From Russia; This Deal Marked the Beginning of the Implementation of a Large-Scale Agreement on Russian Arms Supplies to the South American Country

Home , Irtysh (rocket), Katyusha rocket launcher, Khartron, KrAZ, Mayak (rocket family), Neman (bus)

DEAR READERS:

Now that the state has actively formulated and promoted a At the beginning of a new stage in strategic arms reduction, new set of concepts on safeguarding Russia's security, it is par- space systems provide a fundamental contribution to solving the ticularly vital to note developments in military theory and prac- problem of control over the observance of international treaties tice, which affect the most important strategic interests of our and agreements. country. Consequently, priority development of military space sys- Naturally, one such tendency involves a steady rise in the tems represents a vital and decisive factor for implementing the importance of military space systems for the preservation of basic principles of Russia's new military doctrine. stability and alignment of forces in the world, as has become Characteristically, the Russian Space Forces today are not clear in recent years. As the performance characteristics of mil- only constantly ready for combat use: from day to day and hour itary space systems improve, their contribution to the effective to hour they prepare launches of launch vehicles, carrying operations of the army and navy becomes more and more sig- spacecraft of military, economic, and scientific applications, nificant and in many cases decisive. and control orbital groupings. Space systems, which give a warning on a missile attack, Russian Space Forces were set up in August 1992 from the keep watch on ground, sea and space targets and territories, space units and formations of the Russian Ministry of Defense provide communication, combat control, navigation, hydrome- for purely defensive aims which boil down to the discharge of teorological, topogeodetical and cartographic support, have three main functions: warning about a threat of attack; support- already become an organic part of the army and navy and raise, ing operations of the army and navy; deterring aggression in according to expert estimates, their efficiency by 1.5-2 times. and from space. Without space systems it is impossible to realize the new quali- Over the past two years we have completed the formation of tative potential of the Armed Forces, such as mobility, flexibili- the Space Forces as a centrally subordinated service, formulat- ty, reliance of high-accuracy weapons, small size and economy. ed its objectives, planned and launched measures to maintain Vital importance is now attached to preventing a surprise and develop the space infrastructure. May Space Forces pre- attack. Space systems offer the most effective means for con- serve and multiply Russia's achievements in the field of military tinuously monitoring military preparations on a global scale, space technology and make a substantial contribution to safe- “Military Parade” • Electronintorg ltd. AVA Multimedia Publishing Group detecting an impending threat and quickly transmitting warning guarding the security of our country and strategic stability in the and troop control signals. world. (

OLEG LOBOV Secretary Security Council of the Russian Federation

MILITARY PARADE 1994 SEPTEMBER C OCTOBER 1 AE002 RUSSIAN SPACE FORCES SPACE FORCES OF THE MINISTRY OF DEFENSE OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION $ Vladimir Ivanov $ Colonel General, Commander of the Space Forces of the Russian Federation, Doctor of Military Sciences The Space Forces play a key role in Russia's space activities. They deploy and maintain in regulation make-up and serviceable condition orbital groupings of space systems, which provide a strategic warning on the preparation and unleashing of aggression in different spheres of military confrontation, monitoring of compliance with the appropriate treaties and agreements and the creation of the requisite conditions to achieve a new qualitative level of operational support for the troops. Vladimir Ivanov he reforms in the basis of the manpower and creation of the requisite condi- country and the resources of the Ministry of tions to achieve a new qualitative Armed Forces have Defense of the Russian level of operational support for significantly exacer- Federation. Their establishment the troops. These tasks cannot be bated the need to reflects the objective process of solved without the Space Forces, review the the growing influence of the entrusted with the entire potential approach adopted employment of space weapons on of launching systems and a con- to Armed Forces the preparation and conduct of siderably part of space vehicle building and, in armed struggle. control facilities. The space particular, establish The Space Forces play a key forces also carry out a set of

within their struc- role in Russia's space activities. measures to ensure that Russia “Military Parade” • Electronintorg ltd. AVA Multimedia Publishing Group ture some military They deploy and maintain in reg- pursues an independent space formations respon- ulation make-up and serviceable policy. As the Space Forces are sible for the development and uti- condition orbital groupings of equipped with up-to-date, highly lization of space forces manpow- space systems, which provide a efficient space weapons, incorpo- erT and resources. A logical result strategic warning on the prepara- rating all the achievements of involved the establishment of the tion and unleashing of aggression modern science and technology, Space Forces as a centrally sub- in different spheres of military ground space infrastructure cre- ordinated arm of the Armed confrontation, monitoring of ated on Russian territory, and Forces. The Space Forces were compliance with the appropriate more than thirty years' space set up in August 1992 on the treaties and agreements and the experience, they can both solve

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trial and scientific organizations work under orders from the Space Forces, including such famous firms as the S.P. Korolev 'Energia' Research and Production Association (NPO), Central Engineering Research Institute, M.V. Khrunichev Space Research-and-Industrial Center, NPO Applied Mechanics, Elas Research and Production Corporation, Aerospace Corporation 'Polyot', Russian Institute of Radio Navigation and Time, Russian Space Instrument- Making Research Institute, Central Specialized Design Bureau, S.A. Lavochkin NPO, joint stock company MNIIRS, M.V. Frunze Design Bureau 'Arsenal,' 'Yuzhnoye' Design Bureau, GosTsNIRTI (Central State Rocketry Research Institute), Thermal Processes Research Institute, NPO 'Khartron,' General Engineering Design' Bureau, Khimavtomatika Design Bureau, NPO Measuring Equipment and NPO Machine- building. The Space Forces constitute the only formation in the CIS con- cerned with the placement of orders to manufacture spacecraft, launch vehicles, boosters, spacecraft control-and-monitoring facilities and various equip- military tasks and play a direct pose space systems as well as ment to prepare and launch role in ensuring the implementa- the leading executor of all spacecraft at defense sector tion of the research and econom- Russian space programs and enterprises and accomplishes the ic plans of the Russian Federation international programs, carried tasks of preparing, launching and 1. and international space coopera- out in Russia. controlling spacecraft of all kinds

The central command tion programs. The Space Forces incorporate of application orbited from cos- “Military Parade” • Electronintorg ltd. AVA Multimedia Publishing Group post of Russian At present the Space Forces three cosmodromes, Plesetsk, modromes located in Russia and are equipped with modern space Baikonur (in Kazakhstan) and the Republic of Kazakhstan. Space Forces systems, observation, early bal- Svobodny (under construction), Plesetsk Cosmodrome 2. listic missile launch warning, A.F. Mozhaisky Military Space This erstwhile secret facility The Soyuz launch command and communications, Engineering Academy (Order of of the Space Forces dates back vehicle at the Gagarin navigational, topogeodesy, mete- the Red Banner), the main test to 1957. Within a short time, orology complexes and space- and control center, the Central launching complexes and many launch complex of craft launch and control systems. Research Institute, and logistic infrastructural facilities were built cosmodrome They constitute the main cus- units. for the first three combat units. Baikonur tomer for military and dual pur- A significant number of indus- The cosmodrome is used to

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plexes and three filling stations During a visit to for the preparation and launch of Blagoveshchensk, President launch vehicles, as well as Boris Yeltsin backed the idea of world's largest oxygen and nitro- creating a new space harbor in gen plant. Amur Region. Svobodny Cosmodrome At present the Space Forces The main facilities of the cos- utilize an extensive fleet of light, modrome will be located in medium and heavy class rockets, Svobodny district, Amur Region, capable of orbiting payloads of Khabarovsk Territory, lat. 51° 40' military, scientific and economic and 50° N; long. 128°-128° 30' E. application. The geographic location of Automated Ground Control the new Russian cosmodrome, Complex optimally approximated to the Control of both military and equator, is economically expedi- civilian spacecraft in all stages of ent, when injecting a payload into flight, and guaranteed reception working orbit. The presence of a from the spacecraft and distribu- developed infrastructure enables tion to users of scientific, meteo- Russia to create a new cosmod- rological, communications, topo- rome within a short time at mini- geodetic and other types of infor- mum cost. mation - these are the responsi- At the first stage of the cos- bilities of the automated ground modrome's construction, some of control complex (AGCC) of the launch light and medium launch the existing silo launchers, trans- Russian Space Forces. The AGCC vehicles. Since 1967 spacecraft ferred to the Space Forces after is an aggregate of technical launches have been conducted the disbandment under SALT-2 means and facilities of control under international cooperation programs. During the existence of the cosmodrome, about 1,500 spacecraft, or 60% of their total, have been prepared and placed in orbit, including satellites of military, scientific and economic application. Baikonur Cosmodrome Builders hammered in the first peg on the Kazakh steppe 3. near Tyura-Tam in 1954. This

The antenna system marked the beginning of Baikonur Cosmodrome. The first Treaty of a missile division sta- centers and posts, instrumenta- of the command- launches of rockets were held in tioned in this region and the tion control complexes, and infor- measuring post at 1957. structures of the maintenance mation and software systems, “Military Parade” • Electronintorg ltd. AVA Multimedia Publishing Group cosmodrome Today Baikonur is a scientific area and control and communica- designed to shape ground space- and technological complex, tions system will be used to craft control complexes and auto- Baikonur boasting the most recent equip- launch light launch vehicles with mate the processes behind their 4. ment. Its center is located in bar- a minimum amount of modifica- functioning. The Soyuz launch ren terrain on a bank of the Syr- tions. AGCC incorporates fixed and vehicle in the assem- Darya. About 40 launch vehicles A ground complex for the mobile facilities for the exchange are launched annually. Angara, a 21st century launch of program control, telemetric bly-test complex at The cosmodrome has nine vehicle, using ecologically clean and navigational information with cosmodrome in launching complexes with 14 fuel, will be built at the second spacecraft, communication and Plesetsk launchers, 34 engineering com- phase. automatic data collection and

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complex, Glonass, will be used to nications system. It is also accomplish the tasks of naviga- assumed that channels of Raduga tional support for users and carry and Molniya-3 satellite communi- out geodetic measurements. cation retransmitters will be 5. Simultaneously a navigational employed in Stage One networks The Cyclone launch system called Cicada, based on of international communication as vehicle at the low-altitude Nadezhda satellites, part of operations by the State will be operated. To organize Commercial Corporation launch complex of real-time television reports from 'Marathon.' Space meteorology cosmodrome any point on the globe, two-way and environmental monitoring Plesetsk exchanges of video information provides for the creation of a two- and television linkups, and tier weather-observation system ensure prompt telephone links in called Planeta, involving Meteor- an emergency or during natural 3 satellites and the geostationary

CYCLONE CYCLONE-M COSMOS SOCMOS-M ROKOT NEVA SOYUZ MOLNIYA ZENITH SOYUZ-2K PROTON PROTON-M ANGARA PLD Hcrl=200 3.6 2.9 1.5 1.8 1.85 5.0 7.1 1.9* 13.2 6.8 20.6 22.0 24.0 mass 13.7 (t) GSO 2.4 3.0 3.5-5.0 COSMODROME Plesetsk Baikonur Plesetsk Plesetsk Svobodny Plesetsk Baikonur Plesetsk Plesetsk Plesetsk Baikonur Baikonur Plesetsk Baikonur Svobodny Start of operation in operation 1998 1996 after 2000 in operation 1998 in operation 1998 2000-2001 *Highly elliptical orbit GSO - geostationary orbit

handling means placed at the disasters in virtually inaccessible weather satellite Electro. main command station, in the regions, including places outside The Space Forces have accu- flight control centers of space- Russia, a Luch communications mulated a valuable back-log, craft of varying application and at satellite is planned. A special incorporating the best achieve- instrumentation control centers, communications satellite will be ments in the country's science linked by communication lines. used to provide telephone links and technology. Until 2000, a dual-purpose and high-speed data transfer Key space technologies are navigational and geodetic space under the Sokol satellite commu- being developed to design and manufacture such wide-ranging AUTOMATED GROUND CONTROL COMPLEX items as electric power plants; engines and power plants; data collection, processing and stor-

age facilities, including highly “Military Parade” • Electronintorg ltd. AVA Multimedia Publishing Group efficient computer hardware; optical equipment encompassing ICC Krasnoye Selo ICC Yelizovo ICC Shchelkovo visible, infrared and ultraviolet Plesetsk ICC Vorkuta ICC Shchelkovo Golitsyno-2 Flight Cosmodrome ICC Yakutsk Control Center bands; a variety of electromag- Moscow Central Command ICC Maloyaroslavets Post ICC Kolpashevo netic sensors; an element base

ICC Solnechny Svobodny ICC Yeniseisk Cosmodrome for decimetric, millimetric- wave Khorol and optical band communication ICC Barnaul ICC Ulan-Ude Galenki ICC means and systems; scanners Baikonur Cosmodrome and antenna-feeder devices; ICC (Instrumentation Control Center) laser and accelerator equipment;

MILITARY PARADE 1994 SEPTEMBER C OCTOBER 4 AE002 RUSSIAN SPACE FORCES building materials, substances, PLESETSK COSMODROME special coatings and adhesives. Most of the new technologies developed and mastered in the production of space equipment bear a sufficiently general character: less than 10% of them have a clearly expressed special significance. The contemporary potential of the space industry (technological, production and experimental facilities) and domestic space technologies can be extensively used to design and manufacture BAIKONUR COSMODROME arms and military equipment, in science, the national economy and international cooperation. The Space Forces' equipment is uniquely global and provides rapid response. It is used to solve the most diverse tasks more cheaply than non-space means of similar application. The employment of the space systems and complexes of the Space Forces of Russia, coupled with the improved efficiency of the national Armed Forces, serves SVOBODNY COSMODROME as a powerful factor behind the stabilization of the international situation and deterrence and contributes to the reinforcement of confidence building measures, broader understanding between countries and greater international cooperation. The activity of the Space Forces of the Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation in the creation and use of space equipment guarantees access for

Russia to outer space and facili- “Military Parade” • Electronintorg ltd. AVA Multimedia Publishing Group tates its continuing status as a world space power. (

MILITARY PARADE 1994 SEPTEMBER C OCTOBER 5 AE003 RUSSIAN SPACE FORCES ON THE FRONT LINE $ Interview with Major-General Anatoly Ovchinnikov, Head of the Main Center for Space Means Testing and Use (Plesetsk) $ Taken by George Lyssenko

A historical survey will reveal that during the most ritory of another state, today the main emphasis is laid on the recent two decades the cosmodrome in Plesetsk transfer of a number of space played and still plays a very special role in space programs, military ones in particular, to the cosmodrome in exploration, yielding considerable positive results. Plesetsk, which has the requisite The total number of space vehicles (SV) launched facilities, as a competent reconnaissance committee has estab- from Baikonur and Plesetsk is divided between the lished. Such a move shall require two at 1/3 to 2/3 correspondingly. money. Once it had been allocat- ed, the programs transferred from natoly Fedorovich, decades the cosmodrome in Baikonur to Plesetsk can be what role does the Plesetsk played and still plays a implemented within the next two- Main Center for very special role in space explo- four years. This provides a key Space Means ration, yielding considerable posi- role for the MCSMTU in the Testing and Use tive results. The total number of Russian Federation's Space (MCSMTU) in space vehicles (SV) launched from Forces tasks. The role of our cos- Plesetsk play in the Baikonur and Plesetsk is divided modrome will also grow, due to SV structure of between the two at 1/3 to 2/3 cor- launches in the interests of inter- Russia's Space respondingly. Plesetsk accounted national cooperation, the econo- Forces today? for at least two thirds of the my and Russian science. Naturally, the launches of all space vehicles for - Our second question follows question is dictated military purposes. on from the first one. It deals with by problems con- It is well known that Russia the direct future prospects of the nected with the Baikonur cosmod- and Kazakhstan have signed an center. Your headquarters is dec- rome. agreement on use of the Baikonur orated with a slogan: the text Anatoly A- A historical survey will reveal cosmodrome at summit level. reads: "1994 is the year for the Ovchinnikov that during the most recent two However, in order to avoid some Space Forces to build up and pre- unforeseen difficulties, related to pare Russia's guaranteed access the launches of SVs, particularly to outer space". Will you explain military-purpose SVs from the ter- the message of the slogan? “Military Parade” • Electronintorg ltd. AVA Multimedia Publishing Group

MILITARY PARADE 1994 SEPTEMBER C OCTOBER 1 AE003 ВОЕННЫЙ ПАРАД

structure which enables us to fulfil modrome. I would like to add that scientific, economic and military most staff are graduates of the - I have already said that the programs by launching space A.F. Mozhaisky Military Academy. reconnaissance committee con- vehicles into low polar and near- During the past two years none of siders it expedient to transfer a polar orbits. For this purpose, we them has applied for retirement. number of space programs from use high-latitude launch complex- This fact says a lot: the level of Baikonur to Plesetsk. This step es, which generally predetermine issues solved, prospects, social 1. has been coordinated with chief the choice of the cosmodrome's sector. A "Cosmos" launch designers in the defense industry current location. - A great deal has been written vehicle in the space sector. The government's The Plesetsk cosmodrome has about the new Svobodny cosmod- assembly-test com- decision should come next. If it is nine launch complexes for four rome in the Far East. How will the made this year, we are ready to types of launch vehicles ("Soyuz", Plesetsk and Svobodny cosmod- plex of cosmodrome start the first stage in the imple- "Molniya", "Tsiklon", "Cosmos") romes divide up the spheres of Plesetsk mentation of programs originally as well as seven technical com- activity? 2,3. designed for Baikonur in 1995. plexes, including installation and - Geographically Svobodny is We are convinced that such a testing blocks, transportation and on the same parallel with Assembly work on decision will be taken. Russia erection units and other launch Baikonur. It ensures the least the "Soyuz" launch needs a cosmodrome it can use vehicle, space preparation and energy-consuming launch of “Military Parade” • Electronintorg ltd. AVA Multimedia Publishing Group vehicle irrespective of other states' will. launch support means. heavy class rockets - of "Proton"

4. Even now the Space Forces Underground rocket propel- type - into geostationary orbit. Command and the cosmodrome lant component depots and tech- Meanwhile we will deal with the "Foton-9" satellite, personnel are already working on nical and technological prepara- smaller and medium class rockets. which was chosen preparing the future. tion systems are located in the - What can you say about the for the accomplish- - Please characterize the vicinity of the launch complexes. international programs your Plesetsk cosmodrome infrastruc- In addition there is the town of Center is involved in? ment of "Gezon" ture. Myrny, where officers and their - During the past few years we Russian-French - The Plesetsk cosmodrome families live. All of the aforemen- carried out tests of SVs in cooper- experiment boasts a rather intricate infra- tioned make up the Plesetsk cos- ation with Bulgaria, the former

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ery and the Plesetsk cosmodrome Earth as a basis for high-preci- as a whole. sion electronic equipment. The Productive cooperation pro- Russian "Foton-9" satellite, vides new impetus to the devel- launched from the Plesetsk cos- opment of the space industry, modrome, was used for this science, technology and the experiment. economy. It is also economically On the French side the exper- profitable for us, as it takes the iment was prepared by specialists sting out of many problems, from the Toulouse KNES center including social ones. The and Grenoble Center of Nuclear Russian-French experiment Research Agency. "Gezon" serves a good example On completion of the experi- of the mutually advantageous ment, the crystals from space will cooperation, our Center main- be equally divided between tains with foreign partners. In Russian and French scientists 1991 the French Space Agency and independently tested at labo- 5. Czechoslovakia, Italy, Germany, (KNES), Glavkosmos and "Splav" ratories in Moscow and Grenoble. Servicewomen at Poland. Judging by specialists (Alloy) technological center "Gezon" experiments have cosmodrome from these countries, the work of signed an agreement to carry out never been carried out in outer our officers and representatives the "Gezon" space experiment in space: consequently, scientists Plesetsk of manufacturing plants deserves a bid to produce high-quality from many countries look forward the highest praise. They hold just semi-conductor crystals, which to its results with interest. as high an opinion of our machin- could subsequently serve on the - Are any space programs been conducted jointly via the CIS? - Not for the time being. But they are sure to emerge in future. - To end our interview, what would you like to say to our readers? - "Military Parade" is published by the military industrial complex. This has given me the following idea. Russia can be a great power, only if it has well- trained Armed Forces provided with modern equipment and a well-developed defense industry. Whatever difficulties Russia faces at present, we look forward to the future with optimism, because we are convinced Russia will fully

restore its potential. We have all “Military Parade” • Electronintorg ltd. AVA Multimedia Publishing Group the grounds for believing this to

6. be true. (

Works at the assembly- test complex

Construction of a new launch complex at cosmodrome Plesetsk

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cialization faculties: launch vehi- more than 300 contest medals. cle and spacecraft design, con- Owing to the level of the research trol systems and computer tech- and laboratory facilities of the nology, radio electronics, engi- academy, their tooling with the neering and technical, data col- most up-to-date equipment and lection and processing, and auto- the potential implementation of matic control and communica- large-scale profound scientific tions systems. investigations, the academy pro- Research and teaching staff poses cooperation on joint scien- are subjected to pre-doctoral and tific studies on space conversion graduate student training. Six subjects to interested national dissertation councils have been and foreign military educational set up in the academy to award institutions and scientific organi- Leonid Kizim he A.F. Mozhaisky scientific degrees (four doctoral zations. Military Space and two master-of-science). The joint training of scientific Engineering The academy's scientists personnel in space engineering at Academy in St. conduct research on a wide range the A.F. Mozhaisky Military Space Petersburg is a of problems, associated with the Engineering Academy and similar unique polytechnic build-up of knowledge about educational institutions of inter- military educational space, perfection of space equip- ested countries, on the basis of institution of the ment and space exploration. The parity exchanges of trainees or Russian armed works of the academy's delegations of research workers, forces and a large researchers have found wide involving study or practical train- scientific research applications in the armed forces ing, could play a special role. The center. Its re-estab- and industry, and are published academy has the facilities to lishment and abroad. organize classes with trainees on growth is associated Today more than 30 scientific a modern research-and-teaching with such outstand- schools have formed in the acad- level, using the most effective ing names in Russian science and emy, which focuses on the basic methods of instruction and scien- the Russian armed forces as M.V. problems of space research. tific activity. A regular exchange Lomonosov, D.I. Mendeleyev, Members of the academy's facul- of scientific information is possi- N.E.T Zhukovsky and Field Marshal ty annually file over 200 patent ble on different issues of the con- M.I. Kutuzov. The academy has applications for discoveries: a version of space engineering. ( considerable experience in the considerable share of them are training of highly qualified engi- then implemented. Over the last neer officers for the Air Force and thirty years 150 doctors and more the Strategic Missile Forces. than 900 masters of science have Today the academy aims to train been trained for space engineer- engineer officers for the Russian ing research. The title of Merited Defense Ministry's space units Space and Technology Worker of and conduct scientific research CONTACT US : Russia has been conferred on 35 13 Zhdanovskaya St. work in military space areas. academy scientists. The acade- St. Petersburg, Russia, 197082 Its students and cadets major my's developments have won Phone: (812) 235-8874 in 28 specialities in the command (812) 235-8723 faculty, and in engineering spe-

NATIONAL “Military Parade” • Electronintorg ltd. AVA Multimedia Publishing Group

ASSET$ Leonid Kizim $ Lieutenant-General, Chief of the A.F. Mozhaisky Military Space Engineering Academy, Pilot Cosmonaut

MILITARY PARADE 1994 SEPTEMBER C OCTOBER 1 AE005 RUSSIAN SPACE FORCES GLONASS, SPACE NAVIGATION SYSTEM $ Mikhail Lebedev $ Colonel, Chief of the Space Forces Coordination Scientific-Information Center The Russian space system Glonass was commissioned by The network of navigational the Ministry of Defense at the beginning of the 1970s spacecraft continued to be built and set up by a large partnership of organizations. The up at a rate of 1-2 launches per year. In 1993 the system, com- nucleus comprised the Scientific and Industrial prising 12 satellites, was accept- Association of Applied Mechanics, the Russian Research ed for operation. It ensures almost continuous global two- institute of Space Instrument-Making and the Russian dimensional fixes and discrete Institute of Navigation and Time. global three-dimensional fixes. The orbital group of the sys- of the Russian armed forces and tem, to be fully deployed by domestic and foreign civilian 1995, will consist of 24 satellites users. in circular orbits with an inclina- Glonass, a second generation tion of 64.8 degrees, an altitude space navigation system, of 19,100 km and period of revo- ensures: lution of 11 hours 15 minutes. - globality, that is, the possi- The satellites will be positioned in bility to make all-weather naviga- three orbital planes, eight satel- tional fixes at any point of the lites in each plane, spaced apart Mikhail Lebedev o achieve more effi- globe or near-Earth space at any in longitude by 120 degrees. This cient application and time of day; orbital arrangement will help cre- conversion use of - promptness, or the perfor- ate a continuous radio navigation- space systems, and mance of navigational fixes within al field over the Earth's surface technologies, orga- a minimum time, the error of the up to 2,000 km high. The user will nize interaction with users' time scale to the state be able to receive at any moment customers, provide scale of standard time amounting radio navigational signals from at them with informa- to no more than one microsec- least four satellites forming a tion and science ond; configuration close to optimal in methodology ser- - the precision of navigational relation to the user.

vices and promote fixes with an error of no more In its characteristics Glonass “Military Parade” • Electronintorg ltd. AVA Multimedia Publishing Group international cooper- than 50-100 meters, and velocity is as good as its American coun- ation, a Coordination components of no less than 15 terpart, GPS. However, the con- Scientific-Information Center has cm/s, maximum errors in a differ- structional features of the system been set up in the Space Forces ential mode of operation, not Glonass, stemming from a higher byT Presidential Order. exceeding several meters, and inclination of the orbits of naviga- The Center aims to organize - the independence of navigational spacecraft, compared with and accomplish work on the effi- tional fixes made for different GPS (GPS orbits' inclination cient application of the Glonass users. The first spacecraft in being about 55 degrees), permit space navigation system in the the Glonass series was launched high-precision navigational fixes interests of the fighting services into orbit on October 12, 1982. in higher latitudes than the

MILITARY PARADE 1994 SEPTEMBER C OCTOBER 1 AE005 ВОЕННЫЙ ПАРАД

American system. Organization (ICAO) has approved a long- mance of a precision landing approach In addition the Glonass system does term air traffic system, based on commu- and the landing itself. not incorporate a regime, where naviga- nication, navigation and observation Proposals are currently being worked tional information used by civilian cus- satellite systems. A decision, moreover, out to create differential Glonass network tomers is desensitized (the so-called was made to use Glonass and GPS as based on the Space Forces infrastruc- selective access regime, used with the elements of a global navigation satellite ture, the future nucleus of a three-level GPS version). The precision of fixes system (GNSS), and recommendations differential subsystem, which also incor- under the Glonass system, is about 1.5-2 were elaborated on joint utilization of porates departmental and local differen- times higher. these systems in a bid to enhance the tial networks. The Coordination The similarity between the Glonass precision, reliability and integrity of navi- Scientific-Information Center is ready to and GPS systems in orbital grouping bal- gational servicing. Global navigation assist all interested organizations in the listic design and navigational radio sig- satellite systems may in time become the development of new space technologies nals makes it possible to develop naviga- only means of en route aircraft navigation and equipment and is also counting on tion aids for a user operating on signals in airfield zones, and also, with an appro- productive cooperation in the interests of of both systems. Such work is being car- priate functional addition, in the perfor- peaceful space exploration. ( ried out by many domestic and for- SPECIFICATIONS OF GLOBAL SPACE NAVIGATIONAL SYSTEM GLONASS eign enterprises, with experience Accuracy of navigational position fixes, m no less than 100 in the development of navigation Accuracy of determination of user's velocity vector components, m/s no less than 0.15 aids for Glonass and GPS. Accuracy of tying ephemeris to world Greenwich time, ms 5 The joint use of the radio nav- Time needed to carry out: igational fields of the Russian and -first navigational fix, min from 1 to 3 -subsequent navigational fixes, s from 1 to 10 American systems opens up to (depending on the civilian community traditional navigational equipment, and fundamentally new spheres employed by user) Quantity of users unlimited of their application. It provides a MAIN CHARACTERISTICS OF GLONASS SPACECRAFT unique means of determining coordinates, time and velocity in Mass, kg about 1,300 Diameter, m 2,350 terms of precision, reliability and Length with a deployed magnetometer rod, m 7,840 continuity. Width with deployed solar batteries, m 7,230 These great advantages can Frequency range of transmitter signals, megacycles per second 1,602.6 to 1,615.5 Received signal power, Db·W -(156 to 161) be obtained from using these two Data transmission speed, bit/s 50 satellite systems for the purposes Launch vehicle used for injection into orbit Proton with of aircraft navigation. The D booster stage International Civil Aviation Launching cosmodrome Baikonur SPACE NAVIGATION SYSTEM GLONASS

GPS NAVSTAR GPS NAVSTAR GPS NAVSTAR

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SYSTEM CON- COORDINATION SCIENTIFIC- Scientific-methodological TROL CENTER information INFORMATION CENTER

Scientific-methodological GROUND CONTROL COMPLEX information

MILITARY PARADE 1994 SEPTEMBER C OCTOBER 2 AE006 RUSSIAN SPACE FORCES

he conversion of istry and technology of rocket military technolo- propellants): the Soviet Union gies constitutes and above all Russia, played an one of the salient extremely important role. features of the Let me cite a few striking past few years, examples of the conversion of stemming from a solid propellant technologies. sharp relaxation of By developing and mastering the Cold War and in the early 1970s a new chlorine- implementation of free high-energy oxidizer, ammo- a number of inter- nium dinitramide (ADN), and con- state arms reduc- comitant solid propellants, Russia ammonium perchlorate, which Zinovy Pak tion and elimina- gained indubitable priority in this forms during burning extremely tion programs. field. The traditional propellants, toxic and environmentally (includ- I would like to stress here in which are widely used in all most ing for the ozone layer) danger- particularT the importance of such prestigious space-rocket sys- ous chlorine derivatives and, an industry as the special chem- tems, such as the Space Shuttle above all, hydrogen chloride. To istry and technology of ammuni- (USA) and Arianne (France), launch a Space Shuttle after the tion (more precisely - the chem- incorporate a classical oxidizer - work of two booster engines, more than 200 tons of hydrogen chloride is released to the earth and into the atmosphere. The formation of hydrogen chloride, as the classical solid rocket propellants burn, is the most difficult problem in the elimination of operational-tactical and strategic missile systems. President Boris Yeltsin appreciated the importance of this problem during his visit to the firm LNPO Soyuz, and made a statement It should be noted here that, despite budgetary constraints in Russia on normal financial support for the conversion process, a number of industries have achieved serious success, providing a real chance to solve Russia's domestic social problems and making a serious claim on international market share. MISSILE TECHNOLOGIES “Military Parade” • Electronintorg ltd. AVA Multimedia Publishing Group

CONVERSION$ $ Zinovy Pak Director General of the Lyubertsy Research and Industrial Association 'Soyuz' (LNPO Soyuz), Academician of the Russian Academy of Natural Sciences

MILITARY PARADE 1994 SEPTEMBER C OCTOBER 1 AE006 ВОЕННЫЙ ПАРАД

about the need to reach intergov- alternatives for the substitution of optical industries. ernmental agreement on further refrigerants, and in service prop- LNPO Soyuz has drafted an development of solid-propellant erties (the absence of pipelines extensive program for using rocketry, above all for commer- and regulators, the high level of solid-propellant technologies to cial purposes, using the environ- environmental and toxicological manufacture civilian products. As mentally-sound ADN oxidizer. safety, compactness, etc.) it has well as the aforementioned, their The table provides a striking no equal. range includes: illustration of the broad vistas Amassed experience in prac- - propulsion systems and gas opening up before the Russian tical use of Freon-free firefighting generators for space-rocket sys- (Class IV-VII) environment-friend- systems implies that these facili- tems and space vehicles (emer- ly ADN-oxidizer propellants. It is ties will find wide application in gency rescue, soft landing, orbit- absolutely clear that they solve the protection of electronic and to-orbit transfer, descent-from- the ecological problem and dras- electrical equipment, all types of orbit and other systems); tically enhance propellant energy. cars, railway, sea and river trans- - gas generators for resusci- An important thrust in the port, aircraft, helicopters, ther- tating and increasing the yield of conversion of the solid-propellant mal and nuclear power plants, the oil wells; technology concerns the devel- production facilities of the oil and - drilling rocket apparatuses; opment of Freon-free environ- gas extracting and refining sec- - shaped charges for cutting ment-friendly systems of fire- tor, mining plants, etc. large-sized constructions and smothering and blast prevention, Drawing on my own experi- structures; based on aerosol-generating ence, I remain convinced of the - color plasma smokeless solid compounds. This form of needs to create new firefighting firework compounds of an firefighting is based on the use of systems: the market is constantly enhanced entertainment quality. the pronounced ability of super- expanding for these products and Owing to the achievements of tiny solid particles to snap the the developments of Russian LNPO Soyuz over the past few chain reactions of afterburning in companies (the Purga project, for years, engendered by very suc- an atmosphere of incomplete instance) will be on a high cessful utilization of the scientific decomposure products of the demand internationally. and industrial potential accumu- materials burning in a fire. The developed original large lated in work with solid rocket Tiny particles are formed pulse magnetohydrodynamic propellants, the President issued when the specially developed solid-plasma-fuel installations are a decree on the creation of a solid compounds burn. marked by high efficiency when Federal Dual Technologies Center This method is one of the used for oil and gas prospecting "Soyuz" at the Lyubertsy PRINCIPLE TYPES OF SOLID PROPELLANTS and exploration, long-term quake Research and Industrial TYPES BRIEF CHARACTERISTICS forecasting and oil-well yield aug- Association. The center has been AMMONIUM PERCHLORATE (AP)+AL+HYDROCARBON 1 AP+AL+HC BINDER (HC) mentation. created to acknowledge and also

AMMONIUM PERCHLORATE (AP)+AL+HMX+HYDROCAR- 2 AP+AL+HMX+HC BON BINDER (HC) And here is a really fantastic elaborate practical measures of AMMONIUM PERCHLORATE (AP)+AL+HMX+NITRATE ESTER 3 AP+AL+HMX+NE BINDER (NE) sounding idea: the creation of support for dual technologies.

