver, British Columbia V5V lL7 Regina Rape Crisis Line 219-1808 Smith Str~et WAVAW - Rape Crisis Centre "Regina, Saskatchewan 636 West Broadway, 2nd Floor Telephone (306) 352-0434 Vancouver, British Columbia Telephone (604) 875-1328 .' -'''''·'·~ __'_~'''~_''''-''-·'·,,"··,.._r<~_''''''_'''·_'''~'l<>:r;-'''_'''l''''''''''''__ ~_... - .,..",."',_,~ <•• _, __•• _~, ~" .-~;;;::-- " \.1 " ... • r,...... __~""~._-""'.~ffl' ...... ""'""~~~'"~~~::cr.=:.:;:;~~:--~~"';:;::::::~~=;;::::.~~''''''''~=;nt • .;:;'.;\r:,,;,~·.=~"':I-,\'.': } "I ,-~,_J o 1/ ;,I 96 ~ 97 IV - CRIME COMPENSATION PROGRAMS PROVINCE OF NEW BRUNSWICK rl 11 o I Fredericton Rape Crisis Centre" P.O. Box 174 (} 384 Queen Street I 1. Crime Compensation Board ·;J: t 9833 - 109t~ Street Ft"edericton, New Brunswick Edmonton, Alberta E3B 4Y9 1 Telephone (506) 454-0437 T5K 2E8 ~ ~fP3) 427 -7 217 i if \ •. " - PROVINCE OF PRINCE EDWARD ISLAND 2. Cr fut\.nal "Injur ies' Compensa tion Board c/o Workers' Compensation Board Rape Crisis Centre 6951 Westminister Highway P.O. Box 1522 Richmond,.British Columbia !,' 81. Prince Street V7C lC6 . (,', Charlottetown, P.E.I. (604) 276-3129 CIA 7N3 ) ,l 3. Criminal Injuries Compensation Board PROV·!NCE OF NEWFOUNDLAND 333 Maryland Street Winnipeg, Manitoba R3G 1M2 Rape Information Centre (204) "775-7871 Nfld. Status of Women Council P.O. Box 6072 I 4. Crime Victim Compensation St. John's, Newfoundl?ind /; AIC 5X8· Office of the Attorney General Centennial Building Tel'ephone (709) 72 Ei.ii4ll Fredericton, New Brunswick E3B SHI ~1 (506) 453-3606 o 5. Crime Compensatio,n Board 329 Duckworth Street St. John's, Newfoundland AIC lG9 (i~9) 726-3524 I' 6. Criminal Injuries Compensation @<'\ 'I1i .,. () '" r-- 1 ""~''''''''O==~'''O'''''"''='"~'='''''~=~''='O'''~~'~'~N Ii . ,( ,! 1'\ 98 o ~! I I' ~'!. '-t, 7. Indemnisation des victimes d'actes criminels -1 Service de l'indemnisation des victimes d'actes criminels 524, rue Bourdages; Piece R-9 Quebec GIK 7E2 (418) 643.'9890 8. Criminal Injuries pompensation Board Sturdy Stone Centre i 122-3rd Avenue North 1\ Jf f Saskatoon, Saskatchewan o . ,I S7K 2H6 (306) 664-5153 9. Territorial Compensation for Victims i Cr ime Authority of j Yukon Workers' Compensation Board Suite 300 - 4110 - 4th Avenue Whitehorse, Yukon Territory YIA 4~7 (403) 667-5224 , , CI o o .. , (, ; r', , .:. 0 -14 \~ \ (-:; ~ ~') 0 ." ~ " QI4. "" , , = I· o -' \ r 11 fI " I'; (j G '" o =rft o u' \\ II \ \ ',1.