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Scholarship@Western Western University Scholarship@Western Electronic Thesis and Dissertation Repository 3-28-2019 2:30 PM Sedimentology, Lithostratigraphy and Geochronology of the Paleoproterozoic Gordon Lake Formation, Huronian Supergroup, Ontario, Canada Carolyn M. Hill The University of Western Ontario Supervisor Corcoran, Patricia L. The University of Western Ontario Graduate Program in Geology A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the equirr ements for the degree in Doctor of Philosophy © Carolyn M. Hill 2019 Follow this and additional works at: https://ir.lib.uwo.ca/etd Part of the Sedimentology Commons Recommended Citation Hill, Carolyn M., "Sedimentology, Lithostratigraphy and Geochronology of the Paleoproterozoic Gordon Lake Formation, Huronian Supergroup, Ontario, Canada" (2019). Electronic Thesis and Dissertation Repository. 6084. https://ir.lib.uwo.ca/etd/6084 This Dissertation/Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by Scholarship@Western. It has been accepted for inclusion in Electronic Thesis and Dissertation Repository by an authorized administrator of Scholarship@Western. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Abstract The Gordon Lake Formation of the Paleoproterozoic Huronian Supergroup is a primarily- siliciclastic succession ranging from 300 to 1100 m thick. Lithostratigraphic and sedimentological analysis of the formation in the Bruce Mines and Flack Lake areas, and Killarney and Lady Evelyn-Smoothwater provincial parks revealed 7 lithofacies, which comprise 3 distinct lithofacies associations. The lithofacies associations are subtidal nearshore, subtidal to shallow shelf, and mixed intertidal flat. Microbially-induced sedimentary structures (MISS) related to microbial mat destruction and decay were recognized in the Flack Lake area. The preserved MISS include sand cracks, mat chips, remnant gas domes, and pyrite patches, and iron laminae. A biological origin for the fossil structures is supported by their similarities to modern and ancient documented examples of MISS, the sand-dominated nature of the substrate in which they are preserved, and key microtextures identified in thin section. The identified MISS support the interpretation of a tidal flat depositional environment. The Gordon Lake Formation contains soft-sediment deformation structures (SSDS) in all four study areas. Identified SSDS include load casts, convolute bedding, pseudonodules, ball-and-pillow structures, flame structures, syn- sedimentary faults, and one dewatering pipe. The primary trigger mechanism is interpreted to be storm or tsunami activity, however seismic shock, overloading brought about by density inversions, or a combination of these processes, may have influenced the development of the structures to a lesser degree. Microbial mats may have played a minor role in the formation of the SSDS, but do not appear to have been a prominent driving mechanism. Detrital zircon U-Pb ages from a sandstone provide new evidence for the maximum depositional age of the formation and reinterpretation of the depositional history of the upper Huronian Supergroup. The average age of the youngest zircon grains constrains the age of deposition to sometime after 2315 ± 5 Ma, but prior to intrusion of gabbro (Nipissing) approximately 95 m.y. later. i Keywords Gordon Lake Formation, Huronian Supergroup, Paleoproterozoic, siliciclastic, carbonate, shallow marine, subtidal, tides, microbially induced sedimentary structures (MISS), soft- sediment deformation structures (SSDS), U-Pb geochronology ii Co-Authorship Statement The following people contributed to the publication of work undertaken as part of this thesis: Carolyn M. Hill, The University of Western Ontario = Candidate Patricia L. Corcoran, The University of Western Ontario, Supervisor = Author 1 Fred J. Longstaffe, The University of Western Ontario = Author 2 Rohan D.J. Aranha, The University of Western Ontario = Author 3 Don W. Davis, The University of Toronto = Author 4 Paper 1; Chapter 3 – Microbially induced sedimentary structures in the Paleoproterozoic upper Huronian Supergroup, Canada: Candidate was the primary author and with author 1 contributed to the conception and design of the research project and prepared the paper. Authors 2 and 3 assisted in the field. Published in Precambrian Research 281, 155-165. Paper 2; Chapter 4 – Processes responsible for the development of soft-sediment deformation structures (SSDS) in the Paleoproterozoic Gordon Lake Formation, Huronian Supergroup, Canada: Candidate was the primary author and contributed to the planning, execution, and preparation of the research project and subsequent paper. Author 1 contributed to the conception, design, and execution of the research project and interpretation of the work by critically revising the paper. Published in Precambrian Research 310, 63-75. Paper 3; Chapter 5 – New U-Pb geochronology evidence for 2.3 Ga detrital zircon grains in the youngest Huronian Supergroup formations, Canada: Candidate was the primary author and contributed to the planning, execution, and preparation of the research project and subsequent paper. Author 4 contributed to the analysis and interpretation of the research data, imaged the detrital zircon grains using BSE and CL, and constructed the U-Pb concordia plots and age probability density diagrams. Author 1 contributed to the interpretation of the work by critically revising the paper. Published in Precambrian Research 314, 428-433. iii Acknowledgments First, I would like to extend my deepest thanks to my supervisor, Dr. Patricia Corcoran, for introducing me to the Huronian Supergroup in second year field camp and allowing me to work on this project. Under her guidance and with her unwavering support, my abilities, confidence, and curiosity as a scholar have grown considerably. I am forever grateful for her mentorship and friendship, and will look back particularly fondly on all of our time spent doing fieldwork together. I would also like to thank Dr. Fred Longstaffe and Dr. Burns Cheadle for their sage counsel, suggestions, and support as members of my thesis committee. Thanks are also due to Dr. Darrel Long for his advice, constructive feedback, and for sharing his expertise on the Huronian Supergroup. I greatly appreciate the field and lab assistance offered by Sara Belontz, Magdalena Kapron, Tim Howe, and Rohan Aranha. This project was supported by a Queen Elizabeth II Graduate Scholarship in Science and Technology, Ontario Graduate Scholarship, and travel grants from the Precambrian Division of the Geological Association of Canada and the International Association of Sedimentologists, for which I am grateful. I would also like to thank my co- author Dr. Don Davis (University of Toronto) for U-Pb data collection and analysis of detrital zircons, Ontario Parks for approving research permits to work in Killarney and Lady Evelyn-Smoothwater provincial parks, the Ontario Geological Survey in Sault Ste. Marie for access to drill core, and everyone in Western’s Department of Earth Sciences for creating a welcoming community. A special thank you goes to the examination committee (Dr. Alessandro Ielpi, Dr. Jisuo Jin, Dr. Elizabeth Webb and Dr. Peter Ashmore) for their insightful revisions and thoughtful questions during my defence. Last but certainly not least, I would like to thank my wonderful husband Dominik for his endless patience, encouragement, and unconditional love over the last five years. This journey would have been much more difficult without him. I am also thankful for the support and diversion offered by my family and friends. iv Table of Contents Abstract .................................................................................................................................i Co-Authorship Statement................................................................................................... iii Acknowledgments...............................................................................................................iv Table of Contents ................................................................................................................. v List of Tables ......................................................................................................................ix List of Figures ...................................................................................................................... x List of Appendices ............................................................................................................xix Chapter 1 .............................................................................................................................. 1 1 Introduction ..................................................................................................................... 1 1.1 Overview ................................................................................................................. 1 1.2 Research questions ................................................................................................... 2 1.3 Geological history of the Huronian Supergroup ...................................................... 4 1.3.1 Elliot Lake Group ........................................................................................ 8 1.3.2 Hough Lake Group ...................................................................................... 8 1.3.3 Quirke Lake Group ...................................................................................... 9 1.3.4 Cobalt Group ...............................................................................................
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