AMMONIUM NITRATE (AN)+AL+HMX+NITRATE ESTER 4 AN+AL+HMX+NE BINDER (NE) diamonds from rocket propel- We are ready to consider all AMMONIUM DINITRAMIDE (AD)+AL+ HYDROCARBON 5 AD+AL+HC BINDER (HC) lants. The superhard synthetic forms of mutually beneficial busi-

AMMONIUM DINITRAMIDE (AD)+AL+ALH3+HYDROCARBON 6 AD+AL+ALH3+HC BINDER (HC) material (diamond), obtained by ness cooperation with partners at

AMMONIUM DINITRAMIDE (AD)+ ALH3+ NITRATE ESTER 7 AD+ ALH3+NE BINDER (NE) detonation synthesis, and the home and abroad. ( TABLE 2 original technique used to obtain “Military Parade” • Electronintorg ltd. AVA Multimedia Publishing Group

ENERGY AND ECOLOGICAL PROPERTIES on its basis abrasive diamond OF SOLID PROPELLANTS tools of different sizes, with a 3000 porosity-regulated working sur- •s/kg N 2900 face of any configuration, find 0.2 Address: 2800 ever greater application during 6 Sovetskaya St., 2700 0.1 the processing of very hard; diffi- Dzerzhinsky, Moscow 2600 cultly-processable materials to Region, Russia 140056. SPECIFIC IMPULS, 2500 0.0 MASS FRACTION OF HCL obtain a work surface of a high Phone: I II III IV V VI VII class of purity in the machine (095) 172-2692, 551-7000. PROPELLANT TYPES Fax: (095) 175-2494 FIG.2 tool, aircraft, shipbuilding and

MILITARY PARADE 1994 SEPTEMBER C OCTOBER 2 AE007 RUSSIAN SPACE FORCES

une 4, 1994 prise of space vehicles for com- pass on to Krasnoyarsk the marked the 35th munication, telecasting, relaying, "Molniya-1" communication anniversary of the navigation and geodetic purpos- satellite for serial production, establishment at es. which we repeatedly modernized. Krasnoyarsk-26 The first space product of the This satellite is still used in com- (lately renamed Association was a launch vehicle munication systems. Later, in Zheleznogorsk) for small and medium-sized 1974, the association developed of a branch of the spacecraft (designated 11K65, a more powerful communication Experimental current designation - "Cosmos"). satellite, "Molniya-3", with a Design Bureau-1, Later, this same launch vehi- retransmitter working in the cen- headed by cle was used for putting into timeter wave range. Academician S.P. orbits of 600 to 1,500 km a whole During those years we also Korolev and series of Cosmos satellites, worked to reach high circular eventually trans- developed by the association orbits, leading to the develop- formed into the Applied together with other enterprises. ment of the first Soviet geosta- MechanicsJ Research and The modernized rocket is still tionary satellites: "Raduga" Production Association (NPO operational. (1975) and "Gorizont" (1977) PM): the head designer enter- In 1965 Korolev decided to types. Using "Molniya-3", "Raduga" As of July 1994, we had 114 of our space vehicles and "Gorizont" satellites we put into operation the Integrated working in space: 87 were used in the interests of Satellite Communications defense and the national economy, while the other 27 System. As well as its use for the needs of the economy and were in orbital reserve. national defense, it ensures COSMIC HEIGHTS $ Mikhail Reshetnev $ General Designer and General Director of the Applied Mechanics Research and Production Association, Academician

direct communication between the President of Russia and the USA. The ground control facilities of Russia are located only on its own territory: this factor sets certain limitations on the duration of

communication with both “Military Parade” • Electronintorg ltd. AVA Multimedia Publishing Group unmanned satellites and long- term orbiting stations and reusable spacecraft. These restrictions could be lifted by relay satellites in geostationary orbits: for this purpose we developed the "Luch" satellite in 1985. The "Luch" can also be used for commercial purposes for the Michail Reshetnev transmitter of television and other

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messages. There is notably the global location and coordinate space equipment design, and possibility of joint manufacture of fixation are tackled by space sys- also as a result of international news-broadcasting stations with tems, based on the "GEO-IK" and cooperation, NPO PM is increas- eventual access to the world mar- "Glonass" satellites, developed ingly using today the develop- ket. At present, the central such by NPO PM, together with the ment of satellites of various des- station is mounted at the Russian Space Instrument ignation on the basis of standard- Ostankino TV center in Moscow, Research Institute, Russian Radio ized service system modules while news-broadcasting stations Navigation and Time Institute and (space platforms). are operating in Moscow and St. some joint ventures, and com- These service system mod- Petersburg, as well as in missioned in 1985 and 1993, ules or SSMs are also extensively Washington and Cleveland (USA). respectively. used in joint international pro- In 1995 we plan to launch the Together with the Precision jects, where our association man- "Luch-2" modification of the orig- Instruments Research and ufactures and supplies a specific inal satellite. Production Association, NPO PM SSM, while foreign partners pro- To replace the first-genera- is developing the low-orbit vide the payload. tion "Tsikada" navigation system "Gonets" E-mail communication The main characteristics and and other outdated elements of system, consisting of 36 small resources for payloads for some the COSPAS-SARSAT internation- satellites working in circular of our SSMs are given in the table al search-and-rescue system, we orbits with an altitude of about below. are developing the modernized 1,500 km. This is by no means an exten- "Tsikada-M-UTTX" modification. The first stage of this system sive list of the space systems The tasks of high-precision (Gonets-D1) consisting of 12 developed by us over the past satellites is about to be deployed. period. We are now developing a The variants of cooperation to new generation of satellites. In develop and deploy the said sys- particular, on January 20 we tem encompass various spheres launched the new direct telecast- of activities from joint manufac- ing "Gals" satellite and plan to ture of user's terminals to the launch the first "Express" satellite development of users' networks. at the end of the year as replace- As part of its development of ment for the "Gorizont" series. more advanced approaches to We are also designing space vehicles for mobile satellite communication systems. In this man- 1. ner, over 30 years of space-oriented activities we have launched The "Gals" space- more than 900 space vehicles of craft various designation into different 2. circular and high-elliptical orbits,

The "Express" designed by NPO PM together with a large number of enterpris- spacecraft es working in related spheres.

Name of SSM Resources provided Active ser- Holding accuracy Attitude control Launch vehicle “Military Parade” • Electronintorg ltd. AVA Multimedia Publishing Group (platform) for payload vice life by longitude and accuracy (deg- (years) latitude (degrees) ree of circle) G(kg) P(W) U(V) Geostationary satellites 1. SSM-2500-01GSO 600 1,500 27 5 0.2 6-12 "Proton" with DM unit

2. SSM-2500-02GSO 550 2,100 (unit) 27 7 0.1 6-12 "Proton" with DM unit 1,600 (fin.) 3. SSM-2500-GSO 500 3,200 40 10 0.1 6-12 "Proton" with DM unit Geostationary satellites 4. SSM-2500-VEO 600 1,730 27 5 - 15-30 "Rus" with "Fregat" unit

G is payload; P is power consumption by payload; U is operating voltage

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As of July 1994, we had 114 jects, whereby the NPO PM man- develop space facilities for of our space vehicles working in ufactures service system modules telecommunication and coordi- space: 87 were used in the inter- (space platforms) and our foreign nate-metric systems at the high- ests of defense and the national partners provide payloads for est level of modern technical economy, while the other 27 were them, which means onboard requirements. ( in orbital reserve. retransmitters and antenna-feed- Recently our association has er systems. been conducting fairly effective To conclude, I would like to work to establish cooperation note that with our 30 years of with leading foreign space com- experience in the design and panies to implement joint projects implementation of various space ADDRESS: NPO PM, Krasnoyarsk-26 on communication satellites. programs, staff of top-qualified (Zheleznogorsk), Russia, These include, above all, the specialists and modern experi- 660033 SOVCANSTAR Russian-Canadian ment infrastructure, our extensive Phone: (391 97) 280-08 and CESAT Russian-French pro- cooperation links, NPO PM can Fax: (391 97) 226-35. “Military Parade” • Electronintorg ltd. AVA Multimedia Publishing Group

MILITARY PARADE 1994 SEPTEMBER C OCTOBER 3 AE008 RUSSIAN SPACE FORCES

he General Engineering Design Bureau, which WE ARE READY develops and perfects rocket weapons in this country, is well over FOR COOPERATION 50. On the eighth day of the Great $ Igor Barmin $ Patriotic War, the General Designer, Head of General Engineering Design Special Design Bureau, Doctor of Technical Sciences, Professor Bureau (as it was called at the time) The General Engineering Design Bureau, which of the Moscow "Kompressor" plant became the leading developer of develops and perfects rocket weapons in this coun- theT new rocket launchers nick- try, is well over 50. On the eighth day of the Great named "Katyusha" at the front. War-time experience allowed Patriotic War, the Special Design Bureau (as it was the Design Bureau, which was reorganized in 1946 into the State called at the time) of the Moscow "Kompressor" All-Union Specialized Engineering plant became the leading developer of the new rock- Design Bureau, to assume new assignments. They included the et launchers nicknamed "Katyusha" at the front. development of launching complexes (LC), transport and installa- other missiles. tion systems, launching, fuelling In the mid-50s the Spetsmash and auxiliary equipment units, as Design Bureau, in cooperation well as systems used to prepare with allied organizations, created a rocket launches and launch rock- unique LC for R-7 and R-7A mis- ets. Rapid development of the siles. It marked a qualitative leap rocket-building necessitated the in rocket technology development. speedy elaboration of LCs for The complex constituted special long-range rockets. The defense and scientific importance. Spetsmash Design Bureau was the The new rocket layout, when first leading organization to be the rocket is resting on the entrusted with this new responsi- launcher with its load-bearing belt bility. (missile's mid-section) rather than Igor Barmin Working on the new assign- the butt, required a new type of prior to 1961, were used to set up ment, the design bureau staff launching complex. The simple a new testing range near the town developed mobile and stationary construction, reliability and conve- of Plesetsk. Later on, the range LCs for Z-1, R-2, R-5 and R-5M nience in use ensured the sys- was transformed into a cosmod- ballistic missiles. Adoption of the tem's long life. The 37-year-old rome. new missile systems enhanced the complex is still used to launch In the mid-1960s a launching “Military Parade” • Electronintorg ltd. AVA Multimedia Publishing Group combat efficiency of the Armed "Soyuz" spaceships. Changes and complex for the new "Proton" Forces, raising them to a new modernization work, carried out rocket was built. It accumulated qualitative level. During the same during the complex's operation, the latest engineering achieve- period of time the first "Mayak" ensured the launch of the first arti- ments in automation and remote silo launcher was developed to ficial satellite, the first manned control of technological process- master launch preparations and spaceship, as well as "Vostok", es, required for rocket installation, launch rockets. The experience "Voskhod", "Soyuz" spaceships fuelling, launch preparation and was later applied for the develop- and other space vehicles to the launch proper. These launching ment and construction of silo Moon, Mars and Venus. complexes were used to put in launchers for R-12, R-14, R-9 and The Baikonur experiences, space new generation vehicles:

MILITARY PARADE 1994 SEPTEMBER C OCTOBER 1 AE008 ВОЕННЫЙ ПАРАД apparatuses launched to the Moon, equipment was devised to produce in Venus, Mars and the long-term orbital weightlessness semiconductor, optical, stations "Salyut", "Almaz" and "Mir". magnetic, superconducting and biologi- Colossal efforts by the General cal materials and substances. Hundreds Engineering Design Bureau (Spetsmash of experiments were carried out as part Design Bureau received this name in of the national space exploration program 1967), many allied design bureaus, and the "Intercosmos" program, in coop- research institutes and research and pro- eration with specialists from East duction associations, together with European countries, France, Germany numerous plants, produced a unique and the European Space Agency. complex for the "Energia-Buran" space Today equipment for the "Foton" rocket system. The launching complex, satellites, new "Nika-T" technological start stand, fuelling station and facilities, satellite, etc. is being developed. used to service the spaceship after land- Currently the Design Bureau engages ing, were the components of the system in the following spheres of activity: developed under this program. The - the development of technological "Energia" rocket launch revealed that the start stand can be used to test power plants and rocket before the start and to launch rockets into orbit. The successful flight of the "Energia" rocket with the "Buran" spaceship proved the reliability of all LC's units and systems. The following scientific and technological problems were solved during the complex's development: - transportation of horizontally positioned 'rocket-spaceship' over long distances and precise installation at the launching pad; - haulage, storage and use of cryogenic components; - creation of specialized fire protec- systems of LCs, complete with their inte- to cooperate with other countries in the tion for the rocket and complex and pro- gration into one technological complex, field of rocket and space technology vision of explosion safety; covering the entire cycle of preparation, development. - development of delivery means of fuelling and launching of launch and The experience, gained by the the crew to the spaceship and rapid space vehicles;. General Engineering Design Bureau, evacuation in the case of emergency; - the drafting of design documenta- forms a basis for international coopera- - creation of a range of systems to tion for technological units and systems; tion in the implementation of new space automatically control the processes used - designer's control over the produc- programs. ( to prepare the LC for operation, fuelling, tion, assembly and testing of system's monitoring of the medium inside the components; “Military Parade” • Electronintorg ltd. AVA Multimedia Publishing Group structures and fire protection of the - technical supervision over opera- structures and equipment. tion, regular equipment updating, dictat- As well as the elaboration of launched by the development of know-how and ing complexes, the Design Bureau con- modernization of launch vehicles and ducts work on exploring the Moon and spaceships. the Solar system's planets. For example, The General Engineering Design ADDRESS: it designed apparatuses to take and ana- Bureau is a leading enterprise, which is 22 Berezhkovskaya Emb., Moscow lyze soil samples on the Moon and Venus. highly experienced in designing and 121059 In 1975 the Design Bureau started operating "Soyuz", "Proton", "Energia" Phone: (095) 240-6044 developing space technology. As a result, and other launch complexes. It is ready Fax: (095) 240-4196

MILITARY PARADE 1994 SEPTEMBER C OCTOBER 2 AE009 RUSSIAN SPACE FORCES

established near the Church of have been carried out, launching the Intercession of the Holy Virgin into orbit the Cosmos, Ekran, at Fili, Moscow, by the Russo- Raduga and Horizont spacecraft, Baltic Joint Stock Company, space observatories Astron, receiving in 1917 the name Kvant, the interplanetary space 'Second Russo-Balt Car Plant'. probes Zond, Luna, Mars, Four years later, in 1922, the first Phobos, the manned orbital sta- Russia-Balt car rolled out of its tions Salyut, Mir and other space gates. In 1923 the plant was vehicles. leased on a concession basis to The launch vehicle can place Anatoly Kiselev the German firm Junkers, which a payload in low near-Earth orbits he crisis situation switched to the manufacture of (weighing in this case 20-22 and need to pre- planes and organized production tons), in high near-Earth orbits serve the intellec- of the first 50 Yu-20 planes. (4.5 t) and geostationary orbits tual, scientific and The mid-20s witnessed the (2.6 t). Moreover, the Proton technological plant's launch of domestic avia- delivers a payload to a preset potential and tion product lines, embodying the point in geostationary orbit with strong production ideas of A.N. Tupolev, A.A. great accuracy (+12 angular min- base can only be Arkhangelsky, V.M. Petlyakov and utes in inclination and +250 sec- solved, by effect- S.V. Ilyushin into a whole family of onds in the period of revolution). ing a structural ANT's (ANT-3, ANT-4, ANT-6, This permits nonuse of the readjustment of ANT-35), the PE-2 and the SB, apogee propulsion module of a both design followed in the war years by the spacecraft, which is often used in offices and large Tu-2 and the IL-4, and soon after the practice of foreign launches industrial plants and creating an the war by the four-engine into this orbit. According to organizational structure, which bomber Tu-4. experts, the Proton will remain assuresT the unity of scientific and In 1951 V.M. Myasishchev set one of the best launch vehicles production links. The M.V. up a design bureau, later to be until at least the year 2000. Khrunichev State Research and known as the 'Salyut' Design Today the plant is carrying out Production Space Center is one Bureau. Between 1951-1960 work to update the Proton and such an organizational structure high-speed bombers called 3-M create an oxygen-hydrogen as successor to the Khrunichev and 4-M, code-named 'Bisons' booster stage. FROM "RUSSO-BALT" TO "PROTON" AND "ANGARA" $ Anatoly Kiselev $ Director General, M. V. Khrunichev State Research and Production Space Center

Engineering Plant and the Salyut by NATO, were designed. And, Any load of an international “Military Parade” • Electronintorg ltd. AVA Multimedia Publishing Group Design Bureau, which had finally, in 1962 the plant orbital station, whose launch is throughout their separate histo- embarked on a new era: develop- scheduled for 1997, may be ries marched in the front ranks of ment of space rocket hardware. adapted to the updated launch aeronautical and space rocket According to the plan worked out vehicle. The center will complete- engineering. by General Designer V. Chelomei, ly shoulder the task of developing One of today's leaders in the series production of the and manufacturing its power unit, national space exploration dates Proton launch vehicle was orga- using the Proton launch vehicle back to April 30, 1916: by deci- nized. Its first launch was accom- as the main transport system. As sion of the tsarist government a plished in 1965: since then more arranged with the American side, Russian car production plant was than 200 launches of Protons the issue of design documenta-

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ment has been undertaken as a Federation of December 16, tender-based project. If work on 1992, a contract was signed in the Angara is completed, the uti- January 1993 with Motorola for lization of the Center, both scien- three launches of the Proton tifically and industrially, will be rocket to orbit 21 communica- ensured up to the year 2030. tions satellites under the Iridium On April 15, 1993, a joint project. By the same regulation venture called Lockheed- the Center has been permitted to Khrunichev-Energy was regis- provide funds for Iridium by buy- tered: it uses the Center-pro- ing 40 million US dollars' worth of

1. duced Proton to launch telecom- shares, or 5% of total invest- tion for the FGB will be complet- munications satellites of foreign ments. In the rocket ed in 1994. This power unit, countries. As part of the frame- Prospective subscribers of assembly shop which is similar to the existing work of the JV, contracts have this system will comprise state modules Kristal and Kvant-2, will been signed with the Lockheed agencies, commercial structures, be the base one. Its launch is firm for thirteen commercial assistance services (ambulance, planned for 1997. Later on it will launches in the period between emergency and rescue teams, consecutively link two multipur- 1995 and 1999. police), as well as the population pose docking modules and an air- The US company Motorola, living in virtually inaccessible lock, which wilt serve as the which is one of the world's areas and on territories, where "berthing" for the linkup of largest producers of telecommu- earth-based party communication The M.V. Khrunichev State Research and Production Space Center is one such an organizational structure as successor to the Khrunichev Engineering Plant and the Salyut Design Bureau, which had throughout their separate histories marched in the front ranks of aeronautical and space rocket engineering.

American, Japanese and nications equipment and semi- systems do not exist. European modules. FGB will conductor components, has In accordance with agree- function as part of the station for developed a global satellite ments, concluded within the 2. a long time, acting as part of the mobile communications system, Iridium framework, the Center American astronauts habitable space of the station, its the Iridium, based on the use of enjoys the exclusive right to pro- information and power systems. low-orbit space vehicles. The vide the system's services to sub- Ellen Collins and I feel obliged to mention here space group of the Iridium sys- scribers in Russia and some Michael Foel in the the launch vehicle scheduled to tem comprises 66 spacecraft, countries of the former republics "Mir" space station replace the Proton. It is the placed in circular near-polar of the USSR. Studies of the simulator cabin Angara rocket, whose develop- orbits 780 kilometers above the mobile communication market Earth's surface. indicate that, five years after the “Military Parade” • Electronintorg ltd. AVA Multimedia Publishing Group The M.V. Khrunichev State commissioning of the Iridium pro- Research and Production Space ject, the number of subscribers Center is taking part in the devel- will already exceed 6 million glob- opment and creation of the ally. Iridium communications system, I would like to draw attention along with such well-known firms to another launch vehicle, the as Lockheed Corporation, Rokot, with a booster stage called Siemens and Telespacio. In Breeze, developed on the basis accordance with a resolution of of two-stage intercontinental bal- the Government of the Russian listic missile RS-18 to be taken

MILITARY PARADE 1994 SEPTEMBER C OCTOBER 2 AE009 RUSSIAN SPACE FORCES off operational duty under the has been signed, whereby a Rokot partners in the manufacture of Treaty on the Reduction and launch vehicle will be used to conversion products, will Limitation of Strategic Arms. The launch commercial satellites. inevitably give a new impetus to performance characteristics of the Telecommunications satellites the growth of the Russian space Rokot permit space vehicles to be weighing up to 2 tons will be industry. ( put into working orbits in a wide launched into orbit with its help. range of altitudes. The equipment Meetings have been held with kin- of the Breeze booster stage dred enterprises enlisted in the ensures the requisite orientation of implementation of the project: the the payload and provides power requisite land facilities have been supply in orbital flight for seven selected, a Plesetsk Cosmodrome hours. At the stage of orbital injec- reconnaissance has been carried ADDRESS: tion the payload will be provided out, and a user reference book is 18 Novozavodskaya St., with telemetric communication, in the final stage of elaboration. Moscow, Russian power supply and a spacecraft Joint projects with leading Federation 121309 separation system. firms of the world, both in the Phone: (095) 145-8036 Fax: (095) 142-5900 In this case the German com- delivery of commercial services Telex: 412427 MIR SU/ pany Deutsche Aerospace acts as involving space launches, specifi- KHRUNICHEV State the partner of the Khrunichev cally foreign spacecraft, and the Research and Production Center. A joint venture agreement promotion of ties with foreign Space Center “Military Parade” • Electronintorg ltd. AVA Multimedia Publishing Group

MILITARY PARADE 1994 SEPTEMBER C OCTOBER 3 AE010 RUSSIAN SPACE FORCES The "ELAS" joint stock research and production association is one of the leading companies in Russia in the sphere of microelectronic engineering with 30 years of practical experience in Soviet and Russian rocket and space technology.

Gennady Guskov he "ELAS" joint into production of: the development of new-genera- stock research - electronic equipment for tion space microelectronic sys- and production satellite communication and tems. association is one space data-collection, relay and Our experiment and techno- of the leading navigation systems, including logical production infrastructure companies in electronic equipment for geosta- meets the latest requirements Russia in the tionary and low-orbit relay satel- and comprises: sphere of micro- lites and ground-based satellite - a satellite communication electronic engi- communication stations of differ- test range at Konakovo in the neering with 30 ent types (central and sub- Tver Region fitted out with three years of practical sidiary); unique antenna systems with an experience in - sets of microelectronic antenna diameter of 12 meters; Soviet and equipment for space-based - silicon and gallium arsenide Russian socket and space tech- remote-control Earth monitoring integrated circuit design centers; nology. and probing systems, including - production flow lines for the TThe association comprises data sensors based on different assembly of hybrid integrated the Micro-Instrument Research physical principles and facilities microelectronic functional sys- Institute (NIIMP), a specialized for the accumulation, processing tems, based on "ELAS" technolo- design bureau, "Vzlet", 14 and transfer of information from gies, and production facilities for research and production centers spacecraft to ground control sta- large special-purpose silicon and the "Altair" and "Polyot" tions; integrated circuits and gallium plants. All told, they have a staff - on-board digital computers arsenide monolithic microwave of almost 5,000 top-grade spe- and computerized control sys- integrated circuits. cialists. The production premises tems for self-contained space- "ELAS" has original technolo- cover a total area of about 40,000 craft and manned orbiting sta- gies for the assembly of micro- m2. The main enterprise, NIIMP, tions; electronic equipment, with the was founded in 1962. - computer software for these use of frameless radio-electronic The principal directions in the systems; components (framing is carried

work of "ELAS" concern the - custom-made computer out at the level of complete units “Military Parade” • Electronintorg ltd. AVA Multimedia Publishing Group development and introduction elements and technologies for and appliances) and for the HIGH TECHNOLOGIES $ Gennady Guskov $ Academician, General Designer of " Elas " Joint Stock Company

MILITARY PARADE 1994 SEPTEMBER C OCTOBER 1 AE010 ВОЕННЫЙ ПАРАД

nies to take part in Russian projects developed by "ELAS" together with other Russian firms. In particular, we believe that the following areas hold good promise: development of satellite communication systems with the use of geostationary and low- orbit satellites ("Sokol", "Sokol- 2000", "Bankir", "Kuryer", "Tramplin" and others) and remote-control Earth monitoring and probing. "ELAS" offers foreign compa- assembly of specialized radiation- frequency range of 11 to 14 proof silicon integrated circuits giga- hertz, is unmatched in and gallium-arsenide monolithic world practice. It has 16 receiving integrated circuits, as well as and 16 transmitting beams with special methods for rejecting an adjustable width of the beam's potentially defective elements. directional pattern from 2x2 to Our technologies ensure the 3.5x3.5 degrees and an electron- compact size and high reliability ic retargeting system with a range of finished products and equip- of +8.5 degrees. ment. For example, the "SOKOL- In our remote-control Earth

nies its services in the development of on-board and ground based electronic equipment for international, regional and national satellite communication and remote-control Earth monitoring and probing systems, including the design of on-board retransmitters fitted out with multibeam AMPAs, compact ground control stations, optronic image receivers on CCDS, soft- OM" C- range satellite communi- monitoring and probing systems ware and processing systems. ( cation station, which weighs 14.6 we use such progressive appli- kg and has a compact size of ances as on-board optronic 435x405x135 mm (and an infor- image converters, working with mation relay speed of 9.6 kilobits matrices and strips on charge- per second), exceeds all known coupled devices (CCD), effective “Military Parade” • Electronintorg ltd. AVA Multimedia Publishing Group foreign analogs in all major para- data compression methods and meters. digital means of data storage and "ELAS" is also the leading transmission to ground stations developer of satellite retransmit- through broad-band space radio ters, equipped with active multi- channels. beam phased arrays (AMPA), "ELAS" closely cooperates ADDRESS: which generate pencil-point high- with the leading home and for- Zelenograd, Moscow, Russian Federation energy beams, which are retar- eign research and production 103460 geted into space electronically. centers. Phone: (095) 531-1749. For example, the AMPA with a We now invite foreign compa- Fax: (095) 531-3213.

MILITARY PARADE 1994 SEPTEMBER C OCTOBER 2 AE011 RUSSIAN SPACE FORCES

ufactured variously-deployable missile systems, the latest still comprise the backbone of the GOLDEN JUBILEE Strategic Missile Force. In $ Sergei Pavlenko $ Dnepropetrovsk 67 types of spacecraft and twelve space Yuzhmash is often called a pearl of world magnitude. It was complexes also received a lease here that they designed and manufactured variously deploy- of life. Yuzhmash is a world-standard bearer in many areas of able missile systems, the latest still comprise the backbone space-rocket science. of the Strategic Missile Force. In Dnepropetrovsk 67 types At .the same time the plant of spacecraft and twelve space complexes also received a has substantial problems. Since the late 1980s defense orders lease of life. Yuzhmash is a world-standard bearer in many have plummeted. In accordance areas of space-rocket science. with conversion plans, the plant expanded its production of trac- nepropetrovsk's tors, the best in their class in the industrial associ- former USSR. However, it failed ation Yuzhmash, to maintain output levels. In or Yuzhny 1988-1989 they turned out Machine-Building 60,000 tractors annually, com- Plant is 50 years pared to a meagre 15,000 today. old. The slump is attributable to The celebra- factors, which have afflicted all tions were former Soviet republics - a short- attended by new age of working capital and insta- 1. Ukrainian bility in the credit and banking Ukrainian President President, Leonid system. The principal reason was Leonid Kuchma, Kuchma, and in the eyes of Yuri Alexeev, Yuzhmash Director Russia's First Deputy Minister of Yuzhmash director general, the General Yuri Alexeev Defense, Andrei Kokoshin, and "closed door policy" pursued by and First Deputy ChairmanD of the State Defense the leadership of the republic. Defense Minister of the Industry Committee, Victor The plant had from the very out- Russian Federation Glukhikh. set counted on close economic Andrei Kokoshin at the Yuzhmash is often called a ties with different parts of the for- pearl of world magnitude. It was mer USSR. plant's 50th anniversary here that they designed and man- Naturally, the workforce did celebrations. 2-3. Yuzhmash still concen- trates on space-rocket

equipment. “Military Parade” • Electronintorg ltd. AVA Multimedia Publishing Group 4. The intercontinental ballistic missile 15A15 (SS-17) was installed to celebrate the 50th anniversary of the association in Dnepropetrovsk on July 22,1994.

MILITARY PARADE 1994 SEPTEMBER C OCTOBER 1 AE011 ВОЕННЫЙ ПАРАД not lose hope or interest. Now policies and restore the previous hand knowledge of the problems the units, where they were used economic ties. of the space rocket industry. to assemble missiles, are busy Consequently, the jubilee in Speaking to the plant's staff, the manufacturing trolleybuses. New Dnepropetrovsk gathered politi- Russian First Deputy Defense types of output have been assim- cians and military leaders of such Minister stressed that he consid- ilated here rapidly, including high rank from many ex-Soviet ered developments a "positive microwave ovens, sausage equip- republics. They all expressed a turning point in our joint work." ment, car brake blocks—all bear- clear readiness for close cooper- Russian-Ukrainian coopera- ing the Yuzhmash trademark. ation. tion, noted Kokoshin, is not However, it is proving One should recall here that merely a guarantee of security for increasingly difficult for the plant Leonid Kuchma, the current our two peoples: it also reflects to ensure the creation of world- Ukrainian President, was director stability on the Eurasian continent class space rocketry. A dead-end general of the Yuzhny Machine- and is an essential precondition ? Apparently, there is a way out: Building Plant in 1986-1992. for maintaining equilibrium in the we must abandon isolationist Andrei Kokoshin also has first- world. ( “Military Parade” • Electronintorg ltd. AVA Multimedia Publishing Group

MILITARY PARADE 1994 SEPTEMBER C OCTOBER 2 AE012 RUSSIAN SPACE FORCES

he present state of the defense enterprises, banks, firms, Russian insurance state organizations. We have stable market has several long-standing relations with them all. specific features, Our company insures risks, relat- which stem from the ed to modern science-intensive transition from a state processes, including space technolo- monopoly to a market gies. We cooperate with the Russian economy. Space Agency, the Space Forces, the On the one hand, organizations which order and carry the abolition of the out space programs and participate state's monopoly of virtually in all insured space projects. insurance has led to The insurers contribute to the reliable the mushrooming of protection of project participants and more than 3,000 independent com- thereby help Russia gain access and panies which sprang up during a reliably consolidate its position on the shortT period of time. Each new com- market of high technologies and pany tried to find and fill its own space services. niche, relying on new economic rela- Thorough consideration of the Pyotr Demyanenko tions. Riding on the crest of interest interests of the insured and financial President of the Insurance Company "Megus" in new possibilities and dissatisfac- stability enable the company to pro- tion with the insurance market, many Our partners and clients vide full guarantees to clients and of them got off to a good start. partners, including foreign ones. However, far from all these compa- include some of the largest "Megus" maintains ties with foreign nies can operate in a developed defense enterprises, banks, insurance business. Together with a insurance market. well-known US company ALEXANDER On the other hand, the general firms, state organizations. We AND ALEXANDER, "Megus" is draft- public and organizations still remain ing an integrated "Risk Control indifferent to insurance as they are have stable long-standing rela- Program". One section of this pro- accustomed to a limited choice of gram deals with insurance of invest- insurance services; the share of pri- tions with them all. ments in the Russian economy. vate property is rather small; existing Cooperation with the British firm legislation fails to meet the needs of BOWRING WORLDWIDE INSURANCE the market, and there are a number BROKERS, will widen the Russian of other negative aspects in society. market of broker's and reinsurance In such circumstances the most services. promising insurance companies Our company adopts a flexible assert the financial stability of their license number 7. It has 60 branches and affiliates. The response to the rapidly changing activity and provide maximum satis- company focuses on the insurance of business risk, cred- political and economic situation in faction to the insured. We hope its, cargo carriage, and life insurance. The "Megus" insur- Russia and on the foreign insurance "Megus" is one such company, ance payments have grown 30 times. The insurance risks, market. founded on July 4, 1991 in forms and methods of indemnity payment, and amount of "Megus" insurance company is Ekaterinburg - the largest industrial premiums from "Megus" are advantageous to all enter- ready to extend its range of services center of the Urals. prises, regardless of their form of ownership. and work painstakingly and purpose- “Military Parade” • Electronintorg ltd. AVA Multimedia Publishing Group Our company received general Our partners and clients include some of the largest fully with all new clients. ( IN THE INTERESTS OF THE INSURED OUR ADDRESS: 28 Malysheva St., Ekaterinburg, Russia, 620014. Phone: (3432) 51-0562; Fax: (3432) 51-0803; Telex: (3432) 721540 BYT SU MOSCOW BRANCH: 10 Electrodnaya St., Moscow, Russia, 111524. Phone: (095) 176-7566; Fax: (095) 176-7566; Telex: 112328.

MILITARY PARADE 1994 SEPTEMBER C OCTOBER 1 AE013 EXPERTISE VAST POTENTIAL FOR COOPERATION Main Engineering Department (GTU) of the State Committee of the USSR Council of Ministers on Foreign Economic Relations, set up in 1968. In November 1991 the State Foreign Economic Company for the Export and Import of Arms and Military Equipment (GVK) 'Spetsvneshtekhnika' succeeded the GTU. Then, in November 1993, a Presidential Decree made the State Company for the Export and Import of Arms and Military Equipment 'Rosvoorouzhenie' successor to GVK 'Spetsvneshtekhnika' (as well as the Russian State Foreign Economic Association 'Oboronexport' and the Main Cooperation and Partnership Directorate). The lion's share (up to 80%) of military and technolog- YURI ANDRIANOV, ical cooperation matters, handled by GTU (GVK), involved Assistant Director General, State the provision of technical assistance in the creation or re- Company Rosvoorouzhenie equipment of military facilities. Under contractual obligations, the creation of such facilities abroad was in most of ussia's military and technological coopera- cases accomplished by the Russian side together with for- tion with foreign countries is part and par- eign customers, with the obligations of the parties divided cel of foreign economic activity, presup- as follows: posing the coordination of the country's - the Russian side would prepare and defend a project, political, military and economic interests hand over technical documentation, make full or partial and comprises: delivery (in accordance with separating lists) of main - the supply of arms, military equipment, equipment, attachments, special tools and other property, ammunition, spare parts, tools and acces- and render assistance in the installation and adjustment of sories; the equipment and the assimilation by foreign customers of - the provision of technical assistance in the facility, which has been set up, sending Russian spe- the creation or re-equipment of military cialists there; facilities; - the foreign customer would supply to the facility some - license and technical documentation individual elements of main equipment and other property, transfer to produce arms and military equipment and ren- and carry out the construction work and installation of the der assistance in the organization of the said production; equipment. R- the provision of services in the assimilation, organiza- In addition, the Russian side would build projects on tion of the operation and combat use of arms and military general contract terms (envisaging construction on a equipment, their repair and modernization; turnkey basis). These were normally large military and - the implementation in the customer's interests of industrial facilities, such as air and naval bases, plants for research and development work geared to the design and the production of firearms and ammunition and repair manufacture of new types of weaponry; enterprises of fighting services.

- the dispatch on mission (reception) of military consul- It should be noted that cooperation on general contract “Military Parade” • Electronintorg ltd. AVA Multimedia Publishing Group tants and specialists; terms imposes more stringent demands on the supplier in - the training of national military personnel, technicians respect of fulfillment of his contractual obligations. At the and engineers; same time the export effectiveness of cooperation on these - the transfer of military equipment on lease; terms significantly exceeds the export effectiveness in the - the provision of other services of a military and tech- construction of joint projects with the customer. Russia's nological nature and application. economic difficulties do not currently permit one to use this Issues, related to supplies abroad of arms and military form of cooperation, requiring the attraction of credits to equipment, have already been awarded sufficiently wide ensure the activity of Russian design and construction press coverage, including the Military Parade magazine. organizations. However, as the economic situation returns Therefore I will dwell only briefly on the job, entrusted the to normal, this form will inevitably find broad applications

MILITARY PARADE 1994 SEPTEMBER C OCTOBER 1 AE013 ВОЕННЫЙ ПАРАД in the work of the state company. we are convinced that the infrastructure of productive, Under the signed contracts, GTU and GVK discharged repair and other facilities, set up with the technical assis- their obligations to create nearly 1,900 projects in 43 coun- tance of the Russian side, stabilizes the entire complex of tries, including 1,500 principal (newly created) projects Russian relations with foreign countries and imbues them and more than 400 others, involving the provision of other with a long-term character. essential equipment. Not so long ago the USSR was a leading supplier of The range of projects is extremely wide. They can arms and military equipment. Thousands of pieces of roughly be divided by application into: armored vehicles, air defense guided missile systems and - plants to repair weapons of all the fighting services; MiG and Su planes were supplied to our partners over the - plants to produce arms and military equipment; period of cooperation. Although the specifications of many - combat and technical positions; of them are now obsolete, their service life is still large. - airfields and engineering-and-operating units; Russian developers and manufacturers are engaged in a - facilities for the basing of ships; serious and wide-ranging effort to produce modernized - command posts and communications facilities; versions. BMP-1 and BMP-2 infantry fighting vehicles, T- - control facilities; 72 tanks, Pechora, Volga and Kvadrat air defense guided - training centers, proving and shooting grounds; missile systems, MiG-21, MiG-23, Su-22 planes and others - depots, storage facilities, arsenals; can be subjected to modernization. I will not go into a - laboratories and test stations, etc. detailed subscription of capabilities or technical character- About 900 of all projects have been commissioned: in istics of existing and updated models. Let me only note that the case of 400 projects, supplies of equipment and docu- as a result of modernization the combat efficiency of the mentation have been completed. Tens of thousands of for- model increases several times. We are ready to negotiate eign specialists have been trained to work at the created with our partners over this work. It will clearly bear a mutu- facilities. ally beneficial character. Since 1991 the creation or procurement of other essen- Russia has amassed vast scientific and technological tial equipment for more than 600 projects was suspended potential, specifically in the field of unique science-inten- either for political reasons (UN sanctions against Iraq, sive technologies. This potential is concentrated above all Libya, Yugoslavia) or owing to customer defaults, triggered in the defense sector, as historically our latest achieve- by the shift from credit terms of settlement to settlements ments in science and technology used to be primarily in freely convertible currency (although interest in the pro- embodied in domestic arms, with huge resources and jects remains) or absolute refusals (although the parties' immense effort invested in the scientific and industrial base obligations have not been annulled documentarily). for their design and production. We witnessed considerable On the other hand, appraisal of the situation in coun- interest in our achievements at arms and technology exhi- tries we were developing cooperation with permits us to bitions, held in recent years in different countries. Russia is refer quite confidently to an impending revival of this type ready for mutually beneficial cooperation with foreign of cooperation. Moreover, the scope of work may exceed states both in the performance of commissioned or joint previously attained levels. research and development work and in the transfer of Close and friendly links have been developed between advanced technologies. We insist on equivalent technolog- GTU (GVK) and individual foreign countries in the creation ical exchanges with the West, making any lifting of our own of defense industries. This effort began in the 1950s, when restrictions dependent on the liberalization for Russia of China, the ex-Warsaw Treaty countries, India, Egypt, Cuba, the export regime to the former COCOM member countries. Algeria, Syria, Iraq, Libya and Iran were our most active As demand for modern technologies is apparent on both partners. Over the years of cooperation, thousands of sides, a mutual reduction in the level of prohibitions and licenses were transferred to these and other countries and limitations will help build up confidence and economic “Military Parade” • Electronintorg ltd. AVA Multimedia Publishing Group technical assistance was rendered in the construction of cooperation between partners. Naturally such cooperation about 50 large factories to produce Russian-designed arms will benefit the Western countries, as well as Russia. and military equipment. Our available experience of coop- The State company Rosvoorouzhenie is not only suc- eration and the talks under way allow us to expect some cessor to three foreign economic associations in obliga- positive results in the very near future. Even now the facil- tions and rights. It also has inherited unique personnel and ities set up abroad to engage in the licensed production of the best traditions built up over the cooperation period. The Russian models of arms and military equipment help fill the staff of the company invite goodwill partners for coopera- order books of our plants with the manufacture of compo- tion and will do everything they can to ensure that it is rec- nents, spare parts and capital goods and ensure significant iprocally advantageous, reliable, efficient and long-term. foreign exchange proceeds on an annual basis. In addition, (

MILITARY PARADE 1994 SEPTEMBER C OCTOBER 2 AE014 NEWS IN BRIEF Compiled by Alexander Mozgovoy

E During a visit to Krasnoyarsk, President Boris Yeltsin took a number of important decisions on the conversion of the territory's defense plants, notably a mining and chemical plant, which produces weapon-grade plutonium. ( E Prime Minister Victor Chernomyrdin toured Perm, Nizhni Novgorod and Penza Regions. The head of the government devoted most of his time to the situation at defense sector plants and related conversion problems. ( E Russia plans to return to African arms markets, declared Victor Chernomyrdin. However, relations with Russian arms buying countries will be of a purely commercial nature in future. ( E Boris Kuzyk, 36, has been appointed assistant to the President of the Russian Federation for military and technological cooperation with foreign countries. He previously held the post of First Deputy Head of the Main Department of Military and Technological Cooperation with Foreign Countries at the Ministry of Foreign Economic Relations. ( E According to data, released by Stockholm International Peace Research Institute (SIPRI), Russia's share of world arms trade in 1993 rose by one-third compared to 1992 and amounted to 21% of the total volume of 22 billion dollars. ( E The state company Rosvoorouzhenie signed during its first six months over 1.5 billion dollars' worth of export contracts of Russian arms to other countries. ( E Russian Defense Minister Pavel Grachev and his Greek counterpart, Gerasimos Arsenis, signed a cooperation agreement between the two countries' respective ministries. During Arsenis' stay in Moscow, talks on expanding reciprocally advantageous military and technological cooperation were also held. ( E Russia's First Deputy Minister of Defense, Andrei Kokoshin, and France's Deputy Minister of Defense and general repre- sentative on arms, Henri Conze, signed a memorandum on military and technological cooperation between the two countries. Russian-French cooperation has hitherto been particularly successful in aircraft and rocket engineering and space exploration. ( E During an official visit to Moscow, China's Defense Minister Chi Haotian received a confirmation of Russia's readiness to assist China in the training of maintenance specialists for Russian military equipment, notably Su-27 fighters and S- 300PMU air defense guided missile systems. ( E According to a report by news agencies, Brazil bought 110 Igla portable air defense guided missile systems from Russia; this deal marked the beginning of the implementation of a large-scale agreement on Russian arms supplies to the South American country. ( E The deputy head of the foreign relations department of Rosvoorouzhenie company, Sergei Belousov, confirmed that nego- tiations are being held with Kuwait's authorities on the purchase from Russia of a large consignment of modern-day armored equipment. ( E To acquire MiG-29 fighter control skills, a group of Malaysian pilots will take a training course in Russia and India. Russia will initiate delivery of 18 MiG-29's to Malaysia in April 1995. ( E India is considering the purchase of a consignment of Russian Su-30 front-line fighters. Delhi has also displayed interest in buying MiG-29M fighters. ( E The Russian firm MiG won in a tough competitive struggle the tender to modernize more than 100 MiG-21 fighters of India's Air Force. ( E The An-38 plane, assembled by Novosibirsk's Aircraft Concern, made its maiden flight. It can carry up to 27 passengers or 2.5 tons of cargo. ( E Samara's state research and industrial group Trud and Kazan's engine construction group launched the manufacture of 12 experimental NK-86 cryogenic fuel engines. They are designated for Tu-156 cargo-passenger planes, which are due to start testing in 1997. ( E The Samara Aircraft Plant is preparing the series production of An-70T's. This medium-sized transport plane has been “Military Parade” • Electronintorg ltd. AVA Multimedia Publishing Group designed by the Kiev O. Antonov Aviation Science and Technology Complex and will be capable of carrying 30 tons of cargo over a 4,000-5,000-kilometer range at 750-800 kilometers per hour. The plane is equipped with four D-27 coaxial fan propeller engines. ( E Some of the latest arms and combat equipment models were presented by Russian enterprises Gidropribor and Okeanpribor at an international defense underwater technologies exhibition held in London. ( E A new Russian nuclear-powered submarine called Kursk continues to be tested. It will join the Navy next December. ( E Kaliningrad's shipbuilding yard Yantar held a formal launching ceremony for a large submarine killer. "The Admiral Chabanenko is a unique ship, which boasts all the latest equipment," stressed Baltic Fleet commander Admiral Vladimir Yegorov. (

MILITARY PARADE 1994 SEPTEMBER C OCTOBER 1 AE015 AIR DEFENSE

oday, when the results of the war in the Persian Gulf remain fresh enough in our memory, there is hardly any need to convince any- body that air defense represents one of the most important factors in safeguarding state security. The air defense system of most states makes a V. Prudnikov substantial contribution to war containment, repulsion However, one must create both effi- uation, its military doctrine, national tra- of aggression and prevention of strategic cient and economical air defense, ensur- ditions and other factors. Experience in balance violation, by detecting and ing the optimum realization of combat the creation of such a system in Russia destroyingT the means of air and aero- capabilities of modern expensive enables one to formulate the main princi- space attack in flight, covering strategic weapons. ples of organization and development of deployment areas of the armed forces, Every country carries out its own ver- air defense: the most important state and military sion of military construction, including - sole responsibility for combatting control centers, major groupings and the creation and development of an air the means of air and aerospace attack; installations of the armed forces, nation- defense system. This is dictated by the - concentration of air defense efforts al economy and infrastructure. specifics of the state's geostrategical sit- on the most important directions (areas) Analysis of the main combats in the XXth century - from World War Two to the war in the Persian Gulf - strongly sug- gests that the air force plays the most important role in the solution of the main strategic combat missions. Mobility, ability to rapidly create powerful groupings in any region in the world, the ability to attain the highest degree of surprise in operations, high strike potential was mul- tiplied many times following the emergence of precision weapons. This is by no means a complete list of the combat capabilities of the air force, which enable it to solve independently operational tasks in modern war. 1. The same significance has today An S-300 PMU been acquired by the air defense. system launcher MIGHT OF RUSSIA'S “Military Parade” • Electronintorg ltd. AVA Multimedia Publishing Group AIR DEFENSE FORCES $ Victor Prudnikov $ Colonel-General of Aviation, Commander-in-Chief of Russia's Air Defense Forces

MILITARY PARADE 1994 SEPTEMBER C OCTOBER 1 AE015 ВОЕННЫЙ ПАРАД

2. and defense of the most impor- defense weapons are used. In equipment and prevent any lag The MiG-31 fighter- tant installations; this connection the main aim of behind advanced countries in interceptor - deep echelonment of air military and technical policy con- combat capacities. I would like to defense elements; cerns the optimal use of the lat- point out that nowadays Russia - maximum use of all hetero- est technical, scientific and tech- possesses such air defense geneous forces to accomplish air nological achievements, in order weapons, which can do honor to defense tasks. to improve the qualitative charac- the air defense of any state. Today the world still lives by teristics of weapons and military These are not mere words or laws, where military power plays an important role. In parallel with The air defense system of most states the numerical reduction of their armed forces, a number of large makes a substantial contribution to war states continue to build up their containment, repulsion of aggression military might by developing more efficient weapons systems and prevention of strategic balance vio- and improving the quality of their force groupings. The cuts in lation, by detecting and destroying the armed forces of the leading for- means of air and aerospace attack in eign states have been made, “Military Parade” • Electronintorg ltd. AVA Multimedia Publishing Group largely by reducing the strength flight, covering strategic deployment of the ground forces, whereas the potential of the aerospace areas of the armed forces, the most attack forces is continually built. important state and military control As a result, by the year 2000 the strike potential of these forces centers, major groupings and installa- may increase 1.5-2 times. Combat operations against tions of the armed forces, national modern air attack forces cannot be effective, if old types of air economy and infrastructure.

MILITARY PARADE 1994 SEPTEMBER C OCTOBER 2 AE015 AIR DEFENSE

self-admiration. We have a say- employment against a newly cre- carried out from the system's ing: it's better to see once than ated air attack means in a compli- command post, equipped with a hear a hundred times. This cated air and jamming environ- complex of automation means. opportunity was provided to ment proceeds in two ways: Integrated air defense sys- Western specialists, when the S- (1) The improvement of the tems, similar to the ones 300 PMU-1 air defense missile performance and operational described above, displayed their system, together with 370 other characteristics of individual air capacities during numerous exer- Russian up-to-date military sys- defense weapons based on sci- cises of Russian Armed Forces tems, was displayed at the IDEX- entific and technical achieve- and also in a number of local con- 93 exhibition in the United Arab ments. flicts in different parts of the Emirates. (2) The creation and develop- world, where Russian air defense When the participants of the ment of an air defense system. I weapons have been delivered and exhibition, representing their air would like to dwell on the second concomitant defense systems defense forces, were offered real way. When we speak about an have been deployed. combat firings, only we agreed. integrated air defense system, we I would like to draw attention Somebody, perhaps, may have mean the whole range of informa- of readers, especially buyers of thought that only self-contained tion, firing, control and auxiliary Russian military equipment and people are able to do so, as means, combined into a common weapons, to the fact that whereas Russia's penetration on the automated system, which in the past individual weapons weapons markets at that time ensures the defense of the most have been bought, nowadays the depended upon the results of important production facilities or capabilities of aerospace attack these firings. This not the case. It military installations from air means demand the purchase of was simply great confidence in strikes with the given effective- an integrated air defense system, our weapons, inspired by the ness. rather than individual units. consistent efforts of science, Therefore, an information Russia has a chance to devel- industry and skills of combat subsystem must include radars, op complete sets of the requisite teams. Consequently, when the ensuring the formation of a con- technical means of various air participants of the exhibition tinuous all-altitude (beginning defense systems, which will suit asked regiment commander with a height of 20 to 30 m), all- local conditions, and supply them Michail Zubov, why he was so range radar field, which ensures to all countries, which wish to confident about the results of the the realization of the potential of ensure effective defense of their forthcoming firings, he replied the firing weapons. The firing vitally important economic cen- that he and his subordinates con- system must include air defense ters and armed forces groupings sider these firings as routine: missile means, deployed in an from potential aircraft and missile they had already been through 30 optimal way. attacks of an anticipated enemy. such tests. Automated control over the Russia has a lot to offer to poten- Nowadays, the improvement combat operation of the whole tial buyers abroad. of weapons and principles of their integrated air defense system is I would like to express my thanks to the editors of "Military Parade" magazine for their attention to Air Defense Forces and my great satisfaction from acquain-

tance with the first issues of this “Military Parade” • Electronintorg ltd. AVA Multimedia Publishing Group magazine, which I believe to be indispensable for Russia. (

Command post of the formation

MILITARY PARADE 1994 SEPTEMBER C OCTOBER 3 AE016 AIR DEFENSE «SENEZH-M1E» AND «RUBEZH-ME»: HIGH EFFECTIVENESS AND RELIABILITY $ Vitaly Smirnov $ Director General of "Vector" State Production Association $ Vladimir Feklistov $ Head of " Peleng " Experimental Design Bureau

utomated air Automated air defense forces control systems ensure defense forces control systems the most effective utilization of weapons, generation ensure the most effective utilization of target data through jamming, optimal assignment of weapons, gen- of interceptor details and the number of missiles for eration of target data through jam- engagement of air targets with a maximum ming, optimal assignment of probability. interceptor details massive air raids involving enemy etc.). and the number of jamming, it is impossible to effec- A model of the "Senezh-M1E" missiles for tively utilize weapons without automated control system was engagement of air targets with a automated control systems. presented at the international maximum probability. The The automated control sys- ASIA-AEROSPACE exhibition in "Peleng"A Experimental Design tems, manufactured by the asso- Singapore in February 1994. Bureau, as head organization, ciation, are mobile, arranged on Specifications of "Senezh- developed, and the "Vector" State semitrailers towed by truck trac- M1E" Automated Control Production Association manufac- tors, equipped with self-con- System tures two automated control sys- tained power supply systems and Purpose: tems for air defense forces: all requisite attached means control over the combat oper- "Senezh-M1E" and "Rubezh- (radio sets, command transmis- ations of a grouping of air ME". sion complexes, repair shops, defense forces, equipped with all The articles are created, using the third and fourth gener- ations components. All the systems are designed on a modern technological basis, unified for automated control systems, manufactured by the association. The equipment is reliable and easy to maintain. The control algorithms “Military Parade” • Electronintorg ltd. AVA Multimedia Publishing Group allow for the most effective use of weapons of the air defense forces. The utilization of automated control systems in using arms makes it possible to improve the quality of control at the command post of a regiment or brigade and reduce combat crews for battle performance. Under the conditions of hit-and-run battle and

MILITARY PARADE 1994 SEPTEMBER C OCTOBER 1 AE016 ВОЕННЫЙ ПАРАД

under the conditions of jamming and poor quality information; - comprehensive drill of combat crews; - registration of battle performance and issue of reports on results of combat operations; - coordination of combat operations of air defense missile forces and fighter aircraft. This characteristic is extremely important for the control of the battle of a grouping both for obtaining maximum effectiveness types of air defense missile systems and fighter-interceptors, as well as with all types of radar assets of air defense electronic forces. Functions: - centralized placing of grouping assets to operational readiness; - display of air situation and results of combat operations on the screens of indicators at automated work stations; - automatic reception of

and for ensuring safety of friendly aircraft. Composition Depending on the scope of problems to be solved, two main versions of utilization of the "Senezh-M1E" automated control system are envisaged: a complete and reduced set. The complete set, which

1. ensures execution of the entire range of combat missions The "Senezh" ACS includes: advances to an ini- instructions from a higher com- ceptors to basing airfields after - a mobile combat control post “Military Parade” • Electronintorg ltd. AVA Multimedia Publishing Group tial position mand post and transmission there- accomplishment of combat mis- for ensuring operational control to of reports on operational readi- sion; missions over air defense missile 2. ness and combat actions; - cooperation with neighboring systems and individual fighter- The life support - distribution and designation command posts of fighter aviation interceptors - a 26M6 article system of targets, including jammers, to or air defense missile brigades; arranged on a motor vehicle semi-

3. air defense missile systems; - automated generation of trailer; - automated guidance of fight- control commands to the data - an additional combat control Work stations of the er-interceptors to air targets, con- sources and processing of radar post for widening the technical combat control van trol over safe flight of guided inter- information from several sources, capacities of the automated con- crew ceptors, and homing of the inter- which permits effective operation trol system over groupings of air

MILITARY PARADE 1994 SEPTEMBER C OCTOBER 2 AE016 AIR DEFENSE defense missile forces and fighter aircraft, increasing the effectiveness of communication assets and improving work convenience of a combat crew by transferring the automated work stations to a stationary structure - a 27M6 article also arranged on a motor vehicle semitrailer; - a self-contained power plant, type ED2x30-T400, with two mutually back-up generators of 30-kW rating each - 2 pcs; - a radio set, type R-997-1M, for reception of information from fighter-interceptors - 1 pc; - a radio set, type R-997-2M, for transmission of commands to fighter-interceptors - up to 4 pcs; - a type "Raduga-ME" station for transmission of control commands to fighter-interceptors - up to 3 pcs; - coordinate readout post equipment to process primary information from acquisition radars of air defense missile systems - up to 5 pcs; radar detectors, radars, altime- under their own power. - a type "PORI-ME" complex ters, self-contained acquisition To control an air defense of automation means for a radio assets of air defense missile sys- grouping under the conditions of engineering subunit - 1 pc; tems) and from cooperating auto- a fluid situation, the automated - a radio relay station, type mated control systems of air control system must operate in 5Ya662/5Ya663, for information defense groupings. real time. The "Senezh-M1E" exchange with controlled objects, The combat crew's comfort automated control system is information sources, neighboring and safety are ensured by an air equipped with a sufficiently pow- command posts - up to 15 pcs; conditioning, heating, and venti- erful computer, with a speed of - an articulated truck tractor, lation system, which also affords about 700,000 operations and a type KAMAZ, for transportation of protection from chemical, memory capable of expanding to the 26M6 and 27M6 articles - 1 radioactive, and bacteriological the required extent. pc. agents. The "Senezh-M1E" automat- The reduced set ensures the The automated control sys- ed control system has 24 commu- accomplishment of operational tems are shipped by all types of nication routes organized with the control missions over air defense transport - railway, water, air and use of its own channel-forming 4. “Military Parade” • Electronintorg ltd. AVA Multimedia Publishing Group missile systems and fighter air- Inside view of the craft on the basis of mobile com- Basic technical characteristics control and combat control posts. Coverage, km up to 600 Number of air objects The "Senezh-M1E" automat- puter complex van handled at once up to 120 ed control system can receive Number of controlled fire weapons: 5. -air defense missile systems up to 17 (up to radar information from all types Work stations of the of air defense radar assets used 77 fire channels) -fighter-interceptors up to 6 regiment comman- both jointly and separately (com- Deployment time: mand posts of tactical forma- -complete set, h up to 2 der and guidance tions, radio engineering subunits, -reduced set, min up to 15 navigator

MILITARY PARADE 1994 SEPTEMBER C OCTOBER 3 AE016 ВОЕННЫЙ ПАРАД

equipment. Its automated work - reception, processing, and - registration of battle perfor- station is provided with a round display of air situation on automat- mance on a tape recorder, output indicator, 45 cm in diameter, suffi- ed work station screens; of reports to the automated central cient for the display of the required - automatic reception of control center and photo registra- information. The developed infor- instructions from the command tion. mation model permits easy orien- post and transmission thereto of Types and number of con- tation in control of the grouping reports on operational readiness trolled objects. and decision-making, required for and combat actions; The "Rubezh-ME" system effective conduct of combat oper- - automated solution of naviga- ensures guidance of fighter-inter- ations. tional problems and problems of ceptors, types MiG-21, MiG-23, The "Senezh-M1E" automated target distribution and retargeting; MiG-25, MiG-29, MiG-31, and Su- control system differs from such - control and instrumental 29, outfitted with an appropriate foreign systems as the AN/TSQ-73 guidance of fighter-interceptors to airborne equipment. "Missile-Minder" (USA), "Normad" air targets; Number of interceptors (Great Britain), "Sage" (USA) in - automated transmission of controlled at a time (from terms of mobility, the capabilities command's and instructions on ground or air of the computer complex, a wider combat operations of interceptors alert status) up to 21 range of problems under solution, to the fighter regiment runway Number of interceptor by using various sources of infor- control posts; basing airfields up to 3 mation during its operation, the - homing of interceptors to It ensures automated control ability to control all types of air basing airfields of the fighter regi- over "Rubezh-2ME", "Senezh-E", defense weapons, and the possi- ment; "Senezh-ME", "Senezh-M1E", bility to coordinate the actions of - control over the safety of "Vector-2VE" remote guidance air defense missile systems and flights of the interceptors, which posts. fighter-interceptors. are being guided; Number of remote guid- Specifications of "Rubezh- - cooperation with neighboring ance posts controlled at a ME" Automated Control command posts of fighter regi- time up to 2 System ments or air defense missile Number of air objects han- Purpose: brigades; dled at a time up to 76 control over combat operations - automated generation of con- Power supply of system: of a fighter air regiment, as a part trol commands to information -own self- of a territorial automated grouping sources; contained power and local groupings. - drill of combat crews, not plant 380 V, 50 Hz, 100 kW Functions: involving air assets; -industrial power - centralized placing of fighter - practice in methods of con- network 380 V, 50 Hz regiment assets in combat readi- duct of combat operations in Operating characteristics ness; "Trainer" mode; of system

AIR DEFENSE GROUPING AUTOMATED CONTROL SYSTEM "SENEZH-M1E" “Military Parade” • Electronintorg ltd. AVA Multimedia Publishing Group 5Ya662 S-300PMU S-125M

4646 4616

R-997-1M R-997-2M 5Ya663 COMMAND POST "SENEZH-M1E"

MILITARY PARADE 1994 SEPTEMBER C OCTOBER 4 AE016 AIR DEFENSE

Number of automated ers while that of the runway con- the operators' work stations does work stations: trol post is placed in a stationary not exceed 70 dB. -in control shelter 4 room. The system envisages -in guidance shelter 4 The semitrailer vans are arrangement of automated work Number of additional equipped with a technological stations for the combat crew of automated work stations and sanitary ventilation, air con- command and guidance posts in (when arranged in stationary ditioning, and heating systems. A a separate stationary room (com- structure): filtering-ventilating unit installed bat control room). -for control post 2 therein prevents entry of chemi- The system boasts high relia- -for guidance post 2 cal, radioactive, and bacteriologi- bility in operation and is simple to Time of transfer to action cal agents. Provision is also made maintain. from alert status 3 min for fire alarms, light and audio The main equipment, includ- The equipment of the com- warning systems, and fire fighting ing the computer, operates on a mand and guidance posts of the equipment. stand-by basis. system is arranged on semitrail- The level of acoustic noise at (

ADDRESS: 28 Gagarina St., Ekaterinburg, Russia 620139 Phone: (3432) 44-0433, (3432) 44-0221. Fax: (3432) 44-1591. “Military Parade” • Electronintorg ltd. AVA Multimedia Publishing Group

MILITARY PARADE 1994 SEPTEMBER C OCTOBER 5 AE017 AIR DEFENSE

oday the oped and handed over for service 1960, a U-2 spy plane was shot Engineering Design 14 types of missiles, featuring a down over the Urals with this mis- Bureau "Fakel" wide range of characteristics. sile. (Torch), set up in Subsequently these missiles went 4K90 (SA-3 "Goa", SA-N-1) November 1953, through more than 30 moderniza- and its modifications - a small- ranks as one of the tions. Missiles developed at range AA missile for the AA mis- most famous and "Fakel" have been and are now in sile system S-125 and the ship- authoritative orga- service with the armed forces of board AA missile system M-1 - nizations, engaged 37 countries. the first such system adopted by in missile design in The following missiles created the Navy. Several thousand our country and by "Fakel" are well-known: planes were shot down by these abroad. Quite RS-1U, RS-2U (AA-1 "Alkali" types of missiles in various wars recently the design according to NATO classification) and local conflicts. bureau was named after its - the first guided air-to-air mis- 5V21, 5V28 (SA-5, founder Pyotr Dmitrievich siles produced in our country. "Gammon") - long-range AA mis- Grushin,T an outstanding Russian V-750 (SA-2 "Guideline", SA- siles used in the AA missile sys- scientist and academician, who N-2) or 1D (and other modifica- tem S-200 of the air defense directed the work of the bureau tions) - medium-range AA mis- troops, which are still unique in for nearly forty years. During this siles used in the first mobile AA the world. period the design bureau devel- missile system S-75. On May 1, 4K60 (SA-N-3 "Goblet") - a medium-range missile for the Design bureau developed and handed over for service Navy. 9M33 (SA-8 "Gecko", SA-N- 14 types of missiles, featuring a wide range of char- 4) - a small-range AA missile now acteristics. Subsequently these missiles went used in the AA missile system "Osa" for the ground forces and through more than 30 modernizations. "Osa-M" for the Navy. 9M330 (SA-15) - a small- range AA missile presently in service with the ground forces (the "Tor" AA missile system) and the Navy (the "Klinok" AA missile system). The "Fakel" design bureau has also made a substantial contribution to the creation and consolidation of the country's anti- missile defense system. The V- 100 was the world's first missile Vladimir Svetlov which hit on March 4, 1961 the forebody of a long-range ballistic missile with its fragmenting war-

head. “Military Parade” • Electronintorg ltd. AVA Multimedia Publishing Group At present the design bureau is conducting R & D into the cre- "FAKEL" ation of new AA missiles capable of effectively fighting diverse means of air attack, such as anti- ship and antiradar missiles, guid- AND ITS MISSILES ed bombs, tactical as well as $ Vladimir Svetlov $ General Designer, "Fakel" Design Bureau operational-tactical ballistic mis- $ Vladimir Korovin $ Leading Engineer siles. The missiles, created by the

MILITARY PARADE 1994 SEPTEMBER C OCTOBER 1 AE017 ВОЕННЫЙ ПАРАД

"Fakel" design bureau, were come. One such trend led to the included in the S-300PMU AA development of a sealed trans- 1. missile system of the air defense porting-launching container, The 4K90 missile for troops and the "Rif" shipboard AA which the missile is kept in during the "Volna" system missile system. its service and which it is Work on the first missile of launched from. This container 2. this series, designated 5V55, got became an integral part of the

The 5V28 missile for under way at "Fakel" in the late missile. “Military Parade” • Electronintorg ltd. AVA Multimedia Publishing Group the S-200 system 1960s. The vast experience accu- For missile guidance the

3. mulated by designers by that designers selected an upgraded time, coupled with their constant radio command method, whereby The 4SN6E missile search for new solutions, enabled radio-command guidance at the for the S-300 PMU- them to create a truly outstanding initial and midcourse phase was 1 system missile. It incorporated the most organically combined with the so- progressive achievements in this called "missile tracking" at termi- 4. field and anticipated virtually all nal phase. This guidance princi- Layout of the 48N6E main trends in air defense missile ple made the entire system prac- missile engineering for many decades to tically immune to various elec-

MILITARY PARADE 1994 SEPTEMBER C OCTOBER 2 AE017 AIR DEFENSE tronic countermeasures and 5. enabled the missile to fly along a The equipment minimum-fuel path and ensured compartment and effective target destruction. On the basis of the results, warhead of the obtained from the blowdown of 5V55 missile in the the models and the prototype S-300 PMU system tests, the designers adopted a wingless arrangement for the 6. 5V55. The principal control ele- The tail section of ments of the missile are four the 5V55 missile small folding air vanes. Naturally, 7. use of a "pencil" design of this kind posed many problems for A stand for testing the designers of the control the missile's equipment, autopilot and vane onboard equipment actuators. However, the missile could be accommodated in a in simulated aero- cylindrical transporting-launching dynamic heating container, not much larger than conditions the missile itself. The operational requirements for the 5V55 in the air defense troops and on naval ships and the need for a high rate of fire neces- designers of "Fakel" thoroughly sitated a number of solutions to analyzed various methods of expedite the prelaunch opera- forced launch and chose the cat- tions and reduce the time taken apult version. The catapult oper- by the missile to go into target ates from hot gas produced by a trajectory. A crucial role is played gas generator located in the con- by the provisions for forced verti- tainer. cal launch from the transporting- The sustainer engine is start- launching container - a new fea- ed, after the missile has been ture for this type of missiles. This catapulted to a height of 20-25 substantially increased the rate of meters. This minimizes the expo- fire of the system (because all sure of nearby elements of the missiles are kept directly on the missile system and ship super- launchers ready for immediate structures to the gas stream and launching); provided the means enhances the operational reliabil- for all-round air defense against ity of the entire system, particu- aircraft and missiles flying from larly on board ship (the sustainer any direction; made it possible to engine is not started inside the production. Consequently, a use highly limited spaces on ship's missile compartment). highly efficient technological “Military Parade” • Electronintorg ltd. AVA Multimedia Publishing Group board a combat ship to the best Once the engine has been start- method of reverse extrusion was advantage (with a corresponding ed, a special gas-dynamic control used to fabricate the cylindrical increase in the number of mis- system - gas vanes located in the body of the solid-propellant siles carried by the ship); and nozzle part of the engine - quick- engine - a massive and heavily reduced the "no-launch" zone, ly turns the missile and puts it loaded structure made from a as, when missiles are launched into a guidance path. high strength aluminium alloy. from ships along an inclined tra- Many technical innovations However, the most important jectory, they must fly clear of the were realized by the specialists of fact about the 5V55 is that it is ship's superstructures. "Fakel", together with several the first missile in our country Working on the 5V55, the allied enterprises during missile and the whole world featuring the

MILITARY PARADE 1994 SEPTEMBER C OCTOBER 3 AE017 ВОЕННЫЙ ПАРАД

and loads likely to be encountered by the missile both in service and flight. The specialists of "Fakel" have devised unique techniques to accelerate operational-life and transport tests, which allow the duration and cost of the tests to be reduced dozens of times. These tests were used to develop "guaranteed reliability", which has become a hallmark of the missiles designed by "Fakel" (not only the 5V55, but also the 9M330 and all principle of guaranteed reliability, various types. No efforts were later models). incorporated in its design when it spared in carrying out ground tests The first results obtained by was created. As a result, the mis- of the units and assemblies of the "Fakel" in this area already sile can remain in service without missiles with full-scale simulation revealed how correct and promis- maintenance for up to 10 years, of the real conditions, which ing its choice was. Guaranteed becoming a kind of "fixed car- appear in the course of their ser- reliability significantly raised the tridge". This was made possible by vice and combat employment. The value of the missile as a weapon a whole system of measures, possibilities available to missile system, considerably simplified its aimed at preventing the appear- designers at the "Fakel", quite fan- maintenance and ensured a ance of any faults, which may tastic as they may have seemed in marked reduction in maintenance cause failures or various emergen- the recent past, increased even personnel. cies during missile service. more, when a unique test center In 1979 the state trials of the To maximize the efficiency of was commissioned at the design 5V55 were completed and the mis- their work, the designers of the bureau. Its laboratories are sile was adopted by the air defense 5V55 critically reviewed the entire equipped to perform a wide range troops (as a part of the S-300PMU missile development cycle and of tests: thermal, climatic, special system). A short time later, after thoroughly analyzed the launches radiotechnical, etc. Here it is pos- completion of the missile trials in of several thousand missiles of sible to fully simulate all conditions the "Rif" AA missile system, carried out on a large submarine chaser MAIN CHARACTERISTICS OF THE 5V55 AND 48N6E MISSILES "Azov" in the Black Sea, the 5V55 5V55 48N6E was adopted for use on the most Characteristic 90 150 up-to-date naval ships - the 0.025 0.025 Maximum range, km nuclear-powered missile cruisers Maximum target destruction height Maximum flying altitude of and the "Slava" type cruisers. The 8. combat aircraft Minimum target destruction height, km foreign designation given to the 1,300 2,800 A stand for carrying Maximum target speed, m/sec missile was SA-10 "Grumble" (in Weight of warhead, kg 133 143 out heat-strength the S-300PMU system) and SA-N- Missile length, m 7.25 7.5 tests of the rocket Available g-loading - 25 6 (in the "Rif" system). In the early 1980s, the 5V55 body was one of the most advanced “Military Parade” • Electronintorg ltd. AVA Multimedia Publishing Group 9. missiles in the world. However, the A stand for per- progress of our radioelectronic engineering and appearance of forming transporta- new materials, which enabled the tion tests of the designers and product engineers rocket to reduce the weight of the missile

10. elements ensured marked improvements in the characteris- The echo-free tics of the 5V55. Most importantly, chamber its flight range was doubled by the

MILITARY PARADE 1994 SEPTEMBER C OCTOBER 4 AE017 AIR DEFENSE installation of a more efficient ing altitudes. The fact that the system). At present it is new engine. The dimensions missile could now effectively unequalled in terms of capabili- and launch weight of the mis- intercept difficult targets, such ties and has no analogues in sile, which was designated as tactical and tactical-opera- this class of missiles. In many 48N6E, remained almost tional missiles, was crucial. In characteristics it is also superior unchanged: it could be accom- 1991 alone, during test range to the missile of the US AA sys- modated in the same container. launches, the 48N6E destroyed tem "Patriot." The demonstra- Improvements in the on-board four tactical missiles. tion launches of the 48N6E and equipment and guidance tech- Today the 48N6E has been 9M330 missiles of "Fakel", car- niques allowed the 48N6E to adopted by the air defense ried out in February 1993 at the effectively engage targets flying troops (as a part of the modern- international weapons exhibition at speeds of up to 10,000 km/h ized system S-300PMU-1) and in Abu Dhabi (UAE), were within a wide range of their fly- the Navy (as a part of the "Rif" extremely successful. ( “Military Parade” • Electronintorg ltd. AVA Multimedia Publishing Group

MILITARY PARADE 1994 SEPTEMBER C OCTOBER 5 AE018 ARMY

The Research Engineering Institute ensuring overlapping ranges during fir- (NIMI) is the leading enterprise in ing at minimum and maximum ranges. Russia and the CIS, which produces Owing to their versatile features, the artillery rounds for towed and self-pro- HE projectiles provide basic ammuni- pelled artillery of the Ground Forces. tion for field artillery pieces. The While developing new artillery artillery rounds of 100 mm caliber and rounds, their developers try to increase over are developed for the HE projec- their target effect, range of fire and tiles of increased lethality, filled with accuracy. Research and design is car- hexagen (A-IX-2) explosive charges by ried out, relying on breakthroughs in the batch compaction method. TNT can present-day science and technology. be used as an alternative explosive. The Institute’s specialists devel- In addition, the HE projectiles (rock- oped and continue to improve ammuni- et-assisted or base-bleed), increasing Vladimir KIREEV tion for field artillery systems, ranging range of fire by 20-30%, are developed President of the Russian from 76 mm to 203 mm to annihilate for artillery systems, including D-20, Academy of Rocket and manpower, destroy armor targets and ML-20, 2S3M, 2A65, 2S19, 2A36, 2S5 Artillery Sciences demolish various fortifications. Apart and 2S7. To meet present-day demands from HE projectiles, there are full-cal- on all artillery systems of the 152 mm CONTACT FOR DETAILS: iber armor-piercing cavity and solid caliber, our Institute has developed a projectiles, spin- and fin-stabilized more powerful HE projectile with an IN RUSSIA, MOSCOW: HEAT projectiles, illumination and improved aerodynamic configuration; Phone: (095) 452-1172 smoke projectiles, concrete-piercing its standard body is made of high- Fax: (095) 452-0722 projectiles (152-mm and more), train- grade, non-heat-treated, high-frag- IN GERMANY, COLOGNE: ing projectiles and others. mentation steel with a copper-nickel Phone: (221) 21-08-42 All artillery rounds of up to 100 mm alloy plasma-jet hard-faced driving are developed as fixed-loaded projec- band. Fax: (221) 21-08-43 tiles; artillery rounds of 120 mm, 130 HE artillery rounds of 122 mm, 130 IN FRANCE, PARIS: mm and 152 mm are separate-loaded mm and 152 mm caliber can be fitted Phone: (1) 47274139 ammunition. both impact and proximity fuzes. The Fax: (1) 45536856 Artillery rounds, greater than 100 latter can increase the target effect of mm, incorporate variable propelling the projectile 1.5-2.0 times, compared charges, designed to meet the require- to the former. ments of ballistic scale of velocities, The artillery rounds with cargo pro-

Artillery rounds with HE increased lethality projectiles. Caliber, Name of the system: Model Model Maximum mm towed self-propelled of a round of a projectile range, km 100 BS-3 100-SU 3UOF10/3UOF11 30F32 20.6 BMP-3 3UOF17 Same up to 4* 122 M-30 - 3VOF80 30F56 12 1 D-30 2S1 3VOF81/3VOF82 Same 5.3 130 M-46 - 3VOF43/3VOF44 30F33 27.5 152 D-1 - 3VOF101 30F66 12 D-20, ML-20 2S3M 3VOF32/3VOF33 30F25 17.4 3VOF97/3VOF98 30V64 18.5 2A36 2S5 3VOF39/3VOF40 30F29 28.3 3VOF86/3VOF87 30F59 30 2A65 2S19 3VOF72/3VOF58/3VOF73 30F45 24.7 3VOF96/3VOF97/3VOF98 30F64 Same 3VOF91 30F61 29 “Military Parade” • Electronintorg ltd. AVA Multimedia Publishing Group * Developers are trying to increase the maximum range of fire up to 7 km and power impact on targets 1.5 to 2 times. ARTILLERY ROUNDS FOR RUSSIA’S FIELD ARTILLERY

MILITARY PARADE 1994 SEPTEMBER C OCTOBER 1 projectile and OF61HEBBprojectile From lefttoright:reduced variable, fullvariableandlong-rangecharges,OF45HE Propelled andTowedHowitzers 2S19, 2S3M,D-20andML-20Self- 152 mmAmmunitionfor2A65, as technicalassistanceintheirserial know-how fortheirproduction,aswell field artilleryrounds,licensesand countries deliveriesof100-152mm are introduced. of advancedtechniquesandknow-how ment andserialproduction,anumber their production.Duringdevelop driving bandsandthelikeareusedfor sive charges,plasma-jethard-faced fragmentation steels,powerfulexplo materials andhightechnology:high- developed employingstate-of-the-art artillery ofRussianarmedforcesare tical radiocommunicationmeans. rounds withECMprojectilestojamtac Bulgarian firms,iscurrentlydeveloping gets. These roundsareusedtohitarmortar target sensors,playaspecialrole. aiming combatelements,fittedwith rounds withcargoprojectilesandself- rently underdevelopment.The152mm more powerfulHEATbombletsarecur with acargoprojectile,3-0-23, artillery rounds3VOF28and3VOF29 porating HEbomblets.Besides, with acargoprojectile,3-0-13,incor 3VOF13 and3VOF14artilleryrounds artillery systems,including152mm capacity, aredevelopedforvarious jectiles, featuringfarmorepowerfulkill AE018 MILITARY PARADE The Instituteoffersallinterested All artilleryroundsforthefield In addition,theInstitute,jointlywith ------on thermoelectricmodules. refrigerator-heating equipment,based of tubecleansing,etc.),aswell (light welding,principallynewmethod disposal ofwaste,hightechnologies logically friendlyinstallationsforthe inhalers, medicalmasks),mobileeco extension ofvertebralcolumns, equipment (massagetables,tablesfor field ofconversiontoproducemedical etc. wire forelectricdischargemachines, devices andthemanufactureofbrass tact elementsforradioelectronic automobile coolingsystemsandcon into foiltomanufactureradiatorsfor and thelike),rollingofcartridges and consumergoods(vanishes,paints explosives incommercial processing ofgunpowderandcombat parts fortheautomotiveindustry, shaped piecestoproducebushingsand ging ofprojectilebodiesintotube- been devised.Theyincludetheplug bly andutilizationofammunitionhave ammunition. Newmethodsofdisassem enterprises toensuretheutilizationof artillery pieces,ispossible. develop rounds,chamberedforNATO customer’s demand.Jointworkto new artilleryroundstofullysatisfythe production andjointworktodevelop 1994 The Institutecanworkjointlyinthe The Instituteworksjointlywithother SEPTEMBER C OCTOBER - - - - 3-0-13 HE-bombletpro 3-0-23 HEAT-bomblet round forthe BMP-3 3NS30 radiojammer 100 mm3UOF17HE IFV’s gun-launcher ARMY cargo projectile projectile jectile 2 -

“Military Parade” • Electronintorg ltd. • AVA Multimedia Publishing Group AE019 ARMY

he Russian main battle tank phased modernization of this family of by Nikolai Popov solved complicated T-80U marks a culmination tanks: technological problems, related to the of efforts at a new stage of T-80B (1978) - upgraded tank gun, production of fundamentally new units the consistent, radical mod- fire control system, guided weapon sys- and systems. ernization of the second tem, and armor protection; The T-80U tank retains specific fea- postwar generation tanks, T-80B (1980) - installation of a more tures of domestic tank building: a classi- provided with a gas turbine powerful GTD-1000TF engine (809 kW cal layout, where the primary armament engine, initiated after the rating); is housed in a rotating turret, the power adoption of the T-80 tank in T-80BV (1985) - the armor is supple- plant and transmission in the hull's rear 1976. The conceptual need mented with an explosive reactive armor section, the crew members are stationed to improve the combat and package. separately as follows: the tank comman- performance properties of During modernization, the staff of the der and gunner in the fighting compart- tanks predetermined the. design bureau (St. Petersburg), headed ment (in the vehicle's mid-section), while the driver mechanic in the driving compartment (in the hull's front section). T Despite the installation of new units and systems, which improve the tank's combat and performance characteristics, its dimensions remained approximately the same as those of the T-80BV tank. The weight increased by only 1.5 t. It still remained 9 t less than the "Leopard" 2A4 and the "Leclerc", 11 t less than the M1A1 "Abrams", and 16 t less than the "Challenger". Compared with the M1A1, the T-80U tank hull is 996 mm shorter, 238 mm lower, and 32 mm narrower. A high level of tank firepower is attained by better jamming immunity of the fire control system (FCS), increased The T-8OU tank retains specific features of domes- range and higher fire accuracy, higher ammunition power, and reduced prepa- tic tank building: a classical layout, where the pri- ration time for firing the first and succes- mary armament is housed in a rotating turret, the sive rounds. The primary armament of the T-80U power plant and transmission in the hull's rear sec- is a 125-mm increased-accuracy, high- ballistics, smooth-bore gun-launcher tion, the crew members are stationed separately. 2A46M-1. It is stabilized in two planes and loaded by an automatic loader, whose mechanized rack accommodates the first priority rounds (62% of the ammunition load). RUSSIAN The gun is provided with a thermal “Military Parade” • Electronintorg ltd. AVA Multimedia Publishing Group jacket and built-in device for checking the gunner's sight for collimation; the MAIN BATTLE TANK gun tube and breech ring provide for quick disconnection. This permits replacement of the tube in the field, without removing the gun from the turret. T-80U The ammunition allowance is traditional: separate-case rounds with hyper- $ Vyacheslav Yeliseyev, Pyotr Shantsev $ velocity armor-piercing (HVAP), high- explosive anti-tank (HEAT), and high-

MILITARY PARADE 1994 SEPTEMBER C OCTOBER 1 AE019 ВОЕННЫЙ ПАРАД explosive (HE) projectiles. The missile control channel, and HVAP projectile of the gun has a sight-to-gun collimation device, muzzle velocity of 1,715 m/s and permits the gunner to detect is capable of killing heavily tank-type targets at distances of armored targets at an effective up to 5,000 m and find their (point blank) range of 2,200 m. ranges. The sight stabilizes the The tank gun capabilities of gunner's field of vision in two engaging armored targets and planes, independent of the gun. low- flying helicopters are Its pancreatic system changes enlarged by the use of the the magnifying power of the opti- "Reflex" guided weapon system cal channel from 3.6 to 12X. (GWS). Its laser-guided missile At night, the gunner seeks has a hollow-charge warhead, is out battlefield targets and takes rammed to the gun bore by an 1. automatic loader, and fired from The T-80U main the gun barrel. The missile control system, battle tank simple in use, guides the missile 2. to a tank type target in mobile or 9M119 tank-borne stationary fire with a probability of guided missile 0.8 at firing ranges of 100 to 4,000 m and with a probability of 3. 0.7 at firing ranges of 4,000 to The "Buran-PA" 5,000 m. The guided weapon sys- night sight (at left) tem is protected against jamming and electronic countermeasures. and "Irtysh" day The combat properties of the sight-rangefinder-

"Reflex" guided weapon system guidance unit were highly appreciated by spe- 4. cialists during demonstration firings in Abu-Dhabi in 1993. The PNK-4S com- The secondary armament is a mander's day-night coaxial 7.62-mm Kalashnikov sight-viewer com- tank machine gun with an ammunition allowance of 1,250 car- plex tridges. A 12.7-mm NSVT anti- 5. aircraft machine gun (additional An explosion reac- armament) is installed on the tur- aim with the help of a "Buran-PA" mal) radiation within a range of tive armor package ret in one of the three sockets. Its integrated active-passive sight wavelengths, corresponding to ammunition allowance is 500 car- with a stabilized field of view. the windows of atmospheric tridges. The up-to-date fire con- The tank commander transparency. The commander trol system allows the gunner and observes the battlefield, controls uses the channel of this sight to the commander to search for and and fires the tank gun and the solve his own problems. This “Military Parade” • Electronintorg ltd. AVA Multimedia Publishing Group track targets, lay and stabilize the coaxial machine gun, and also device becomes far more useful armament (excluding the anti-air- designates targets to the gunner craft machine gun), deliver aimed via the PNK-4S day-night sight- stationary and mobile fire both viewer complex, whose field of day and night, launch and auto- view is stabilized in the vertical matically guide a missile; it also plane. permits the commander to assign The gunner's thermal sight targets. considerably increases the range The "Irtysh" day optical sight, of target detection and identifica- with a built-in laser rangefinder, tion, generating infrared (ther-

MILITARY PARADE 1994 SEPTEMBER C OCTOBER 2 AE019 ARMY

certain positions of the tank gun. are made in the form of combined The required level of tank armor barriers. The hull sides are protection against conventional reinforced by rubberized fabric weapons (projectiles, splinters, skirts with steel cover plates in ATGM warheads, mines, etc.) is the front portion, intended for attained by development work protection against HEAT projec- carried out along the following tiles. A considerable contribution lines. to anti-projectile resistance of the First of all, it constitutes a set T-80U is made by explosive reac- of arrangement, design, and pro- tive armor (ERA) plates, which duction process measures to cover more than 50% of the reduce the probability of detect- external surface of the tank bow, ing and hitting a tank. Special sides, and roof. The combination camouflage painting distorts the of the armor and ERA package tank appearance in the visible defeats virtually all types of the and infrared ranges of the elec- most popular hollow-charge anti- tromagnetic spectrum of reflect- tank weapons and reduces the ed radiation. The rear positioning armor-piercing effect of kinetic of the power plant compartment energy projectiles. (PPC), backward exhaust and A great deal of attention is low-level noise of the running tur- accorded to measures to ensure bine of the gas turbine engine the tank resistance against anti- during combat operations in lim- (GTE), the availability of an addi- tank weapons in the event of pen- ited visibility (smoke screens, tional power unit, used in certain etration of the armor. The mea- dust, haze, thick fog). combat conditions, instead of the sures include the following: dis- The tank digital electronic main engine, as well as the ther- position of a bulk of the ammuni- ballistic computer considers cor- mal sight make the tank virtually tion load below the turret race rections for a target range and indiscernible in the thermal and ring in the fighting compartment flank velocity, tank speed, the audible ranges of electromagnet- and placement of a portion of fuel gun trunnion cant angle, gun ic radiation. The low silhouette, (about 40% of the entire capacity bore wear, an ambient air tem- entrenching equipment, and of the fuel tanks in the tank hull) perature, atmospheric pressure smoke- screening with the help of in the power plant compartment; and cross wind and increases the the smoke generating equipment installation of an electric engine accuracy of the laying of the pri- and smoke grenade launchers of drive of the turret instead of an mary and secondary armament. the 902B "Tucha" system not only electrohydraulic one; employ- The employment of the automatic prevent detection of the tank on ment of the "Iney" fast-acting loader made it possible to attain a the battlefield: they also diminish automatic fire fighting equipment high rate of fire (7 or 8 the possibility of delivering aimed (FFE). The fast action and relia- rounds/min), as distinguished fire at the tank. An attached mine bility of the FFE and the flame from many foreign tanks (exclud- sweeper forestalls the explosion suppressing agent used do not ing the French "Leclerc" tank, the of mines under the tank belly and provide for the ignition of fuel-air Japanese type 90, and the tracks. mixture to turn into fire and

Swedish Strv-103B tank). The A package of design mea- explosion of the fuel. “Military Parade” • Electronintorg ltd. AVA Multimedia Publishing Group arrangement of the mechanized sures of another direction is used For protection against mines, stowage rack, below the turret to achieve the requisite level of the seat of the driver mechanic is

6. race ring, reduces tank vulnera- tank resistance against the suspended from the turret plat- bility in the event of damage to impact of projectiles. For this form, and the hull stiffness in the Upper front section the armor. The design of split purpose, the window apertures of area of the driving compartment of the hull trays of the automatic loader sighting devices are made rela- is reinforced by a pillar, located 7. rotary conveyor contemplates tively small. The frontal elements behind the driver seat. quick removal of two trays for the of the welded hull and one-piece The means supplementing GTE-1250 gas tur- driver mechanic to pass to the cast turret (within a course angle the protection of the vehicle and bine engine fighting compartment and back at of approximately +35 degrees) its crew against mass destruction

MILITARY PARADE 1994 SEPTEMBER C OCTOBER 3 AE019 ВОЕННЫЙ ПАРАД weapons, and from nuclear any additional adjustments, dur- weapons in particular, include ing changeover from one type of special outer and inner shieldings fuel to another. All tanks may be made of hydrogen-containing fueled to full capacity within 12 polymers with additives of lead, and 15 min. lithium, and boron and local pro- The air cleaning system is tection screens made of heavy considered a weak point of gas metals, as well as special equip- turbine power plants of AGT-1500 ment. Owing to multiple attenua- type transport vehicles (USA), tion of penetrating radiation after provided with axial compressors a nuclear explosion and radioac- and a heat exchanger. However, tive radiation on the contaminat- ed terrain, as well as automatic pressurization of the habitable compartments and purification of the supplied air, the crew can conduct prolonged combat operations in the nuclear environment. Mobility is considered an important combat property of the tank. It is ensured by the power plant, transmission and running gear. The power plant of the T- the centrifugal wheels of the flow duct from dust deposits, 80U tank is an integrated com- compressors and absence of a supplies compressed air to the plex of the GTD-1250 gas turbine heat exchanger in the GTD-1250 dual- channel fuel injectors dur- engine, various systems and spe- permitted the designers to avoid ing engine starts, with the use of cial equipment, ensuring its func- this drawback and attain a high diesel fuel or its mixtures with 8. tioning in various operating con- degree of air cleaning (approxi- kerosene, purges the fuel lines Transmission unit ditions. mately 98.5%). The air cleaning during engine shutdown, and lays 9. The engine with a rating of system supplies air to the engine a concealing smoke screen. 919 kW is housed as a monoblock and the nozzle assembly of the The power plant is simple to A running gear unit in the power plant compart- high pressure turbine and also control. The controlled nozzle detail ment and installed on two fixed guides air to the power plant assembly is used for the engine 10. and one movable support, compartment accessories for braking of the vehicle, gearshift- enabling the crew, if load lifting their cooling, and to the cavities ing in transmission, and limiting The tank negotiates facilities are available, to replace of the front drive box and first the speed of the power turbine. a water barrier a failed engine, even in field con- support of the low-pressure com- ditions, in under three hours. It pressor. In this way the power uses a three-shaft arrangement plant compartment is pressurized with two independent low- and against the entry of dust. Tests of high-pressure turbocompressors, the T-80U in deserts and in loess a circular combustion chamber, dustiness conditions confirmed “Military Parade” • Electronintorg ltd. AVA Multimedia Publishing Group and a free power turbine without the high effectiveness of the a heat exchanger. aforementioned approaches. The fuel system has a filling The engine is provided with capacity of 1,840 ltr. Diesel fuel an air cooling system. The engine is the main fuel, kerosene dupli- is reliably started by vehicle stor- cate and gasoline the reserve age batteries, a self-contained fuel. The gas turbine engine can power unit, or an external power also operate on mixtures of dif- source (a similar vehicle). ferent fuels. Unlike multifuel pis- The special equipment of the ton engines, it does not require power plant clears the engine air

MILITARY PARADE 1994 SEPTEMBER C OCTOBER 4 AE019 ARMY

The absence of mechanical link- pendent operation in a defensive with a rubber-covered path for age between the latter and the battle and ambush and also sav- twelve split rubber-tired road turbocompressors increases the ings on the service life of the wheels with aluminum disks, ten vehicle cross-country ability on main engine. externally cushioned support the ground with low supporting The tank transmission is rollers, two all-metal idler wheels, power and in heavy traffic condi- mechanical. It contains two plan- two driving sprockets, and two tions and does not lead to engine etary units and hydraulic systems worm track tensioners. The cater- stalling (shutdown), if the vehicle for lubrication and servocontrol. pillar drive is characterized by suddenly halts with a gear Four forward gears and one high degrees of trouble-free engaged. All these factors simpli- reverse gear, the high reliability operation (durability) and reten- fy the training of driver mechan- of the friction devices operating tion of the tracks from dropping ics. in oil with steel-on-cermet fric- the driving sprockets, simple Despite an increase in tank tion, and hydrodynamic decelera- maintenance and low labor weight by 1.5 t, the economical tions, as well as the disk stopping requirements for elimination of operation of the power plant brakes fully adapt the engine failures, and preservation of qual- made it possible to retain the characteristics to the external ity of materials used. cruising range at the level of the conditions of rectilinear and The second element of the T-80BV and M1A1 with a fuel tank curvilinear motion of the tank. running gear, the springing sys- capacity 160 ltr less than the lat- The composition of the T- tem, is an individual suspension ter tank. In addition, the GTA-18A 80U's running gear is traditional. on non-coaxial torsion bars with auxiliary power unit provides for The caterpillar drive includes two hydraulic direct-action shock fuel economies during its inde- short-link rubber-bushed tracks absorbers on the first, second, Technical Data Index T-80U M1A1 "Abrams" "Leopard"-2A4 "Challenger" "Leclerc" (Russia) (USA) (Germany) M1 (GB) (France) Tank weight, t 46.0 57.1 55.2 62.0 54.5 Crew, men 3 4 4 4 3 Gun: caliber and type 125-mm 120-mm SBG 120-mm SBG 120-mm RBG 120-mm SBG SBG-1chr Ammo load, rounds (in autoloader inclusive) 45 (28) 40 42 64 40 (22) Guided weapon 9K119 "Reflex" Thermal sight avail avail avai avail avail Range of night vision, m 2600 2000 2000 2000 - Stabilizer electrohydraulic in electrohydraulic electromechanical elevation and electromechanical in traverse Rangefinder laser laser laser laser laser Ballistic computer electronic electronic electronic electronic electronic Smoke grenade launchers, pc 8 12 16 10 6 Armor protection: -front of hull and turret combined -sides spaced Explosive reactive armor avail none none none avail Engine: “Military Parade” • Electronintorg ltd. AVA Multimedia Publishing Group -type GTE GTE diesel diesel diesel -rating, kW 919 (1250) 1,100(1.500) 1,100 (1,500) 882 (1,200) 1,100(1,500) Auxiliary power unit GTE Rotor-piston none avail main engine engine supercharging unit Maximum speed, km/h 70 68 68 56 71 Cruising range on highway, km 430 460 450 500 550 Fuel tank capacity, ltr 1,840 2,000 1,200 1,592 1,300 Mean ground pressure, kgf/cm2 0.925 0.930 0.850 0.960 0.900 Water barrier depth, m: -fording w/o preparation 1.8 1.2 1.2 1.1 1.0 -submerged crossing with USCE 5.0 4.0 4.0 5.0 2.3

MILITARY PARADE 1994 SEPTEMBER C OCTOBER 5 AE019 ВОЕННЫЙ ПАРАД and sixth suspension assemblies (USCE) allow the tank to negoti- that the Russian tank boasts a and metal stops. The suspension ate fords up to 1.8 m deep on the high cross-country ability, is easy is simple in design, maintenance, move without preparation and to handle and prepare for com- and repair. Owing to a large cross water barriers up to five bat, and reliable. According to dynamic motion of the road meters deep (while submerged) specialists, the power plant, wheels and rubber-on-rubber without limitation on width after transmission and running gear rolling, the running gear exerts a due preparation. were sufficiently tailored for low negative influence on tank Demonstration runs of the Swedish conditions. Only com- rapidity, reduces the vibration of M1A1 "Abrams" and T-80U tanks mercial considerations predeter- the tank during its movement at in Abu Dhabi displayed better mined the decision of the high speed, and creates the req- running qualities of the latter in Swedish government to buy uisite ergonomic conditions for drives on straight stretches with German "Leopards". the crew's activity. irregularities and making turns. The domestic T-80 main bat- The vehicle boasts superior Running tests, carried out by tle tank, incorporating a whole "water-going" qualities. The Swedish crews for half a year, range of new scientific and tech- unique design of the air intake which involved drives through nical achievements of domestic device and on-vehicle underwater ravines and snow drifts near the tank building in firepower, pro- stream-crossing equipment Polar circle, once again proved tection, and mobility and fitted “Military Parade” • Electronintorg ltd. AVA Multimedia Publishing Group

MILITARY PARADE 1994 SEPTEMBER C OCTOBER 6 AE020 ARMY

n 1972 the International Defence Review journal report- ed that American com- "RIBBON BRIDGE" panies had started manufacturing "Ribbon Bridge" pontoon parks. The report FROM RUSSIA read that it took a $ Analoly Dokuchayev $ team of 46 men 50 minutes to assemble a 122-meter bridge with PMP parks meet modem requirements to this day and a load capacity of 54 tons from a complete pontoon effectively discharge their functions in the armed park. It did not mention the fact, forces. This has not prevented the army, however, however,I that specialists call the Ribbon Bridge a Russian park. from bringing in the more advanced PP-91 and PPS- Small wonder, for the American model is a carbon copy of the 84 pontoon parks. They have essentially the same Russian pontoon bridge park (PMP). Its pontoons are trans- river and shore pontoons, but the new modifications ported in the same preassembled have a higher load and traffic capacity. form on special pontoon carriers. When dropped into the water, the Ribbon Bridges for the of a such high caliber. It was the pontoons automatically open in a Bundeswehr. The "Pioneer" jour- only park, which could erect matter of seconds, forming a pre- nal noted: "We have had to adopt bridges for loads of up to 60 tons. pared section of a bridge or ferry. a Soviet-designed American The heavy-duty pontoon bridge To move sections through the park". Russian pontoon bridge park, TMP, was even better. After water, tow ferries and keep the parks have enjoyed a good repu- the war Soviet designers devel- assembled bridge in place in a tation in the world for a long time. oped the TPP heavy pontoon strong current, the park also The pre-war heavy pontoon park park, again the best in the world. includes bridge-erection boats. In N2P proved its remarkable worth It could take on loads of 16, 50 1978, under a license bought at many water crossings during and 70 tons on rivers of different from the USA, a West European World War II. No other army width. company started turning out involved in the war had anything In time, however, demand “Military Parade” • Electronintorg ltd. AVA Multimedia Publishing Group

MILITARY PARADE 1994 SEPTEMBER C OCTOBER 1 AE020 ВОЕННЫЙ ПАРАД

The 6.75-meter folding unit helped reduce the number of operations performed by pontoniers in the erection of a double-track 60-ton bridge from 526, as with the TPP park, which was the best in the world at that time, to 6, and with the linking of the bridge into a line - to 8 opera- General designer tions. The time costs and number of the PMP-1 system Yuri Glazunov of pontoniers and trucks in the park decreased 4 to 5 times. erect the crossing and a large The PMP forced its way number of pontoniers and pon- through long and hard. It was toon trucks. only after 12 years that the The new method made it pos- design was handed over to indus- sible to resolve in the optimal way try. By that time Colonel Boris the problem of erecting ribbon Comarov had joined the research bridges and ribbon ferries section of the project. Vladimir assembled from the main stan- Savelyev took over the dard modules of the pontoon park hydraulics, Colonel Mikhail in the form of cross-collapsible Mikhailov and designer Arkady developed for even more trough-shaped quadri-partite Kriksunov took charge of the advanced engineering equip- bridge pontoons. Pontoons were design and assembly of an exper- ment. In 1947, the senior simply rolled off the truck into the imental unit, while Andrei researcher Yuri Glazunov from water, where they automatically Fadeyev handled the actual the Engineering Research unfolded under the effect of grav- design and assembly of a pilot Institute of the USSR Ministry of ity and with the help of two small unit at the design bureau of the Defense received a research and torsion bars. "Oka" plant (the latter was design assignment for a mechanized pontoon park. Normally, the research part consisted in the gathering, systematization, classification and analysis of available information on all pontoon parks 1. of the world. The pure design part followed. Glazunov realized that The artillery crosses in this way the park characteris- the river over the tics could be improved by 10- bridge 30%, but he wanted to upgrade

2. them 2 to 4 times. This could only be achieved on the basis of a A truck with a BMK- novel, truly scientific approach. “Military Parade” • Electronintorg ltd. AVA Multimedia Publishing Group T tow boat Glazunov managed to develop a 3. new method called technonomics (an analogy of the terms econom- A pontoon truck ics and ergonomics). with a river pontoon All previous pontoon parks 4. consisted of floating supports:

A pontoon truck pontoons, where the superstructure was placed: the balks, deck with a shore pon- panels and treadway. This toon required considerable time to

MILITARY PARADE 1994 SEPTEMBER C OCTOBER 2 AE020 ARMY appointed chief project designer, together with Glazurnov and was likewise awarded a Lenin Prize). The project also involved Viktor Zheludyanov, Nikolai Makurin, Vasili Trefilov and many other designers and engineers. The labor efficiency of a pontonier in the work with the PMP soared more than 70 times, compared to the TPP and 120 times compared to the best foreign park, M4T6 (USA). Work, formerly carried out by a regiment of pontoniers, could be easily handled by a battalion. One of the officers who saw the ribbon bridge in action for the first time involuntarily exclaimed: "So what is left for us, the pontoniers, to do?" In 1963 six designers and production engineers were awarded a Lenin Prize for the development of the PMP. The PMP "saw action" for the first time during army exercises in the Group of Soviet Forces in Germany in 1960. In subsequent years it was used in all major exercises of our armed forces. Many countries buy the PMP from the USSR and organize licensed production. Vietnam. Units of the national army were advancing to the south (by the end of the war the Americans had lost the initiative), but there were major water obstacles in their way. So a telegram was sent to Moscow: we need pontoon bridges. The request was granted and day of the offensive. A 40,000- entirely due to the PMPs. The

Vietnamese regiments started man strong force waited for a sig- whole operation took about ten “Military Parade” • Electronintorg ltd. AVA Multimedia Publishing Group appearing all of a sudden, sur- nal. By the number of pontoon hours. At night the parks were prising the enemy in the most parks, however, Israeli intelli- airlifted to the Canal area and in 5. unexpected places. gence figured out the enemy's the morning ribbon bridges Dropping of a pon- The PMP played a significant strength and time it would take spanned the banks of the Canal, role in the 1973 Arab-Israeli war. the enemy to cross the Canal and which came as a complete sur- toon in water The Arabs' plan provided for sur- took the appropriate countermea- prise for the Israeli army. Then 6,7. prise actions in the Suez Canal sures. the advance of the Egyptian army The pontoon auto- area: a flash crossing of the On October 6 the Egyptians began. matically opens in Canal and the advance to the suddenly crossed the Canal any- After 1972 hydrodynamic Mitla-Giddy line in the 7th to 8th way. The surprise effect was shields were added to the PMP water

MILITARY PARADE 1994 SEPTEMBER C OCTOBER 3 AE020 ВОЕННЫЙ ПАРАД

from the ribbon bridge has been earned by other countries. According to the reputable Jane's Yearbook, the West German company EWK manufactures a steel variant of the ribbon bridge, analogous in terms of design to the Soviet PMP park. One set is already in operation in Egypt. It follows from the report that a park has been specially designed for export to African countries. There are purely peaceful deeds on the PMP's record too. The ribbon design. They were proposed by had a shallower draft, so that the bridge has been repeatedly used in hydraulics expert Vladimir Savelyev bridge would remain intact. In con- rescue operations to save people in and were successfully tested in trast the hydrodynamic shields of distress. A flood can pull down a 1950 with the ribbon bridge of the Vladimir Savelyev make it possible to bridge, which will take a long time to N2P and TMP parks and then with raise the bridge's load capacity with restore. This marks one of the many the experimental model of the PMP stronger currents. It was as if he cases, where the PMP is irreplace- (then called MMP) in 1953. The forced the energy of the current to able. essence of the new design goes as prop up the bridge. PMP parks meet modern follows. The ribbon bridge is a dam At one stage the potential requirements to this day and effec- on the river. It was believed that with patenting of the bridge was dis- tively discharge their functions in a strong current it would block the cussed. However it was eventually the armed forces. This has not pre- river and then sink. In other words, decided that military requirements vented the army, however, from the hydraulic problems looked mon- did not require any patents. As a bringing in the more advanced PP- umental. In the USA, however, they result, it remained a state idea. The 91 and PPS-84 pontoon parks. They resolved it in the following way. The only good news is that it is precisely have essentially the same river and stronger the current, the lower load a Russian idea which travels around shore pontoons, but the new modifi- capacity was preassigned for the the world. cations have a higher load and traf- pontoon park, which means that it In the meantime hard currency fic capacity. (

8. OUR REFERENCE: “Military Parade” • Electronintorg ltd. AVA Multimedia Publishing Group Locking the pontoon with deck PMP The bridge from the PMP park is a kind of continuous floating ribbon and latches the carriage ferry is a part of that ribbon of varying length, depending on 9. the load capacity. There are 32 river and 4 shore pontoons in the PMP set, Folding up a pon- which are carried by KrAZ-214 trucks. The elements of the set are used to toon build bridges with a load capacity of 60 and 20 tons and a length of 227 and 382 meters, respectively, as well as ferries with a load capacity of 20 10. to 170 tons. With the transition from a large number of "loose" elements Loading a pontoon to preassembled sections, which are whole pieces, consisting of a floating

MILITARY PARADE 1994 SEPTEMBER C OCTOBER 4 AE020 ARMY support and a superstructure, the time needed to erect bridges and assemble ferries contracted 3-4 times in the PMP park, compared to the TPP park which had long been the main park in the Soviet army, while the number of pontoniers was reduced almost five times. It took 3.5 to 3.7 man-hours to erect a 1-meter section of a heavy bridge from the TPP park, whereas the rate is 0.19 to 0.22 man-hour for the PMP park. The number of trucks required for the transportation of the park has also sharply decreased. In the PMP park the floating elements are carried by 32 trucks, compared to 96 in the TPP park.

POTOON BRIDGE PARK (PMP) Designation Composition Load capacity in tons FERRIES BRIDGES (ferry/ bridge) Number of Number of Assembly Track Bridge Number of Erection units pontoniers time (min) width length pontoniers time (men) (m) (m) (men) (min) For bridge 32 river pontoons 20/20 Not assembled 3.29 382 102/34 50 and ferry 4 shore pontoons 40 12 6/2 8 - - - - crossings 8 trucks with 60/60 10 9/3 10 6.5 227 102/34 30 spares 80 8 12/4 12 - - - - KrAZ-42 130 4 21/7 13-15 - - - - ZIL- 8 trucks 170 4 27/9 16/20 - - - - “Military Parade” • Electronintorg ltd. AVA Multimedia Publishing Group

MILITARY PARADE 1994 SEPTEMBER C OCTOBER 5 AE021 AIR FORCE

integral system to perfect the elements of the aviation combat complexes (ACC) and the ACCs as a whole. The system comprised the following stages: mathematical modelling, half- scale modelling, ground and in- flight testing. Integrity is dictated by a set of requirements, based on the unacceptability of skipping individual stages, a unified Leonid Safronov methodological approach, the he State Scientific during the first years. For years application of methods and Test Range for the advantageous location and means to measure and record Aviation Systems unique testing equipment con- parameters which allow one to (SSTRAS) has tributed to the creation and identify the results of measure- been operational development of aviation in this ment evaluation at different for 50 years and is country. stages of the new equipment's one of the five Over the past two decades development. The transition to major testing areas the engineering staff, engaged in the next stage is based on the for the State the development, production, evaluation of the results obtained Committee on perfection and use of aviation at the previous one. The SSTRAS Defense Industry. equipment, as well as the scien- test rigs - and there are about A special govern- tists who provided theoretical fifty - do not copy the chief ment resolution support on these stages of cre- designers' test beds. In actual accorded SSTRAS its present sta- ation of all new vehicles, con- fact, they supplement them pro- tus and name in 1993. ceived the idea of the need for an viding an opportunity to work with HistoricallyT the test range was used as a base to perform flights Historically the test range was used as aimed at perfecting aviation sights, combat load dropping a base to perform flights aimed at per- systems, etc. The site for the test range was carefully selected. It fecting aviation sights, combat load occupied a large uninhabited ter- dropping systems, etc. For years the ritory (11,000 hectares) and was close enough to the local labor advantageous location and unique test- force, major design bureaus in Moscow and the Flight Research ing equipment contributed to the cre- Institute (FRI). Apart from being ation and development of aviation in the test range's major founder, the FRI also organized work there this country. COMBAT AVIATION EQUIPMENT “Military Parade” • Electronintorg ltd. AVA Multimedia Publishing Group TESTED ON THE GROUND $ Leonid Safronov $ Director, State Scientific Test Range for Aviation Systems

MILITARY PARADE 1994 SEPTEMBER C OCTOBER 1 AE021 ВОЕННЫЙ ПАРАД loaded items and simulate their 1. The thermal test- combat use. bed The State Scientific Test Range 2. for Aviation Systems aims to carry out the ground stage of testing and A rail track for test- perfecting aviation equipment pro- ing aircraft and mis- totypes. The facilities of the sile systems SSTRAS also stipulate testing of aviation equipment at other 3. stages. For example, future equip- A test-bed for testing ment can be determined at early a target for infrared development stages during testing detectability at ballistic installations. The same installations can be used to determine the parameters of the aviation means of destruction (using mock-ups) during the mastering of the ACC's combat employment and operation. A set of propellant devices guarantees speeds of up to 5 km/s, while the presence of a barochannel on one of the four tracks greatly expands the range of simulation. At present the rigs are used to study the effect of high altitude aircraft and rockets on the Earth's ozone layer. On the whole all elements of the experimental base comply with the requirements for testing facilities. The main elements of the base will satisfy the strictest and toughest demands of the researchers and customers, while the others provide the minimum "must" for testing and perfecting the equipment. These differences are observed in the level degree of approximation of testing conditions to the conditions of operation and combat employment of samples under development, the number of “Military Parade” • Electronintorg ltd. AVA Multimedia Publishing Group automatic test control systems and measuring and parameter record- that in-flight testing is carried out and armament. ing systems, as well as in the abil- with a maximum credit co-effi- SSTRAS is a member and in ity to automatically collect and cient. some cases the main executor of process information collected dur- On the whole the tasks for avi- assignments pertinent to programs ing the tests. ation equipment ground testing for aviation equipment develop- Ground testing aims to are determined by the general ment, especially those connected upgrade the characteristics of avi- technical requirements established with experimental studies and ation equipment systems and their by the Air Force for the creation of reports on the following: elements to levels which ensure new types of military equipment - the compatibility of the flying

MILITARY PARADE 1994 SEPTEMBER C OCTOBER 2 AE021 AIR FORCE

vehicle's (FV) weapon systems, on-board equipment, etc.; - the reliability of the FV on- board equipment and missiles under comprehensive operating conditions; - the explosion-and-fire safety of the FV, its units and systems; - safe separation of loads from the carriers; - the safety of the crew and the reliability of the emergency evacuation systems; - the resistance of systems and materials to heat, erosion, light and electromagnetic effects; - the combat effectiveness of aviation destruction means; - the survivability of the FV and its elements: engines, fuel tanks, helicopter rotors, etc.; 4.

- the employment of aerosol A test-bed for testing systems for FV protection.

engines with ejector “Military Parade” • Electronintorg ltd. AVA Multimedia Publishing Group Depending on the tasks assigned, work in the afore- plant for survivability mentioned areas can be carried 5. out on individual systems and Aeroballistic track units, combined systems, as well as the ACC as a whole. with variable medium The SSTRAS researchers density have powerful instruments at stand (BES), a rig to test mate- (2,500 meters) allows one to 6. their disposal. They include a rials and units for heat resis- achieve steady-state speed A universal light sim- missile track, "Compatibility" tance, etc. segments, even for speeds of rig, ballistic tracks, big elastic The missile track length up to 660 m/s. The missile track ulation complex

MILITARY PARADE 1994 SEPTEMBER C OCTOBER 3 AE021 ВОЕННЫЙ ПАРАД

op a thrust of 100 tons. and enhance boiler efficiency. The test range has a good set The same set of rigs includes of propelling devices which can units for testing aerosol genera- ensure speeds of up to 5 km/s for tors with some of them developed 0.5 kg objects and up to 13 km/s at SSTRAS. Tests of aerosol gen- for objects weighing a few grams. erators led to the appearance of a The experimental base has provi- number of projects for the needs sions to test the survivability of of the national economy, such as the airframe, power plant, fuel generators for the defoliation of tanks and other elements and cotton, protection of potato units of a helicopter. fields, etc. During testing the objects are The aforementioned testing exposed to air flow, as well as means, as well as those which static and dynamic loads. have not been described here, The testing complexes pro- form an integral complex which vide for mechanical and climatic took a long time to create. It testing of loaded items, whereas allows one to examine and per- methodological facilities provide fect the systems and units of the

7. makes it possible to study the readings on their potential safe aviation equipment, in accor- safety of emergency evacuation, transportation by truck, rail or air, dance with the general technical A heat-erosion test- the aerodynamic compatibility of and also determine a guarantied requirements for military producing stand the FV and released loads, the storage period for objects which tion. gas dynamic effect of launched are not confined to aviation Over the past few years, as missiles' exhaust jets on the FV weapons. well as to its traditional clients, power plant, etc. in circum- A number of rigs allow for the SSTRAS has established contacts stances which are approximated testing of power plants with both with a number of foreign firms, as far as possible to real condi- solid-propellant and liquid-fuel which are attracted by opportuni- tions, where the aviation equip- rocket motors, with a thrust of up ties offered by the experimental ment is operated. The effective to 100 tons. Some rigs are fitted base, its intellectual potential and braking system guarantees the with altitude chambers. In the testing methods adopted at the tested object's preservation. The 1980s special installations were range. track is equipped with a modern built on the basis of liquid-fuel At present, work is under way information-complex, which rocket motor testing rigs. They to resolve the tasks set by firms includes a locally developed spe- are designed to carry out heat- from the USA and the People's cialized telemetric system. resistance tests and can create Republic of China. Offers from The "Compatibility" rig is velocity pressures which corre- other foreign firms, concerning used to study, as is clear from the spond to those encountered in the work in the main, as well as facility's name, the compatibility supersonic low-altitude flights, allied spheres, are being studied. of on-board equipment systems, and temperatures of up to 2,400 For example, it is possible that in weapon systems and FV control °C. These rigs are used to test the future we shall carry out joint systems under conditions heat-resistant coatings, nose research into "ozone" problems approximated to real ones. Such cowlings, fins and rudders of var- and study possible ways to utilize

conditions are simulated by the ious types of supersonic missiles. aviation weapons together with “Military Parade” • Electronintorg ltd. AVA Multimedia Publishing Group appropriate suspension of the fly- They are also used to perfect the the firm SNPE DEFENCE ESPACE ing object, with its engines oper- installations, specially designed from France, BUCK TECHNOLO- ating and firing of the guns and at SSTRAS to "reactivate" oil and GIEN from Germany and others. missiles. gas wells, special nozzles, which ( The big elastic stand allows ensure effective fuel combustion one to study the phenomena Moscow Region, 140240, Faustovo which take place during the Voskresensk District launch and missile's free flight Phone: (095) 556-0709 under close-to-real conditions. Fax: (095) 556-0740 The power plant thrust can devel- Teletype: 846313, БЕРКУТ

MILITARY PARADE 1994 SEPTEMBER C OCTOBER 4 AE022 AIR FORCE

he Kamov Ka-28 is regarded as one of the most up-to-date ship- borne and land- based ASW helicopters. It was developed in 1982 by the N. I. Kamov Helicopter Company (also referred to as the Scientific and Technical Complex), headed by Designer General S. V. Mikheev. In line with the tradition of the company'sT design bureau, the Ka-28 has a coaxial rotor design 1. with removed tail rotor, which The K-28 lands on the deck constitutes a very important feature for a ship-borne helicopter. In line with the tradition of the company's design Furthermore, the coaxial design bureau, the Ka-28 has a coaxial rotor design with boasts a number of indisputable advantages over the traditional removed tail rotor, which constitutes a very important "main rotor - tail rotor" scheme. feature for a ship-borne helicopter. Furthermore, the Use of the coaxial rotor configuration adds to the flying safety of coaxial design boasts a number of indisputable the helicopter, when it is operated advantages over the traditional "main rotor - tail from a ship, makes it more compact and, most importantly, rotor" scheme. Use of the coaxial rotor configuration improves its maneuverability. adds to the flying safety of the helicopter, when it is According to estimates of the flying and engineering personnel of operated from a ship, makes it more compact and, the naval aviation, the Ka-28 is a most importantly, improves its maneuverability. wonderful ship-borne helicopter, Ka-28 SHIP-BORNE ANTI-SUBMARINE WARFARE “Military Parade” • Electronintorg ltd. AVA Multimedia Publishing Group HELICOPTER $ Vassily Akporisov $ Lieutenant-General of Aviation, Chief of Aviation Staff, Russian Federation's Navy

MILITARY PARADE 1994 SEPTEMBER C OCTOBER 1 AE022 ВОЕННЫЙ ПАРАД

ven compressor, assuring preservers (life rafts, boats, etc.). autonomous engine start-up in Greater air-sea rescue capa- the absence of any external bility is demonstrated by a special power supply, which is vital for a search-and-rescue Ka-27PS heli- helicopter operating from unpre- copter, now in service with the pared grounds. Russian Navy. The power plant of the heli- For comparative performance copter is extremely impressive characteristics of the Ka-28 and (two engines develop a normal its foreign counterparts, see thrust of 3,400 hp and a take-off Table 1. thrust of 3,800 hp and thereby In one flight, the Ka-28, fitted provide it with high energy poten- with a dunked sonar, can survey tial in all modes of operation and an area measuring over 1,660 at all flight altitudes). km2 (the search version) or over The operation of the engines 1,200 km2 (the search-and- Vassily Akporisov preferred by seamen. Experts of is supported by the fuel system, attack version, with a suspended the Defense Ministry Research which has a capacity of up to anti-submarine weapon). When Institute (NII MO) believe the Ka- 4,700 liters with centralized the helicopter uses sonobuoys, 28 to be 3 to 5 times (depending fuelling accomplished within 16 the said area grows to 2,000 on the mission to be carried out) minutes. km2. more effective than its predeces- The crew of the Ka-28 con- The ASW armament of the Ka- sor, Ka-25PL, which comprised sists of three crewmembers: a 28 comprises AT-1MV torpedoes, the major portion of the fleet of pilot (crew commander), naviga- APR-2E rockets and aerial bombs ship-borne helicopters of this tor and navigator-operator. weighing from 50 kg to 200 kg. class in 1960-70s. To rescue crash survivors The real asset of the Ka-28 is The aerodynamic arrange- from water, the Ka-28 helicopter its NKV-252 flight-navigational ment of the Ka-28 ensures the is equipped with a special lifting complex, which assures a highly most optimal use of its configura- device, comprising an electrically accurate resolution of navigation- tion and tail unit, as is normally driven winch and seat, which can al problems in flight over monot- found in airplanes, consisting of a be lowered and hoisted. If neces- onous terrain, ensures the auto- fixed stabilizer and two rudders. sary, the helicopter can drop life matic approach of the helicopter Inflatable ballonets, located along the sides of its fuselage, under special flap doors, assure the buoyancy of the helicopter in the case of emergency water land- ings (it only takes 4 to 6 seconds to inflate them). The four-strut landing gear of the Ka-28 is non- retractable. Due to its insufficient clearance, the landing gear of the Ka-28 is made expandable. This

permits the normal loading of the “Military Parade” • Electronintorg ltd. AVA Multimedia Publishing Group helicopter with the requisite equipment to seek out and attack the submarines. The power plant of the Ka-28, 2. consisting of two TV3-117VK gas-

The flight compart- turbine engines allows it to fly on one engine when the other one is ment damaged and also resolve a com- 3. bat mission. Moreover, the power Helicopter's tail unit plant includes an Al-9 turbine-dri-

MILITARY PARADE 1994 SEPTEMBER C OCTOBER 2 AE022 AIR FORCE

to the point of release of subma- search-and-aim system comprises lier sets of similar equipment in rine search and destruction the following subsystems: hydroa- terms of basic parameters, weight means, and automatic hovering at coustic, radar, navigational/tacti- and dimensions. The VGS-3 is the desired altitude. cal situation monitor, and comput- usually employed jointly with the The basic element of the air- er. radar subsystem and its radar borne search-and-aim equipment The hydroacoustic subsystem contrast target control equipment. is a system designated "Osminog- is essentially a VGS-3 dunked No less important is the sub- E". It detects and locates a sub- sonar, which performs submarine system, which displays the prima- marine, advises the crew on the surveillance in active and passive ry and secondary target data and weapon used to attack it, by dis- modes. For a helicopter-borne other information, needed for a playing the tactical situation pic- system, the VGS-3 sonar possess- proper execution of combat mis- ture on a special monitor. es a fairly extensive energy poten- sions in a marine TOW. Functionally, the "Osminog-E" tial and largely surpasses the ear- To synchronize the work of all subsystems, the Ka-28 mounts a THE TREE-VIEW DRAWING OF THE Ka-28 computer subsystem, based on the use of a specialized computer, capable of performing 150,000 operations per second. The flight preparation of the "Osminog-E" system is aided with built-in automatic test equipment, which checks on the serviceability of the system. Practical experience gained by the Ka-28 supports the conclusion that availability of the "Osminog-E" system aboard the helicopter makes it highly effective in fighting submarines and other submerged targets. The Ka-28 helicopter boasts high performance characteristics and is easy to maintain. When

4. based on board a ship, it does not need any sophisticated and cum- The Ka-28 carrying out bersome equipment for its main- a combat mission Table 1

Characteristic Ka-28 EH-101 SH-60B SH-60 "Merlin" "Sea Hawk" "Nelo" Maximum take-off weight (kg) 12,000 13,000 9,910 9,870 Engines:

-type TV3-117VK T700-SE-401 T700-401 T700-401 “Military Parade” • Electronintorg ltd. AVA Multimedia Publishing Group -power (hp) 2 x 2,200 3 x 1,600 2 x 1,690 2x1,690 Diameter of main rotor disk (m) 15.9 18.6 16.36 16.36 Length with rotating rotor (m) 15.9 22.8 19.76 19.76 Dimensions in folded condition: -length (m) 12.2 16.0 12.5 12.5 -width (m) 3.8 5.5 3.6 3.6 -height (m) 5.4 5.2 4.0 4.0 Static ceiling (m) 2,950 889 1,030 450 Maximum speed (km/h) 250 290 270 270 Cruising speed (km/h) 230 230 230 230 Service range (km) 1,000 1,020 800 1,160 Maximum flight duration (h) 5.2 5.0 4.7 6.7 Payload (kg) 800 530 >500 720

MILITARY PARADE 1994 SEPTEMBER C OCTOBER 3 AE022 ВОЕННЫЙ ПАРАД tenance. The good stability and con- trollability of the helicopter ensure its take-off from small ship-borne pads with winds of up to 20 m/s and the ship tilted at +8 degrees of roll and +2 degrees of pitch. Such characteristics of the Ka-28 also made it attractive to foreign customers. Deliveries of the helicopters to foreign customers began in June 1986 (India bought 13; Vietnam 8; Cuba 4; Syria and Yugoslavia, 2 each). The foreign crews and maintenance personnel were trained at a special training center in Kacha. References from these countries confirm the reliability of the Ka- 28 and its high performance in the most adverse climatic conditions. ( “Military Parade” • Electronintorg ltd. AVA Multimedia Publishing Group

MILITARY PARADE 1994 SEPTEMBER C OCTOBER 4 AE023 AIR FORCE RUSSIA'S LEADING AVIATION TRAINING AND RESEARCH CENTER $ Vladimir Kovalyonok $ Air-Force Colonel-General, Chief of N.Y. Zhukovsky Military Engineering Air Academy, Pilot-Cosmonaut In terms of teaching and research potential, fundamental and topical nature of the research, technical equipment and training system of engineers for the Air Force and Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation, the academy is a unique educational and research center of the Russian Federation and is deserving of national pride.

he N.Y. Zhukovsky Vetchinkin. At different times the Military Engineering country's leading aircraft design- Air Academy was ers graduated from the Academy: founded in 1920. Its A.I. Mikoyan, S.V. Ilyushin, A.S. inception was pro- Yakovlev, V.F. Bolkhovitinov,

moted by outstand- N.D. Kuznetsov, S.K. Tumansky. “Military Parade” • Electronintorg ltd. AVA Multimedia Publishing Group ing men of domestic Academy graduates include Chief and world aviation Air Force Marshals K.A. Vershinin, engineering P.F. Zhigarev, Air Force Marshals thought: N.Y. F.A. Astakhov, G.A. Vorozheikin, Zhukovsky (archi- S.F. Zhavoronkov, S.A. tect behind its Krasovsky, S.I. Rudenko, F.Y. establishment), his Falaleyev, V.A. Sudets, and S.A. pupils, later Khudyakov. Fifteen pilot-cosmo- Vladimir Academicians B.N. Yuryev and nauts have received an engineer Kovalyonok B.S. Stechkin, and Professor V.P. education here, including the first

MILITARY PARADE 1994 TSEPTEMBER C OCTOBER 1 AE023 ВОЕННЫЙ ПАРАД

and complexes and incorporating a training airfield, a practice ground, engine testing station, a "barorange", a complex of wind tunnels, installation for neutraliz- ing the optoelectronic systems of high-precision weapons, and a complex of metrological support for testing and operating aviation equipment. cosmonaut Y.A. Gagarin and the The academy uses in the first female cosmonaut V. N. teaching process: 29 aircraft and Tereshkova. helicopters, 39 aircraft engines, Today the academy trains 118 airborne missiles, three sim- comprehensively educated key ulators, and fourteen training air- engineer personnel of the opera- craft classes, more than 700 ES tional-tactical link up to air com- and SM computers. mand, inclusive for all fighting In 1991-1994 studies were services: the Air Force, Air carried out on more than 300 Defense Forces, Navy, Ground research projects: the academy Forces, Strategic Missile Forces was the leading or sole executor and the Security Ministry troops. in 70% of the total. In other words, it is an inter-ser- teaching and research potential: It carries out research in a bid vice academy and essentially about 100 doctors, or more than to raise the combat readiness and determines the technical devel- 60% of doctors of sciences in the efficiency in action of aviation of opment policy of all types of avia- Air Force, over 500 masters of the Armed Forces of the Russian tion systems of the Armed Forces science and 87 professors, Federation, flight safety, the bat- of the Russian Federation. including academicians and cor- tle survivability, reliability and The academy trains engineers responding members of the service life of aviation equipment, and researchers for the armies of Russian Academy of Sciences the effectiveness of the combat a number of foreign countries in and a number of sectorial acade- use of aviation means of destruc- the entire range of air speciali- mies, 20 Merited Science and tion and means of radio electron- ties. Technology Workers of the ic warfare, create new models The academy has the experi- Russian Federation, and 30 State and update aviation equipment ence and ability to train civilian Prizewinners. These scientists are and armament, perfect their specialists for newly-created from 19 scientific schools, operation and repair and advance structures of the Ministry of including many world class level the instruction and education Defense of the Russian schools. Such researchers and process. Federation, the defense sectors instructors as A.A. Krasovsky, The following are the most of industry and specialists in mil- M.I. Nisht, I.E. Kazakov, M.S. important scientific results of the itary economic analysis and con- Yarlykov and V.I. Tikhonov are the academy over the past two or version. honor and glory of the academy. three years:

The academy boasts a large Few other educational institutions - realize in troop practice rec- “Military Parade” • Electronintorg ltd. AVA Multimedia Publishing Group of the Russian Federation could ommendations to speed up the compare with the academy in repair of combat damage to terms of the uniqueness of its engines of aircraft complexes in research and pedagogical facility. field conditions; The training of highly qualified - increase the life of the engineer air personnel is ensured engines of An-124 and An-255 by the availability in the academy planes by adding a heat-insulat- of a powerful and modern training ing coating to the turbine blades and experimental base, compris- from 1,500 to 4,000 hours, there- ing about 150 unique installations by ensuring significant cost sav-

MILITARY PARADE 1994 SEPTEMBER C OCTOBER 2 AE023 AIR FORCE ings; marines; increasing the effectiveness extra-budgetary funds for domestic - develop on-board radars for the of high-precision weapons; accurate and foreign investors. MiG-29M and Su-27M aircraft com- navigation and homing, using the To sum up, I would like to stress plexes, making it possible to realize Earth's physical fields (relief features once again that the academy is a for the first time on a multipurpose and magnetic, gravitation and linear unique training and research center fighter plane the possibilities of radar reference points); the creation of of the Russian Federation and a con- detection and identification of ground directional energy weapons; the temporary aviation engineering uni- targets and home in on them. intellectualization of arms and com- versity. The academy has long-stand- In addition, it is researching the bat equipment by developing new ing experience in scientific method- following problems: global radar software. ological work and can train special- reconnaissance of air space, land Many of these developments ists in the military economy and con- surface and sea areas, including could find wide applications in the Air version for the new structures of the nonconventional methods of search Force, and also in the national econ- Russian Defense Ministry, defense and detection of submerged sub- omy. They could attract additional industry and also foreign states. (

ADDRESS: 125190, Moscow, Leningradsky Prospect, 40. Phone: (095) 155-1008, (095) 155-1001. Fax: (095) 250-52-79. “Military Parade” • Electronintorg ltd. AVA Multimedia Publishing Group

MILITARY PARADE 1994 SEPTEMBER C OCTOBER 3 AE024 NAVY

fire and electronic countermeasures. The system consists of a ship-borne control system, launchers, ground equipment and low-flying supersonic missiles. Developed in the 1980s, this system surpassed in terms of basic performance characteristics its best foreign counterparts for years to come. The missile design embodied Sergey Klimov the best achievements of the t is said that the USA has "ship-to-ship" missile system domestic missile building indus- nothing comparable with known in Russia as 3M-80E. It try. A ramjet sustainer, booster this missile. It also has no was created through the joint arranged in the sustainer com- defense against this efforts of many defense enter- bustion chamber and the use of weapon. The US officials prises in Russia, headed by the latest achievements in the claim that the SS-N-22 Dubna Design Bureau and State field of application of special missile, known as Research and Production alloys made it possible to create a "Sunburn", presents a Association "Altair". supermodern missile. “ supermodern weapon", - The 3M-80E ship-borne mis- The speed of flight, twice as wrote Jonathan Broder sile system is used to destroy fast as that of the sound, from the "We/Мы" office surface ships and transports of extremely low altitude during the in Washington (newspa- the strike ship groupings, assault cruising and terminal legs of the per "Izvestiya", July 22, formations, convoys and dis- trajectory ensure that the enemy 1993). placement, hydrofoil, or air-cush- does not have enough time to IThis is a comment about the ion single ships against enemy make his ship's anti-missile "It is said that the USA has nothing comparable with this missile. It also has no defense against this weapon. The US officials claim that the SS-N-22 missile, known as "Sunburn", presents a supermodern weapon", - wrote Jonathan Broder from the "We/Мы" office in Washington (newspaper "Izvestiya", July 22, 1993). THE 3M-80E “Military Parade” • Electronintorg ltd. AVA Multimedia Publishing Group SHIP-BORNE MISSILE SYSTEM $ Sergey Klimov $ General Designer, "Altair" Research and Production Association

MILITARY PARADE 1994 SEPTEMBER C OCTOBER 1 AE024 ВОЕННЫЙ ПАРАД defense means combat-ready. able to engage this missile for a Even if the enemy knows in second time or hit the missiles advance about a threatened which follow the first one. strike by the 3M-80E, he will be The 3M-80E is a self-con- unable, upon the appearance of tained system, using the "fire - attacking missiles from under the forget" principle. Its boasts its radio horizon, to provide impact own target designation and distri- of his air defense missile with the bution means. After the missile first attacking missile of the 3M- enters the area of location of 80E system at a range exceeding enemy ships, its on-board control 5 to 7 km. In this case, he will be system independently seeks out er guides the missile to the target forced to guide his missiles in and selects the most critical tar- either by an echo radar signal, or conditions, where the 3M-80E get. provides guidance to radar emis- missile performs anti-missile After the target has been sion sources, located on the tar- maneuvers with g-loads exceed- selected, the missile begins to be get ship, or uses for guidance ing 10 g. The enemy will not be homed. The active-passive seek- information received over two

Comparative Data on Missiles of Systems 3M-80E (Russia) and "Harpoon" (USA)

Characteristic 3M-80E missile "Harpoon" missile Flight speed, max. M>2 M=0.8 to 0.85

Flight altitude on cruising leg of trajectory, m 20 15 “Military Parade” • Electronintorg ltd. AVA Multimedia Publishing Group Launching weight of missile, kg 4,000 667 Type of warhead Penetrating Semi-armor-piercing 1. Weight of warhead (including explosive), kg 300/150 225/95 The winged homing Range of fire: -maximum, km 120 110 to 130 missile of the 3M- -minimum, km 10 13 Rate of fire in salvo fire, s 5 3 80E system Type of homing head combination active radar 2. with active and head passive channels A destroyer of 956 Dimensions: design armed with -length, mm 9,385 4,570 -wing span, mm 2,100 940 the 3M-80E system

MILITARY PARADE 1994 SEPTEMBER C OCTOBER 2 AE024 NAVY

A missile boat of

12411 design

(Tarantul III) armed with the 3M-80E system

Launching of a homing missile of the

3M-80E system from a "Lun" wing-in- ground-effect craft

channels at a time. Two guidance installed on destroyers of Russia's enterprises are channels, operating on different "Sovremenny" type and "Molniya" ready to develop and supply to wavelengths and using compo- missile boats of the Russian the customer within 2-3 years nents of artificial intellect, ensure Navy. The system may be mount- examples of the ground-based the missile's high survivability, ed on wing-in-ground-effect craft stationary or mobile weapon sys- noise immunity and efficiency. and anti-ship aircraft. tem to protect the coast from the The warhead design provides The use of the 3M-80E sys- assault forces or ships engaged for its detonation only after its tem in the ship's armament offers in the blockade of the coast and penetration in the inner rooms of the carrier ship substantial deliver the first samples of this the ship. advantages over similar ships and weapon within indicated terms. The 3M-80E system is boats from the other countries. ( Basic Characteristics of 3M-80E Anti-Ship Missile System

Maximum firing range up to 120 km Minimum firing range 10 km Flight altitude less than 20 m Maximum speed M>2 Launch of four missiles in a salvo within 15 s Weight of missile 3,950 kg Weight of warhead 300 kg Length of missile 9,385 mm Diameter of missile with wings folded 1,300 mm FIRING FROM 3M-80E SYSTEM

A 15 g anti-missile maneuver “Military Parade” • Electronintorg ltd. AVA Multimedia Publishing Group

An after-launch corrective turn

MILITARY PARADE 1994 SEPTEMBER C OCTOBER 3 AE025 NAVY

pecialists from the "Rubin" Naval Design Bureau, mindful of the demand of Russian and foreign customers, constantly work hand in hand with other sectors of the country's defense industry to upgrade naval equipment. This enables us to carry out design Yuri Kormilitsyn projects,S develop assembly tech- Before starting to design a specialists of the company, nologies and carry out all tests new submarine designated for together with the naval command within a short time. combat operations on sea lanes, and other research and design 636 DESIGN: RAPID AND LOW-NOISE SUBMARINE $ Yuri Kormilitsyn $ General Designer of the RUBIN Naval Design Bureau

Most of the new submarine's systems can operate automatically, controlled from the main control room console. The

automatic devices help to rule out errors and make it possi- “Military Parade” • Electronintorg ltd. AVA Multimedia Publishing Group ble to warn the attendants of an emergency situation. However, in case of a breakdown, the work of any of the automatic systems can be performed manually by each specialist, attending to it. Here the wishes of a number of foreign customers for the provision of manual and local control of the systems have been met.

MILITARY PARADE 1994 SEPTEMBER C OCTOBER 1 AE025 ВОЕННЫЙ ПАРАД

agencies, determined that the of the crew, has made it possible spacings (1,200 mm), as the new main distinctive characteristics of to develop the 636 design sub- power plant (diesel generator) this submarine should be: marine at a modern technical and its pumps and other auxiliary - further noise reduction or level. systems required additional covertness; In contrast to the Foxtrot boat space. The designers, however, - high operational reliability; (I641K design) with the diesel- found an effective solution here: - high survivability; electric power plant, and the Kilo they increased the volume of the - excellent navigation charac- submarine (877EKM design), the fuel and ballast tanks in this sec- teristics; 636 design boat is driven by a tion, which, in its turn, made it - assembly by proven tech- more powerful fully-electric possible to increase the nology. power plant, which has made it endurance range to 7,500 miles, The combination of these possible to achieve high maneu- compared to 6,000 miles for the characteristics with effective tor- verability of the boat and reduce boats of the Kilo type. pedo systems, guaranteeing a the noise level in the sailing mode Another factor contributed to high firing rate and accuracy, with the snorkel on. the reduction of the boat's noise state-of-the-art radar and elec- As is common in engineering, level: the reduction of the pro- tronic systems, a high degree of when some qualities or charac- peller's rotational speed in the automation of all submarine con- teristics are improved, others whole speed range and the use of trol operations and habitability worsen. The designers had to a seven-blade propeller of special ensuring high combat readiness increase the boat's length by 2 design. The 636 design submarine is a single-shaft boat, with a well-

streamlined hull developed after “Military Parade” • Electronintorg ltd. AVA Multimedia Publishing Group comprehensive computer calcu- lations and model tests in labs and trial pools. 1. The displacement of the boat, A model of 636 with the hull's anti-radar coating, design diesel-elec- is about 2,350 m3. Maximum hull length is 73.8 m and maximum tric submarine breadth 9.9 m. The height of the 2. exterior hull to the ceiling of the A diving submarine fencing of the retractable appli-

MILITARY PARADE 1994 SEPTEMBER C OCTOBER 2 AE025 NAVY ances is 14.7 m. The boat's able quarters for rest between the functions: draught at normal displacement shifts. The boat also houses a - processing of information is 6.3 m at midships and 6.6 m at galley, showers, medical room about the surrounding area, sup- the bow. Maximum diving depth and officers' dinette. plied by the boat's surveillance is 300 m, operation depth 240 m Armaments. Six 533 mm for- equipment, and presentation of and periscope depth 17.5 m. The ward torpedo tubes, with two side obtained data on the display; shaft accommodates the main tubes used to accommodate - determination of the target propulsion motor and the cruising remote-controlled torpedoes. The motion parameters and resolution motor. In addition, the submarine boat can carry 18 torpedoes: 6 in of the firing problems for under- carries two low-capacity stand-by the tubes and 12 on the racks. water or surface targets; propeller units on both sides, The submarine has a special tor- - issue of data for attack; which ensure good maneuverabil- pedo-loading device. Torpedoes - computerized fire control; ity in narrow passageways, at can be replaced with 24 mines: - development of recommen- mooring and in emergencies. 12 in the tubes (two in each tube) dations for the CO for maneuvers The two groups of batteries of and 12 on the racks. and combat use of weapons, the the latest design, with 120 units Two tubes are designed for accomplishment of navigation in each pack, housed in the 1st firing remote-controlled torpe- tasks, data documentation and and 3rd compartments of the does of the latest design with a personnel training; boat, enable it to build a full very high degree of accuracy. All - correction of torpedo path speed of 20 knots and have an torpedo tubes and their service together with the remote-control endurance range of more than systems guarantee effective firing system in response to the tar- 400 miles in submerged mode. at submersion depths from the get's maneuvers and accurate For greater survivability the sub- periscope to the operational torpedo guidance by wire. marine is divided with strong depth. The wire-controlled torpedo transverse partitions into six com- To reduce the torpedo reload- remains in contact with the firing partments. With a 30% buoyancy ing time, the submarine is fitted submarine, which receives data reserve in the cruising mode, the out with a fast-loading system, on the torpedo's trajectory and boat may remain afloat even after which reduces the loading and the status of its on-board sys- the flooding of a compartment re-loading time several times and tems, and, upon the actuation of with two adjacent one-side ballast thereby increases the fire rate, the homing head - on the target's tanks. pre-empting the enemy's coun- maneuvers. The coordinates of The design ensures the teractions. the target, torpedo and other accommodation of pipelines, To ensure effective command data arrive at CICS, which com- high-pressure air cylinders and of the submarine by the captain putes by this data the torpedo's other equipment, which is mount- and effective torpedo firing, the path to the target. The wide ed outside the boat's payload vol- boat is equipped with a multi-pur- choice of new torpedoes, includ- ume. The submarine can remain pose combat information and ing prospective models used for fully self-sustained at sea for 45 command system (CICS) with a firing from 533 mm torpedo days. built-in high-speed computer, tubes, enables the commanding The crew (52) have comfort- which performs the following officer to use his ordnance in “Military Parade” • Electronintorg ltd. AVA Multimedia Publishing Group

The captain in the

combat information

center

MILITARY PARADE 1994 SEPTEMBER C OCTOBER 3 AE025 ВОЕННЫЙ ПАРАД

A crew cabin

accordance with the situation. short-range TEL AND TELEHG in sea water, as well as equip- The prospective ordnance (torpe- communications mode); ment to determine the start of does and mines), developed by - detection of underwater cavitation of the submarine pro- the "Gidropribor" institute spe- sound signals and determination peller. cially for this project, will help to of their bearing. Navigational equipment. The increase the fighting capacity of All the indicators of the sys- navigational equipment, consist- the new 636 submarine. tem are entered on a single con- ing of course indicators, speed Main control station. The sub- trol panel. To reduce interference and traveled distance meters, an marine's designers paid particu- in the work of the sonar system, a automatic path plotter, echo lar attention to creating special number of design solutions have sounder, indicators of radio-navi- conditions for the captain and the been adopted: gational systems and a radio submarine control service. To this - the special shape of the for- direction-finder, can determine end all the weapon control facili- ward end of the submarine; with the requisite accuracy the ties and navigational aids are - in the bow of the submarine location of the submarine, and concentrated in the main control drain holes have been removed; solve with the utmost precision station (MCS), isolated from the - bow rudders have been the problems of navigation and other service areas of the subma- shifted to the midship part of the use of torpedo weapons. rine, with no through passages submarine; Navigational equipment, along the ship or vertically. In this - vibroactive and noise-mak- mounted on the submarine, has way the captain is provided with ing mechanisms have been trans- stand-by integration and power all essential information. ferred from the 1st compartment. supply systems, and is therefore Hydroacoustic means. The Thanks to this device the reliable and offers a broad scope original design of the sonar sys- sonar facilities ensure a preemp- of action, enabling the submarine tem antenna, its location in the tive and significant increase in to navigate both in northern and submarine hull and other design the range of target detection. The southern latitudes of the world's solutions, ensure the early advantageous advance detection oceans. receipt of a wide range of valu- of a potential enemy is augment- Radar aids. The submarine is

able information on the subsur- ed by reliable special sonar pro- equipped with active and passive “Military Parade” • Electronintorg ltd. AVA Multimedia Publishing Group face and surface situation and tection of the submarine's hull. radar stations of high tracking torpedo-weapon target designa- The updating of the system based efficiency, which provide the tion data, ensuring: on the experience accrued from commanding officer with informa- - a circular detection of tar- its operation in different parts of tion on the underwater and air gets in sonar listening mode (for the world's oceans enabled the situation, radar identification and submarines and surface ships); developers to improve its perfor- navigational safety. The radars - echo-ranging in a ±30° sec- mance by a wide margin. The operate in the surface and tor of the target relative bearing; submarine now has a sonar for periscope condition. The surface - telephone and telegraph mine-detection, another for target detection, torpedo fire communication (in long and determining the speed of sound control and navigation radar has a

MILITARY PARADE 1994 SEPTEMBER C OCTOBER 4 AE025 NAVY target forestalling system. This trol room console. The automatic of their manufacture than was the makes it possible to detect the devices help to rule out errors and case with Kilo-type submarines. In surface ships of a potential enemy make it possible to warn the particular the use of low-speed far earlier than those, which attendants of an emergency situa- propulsion motors and a low- detect the submarine. tion. However, in case of a break- noise seven-blade propeller has Main mechanical unit. The down, the work of any of the auto- contributed to this factor. The main mechanical unit ensures the matic systems can be performed cruising motor is mounted on low- continuous navigation of the sub- manually by each specialist, frequency rubber and metal shock marine at given speeds during the attending to it. Here the wishes of absorbers and has a highly-effi- entire period of submerged and a number of foreign customers for cient vibration-absorbing cou- surface endurance at any depth of the provision of manual and local pling, ensuring a protracted low- submergence, down to maximum control of the systems have been noise sailing mode. level. Battery charging is accom- met. During building and testing in plished both on the run and at An improved ventilation and the yard, a package of engineer- standstill in buoyancy and also in air conditioning system has been ing and organizational measures, submerged dieseling at a speed applied to meet customers' cli- putting the acoustical finishing of 8-10 knots. A single-shaft unit matic specifications. A new refrig- touches to the submarine, is car- operates on the boat under a erating machine with great refrig- ried out under the authors' super- fully-electric-propulsion scheme. eration capacity has been vision. Ship systems. The following installed. The choice of fully electric systems are envisaged on the The submarine's technical propulsion for the submarine, submarine: submersion and facilities make it operable in all considerable reduction in subma- resurfacing, drain and trim, high- climatic conditions. rine-generated noise with the aid and low-pressure air, emergency On the 636 submarine modern of a number of design solutions, blow-down, marine and rudder achievements in acoustical pro- use of a special anti-sonar rubber hydraulic, fuel, fire-extinguishing, tection have been realized in full, coating to coat the outer hull, and etc. The submarine's most impor- reducing noise levels to a mini- the installation of low-noise tant systems are backed up. mum. The major plant, pumps and mechanisms all provide grounds Most of the new submarine's other equipment boast better for asserting that the 636 is the systems can operate automatical- vibroacoustic characteristics, quietest existing diesel-electric ly, controlled from the main con- owing to a high technological level submarine in the world. ( “Military Parade” • Electronintorg ltd. AVA Multimedia Publishing Group

MILITARY PARADE 1994 SEPTEMBER C OCTOBER 5 AE026 NAVY "IKAR": SPEED ON AN AIR CAVERN $ Yuri Chernigin $ Deputy Chief Designer The high-speed "Ikar" launch has been designed as a patrol boat to protect territorial and economic borders, and its modifications can be used by the border guards and customs people and also as luxury speed boats.

he struggle for while power consumption for air weather craft. speed has been charging never exceeds 3% of Depending on its mission, the waged since time the rated capacity of the main boat can perform its functions immemorial. The engines. This method has been with the crew, which can range Central Hydrofoil tried on dozens of models and from 6 to 14. Design Bureau, also on the real-life craft "Linda" The boat is fitted out with founded by the and "Serna". advanced radar navigation equip- talented engineer The high-speed "Ikar" launch ment and communication sys- and designer has been designed as a patrol tems, which ensure navigational from Nizhni boat to protect territorial and safety and the accomplishment of

Novgorod, R.Y. economic borders, and its modifi- standard tasks at any time of the “Military Parade” • Electronintorg ltd. AVA Multimedia Publishing Group Alekseev, has cations can be used by the bor- day. The communication facilities grown and der guards and customs people fully meet conventional require- advanced on the idea of maxi- and also as luxury speed boats. ments. At a customer's request, a mum speeds on water. One of the Simple design, high reliability gun with a caliber of up to 30 mm methodsT for attaining such speed and fuel efficiency and high can be mounted on the boat. is the air cavern, artificially creat- speed and navigation character- The boat's hull is all-welded ed under the vessel's bottom. istics ensure the "Ikar" competi- and made of aluminium-magne- With the help of the air cavern, tiveness against the world's best sium compression-moulded pan- the water drag decreases by 30% model speed boats. els, resistant to sea water. To compared to the best skimmers, The "Ikar" launch is an all- protect the boat against corrosion

MILITARY PARADE 1994 SEPTEMBER C OCTOBER 1 AE026 ВОЕННЫЙ ПАРАД and sea-crusting, the designers have used a special varnish coating, in combination with cathodic protection, whose efficiency has been proven by years of effective operation of sea-going hydrofoil vessels of the "Kometa" and "Kolkhida" types. All accommodation and service premises of the boat are air- conditioned for the crew's convenience. Fire safety is guaranteed by the use of non-combustible and fire-resistant finishing and insulation materials and by the on-board water and foam firefighting facilities, implements and fire alarm systems. The "Ikar" launch does not place any special requirements on berthing and mooring, which makes it convenient in operation. The boat can be hauled ashore Main specifications: for painting or preventive mainte- Standard displacement, t 90.0 nance with a crane with a loading Full displacement, t 99.0 1. Afterpeak capacity of not less than 100 tons Overall length, m 35.0 2. Fuel tanks or other ship-hoisting mecha- Overall breadth, m 7.85 Midship tonnage depth, m 3.60 nisms, with the use of keel- 3. Machinery com- Navigational draught (by the screws), m 2.0 blocks supplied together with the Full speed, knots 45.0 partment boat. Cruising speed, knots 30.0 4. Drier If you need to protect the The navigational characteristics of the boat allow it to sail at 30 knots with wave depths of up to 1.5 meters. 5. Secondary room sovereignty and economic inter- Navigational safety up to Force 6 seas ests in your territorial and internal Endurance range at 30 knots about 500 miles 6. WC's Power plant: two MT 16 396TV94 waters, order high-speed "Ikar" 7. Shower sea boats now! engines with a unit ( capacity of 2,560 Kw 8. Single cabin

9. Crew mess

10. Galley

11.2-berthed cabin

12. Mess

13. Radio cabin “Military Parade” • Electronintorg ltd. AVA Multimedia Publishing Group 14. Apparatus cabin

15. 10-berthed

cabin

16. 4-berthed cabin

17. Deck store

18. Provision store

19. Forepeak

MILITARY PARADE 1994 SEPTEMBER C OCTOBER 2 AE027 NAVY

of ship-building. More than 60 doctors and about 450 candi- dates of science constitute the A CENTER backbone of its intellectual potential. In June 1994, by decree of the government of Russia, the OF SHIP-BUILDING institute was accorded the status of federal research center of the Russian Federation. SCIENCE The experiment base of the $ Valentin Pashin $ institute comprises a hydrody- Corresponding Member of the Russian Academy of Sciences, namic and icefield basins, cavita- Director of the A.N. Krylov Central Research Institute tion tunnels, heavy-duty testing machines, high-pressure chambers and engine-test stands, Today the institute has unique testing experiment acoustic stands, hydroacoustic facilities, which ensure the design and manufacture basins and measuring tunnels, acoustic chambers and electro- of modern combatant ships, vessels, and marine dynamic simulation stands. Many facilities of the experiment base facilities, meeting the highest modern requirements. have no analogs in the world. For example, the institute's high- The institute has an overall land and water area of pressure chambers make it possi- about 80 ha in St. Petersburg and 100 ha at its sub- ble to pressure-test models and life-size installations and objects sidiary in Nizhni Novgorod. The institute also has up to 3.2 meters in diameter and up to 9.5 meters long at a static several test ranges and experiment bases in the pressure of 1,000 atmospheres Leningrad Region. (and up to 1.8 meters in diameter and up to 5.5 meters long - at Mendeleev. In 1944 the institute 1,500 atmospheres), and in sign- was named after Academician variable mode (of up to 15 cycles Alexei Krylov, who was director of per hour) at 600 and 1,000 the model testing basin in 1900 atmospheres, respectively. to 1908 and then played an active In the sphere of ship hydro- role in the work of the institute. mechanics one should note the Today the institute has unique results of the institute's projects testing experiment facilities, to refine the aerodynamic config- which ensure the design and uration of wing-in-ground-effect manufacture of modern combat- craft and ensure their vertical and Valentin Pashin n October the biggest ant ships, vessels, and marine horizontal stability, especially at

ship-building center facilities, meeting the highest takeoff from and landing on “Military Parade” • Electronintorg ltd. AVA Multimedia Publishing Group of Russia, the A.N. modern requirements. The insti- rough seas. The institute has a Krylov Central tute has an overall land and water number of completed designs for Research Institute, area of about 80 ha in St. passenger and transport (assault) will mark its cente- Petersburg and 100 ha at its sub- wing-in-ground-effect craft of nary. The institute sidiary in Nizhni Novgorod. The different displacements, from 1 started with Russia's institute also has several test to 700 tons, carrying capacities of first model testing ranges and experiment bases in up to 150 tons, passenger capac- basin, build in St. the Leningrad Region. ity of 1 to 600 and flight speeds Petersburg in 1894 at The institute has renowned of 175 to 600 km/h. Experts may the initiative of Dmitri research schools in many spheres also be interested in the results of MILITARY PARADE I 1994 SEPTEMBER C OCTOBER 1 AE027 ВОЕННЫЙ ПАРАД the work to design high-speed, action between the partially-sub- ing technologies. These standard mostly planing boats. By using air merged propellers and the hull, design albums help dramatically caverns, the designers have man- thereby raising the propulsion extend the ships' safe service life aged to reduce drag in some of rate by 20-30%. without intermediate repairs. the boats by 20 to 40% with a In terms of submarines and In the sphere of main power power consumption for blasting deep-diving vehicles, the institute plants and nuclear and ecological air into the cavern of not more is engaged in extensive research safety of vessels, institute spe- than 3%. This effect can be in the sphere of complex spatial cialists have developed and intro- improved by up to 50% by opti- maneuvering in the whole range duced a steam waste-heat con- mizing the boats' bottom profile. of diving depths. tour for gas turbines, which Substantial reserves of effi- The results of projects in the ensures nominal fuel consump- ciency (10-15%) lie in the use of sphere of vessel strength are tion of 135-140 g/hp-h. This rate coaxial reversing propellers. bound to attract interest, notably can be reduced further to 115 These propellers have the great- in the development of titanium- g/hp-h by introducing the insti- est efficiency in fast-speed craft alloy hulls of submarines and tute-designed complex-cycle gas and boats, which manage to deep-diving craft. Institute turbine with a waste-heat con- avoid the second stage of cavita- experts have worked out strength tour. tion. norms and criteria, rules of Institute specialists are look- Institute engineers have also designing welded seams and ing for alternative energy sources developed propellers with inter- requirements to the precision of to nuclear power plants, which ceptors, which have a 2.5 to 3 the hull outlines and quality of would ensure the increased times stronger thrust. Their use in welded seams. Thousands of full- autonomy of submarines and hydrofoil vessels of the 133M scale tests have helped overcome deep-diving craft, compared to design has helped raise the max- difficulties associated with these those with storage batteries. They imum speed by 7 knots, com- alloys such as metal creep, have already carried out a series pared to a craft with conventional reduced ductility and degraded of studies, involving the develop- propellers. performance under repeated ment of test models in the follow- Institute designers are also strain. ing spheres: developing double-contour venti- The results of the systematic - power plants with electro- lated water-jet engines for big safety-margin tests of the most chemical generators of both the hydrofoil vessels, which will help strained assemblies of various oxygen-hydrogen type and with increase the thrust at conversion vessels have been generalized by high-temperature elements. to the hydrofoil mode by 50-70% the institute in the form of Certain success has also been without raising engine capacity. albums, containing the lists of the achieved in the search for the In side skegs, institute spe- most economical design solutions optimal methods of reagent stor- cialists have effectively used new in terms of weight, strength, ser- age: in the gaseous states, cryo- design features to improve inter- vice life and adaptability to exist- genic or chemically-bound; “Military Parade” • Electronintorg ltd. AVA Multimedia Publishing Group 1.

The large wind tun-

nel intended to test

large-scale models

of surface- ships

and submerged

objects (up to 4 m

long)

MILITARY PARADE 1994 SEPTEMBER C OCTOBER 2 AE027 NAVY

- power plants with water- and noise created by on-board naval equipment and the ship- activated chemical power machines and equipment, pro- building industry's potential. sources, including the "magne- pellers and water flow around the The existence of a broad out- sium-sea water" system, which hull, as well as ship protection look on the problems of defense have a 3 to 4 times higher effec- from active sonar detection. in general, proven methods and tive capacity than the submer- Using the research data accumu- technologies and staff of top- sion-type lead-acid batteries; lated in this sphere, institute spe- grade specialists in most various - power plants with Stirling cialists make further improve- defense spheres, enables the engines adapted to different ments in reducing ship noise lev- institute today, in conditions of an fuels; els. In particular, the levels of increasingly democratic decision- - power plants with heat- underwater noise, created by making process at the federal emission converters working off submarines built over the past 10 level, to come up with its own high-heat power sources (includ- to 15 years, have been reduced versions of safeguarding national ing nuclear ones) and thermo- many times. security, development of the electric generators, utilizing low- During the present process of Navy and conversion of the temperature waste heat. fleet maintenance and modern- defense industry, as well as new Research is also under way ization, the A.N. Krylov Institute ideas regarding the optimal use into the use of superconductor acts, on the one hand, as an of the ship-building industry's electric propulsion engines and opponent of the Navy in terms of research and engineering poten- improvement of conventional the latter's requirements to new tial. propulsion engines, using hardware and, on the other, as The institute recently stepped advanced regulation principles. consultant to government struc- up its work under contracts with In the sphere of ship tures by supplying them with the companies from various foreign acoustics institute specialists are results of tactical and feasibility countries, including Finland, conducting systematic research studies of all specific and most France, Britain, the USA and into ship protection from vibration global development issues of Southeast Asian nations. ( “Military Parade” • Electronintorg ltd. AVA Multimedia Publishing Group

MILITARY PARADE 1994 SEPTEMBER C OCTOBER 3 AE028 CONVERSION PROGRAMS

ne trend in mod- better types of ships. A consider- including the world's largest ern water trans- able share of the high-speed fleet hydrofoils and hovercraft. A pro- port involves aug- comprises ships with dynamic gram to develop a fundamentally mentation of support principles: hydrofoils and new transport vehicle - the wing- high-speed pas- hovercraft. in-ground-effect craft - was com- senger carriage Russia used to lead the world pleted in recent years. volumes. in this field. Since 1957 our ship- However this area of ship- Statistics indicate yards have built more than 900 building has faced a serious crisis that the high- hydrofoil ships and 5,500 hydro- of late. In fact, we may well lose speed fleet is foil boats: 160-plus hydrofoil our leading positions, owing to constantly ships and 826 boats have been the general production slump in expanding on the supplied abroad. A strong high- Russia, and the lack of govern- basis of new and speed Navy has been built up, ment orders for ships of this class and dearth of finance for promising projects. O We believe there is only correct solution now: an energetic drive by Russian manufacturers to gain world market share. The military conversion undertaken in the industry has released significant productive capacities, which have to be refocused on export shipbuilding. Available world demand for this class of ship has been put by experts at several At our company's initiative, a financial and industrial hundred. Owing to competition on external markets, we must group, called Skorostnoi Flot or High-Speed Fleet, radically improve the finishing of ships and components and pre- has been established, incorporating nine shipbuilding pare maintenance for sold ships in the areas, where they are yards, five research institutes and design bureaus, as being operated. well as banks and investment companies. It will fund It is now becoming normal practice on the external market high-speed ship construction programs, seek out new for the seller to grant the buyer a long-term credit. Shipbuilding markets and regain traditional ones, set up mainte- and shipping companies are now nance and repair plants abroad and establish ship- establishing joint ventures to secure an external market ping companies. advance for Russian high tech- FINANCIAL AND INDUSTRIAL GROUP “Military Parade” • Electronintorg ltd. AVA Multimedia Publishing Group PLANS ENTRY TO WORLD MARKET $ Gennady Danilov $ President of the Transnational Oil Company "Hermes-Soyuz", Chairman of the Council of Founders of the Financial and Industrial Group "Skorostnoi Flot"

MILITARY PARADE 1994 SEPTEMBER C OCTOBER 1 AE028 ВОЕННЫЙ ПАРАД

nology products. A structural called Skorostnoi Flot or High- How we solve these prob- adjustment of the industry is Speed Fleet, has been estab- lems? indispensable. This is best attain- lished, incorporating nine ship- The sources of finance for able today by setting up financial building yards, five research shipbuilding at the first stage can and industrial groups. institutes and design bureaus, as only be internal. Russian banks Such a group should incorpo- well as banks and investment and investment companies have rate industrial plants, as well as companies. It will fund high- enough resources for these pur- banks, investment and subsidiary speed ship construction pro- poses, all the more so as hydro- foreign companies. A holding grams, seek out new markets and foils are relatively low-cost and company is the suitable legal sta- regain traditional ones, set up take only a couple of months to tus for a financial and industrial maintenance and repair plants build. We should also begin to group. abroad and establish shipping look at the far end of the pole, as Unfortunately, many institu- companies. we seek out marketing outlets. tional issues still remain However, we are shackled by We are most interested in island unsolved. A legislative basis is the dearth of normal financing states with an advanced tourist required, whereby these groups and an unacceptable level of business and a vast maritime could obtain controlling blocks of maintenance and repair. The for- economic and border zone. shares in participating businesses mer stems from the fear of for- In each state we can find a and gain exemption from exces- eign customers to invest in sufficient number of interested sive taxes in cooperative deliver- Russian production owing to firms to set up joint activities, this ies and from customs duties, political instability, the break-up greatly helps us penetrate the when exporting capital and high of traditional ties between enter- local market. An essential pre- tech products. prises and the unresolved owner- condition for efficient work To be successful, a financial ship issue. The lack of an accept- involves participation in exhibi- and industrial group must incor- able legislative basis for the for- tions, advertising and the estab- porate a strong market financial eign customer intimidates even lishment of firm ties with business structure of its own, capable of the most interested parties. Most and political circles. corporatizing industrial plants, frequently the customer is only If preliminary analysis reveals restructuring them and refocus- ready to pay for ships, which sufficient market capacity, one ing them on goods, which meet have already been built and are should create a specialized ser- today's market requirements. located outside Russia. vice firm as the buyers of ships of Hermes-Soyuz is one such struc- The second factor is tradition- this class will obviously be on the ture. It is the largest company of al for our foreign trade. Owing to whole small shipowner compa- the Hermes concern, incorporat- the collapse of the USSR, we nies, which cannot afford to ing more than 300 different have lost even those few foreign maintain their own repair station. enterprises. repair stations in such important To ensure normal and break- At our company's initiative, a areas for us as Southeast Asia even ship maintenance, we have financial and industrial group, and Mediterranean. to organize the delivery of components for the main and auxiliary engines and mechanisms within 24 hours, as the sale of ships without a well-oiled system of

maintenance and urgent repair “Military Parade” • Electronintorg ltd. AVA Multimedia Publishing Group will discredit our products and lead to a closure of the market for years. Losses at this stage amount to 2-5 million US dollars. It is easy to sell ships, once you are established on a market. But we believe it is more efficient to create shipowning joint companies to run ships on existing and newly opened passenger

MILITARY PARADE 1994 SEPTEMBER C OCTOBER 2 AE028 CONVERSION PROGRAMS lines, in order to receive some quantity of hydrofoils from us. At Mediterranean. In 1994 we sold constant revenue from trans- least 60 such ships successfully nine hydrofoils on the Greek mar- portation or the subsequent sale operate there now. ket. An agreement is under of the firm, replete with ships and However their ageing, cou- preparation with Greek banks to lines. pled with more stringent funding purchases of new types Despite initial costs, such a demands on operational safety, of hydrofoils to organize interna- step will make it possible to sub- induce shipowners to update and tional high-speed passenger stantially expand within a short replace them. We have set up lines. time deliveries of ships and prove jointly with Greek firms a large We regard Greek companies to local business and political cir- hydrofoil maintenance and repair as our natural partners for emer- cles our reliability as partners and center. Equipment used to repair gence on the markets of third readiness to invest in the econo- engines and the hulls of hydro- countries. my of their country. The estab- foils has been installed at the The first steps on overseas lished network of plants will also production facility: a requisite markets have yielded encourag- allow orders for high-speed ships stock of replacement parts has ing results. A 1994-1995 hydro- of special application to be been built up. foil and hovercraft building pro- received in future, such as cut- We have started training gram has been devised within the ters for the customs service, Greek personnel in new welding financial and industrial group, in police and coastal guard ships. procedures and repair methods tandem with the selection of for- We already have first-hand for the mechanisms of hydrofoils. eign partners and customers. We experience of work in Greece and Greek firms have assumed the are quite confident that we shall Cyprus. Greece was the first finishing job for new ships, ear- soon be able to utilize our pro- Western country to buy a large marked for sale in the ductive capacities in full. ( “Military Parade” • Electronintorg ltd. AVA Multimedia Publishing Group

MILITARY PARADE 1994 SEPTEMBER C OCTOBER 3 AE029 CONVERSION PROGRAMS

he Military Insurance Company (MIC) is one of the most dynamic in this sector in Russia. Although established only two years ago, it has already gained a solid footing on the insurance market and aroused considerable business interest. Sergei Tsikalyuk, Chairman of its board of directors said that the Military Insurance Company was created in August 1992 and aims above all to service government agencies, enterprises in the defense complex and conversion projects. These priorities added considerable viability to MIC during the first phase of its existence and helped it accumulate the requisite potential for further development. Last year, the company ranked second in all Russia's 2,500 insurance companies. Its authorized capital exceeded 4.2 billion roubles while insurance funds and reserves amounted to approximately 2.5 billion roubles. Owing to its impressive financial standing and reliable re-insurance system,T MIC can handle almost any risky insurance schemes, such as the launching of spacecraft, use of large-tonnage sea vessels, commercial transportation by air, company property and valuable cargo. MILITARY INSURANCE MIC has actively expanded in the regions; it now has 65 branches in Russia's industrial centers including St. Petersburg, Nizhni Novgorod, Ekaterinburg, Chelyabinsk, Samara and Komsomolsk-on-Amur. "I think we have gained the trust of many Ministries and Departments, because we make insurance payouts quickly and COMPANY: regularly", notes Sergei Tsikalyuk. MIC's clients include the Defense Ministry, the Ministry of Atomic Energy, the Department for Emergencies and Civil Defense, the Federal Border Patrol GUARANTEE OF RELIABILITY Service, Presidential Security Service and Moscow Government. "I feel that MIC's well-conceived strategy was instrumental in helping us gain a prominent position in a highly competitive environment", he added. First and foremost, MIC does not strive to gain profits at all costs. It prefers to give priority to mutually advantageous cooperation and fulfillment of all commitments. Its contracts are always backed financially. Consequently the company and its clients feel secure over the signed agreements. Today the Military Insurance Company operates in all major sectors of the insurance market, placing equal emphasis on both voluntary and compulsory insurance. Its voluntary insurance fees now comprise 10% of all receipts from around 2% in December 1993. The voluntary insurance program offers a wide range of services to major policy holders. The insurance portfolio has been shaped by operations with company property and policies for aircraft, spacecraft and sea-going vessels.

MIC constantly tries to give its operations more financial sta- “Military Parade” • Electronintorg ltd. AVA Multimedia Publishing Group bility. Consequently it attaches considerable importance to developing its re-insurance policy. MIC maintains active contacts with the leading domestic and foreign insurance and re-insurance companies, such as Rosgosstrakh, Ingosstrakh, Munich Reinsurance Company and Lloyds. This cooperation helps MIC protect the interests of its policy holders and also improve the quality of its service and bring it closer to international levels. Insurance against big and specific risks engendered a need SERGEI TSIKALYUK, to create a team of dynamic experts, capable of acting on the Chairman of the Board of Directors market boldly and flexibly and taking carefully thought out and competent decisions. Phone: (095) 296-7525, 293-2001 MIC has offered job opportunities to young officers dis- Fax: (095) 296-7461

MILITARY PARADE 1994 SEPTEMBER C OCTOBER 1 AE029 ВОЕННЫЙ ПАРАД charged from the army, owing to the reduction in military forces. Many of them are expert programmers and process control specialists. Most of our employees receive additional training at leading economic schools and a considerable number are sent for practical study abroad to British and German insurance companies. MIC continues to consolidate its position on the insurance market. We have actively developed traditional insurance policies by increasing the quality and range of services. At the same time, the company is trying to customize new services, which are currently not very wide-spread on the Russian market. These involve construction/assembly and technical insurance, transportation risks and liability and medical insurance. MIC also aims to scale up operations with private individuals and offer them viable life insurance policies, as well as insurance schemes. We believe this strategy holds great promise. MIC is ready to seek mutually acceptable terms for cooperation with enterprises, banks, financial companies, owners of aircraft and sea-going vessels, aerospace firms, construction and investment companies. We believe MIC has a bright future. It currently maintains direct contracts with 17 Ministries and Departments and offers partnership for other big enterprises, industrial associations and firms. We would be happy to share our belief in the future with you. ( “Military Parade” • Electronintorg ltd. AVA Multimedia Publishing Group

MILITARY PARADE 1994 SEPTEMBER C OCTOBER 2 AE030 CONVERSION PROGRAMS

reverse effects: production slump - drop in the earnings of people, enterprises, government - drop in demand - a further decline in production. We are witnessing all the symptoms of a severe over- production crisis, which broke out in the face of extremely stifled consumer demand. The military industrial complex was one of the first sectors to be hit, as defense industries have on the whole made consumer products, which Vitaly Vitebsky could hardly be regarded as sta- he accelerating current situation and trends are ples. rate of recession in evolving in the entire Russian Can the vicious circle be bro- the defense indus- economy. The changes in pro- ken? tries now seems duction rates in the complex indi- Yes, of course. The world has threatening. It cate that, if the rate of recession seen how a number of nations should be pointed drops and is maintained at the recovered from similar crises. out that the pro- first quarter level, by the end of Without going into detail on this duction volume of this year we will see annual mili- topic, suffice to say that common civilian goods has tary production volumes curtailed remedies in most cases have been shrinking five times and civilian products been: total mobilization of nation- nearly as rapidly, two times, compared to 1991, by al resources and a restructuring which calls into no means the best prereform of the economy to radically boost doubt the very idea year. Given that at least 70% of the export of manufactured of conversion. However, most in the complex's products in 1993 goods. the military industrial complex were civilian goods, one could Any focus on export deliveries continueT to maintain that in the clearly deduce the tremendous would break up the vicious circle, right circumstances it could damage, which could be done to raise earnings and increase DOES MILITARY INDUSTRIAL COMPLEX ACT AS MOTOR OF NATIONAL ECONOMY?

become the motor for Russia's the market for consumer and domestic demand. However, this national economy. So, what will industrial products. kind of economic restructuring become of the defense indus- The slump in the economy is would require resources, which tries? While responding to a attributable to a lack of solvent evidently cannot be secured in

question, posed by a Military demand. Indeed, the government sufficient volumes from foreign “Military Parade” • Electronintorg ltd. AVA Multimedia Publishing Group Parade correspondent, V. lacks the requisite budgetary countries. Hence, the govern- Vitebsky, head of the main direc- resources for defense products ment would have to take steps to torate of information and statis- and enterprises have no funds to ensure financial market stability tics with Russia's buy new equipment and tech- in order to gather resources to Goskomoboronprom, offered his nologies, while people have no rebuild the economy. As the perception of today's scene and money to buy consumer durables defense sector possesses the prospects for the future. (principal products of the military best export potential from the - Just look at how things industrial complex). processing industry in the nation, stand in defense industries and The industry today has been it appears to be the only one see, as if in crystal ball, how the stifled by the following chain of capable of removing a noose

MILITARY PARADE 1994 SEPTEMBER C OCTOBER 1 AE030 ВОЕННЫЙ ПАРАД around our neck, with minimum competitive analogs. Hardware economic restructuring. support from the government. samples and technologies pro- Some words need to be said This is the general picture. duced by other firms from the about legislative support for con- We still have some potential to defense industry, including version projects, international overcome the crisis. The follow- unique medical developments cooperation and investments in ing needs to be done: resolute and implements, also attracted a economic restructuring. A num- moves to establish preferential great deal of attention at the ber of pressing issues were terms for investments in expo. resolved in 1992-1993 by the advanced export-oriented pro- Of late, Russia has readily Supreme Soviet of the Russian jects; tough monitoring proce- attended international arms and Federation and its adoption of dures to enforce compliance with military equipment expos to dis- laws on conversion of the defense existing legislation, covering play its achievements for all to industries, investment activity, finances and hard currency trans- see. To retain traditional markets foreign investments, patents, actions; steps to bring together and secure new ones, manufac- copyright and related rights. the efforts of government and turer rights should be radically However, as new relations and business structures to achieve expanded to provide more inde- forms of ownership have come breakthroughs in the most pendence in military-technical into existence, legislation now promising directions, as the col- cooperation and enhance the needs to be substantially lapse of the national economy will responsibility of companies for reviewed and updated. Some vital neither spare employees nor their their products, by ensuring top- issues, bearing primarily on the employers. quality maintenance and repair of intellectual property of scientists To date, the complex is the hardware upon delivery. and researchers, have been omit- known to command huge produc- We now have all we need to ted in legislation altogether. tion capacities. The accomplish- be the most active players on the Efforts are being made, ments of our aviation industry, newly-emerging market for involving a number of defense among successes achieved in advanced technologies and research institutions, to draft a other fields, should be highlight- developments. Rational use of package of bills to cover the fol- ed first of all. For the first time in developments in this area, with lowing issues: property sharing the history of Russian helicopter due concern for the nation's by contributors to a given intel- building, the Ka-32A transport interests, would provide support lectual product, changes in prop- helicopter, which drew consider- for Russian scientists and erty rights following the adoption able attention in North America, researchers and secure earnings by a given organization of facility was certified in the USA. The for a real conversion process and of a different form of ownership, new-generation Tu-204, IL-96- 300 and IL-114 airliners have CHANGES IN PRODUCTION RATES been launched in series produc- OF THE DEFENSE COMPLEX tion. In fact, the IL-96-300 has already been flight-certified and now services the Moscow - New York route. During last year's "Conversion-93" expo in

Birmingham, Britain, I personally “Military Parade” • Electronintorg ltd. AVA Multimedia Publishing Group witnessed the tremendous interest, displayed by Western businessmen to amphibian aircraft, developed by Beriev Design Bureau and ekranoplans by Nizhni Novgorod Design Bureau. Once these developments start to be serially produced, they are 1994 bound to be widely sought on the (as foreseen) world market, as they have no OVERALL VOLUME MILITARY PRODUCTION CIVILIAN PRODUCTION

MILITARY PARADE 1994 SEPTEMBER C OCTOBER 2 AE030 CONVERSION PROGRAMS as well as other issues related to broadly-publicized "Conversion access to data bases on prod- intellectual property. to City" regional project, jointly ucts, markets and promising Simply phrased, the military prepared and carried out by investment opportunities. industrial complex sets itself Goskomoboronprom and Standard information reports in today the following goals: Moscow's government. Joint this area have now begun to be Development of weapons and funding and support targeted at circulated internationally. military technology. New kinds of the city's pressing needs are As well as the promotion of armaments must be created to enough to make the project a defense technologies, the coop- meet the needs for building a new success story. eration agreement reached army capable of facing new chal- Manufacture of consumer between Goskomoboronprom and lenges, while exploiting a new goods. We must create, with lim- Military Parade's editorial board, phase in the science and technol- ited protectionism, products, stipulates that new materials on ogy revolution and available eco- which are competitive with the conversion must be carried by nomic potential. Defense of the best foreign equivalents and the magazine. The parties also nation must be assured at all launch promotional efforts, wher- plan to provide information sup- costs, with more intellectual input ever the requisite competitive port for investment tenders, held and less strain on the national qualities have been virtually during the privatization of enter- economy. Original military R & D attained. Naturally, this is one of prises of the military industrial projects should be pursued to the toughest tasks, as it requires complex, which may involve acquire the capability to eliminate intricate work with investors, both national and foreign capital. the desired section of the domestic and foreign, as well as Hopefully, such a joint effort, enemy's defense infrastructure, balanced and flexible state pro- a ready response from interested thereby denying an adversary any tectionism. parties, as well as acceptance of chance to stage a major offensive To expand international ties, the new economic policies, pur- operation. the military industrial complex is sued by the nation's leadership, Civilian production. Closer interested in mass promotion via will help us reach a turning point regional ties must be built, international telecommunications in the crisis, with the military geared to helping conversion networks and periodicals. Its own industrial complex leading the resolve local tasks. A good exam- information consortium provides subsequent economic renais- ple of such ties is provided by the foreign partners with broad sance. ( “Military Parade” • Electronintorg ltd. AVA Multimedia Publishing Group

MILITARY PARADE 1994 SEPTEMBER C OCTOBER 3 AE031 CONVERSION PROGRAMS "GYDROMASH" FROM NIZHNI NOVGOROD GOES INTERNATIONAL $ Vladimir Luzyanin $ Director General of "Gydromash" Joint Stock Company At present "Gydromash" is a joint stock company and the only one in the former USSR, which has the requisite material and technical basis to fully develop running gear components. The plant's design bureau has been involved since 1961 in the designing of virtually all domestic combat aircraft and helicopters.

from Nizhni Novgorod was autho- and certification tests, involving rized to conduct research and simulation of external disturbance development work on running factors. gear components. At present The plant's special services "Gydromash" is a joint stock exercise control and in-service company and the only one in the maintenance of produced units former USSR, which has the req- and perform routine repairs of uisite material and technical basis their products. to fully develop running gear Experience accumulated over components. The plant's design half a century enables Vladimir Luzyanin bureau has been involved since "Gydromash" to participate in the t the beginning of 1961 in the designing of virtually most sophisticated projects and 1992, the all domestic combat aircraft and solve such extraordinary engi- European helicopters. neering tasks, as, for example, Aerospace The production base ensures the development of landing gear Agency (EAA), in the manufacture of all compo- for the "Buran" space shuttle. accordance with nents of running gear compo- The plant was a by-product of

an inter-govern- nents - from the reception of Moscow's Ilyin factory, which “Military Parade” • Electronintorg ltd. AVA Multimedia Publishing Group mental. agree- blanks to finishing operations. manufactured ploughs and ment, invited Purchasing mainly raw materials coaches and, in the Soviet peri- Russian enter- and semi-finished products, the od, the first Soviet cars NAMI-I. prises to take plant manufactures landing One of these cars is now dis- part in the elabo- gears, hydraulic and air cylinders, played in the plant's museum. ration of a techni- control mechanisms, dampers, During the Great Patriotic War the cal offer, related to individual hydraulic distributors and other plant began producing aircraft systems of the reusable space- hydraulic mechanisms. The landing gears. shipA "Hermes". plant's test base allows us to In production of such items "Gydromash" Association carry out a whole range of control "Gydromash", employing about

MILITARY PARADE 1994 SEPTEMBER C OCTOBER 1 AE031 ВОЕННЫЙ ПАРАД

1. ing gear manufacture in the West.

One of company's For development and quality control of landing gears the shops plant's services adhere to FAR 2. and ISO requirements. MiG-31's landing Consequently the enterprise can operate worldwide. gear main unit Work on the "Hermes" project 3. offered "Gydromash" another The "Buran" shut- opportunity to prove itself a reli- tle's landing gear able partner on the new market. Kinematic analysis of the 4,000 people, surpasses all com- landing gear prototype, devel- panies in Europe and America. oped by a French company, The utilization of unique tech- revealed that the design was nology, which does not require based on the landing gear for the heavy investments, permits the American "Shuttle". plant to manufacture a wide A scaled down replica of the range of landing gears, both for landing gear for this heavy the small sports craft "Yak-50" machine was disadvantageous in and such giants as "Ruslan" and weight and too austere for the "Mria". refined "Hermes", weighing a little more than 15 tons. landing gears for civil aircraft, "Gydromash" specialists pro- with extended service life, posed a basically new solution of required the application of rein- landing gear extension kinemat- forcer technologies and the ics, using the shock strut fixation acquisition of new design experi- principle employed on MiG-21 ence. and MiG-25 aircraft. Recently the enterprise has This design removed hinged begun selling licenses for the joints from the landing gear manufacture and repair of land- extension mechanism and elimi- ing gears to countries which use nated the auxiliary elements Russian aviation equipment. which assure landing gear fixa- Versatile technology stems in Some leading Western firms tion in the retracted and extended many respects from the use of have displayed an interest in position. the newest achievements in weld- welded constructions. To meet At the same time it increases ing. "Gydromash" was one of the the demands of Western firms, reliability, as the struts were first plants in Russia to master "Gydromash" is carrying out extended in the unfolded state. new high-strength steels and tita- experimental work on welding The reliability of such an exten- nium alloys. The development of high-strength steels used in land- sion was also confirmed by successful operation of similar units.

"HERMES" LANDING GEAR MAIN UNIT The software used by “Military Parade” • Electronintorg ltd. AVA Multimedia Publishing Group "Gydromash" allowed it to provide a comprehensive mathematical analysis of shock absorbers in all conditions and at all temperatures required to ensure the requisite landing parameters. To reduce loads, various shock-absorbers constructions were simulated and the most advantageous variant was accept-

MILITARY PARADE 1994 SEPTEMBER C OCTOBER 2 AE031 CONVERSION PROGRAMS ed. Using special programs developed by "Gydromash", optimum weights of landing gear shock absorbers were selected. The use of up-to-date materials, high-strength titanium alloys, optimization of weights, as well as an effective configuration, allowed "Gydromash" to submit as its technical proposition to customers landing gear, which is 50 kg lighter than its prototype. This figure guaranteed "Gydromash'''s success with the European Aerospace Agency. The victory in the competition enabled the "Gydromash" joint stock company to consolidate its position on the world market of landing gear manufacturer and expand cooperation with such well-known firms as "Menasco", "Messier-Bugatti", various branches of German "Dasa" and others. (

CONTACT US: 22 Gagarin Prospect, Nizhni Novgorod 603022, Russia Phone: (8312) 33-1864 Fax: (8312) 33-5938 Telex: 151163 Нева “Military Parade” • Electronintorg ltd. AVA Multimedia Publishing Group

MILITARY PARADE 1994 SEPTEMBER C OCTOBER 3 AE032 FROM THE HISTORY OF RUSSIAN WEAPONS

he development of combining artillery, armor and armored trains toward the end of railways in the late the ability to move on railway June, 1915, and by the end of 19th century, tracks. They were used in small that year 15 such trains were facilitating rapid, numbers during the Civil War in operating on combat fronts (the albeit limited, the USA (1854-61) and then in Northern and Western Fronts had movement, sug- the Franco-Prussian (1870-71) one each, the South-Western gested their pos- and Anglo-Egyptian (1882) wars. Front eight, the Caucasian Front sible use for mili- Dozens of armored trains, built by four, and there was also one in tary purposes. the British, participated in the Finland (for coast defense). This led to the Boer War (1899- 1902). The use of armored trains emergence on the Russia also started develop- revealed a number of serious battlefields of ing this new type of military hard- weaknesses including bulky Tarmored trains ware. It began constructing design, low mobility and difficulty

of fire control. Armored railway trolleys, built at the Vologda, Kiev and Odessa workshops, were ARMORED RAILWAY poorly armed (2 to 4 machine- guns) and therefore failed to perform effectively the mission of armored trains. That is why an armored railway motor car was designed. MOTOR CARS It was to be mounted on a four-axle flat car carrying its $ Semen Tichonov $ armament and propulsion plant. It

was assumed that the primary “Military Parade” • Electronintorg ltd. AVA Multimedia Publishing Group The development of railways in the late 19th century, advantage of railway motor cars as compared to armored trains facilitating rapid, albeit limited, movement, suggest- goes as follows: (1) its commanding officer can see and ed their possible use for military purposes. This led supervise everything: the crew, to the emergence on the battlefields of armored the operation of artillery and machine-guns, and (2) it is a trains combining artillery, armor and the ability to small target, only seven sazhens (49 feet) long, emitting no steam, move on railway tracks. smoke or noise while in motion.

MILITARY PARADE 1994 SEPTEMBER C OCTOBER 1 AE032 ВОЕННЫЙ ПАРАД

The construction of the first enough to accommodate an ment: a dynamo, compressor, railway motor car began in observer (observation was con- storage battery and fans. For January 1916. The intention was ducted through hatches with intercommunication the "zaa- to make one car and, if it suc- vision slots) and machine-gun- murets" was provided with tele- cessfully passed a test, two more. ners. Two machine-guns on spe- phones and light signals (colored The Director of South-Western cial mounts had a tiring sector of lamps). There were also eight Railways received 141 thousand 90 degrees in the horizontal periscopes, two sets of range- roubles on credit for their con- plane and 15-20 degrees in the finders and two searchlights. The struction. The construction was vertical plane. The ammunition car was provided inside with supervised by the Russian was stored in boxes at the walls. heat-, vibration- and sound- Supreme Command. Telegrams The artillery compartments absorbing insulation. Its heating on its progress were sent to the were located over the carriages, system was fed by the exhaust Supreme Headquarters every with gun mounts installed on piv- gas of the engines. week. Although people were new otal beams in the middle. Each The following advantages of to the job, the armored railway compartment consisted of two the vehicle should be stressed: motor car had been practically parts: the lower part was a rec- its extremely low profile, the per- completed by mid-August. The tangular box and the upper was fect shape of the armor housing, first trial run of the car called semispheric, made up of twelve armor plate inclination with due "zaamurets" took place on sectors riveted together and allowance for ricochet, high-den- October 7. rotating with a gun swivel plate. sity layout, ability to keep moving The "zaamurets" had a sup- 57-mm guns firing 60 rounds per with one motor, and considerable porting body made of riveted minute were installed on specially autonomy. In terms of technolog- channel beams and angle brack- designed gun mounts and had a ical perfection, the "zaamurets" ets and mounted on two rotary firing sector of -10 to +60 was in the same class as such Pullman carriages. The armor degrees. The gun mounts were masterpieces of Russian technol- thickness of bent and slanting anchored to ball-supported swiv- ogy as the Ilya Muromets bomber surfaces was 12 mm and of verti- el plates. The gun stations, sup- or the Crab submarine mine- cal ones 16 mm. The railway plied with brakes and gun direc- layer. motor car comprised three com- tion correctors, were rotated The "zaamurets" was tested ponents: terminal machine-gun manually by a single operator. near Odessa from October 19 and observation compartments, The central casemate accom- through 22. The tests confirmed 1. artillery compartments and the modated 60 h.p. gasoline that the car was easy to control, Armored railway central casemate. Each terminal engines, a gear box, two reverse could freely negotiate steep motor car compartment was a box with a clutches and a gimbal drive. It upgrades and travel at speeds of faceted ceiling. It was large also housed some auxiliary equip- up to 45 km per hour. Gun and "Zaamurets" “Military Parade” • Electronintorg ltd. AVA Multimedia Publishing Group

MILITARY PARADE 1994 SEPTEMBER C OCTOBER 2 AE032 FROM THE HISTORY OF RUSSIAN WEAPONS machine-gun fire also yielded excellent results. "The test of the railway motor car produced very good results. Its mechanism is powerful, reliable and fully meets all requirements." This was the conclusion of the acceptance commission. In the winter and spring of 1917, the car was in the Field Forces but was used mainly as an antiaircraft battery. In May, an armored railway striking force was set up on the South-Western Front. In addition to the "zaamurets", it included the armored pendently. After the withdrawal of the initial velocity of projectiles train General Annenkov, two the Czechoslovak Corps from was 381 meters per second, and armored cars and an armored Russia, the "zaamurets" and the the weight of a projectile was 6.5 trolley. The force gave a good rest of the armored train fell into kg. The firing sectors of the first, account of itself during the June the hands of the Japanese in second and third turrets were offensive in 1917. Vladivostok and was handed over 280, 318 and 276 degrees The future of the car to the White Guards. In 1923 it accordingly. Elevation ranged remained unclear. It was engaged was withdrawn to China, where it from -5 to +25 degrees. in operations against the was attached to the armored train DT machine-guns were Gaidamaks and for a while fell in battalion, as part of the Russian mounted in spherical bearings in the hands of a gang of anar- division of Chang Chaul-chan's all turrets to the right of the guns chists. In March 1918 it was Chinese Army. and in the rear recesses (second attached to the Red Army Another railway armored and third). One more was armored train No. 4 motor car was designed and installed in a spherical bearing in ("Polupanovtsy"). After heavy made at the Kirov Plant in the rear of the car. In addition, fighting, the seriously damaged Leningrad in the late 1930s. In there were four Maxim machine train succeeded in fighting its fire power it matched the Red guns in the sides of the car body way to Moscow. After repairs in Army's armored trains, while in (two on each side). The horizontal Kolomna, it left for the Eastern maneuverability and protection it firing sector of DT machine-guns Front. surpassed them. A 40-strong ranged from 30 to 17 degrees On June 22, 1918, the crew operated the car and its and the vertical one from -40 to armored train "Polupanovtsy" was weapons and serviced it. +50 degrees (with static towers). captured by the Czechoslovak Its design used some assem- The ammunition day supply of the Corps, renamed ORLIK, and sent blies of the medium tank T-28. railway armored motor car guar- for work on the Trans-Siberian 76.2-mm PS-3 tank guns (the anteed its autonomous combat 2-3. mainline. For a while the railway 1927/33 model) were mounted in operation and amounted to 365 Armored railway armored car, rearmed with three- its three two-level turrets. Their artillery rounds, 174 magazines inch 1902 guns, functioned inde- barrels were 16.5 calibers long, for DT machine-guns (10,962 motor cars of WW II “Military Parade” • Electronintorg ltd. AVA Multimedia Publishing Group

MILITARY PARADE 1994 SEPTEMBER C OCTOBER 3 AE032 ВОЕННЫЙ ПАРАД rounds), 48 boxes (250 rounds in and power transmission (between two GT-1000 generators, one PN- each) and 20 boxes (500 rounds in the power and combat sections of 28.5 generator, and eight 6STE- each) for Maxim machine-guns the third turret). Access for the 128 storage batteries. A 71-TK-1 (22,000 rounds). crew and the loading of ammunition radio station was used for external To deliver the aimed gun fire, were provided by three entrance communications. Provision was the turrets had tank periscopes PT- doors and a hatch in the floor. The made for switching to a telegraph 1 (the 1932 model) and telescopic roof of each turret comprised a line. Intercommunication was main- sights TOD (the 1930 model). The hatch covered with an armored lid. tained with the aid of a six-user turrets were electrically operated Ring-mounted DT antiaircraft telephone. with standby manual drives. The machine-guns were installed over The armored motor car had a elevation gear was manual. Three the hatchways of the second and sliding searchlight in the middle of TPK instruments, a stereoscopic third turret commanders. the car body behind the control telescope and a range-finder were A gasoline 294 kW (400 h.p.) post, two headlights, covered with employed for fire control, and four- engine M17-T enabled an 80-ton armored lids, in the rear and front, teen laminated glass apertures armored motor car to attain a max- four signal lanterns, 28 internal were used to watch the battlefield. imum speed of 120 km per hour. In lighting dome lamps, and 12 sock- The car body was made of mill- addition, it could tow a 120-ton ets. rolled welded armor sheets. The train. The power transmission gear By the beginning of the Great body's sides were 16 to 20 mm comprised a main dry clutch and a Patriotic War, the railway armored thick, the control post sides 20 mm, five-speed gear box of the T-28 motor car had been added to the the roof 10 mm, and the turrets 20 tank. Access to the engines and nation's armory. Only a few of them mm. The body side sheets were set transmission assemblies was pro- were manufactured and became at 10 degrees to the vertical. The vided through the hatch on the part of armored train battalions car was divided inside into the fol- body roof. The running gear includ- under the Red Army's Command of lowing sections: operational (under ed two carriages, a driving two-axle Armored and Mechanized Forces. the control post in the middle of the carriage and a supporting three- Some of them carried the turrets of car), combat (under each turret axle provided with spring suspen- T-34 tank and V-23 engines. including the Maxim antiaircraft sion. There were both automatic Railway armored cars were quad machine-gun in front of the and manual brakes. used in the Great Patriotic War of control post), power (in the rear) Electric equipment comprised 1941-45. ( “Military Parade” • Electronintorg ltd. AVA Multimedia Publishing Group

MILITARY PARADE 1994 SEPTEMBER C OCTOBER 4 AE033 HISTORY FROM THE HISTORY OF RUSSIAN WEAPONS A Prepared by Vladimir Gazenko A

SB HIGH-SPEED BOMBER Sixty years ago on October 7, 1934, test pilot K.K. Popov tried 1940. It out the ANT-40 2RTs experimental aircraft. Development of the boasted a high-speed bomber (factory designation ANT-40) began at the end more of 1933 under A.N. Tupolev's supervision. The principal lay-out was powerful determined by experiments in wind tunnels of the Central engine Aerodynamics Institute (TsAGI). The regular bomb load of 500-600 and better aerodynamic characteristics. The speed reached 500 kg was placed close to the aircraft's center of gravity, which had no km/h, range and ceiling were increased. influence on the aircraft's steadiness and handling characteristics, The SBs comprised the Soviet Air Force's main strike force. after the bombs were dropped. Accommodation of the main bomb Their actions at Lake Khasan and Khalkhin Gol were successful. load in the fuselage, smooth sheeting of the airframe and nacelles During the war with Finland, the SBs dropped the BETAB-250 con- contributed to the main design task - ensuring maximum speed in crete-piercing bombs on the Mannerheim Defense Line. The SBs horizontal flight. were actively used during the Civil War in Spain. The Republicans The bomber's mass production began in 1936 and continued tenderly called them "Katyushas". In 1939 the Frankists managed until 1941. In this period two plants produced 6,656 SB aircraft of to capture 19 aircraft, which had not been used in combat. They different modifications, including 250 planes of the most recent served as trainers until 1950s. The SBs also took part in the Great variant. The production of the latter began in the second half of Patriotic War at its initial stage. ( SU-100 SELF-PROPELLED GUN MOUNT Fifty years ago in September 1944 the "Uralmash" plant (plant ammunition load, weighed No. 100) began producing the SU-100 self-propelled gun mounts. 31.6 tons and did not exceed The troops received them that very month. the combat weight of the In the middle of 1944 a powerful 100-mm caliber gun D-10S base tank (32 tons). In terms was designed under F.F. Petrov's supervision. Using this gun and of travelling characteristics the T-34/85 tank chassis, specialists of the plant's design bureau, and maneuverability, the SP headed by L.I. Gorlitsky, worked out within a short time the SU-100 gun mount was practically as - the best anti-tank SP gun mount of World War II. good as the tank. The gun mounted on the right side of the forward section of the The hull was welded of fighting compartment in the hull front plate had an exceptional fire armor plates placed at large power and could effectively defeat enemy tanks at all aimed fire angles and the front plate ranges. At a range of 2,000 meters the armor-piercing shell pene- was placed at 50 degrees to trated 139-mm thick armor and virtually penetrated at a range of the vertical. The armor plates were up to 110 mm thick. one kilometer German tanks. Production of the SU-100 continued until the end of the war: The gun's rate of fire is 5-6 rounds per minute. The ammunition then the mount was updated. It was fitted with night-vision equip- load is 33 fixed type rounds. The gun mount, together with the ment, a liquid heater and new type air cleaner. ( DESTROYER LEADERS OF "LENINGRAD" TYPE Sixty years ago on September 9, 1934 the launch of the War, "Kharkov"'s hull marked the end of the stock period of the three- the ship series construction. The ships were destroyer leaders. The lead- "Leningrad" - in the Baltic, "Moskva" and "Kharkov" - in the Black ers of Sea Fleet - were some of the first large Soviet ships. Work on the this series was directed by well-known ship-builder V.A. Nikitin. design With a full displacement of 2,693 tons and measurements of were 127x11.7x4.2 m, the "Leningrad" type ships boasted a speed of fitted “Military Parade” • Electronintorg ltd. AVA Multimedia Publishing Group about 43 knots and a range of 2,700 miles, with an economical with speed of 20 knots. They were propelled by three main turbogear noise-generating units and torpedo fire control systems. The plants with a total power of 66,000 hp. wartime crew amounted to 344 men. The series had powerful weapons: five latest universal shielded In December 1939 during the Soviet-Finnish war the 130-mm caliber guns, two quadrupled 533-mm caliber N-7 torpe- "Leningrad" bombarded enemy fortifications on the Finnish Bay do tubes with ammunition load of 16 torpedoes, two semi-auto- islands. The ship made it through the Great Patriotic War, took part matic 76-mm caliber and two 45-mm caliber guns, later replaced by in the defense of Tallin and Leningrad and the evacuation of the gar- six to eight 37-mm automatic guns, and four 12.7-mm caliber rison at Khanka Peninsula. machine guns. Anti-sub ammunition originally comprised 34 bigger The Black Sea leaders already bombarded Constantsa and 40 smaller depth charges, later augmented by two BMB-2 anti- (Romania) on the fourth day of the war. The "Moskva" leader hit a sub depth charge throwers. The ships could lay up to 80 big anti- mine while maneuvering and sank. The "Kharkov" perished on ship moored KB mines. Prior to the beginning of the Great Patriotic October 6, 1943 from direct bomb hits. (

MILITARY PARADE 1994 SEPTEMBER C OCTOBER 1 AE034 TOP SECRET

t the end of 1993, large capacity magazine, nick- design has a margin and its some Russian and named "Bizon". The development capacity may be increased after foreign newspa- work was headed by the famous due alterations. The magazine pers published a designer's son, Victor does not protrude beyond the photo of President Kalashnikov. outlines of the weapon and of the Russian The main and most original ensures its excellent dimensional Federation, Boris component of the new sub- characteristics. In firing, it may Yeltsin, holding an machine gun, distinguishing it be used as a fore grip, thereby unusual-looking from its numerous brethren, is increasing the ease of retaining weapon in his undoubtedly a screw magazine and holding the handgun and hands. Such an holding 64 cartridges. This making the "Bizon" a sufficiently unusual method capacity is selected so that the agile close-quarters weapon. was chosen to number of loaded cartridges is When mass produced, the maga- demonstrate to the whole world multiple of 16, i.e. the contents zine body will be made of high- one of the latest developments of of one carton, where the car- strength plastic. IzhevskA engineering plant's tridges are packed at the factory. The sub-machine gun is designers, a machine pistol with a Consequently, the magazine chambered for the 9x18 mm PM

pistol cartridge. Both standard and modernized versions may be used. The latter provides higher pressure and, hence, a higher muzzle velocity of the bullet, which increases its casualty-pro- "BIZON"ducing and penetrating effect and considerably improves the effectiveness of the weapons. As the pistol cartridge is less powerful than the assault rifle SUB-MACHINE GUN cartridge, there is no need for “Military Parade” • Electronintorg ltd. AVA Multimedia Publishing Group $ Alexei Vadimov $ locking, and a blowback action is selected, which uses the recoil energy of the free heavy bolt. The simplicity of construction and maintenance of the During its backward movement, the parts do not collide (short "Bizon" sub-machine gun, its small dimensions, ease recoil scheme): this factor has a and agility in use, high reliability, and the large favorable effect on the weapon's stability in firing and improves its amount of ammunition at hand, will undoubtedly draw consistency. This scheme radically differentiates the sub-machine the specialists' attention to this weapon. gun from the assault rifles, man-

MILITARY PARADE 1994 SEPTEMBER C OCTOBER 1 AE034 ВОЕННЫЙ ПАРАД

Partial disassembly

With magazine ufactured by the Izhevsk ger mechanism, receiver cover, the world-famous assault rifles. mechanical plant. and some others. The smooth- A relatively low rate of fire attached Despite the differences in running manufacture process at ensures easy control of contin- 3. the action of these weapon "Izhmash" guarantees the oper- uous fire duration, without the With magazine sep- types, a certain succession still ational reliability of the sub- use of devices, providing a exists. Up to 60% of the "Bizon" machine gun, which has a con- fixed length of bursts. The sim- arated parts are borrowed from the siderable number of parts and plicity of construction and AK74M assault rifle. They assemblies run by the manufac- maintenance of the "Bizon" include the folding stock with turer long ago, ensuring that it sub-machine gun, its small its attachment members, trig- will not be worse than that of dimensions, ease and agility in use, high reliability, and the large amount of ammunition at hand, will undoubtedly draw the specialists' attention to this weapon. In the near future it is likely to be operational with law- enforcement agencies, convoy and guard units of the Interior Ministry and special army units. (

Characteristics “Military Parade” • Electronintorg ltd. AVA Multimedia Publishing Group Caliber 9 mm Cartridge 9x18 mm PM, 9x18 mm PM modernized Effective range: -with standard cartridge 100 m -with modernized cartridge 150 m Magazine capacity 64 cartridges Weight: -without magazine 2.1 kg -with magazine without cartridges 2.47 kg Length (folded/unfolded) 425/660 mm Rate of fire 700 rounds/min

MILITARY PARADE 1994 SEPTEMBER C OCTOBER 2 AE035 THE CENTERS OF THE MILITARY INDUSTRIAL COMPLEX

On behalf of the people of the Urals let me invite the business circles of all interested countries to mutually advantageous cooperation in military industry, as well as in the implementation of conversion programs.

ALEXEl STRAKHOV Head of Administration of Sverdlovsk Region “Military Parade” • Electronintorg ltd. AVA Multimedia Publishing Group

OUR REFERENCE: Born in 1942. Graduated from Urals Polytechnical Institute (1963) and Economic Academy (1981). Began career as a construction site worker in 1960. On graduation from the institute, stayed there as a research worker, before becoming head of the regional construction team. In 1967-76 - manager of the Gasspetsstroy trust, in 1976-78 - deputy head of the regional gasification department, in 1978-92 - managerial positions of the territorial supply department. In 1992 he became first deputy head of the regional administration and in January 1994 - administrative head of Sverdlovsk Region.

MILITARY PARADE 1994 SEPTEMBER C OCTOBER 1 AE035 THE CENTERS OF THE MILITARY INDUSTRIAL COMPLEX THE DEFENSE COMPLEX OF THE URALS MAINTAINS ITS REPUTATION $ Alexei Strakhov $

istorically the The military industrial com- sums of money. Moreover, bud- Urals have always plex figures prominently in the get taxes are very high and the been the strong- region's industry. It numbers 50 prices for energy and raw materi- hold of this coun- plants, research institutes and als are continually rising. try with design bureaus and boasts Regrettably, the government Sverdlovsk unique scientific and industrial does not pay for executed Region as center potential. Here the best special- defense industry contracts in of this huge area. ists - scientists, engineers, work- time or allocate money for new I would like to ers - are gathered. The produc- ones. The federal debt to Urals say a few words. tion associations plants runs into hundreds of bil- The territory is "Uralvagonzavod", lion roubles today. 195,000 square "Uraltransmash", the Kalinin In such conditions the region- kilometers with a Machine-Building Plant, the Urals al administration had to pay spe- population of over 4.5 million Optico-Mechanic Plant, the cial attention to the military people. The area is rich in miner- "Avtomatika" research and pro- industrial complex. In 1993-94 alH resources: iron and copper duction association, the "Vector" the military industrial complex ore, coal, pit, gold and platinum, state production association and problems were reflected in the silver, manganese and nickel, a number of other enterprises are federal government's decision titanium and vanadium, asbestos well known far beyond Russia's "On measures to stabilize the and bauxites, precious stones borders. It is precisely them work of defense industry enter- and rare elements. Most of the which determine today the strate- prises of Sverdlovsk Region" territory is occupied by forests. gic trends in the arms and ammu- adopted on our initiative. Nine This inevitably influenced the nition development and produc- decisions of the administration regional socio-economic devel- tion in the Russian Federation. head and four decisions of the opment. The most developed are The Ural plants produce tanks, regional government were taken the mining and metallurgical missile/artillery and space missile over the period to rectify the situ- industries, machine-building, systems, self-propelled gun ation. construction industry, wood- mounts and missile systems con- We are trying to ensure an working and chemical industries. trol facilities. As a rule, they are “Military Parade” • Electronintorg ltd. AVA Multimedia Publishing Group In terms of overall production our just as good as similar Western region ranks as one of the five counterparts and in many ways most developed regions in even better. Russia. However, over the past few The advantageous geographi- years the military industrial com- cal location, great natural wealth plex enterprises in the region, as and high professional skills of the well as in the country as a whole, labor force open up great have faced difficulties. Financing prospects for business coopera- is the main reason. Most enter- tion with various countries. prises owe one another huge

MILITARY PARADE 1994 SEPTEMBER C OCTOBER 2 AE035 ВОЕННЫЙ ПАРАД inevitable reduction of the mili- idea. tary industrial potential in the I am sure that after acquaint- least painful way - via conversion. ing themselves with the products Today many enterprises are being and potential of the regional mili- re-oriented to production of civil- tary industrial complex on the ian goods. This has never been pages of this magazine, foreign easy. Conversion requires mas- readers will find new partners sive capital investments, funds from Urals enterprises. I believe the government lacks. The gov- that "Military Parade" issues ernment of the Russian devoted to the major regions of Federation plans to obtain the Russia are extremely important. It money by selling military equip- is absolutely clear to everybody ment to other countries. The pro- today that the success of eco- ceeds from these exports shall be nomic reforms in this country remitted to pay for conversion. depends primarily on them - their Sverdlovsk Regional position, perseverance and initia- Administration fully supports this tive. ( “Military Parade” • Electronintorg ltd. AVA Multimedia Publishing Group

MILITARY PARADE 1994 SEPTEMBER C OCTOBER 3 AE036 THE CENTERS OF THE MILITARY INDUSTRIAL COMPLEX CONVERSION: PROBLEMS AND EXPERIENCE out back in 1992. It seeks to companies to attract additional invest- re-orient the military industry ments and effectively use loans on con- towards the production of version program implementation: the highly effective "science- regional administration acts as one of the intensive" machinery and founders; equipment for sophisticated - "Urals-Conversion" Regional Fairs household electronics for the are being held; region and Russia. - contacts are being expanded with Realizing the social sig- foreign firms interested in setting up joint nificance of defense industry ventures and making investments. SEMEN BARKOV, support, the Regional Thanks to these and other steps, the Deputy Chairman of Committee for Industry, Head of Administration was one of converted enterprises produced 50 types Defence Industry and Conversion Department, the first in Russia to allocate, of new civilian products and prepared Sverdlovsk Regional Administration. in the form of low interest another 50 for series production in the Born in 1940. Graduated from Urals Polytechnic Institute in 1964. Worked at Medium Machine- loans and target financing, last year alone. Fifteen new products have Building Ministry enterprises, starting as foreman and 3.8 billion roubles from its received certificates of domestic and rising to the position of chief engineer. Part of budget in 1993 and 31 billion international standards. A medical pro- Sverdlovsk Regional Administration since 1991. roubles in 1994 for the duction certification center was set up. implementation of conver- About 20,000 working places were saved verdlovsk Regional sion programs. This alleviated the tough and created anew at converted enterpris- Administration considers financial position of defense industry es. This allowed us to prevent mass dis- conversion of defense enterprises. missals in 1993, caused by the dramatic industry enterprises as We believe that during the past three reduction in the state defense orders. the main solution to the years an efficient conversion system has Joint stock companies, limited liability acute economic crisis, been established in the region: companies and small businesses engaged faced by the regional mil- - close cooperation with defense in the production of specific types of civil- itary industrial complex. industry enterprises and the regional ian goods are established on the basis of Conversion is progressing department, which place orders for the converted enterprises. Ten joint ventures in complicated condi- products of converted enterprises; operate with foreign participation. tions, overshadowed by - the newly established head organi- Owing to a serious dearth of medical the general industrial zations, covering twelve areas of priority equipment, the regional administration slump and economic interest to take care of the organizational pooled the efforts of defense industry instability. We believe and technical aspects of the programs enterprises to develop and produce that the government pays ("Conversion to Medicine", "Conversion sophisticated optoelectronic diagnostic, “Military Parade” • Electronintorg ltd. AVA Multimedia Publishing Group little attention to the conversion process. to the Agricultural Complex", "Conversion medical and laboratory equipment. We We are worried by the possibility that we to Transport", "Conversion to treat our experience as the start of com- mayS lose irretrievably the scientific-tech- Communications", "Conversion to plex and multifaceted work to help enter- nical potential it took us decades to accu- Ecology", "Conversion to Consumer prises of the military industrial complex mulate at defense industry enterprises. Goods", etc.), are working successfully; switch to the production of civilian goods. Considering conversion as our priority - a financial support mechanism for The regional administration and task and the mechanism to be used to re- converted enterprises has been devel- enterprise staff offer wide-ranging coop- structure the economy, the Regional oped at regional levels, a regional conver- eration to foreign firms, which do not plan Administration is according special atten- sion support fund has been set up; to limit their interests to the purchase of tion to this sphere. A conversion program, - two finance and investment compa- arms and ammunition, and are ready to aimed at solving the region's most press- nies have been set up as close joint stock jointly realize conversion programs. ( ing socioeconomic problems, was worked

MILITARY PARADE 1994 SEPTEMBER C OCTOBER 1 AE037 THE CENTERS OF THE MILITARY INDUSTRIAL COMPLEX

he system of low problems, by paying back budget mental and foreign investments. interest loans for debts, salaries, settling energy However, everyone knows that specific projects checks and suppliers invoices non-governmental (private) capi- of the military and saving at best 10% for con- tal does not follow orders: it industrial com- version itself or is left with noth- chooses the most profitable plex (MIC) enter- ing at all, if things come to their options, preferably in cases, prises has exist- worst. where it can control the situation. ed since 1992 at The managers should not be In other words, commercial the federal level blamed for the wasteful use of financing agencies, joint stock and in loans, as such behavior is normal companies, set up from raw Sverdlovsk in the conditions, which man- materials processing enterprises Region. agers and their staff have found (which have hard currency), and It is obvious themselves in. Nevertheless, foreign firms shall not invest in that conversion of MIC enterpris- conversion loans are not alms or large defense industry plants or es should be supported. charity: they are target loans, design bureaus. They would pre- However,T we do not consider the designed to help the enterprise fer to finance specific projects present day system effective. switch from the military produc- realized by an independent The financial position of most tion over to competitive civilian enterprise, as they will be able to MIC enterprises is bad and dete- goods. play a decisive role in manage- riorating. In such conditions With this aim in mind, con- ment and control and projected enterprise management uses version money, as a rule, should dividends. conversion loans to solve survival not be handed over directly to Realizing the need to defense industry enterprises. It enhance the effectiveness of should be channelled into the conversion loans and seeing that establishment of individual there is no one way to solve the smaller businesses using the problem, the regional adminis- freed larger plant production tration has set up, together with capacities. Parent plants should a number of defense industry have a share in the small busi- enterprises and SKB Bank in ness. Each conversion project Ekaterinburg, the ITM (invest- must be realized through an ments, know-how, machines) independent small business financing and investment compa- (which does not rule out excep- ny, which should serve as both SERGEI NOVOSELTSEV tions). The small business should instrument and initiator of specif- President, Sverdlovsk "ITM" Finance and be in the form of a close stock ic conversion projects at defense Investment Company (investments, know- company. In this case any non- industry enterprises via the how, machines). conversion use of the target establishment of small business- Director General, "Formanta" Radio Plant in loans is ruled out. es to take care of individual pro- the town of Kachkanar. Projects, rather than the jects and exploit use of the con- Born in 1947. Graduated from Novosibirsk plants themselves, should be verted enterprise's production State University in 1970. Worked in financed! space and equipment. Novosibirsk at the Semiconductor It should be borne in mind A typical scheme can be

Manufacturing Plant (1970-73) and that no single budget is large described as follows: a project “Military Parade” • Electronintorg ltd. AVA Multimedia Publishing Group Measuring Instruments Research Institute enough to cover all those, who (product) is chosen, a converted starting out as senior engineer and rising to objectively need conversion plant with a suitable technologi- the position of Deputy Director. Since 1986 Director of Radio Plant in Kachkanar. financing. Therefore, it is worth- cal base and labor force is while attracting the non-govern- selected (if the enterprise does PROJECTS SHOULD BE FINANCED, RATHER THAN THE PLANTS THEMSELVES

MILITARY PARADE 1994 SEPTEMBER C OCTOBER 1 AE036 ВОЕННЫЙ ПАРАД not initiate the project itself), the an independent paying enter- project's business plan is worked prise, which puts out competitive out, together with the plant, to products and pays dividends to persuade the regional administra- the founders. tion to agree to a conversion loan Our Finance and Investments in principle, followed by steps to Company aims to create or at involve non-governmental bodies least plans to set up at least 50 as co-founders. Outside investors small businesses at the converted of these close joint stock compa- enterprises of the region within nies must be granted a control- the next five years. To conclude, I ling block of shares and the par- would like to stress that this is not ent plant should not own more only way of implementing conver- than 20-30% of the shares, to sion projects. The search for opti- rule out unauthorized use of mal forms and methods in the investments and conversion country is not restricted to con- loans. version only: it holds true for The parent plant's contribu- activities in general and some- tion in the authorized fund shall times even spells survival. be made up of the production This creative search on all space and equipment. issues, including conversion, Each such project will create continues today in our region. ( “Military Parade” • Electronintorg ltd. AVA Multimedia Publishing Group

MILITARY PARADE 1994 SEPTEMBER C OCTOBER 2 AE038 THE CENTERS OF THE MILITARY INDUSTRIAL COMPLEX

several other plants evacuated to Since 1970s to the 1990s the the Urals were converted into one plant has been manufacturing the of the country's biggest defense T-72, the most mass-produced works: the Ural tank plant. tank of modern times. This model On December 8, 1941, plant has incorporated the best tradi- workers assembled the first T-34 tions of Soviet tank engineering. tank. By the end of the war the It has a generally attractive con- plant turned out 35,000 such figuration of the hull and the tur- combat vehicles. ret and non-traditional design STRENGTH OF STABILITY

he "Uralvagonza- In addition the plant had features. Foreign specialists note vod" (UVZ) plant already manufactured at that time that after the T-34, T-54 and T-55 was built during bomb cases and parts for the design series the T-72 is obvious- the first five-year "Katyusha" rocket launcher. Plant ly a successful concept. development engineers were the first in the By now the T-72 has con- periods (1931- world to introduce automated firmed its status of one of the 1936) as part of armor welding, an advanced tur- best tanks in the world in many the Ural-Kuzbass ret casting technology and tank local wars and had dominated for coal mining and assembly flow lines. almost a quarter-century in the metallurgical For many years the plant has armies of Poland, the Czech center. On been the main supplier of tanks Republic, Slovakia, Yugoslavia, October 11, 1936 of various modifications for the Hungary, Romania, Bulgaria, it turned out its country's armed forces. In March Finland, India, Iraq, Syria, Libya, first heavy-duty gondola railway 1946 the plant resumed produc- Algeria and other countries. Its cars. At the beginning of the war, tion of cargo gondola cars and latest modification, the T-72S, is byT government decision, UVZ and boxcars, without stopping pro- the world's only tank with explo- VLADIMIR SERYAKOV, duction of more advanced military sive reactive armor, firing both Director General, "Uralvagonzavod" produc- hardware. rockets and shells, which was tion association For more than fifty years now, designed by UVZ specialists on tanks manufactured at UVZ, have the basis of careful analysis and 51 years old. Born in Kazan. On graduation invariably aroused keen interest assimilation of the tactics and from the Kazan Chemical Technology of specialists and the press. strategy of tanks in real-combat Institute, he started a professional career, holding different posts in the sphere of high- These included T-34, the best conditions, with due regard for technology production from ordinary worker tank of World War II, T-54, T-55, the years of combat operation in to director general. T-62 and other modifications. various parts of the world and the “Military Parade” • Electronintorg ltd. AVA Multimedia Publishing Group

MILITARY PARADE 1994 SEPTEMBER C OCTOBER 1 AE037 ВОЕННЫЙ ПАРАД results of austere tests in the the IMR-2M and the BREM-1 most trying conditions of the Far proved their worth in dealing with East, the Arctic, Siberia and the consequences of the Central Asia. Chernobyl disaster and the cata- T-72S tanks are distinguished strophic earthquake at Spitak by high reliability of all assem- (Armenia). blies and mechanisms in the bat- Recently UVZ, together with tlefield and excellent mobility and several other enterprises, have maneuverability, regardless of developed and phased in the any weather or road conditions. PUM-500B all-purpose road con- Owing to its combination of com- struction vehicle and the EO- bat and technical characteristics, 5126 single-scoop caterpillar the T-72S not only matches the excavator. Its design incorporates best foreign models: it actually advanced design features and surpasses them. Overwhelmed by materials tried out during years of the remarkable combat, technical production of military hardware. and other characteristics of T-72 The association has more tanks, a number of countries, than 40 years of experience in including India, Yugoslavia, designing and manufacturing Slovakia, Poland, have started cryogenic railway tank-cars and manufacturing them at home, on systems. During various periods, the basis of Russian design doc- plant engineers designed and umentation and technologies. mass produced tank-cars for the Another important asset of the T- carriage of liquid oxygen, nitro- 72 tanks is their easy adaptability gen, used for various economic to new design features at mini- needs and as fuel for aerospace mum cost. systems. The effective use of tanks "Uralvagonzavod" is sole rises dramatically, when they are designer and manufacturer in principle, using the most 1. supported by fast escort vehicles. Russia of various types of four- advanced and unique equipment, BREM-1 armored

The family of engineer support and eight-axle gondola cars, which ensures the whole produc- recovery vehicle vehicles, designed by UVZ spe- tank-cars and freight wagons. tion cycle from the casting and 2. cialists, have the same mobility, During the years of its existence stamping of billets and blanks reliability and crew protection it has turned out more than through all forms of mechanical IMR-2M obstacle characteristics as the base 800,000 such rigs. processing to the assembly and remover model, which allows for their use "Uralvagonzavod" today is a comprehensive testing of finished 3. without any limitations with tank unique mechanical engineering products. units. These include the BREM-1 plant with a powerful engineering "Uralvagonzavod" guarantees MTU-72 bridgelayer multi-purpose armored recovery and intellectual potential, marked an innovative quest spirit and a vehicle, the IMR-2M obstacle in the Guinness Book of Records constant drive for new, unortho- removal vehicle and the MTU-1 as "the biggest enterprise in the dox engineering solutions aimed tank bridgelayer. world". at creating exclusively top-grade,

One should make special note Production at the plant is reliable products. “Military Parade” • Electronintorg ltd. AVA Multimedia Publishing Group of their use for civilian purposes: organized by the closed-loop "Uralvagonzavod" is an enter-

OUR ADDRESS: 622006, Nizhni Tagil, Russian Federation Phone: (8-343-5) 23-1774, 23-0197; Fax: (8-343-5) 23-3492; 23-0357; Teletype: 199451 KLEN; Telex: 721749 UVZ SU

MILITARY PARADE 1994 SEPTEMBER C OCTOBER 2 AE037 THE CENTERS OF THE MILITARY INDUSTRIAL COMPLEX prise with high production stan- of different types, railway trucks dards, based on long-established with different numbers of axles, technological and intellectual tra- motor-driven trucks for self-pro- ditions. This means hundreds and pelled railway expeditions, auto- thousands of suppliers and con- matic couplers and other gear for sumers in the CIS and dozens of all types of freight cars, cast and foreign countries, as well as a stamp-forged products and a thousand-strong staff of top- wide range of consumer goods. grade specialists, who have All articles, manufactured and already created an epoch in home planned for production by the and world mechanical engineer- association. are designated for ing and are prepared to surpass heavy-duty high-intensity opera- their predecessors in the devel- tion in any climatic conditions. opment of non-traditional pro- The new economic rela- duction technologies. tions only go to stress and Today, the plant turns out enhance our traditional interest in about 100 types of different the expansion and consolidation products. These include military of business contacts with home hardware, road construction and foreign enterprises and orga- machines, all-metal cargo railway nizations in the sphere of com- cars, timber carriers, special- petitive production and joint purpose wagons and tank- cars research and design projects. ( “Military Parade” • Electronintorg ltd. AVA Multimedia Publishing Group

MILITARY PARADE 1994 SEPTEMBER C OCTOBER 3 AE039 THE CENTERS OF THE MILITARY INDUSTRIAL COMPLEX

Conversion of "Avtomatika" association's traditional missile sector opened up chances to develop small standard precision HIGHEST LEVEL control systems for payload injection means: heavy, medium and light launch vehicles, orbital unit preboosters, reentry modules. These developments include OF ACCURACY control systems for the updated "Soyuz-2" rocket, as well as the ore than 40 "Express" space vehicle devel- years ago a oped at the "Salyut" Design specialized Bureau of the V. Khrunichev State design Research and Production Space bureau was Center. A number of German and set up in Japanese firms are working on Ekaterinburg, the project together with their Central Urals, control systems, which ensured Russian colleagues. which set out the greatest target acquisition The "Avtomatika" association to develop accuracy, against strict size and worked out, jointly with the control sys- weight limitations, dictated by design bureau of the V.P. Makeev tems (CS) for launches from submarines. State Rocket Center, a control ballistic mis- Respective studies yielded system project for the "Priboy" siles (BM) to arm the submarines decisions, which utilize adaptive rocket-and-space system, which (SM) of the Russian Navy. With control methods with artificial is designated for the launch of theM passing of time this special- intellect elements, microminimize research, commercial and other ized design bureau (SDB) evolved all CS components, ensure high- satellites straight from the ocean into a research institute. Headed efficiency of small computer surface and does not require any by General Designer and means of the on-board, ship and special facilities of a stationary Academician of the Russian ground elements of the control launching complex. Academy of Sciences, N. system. Control systems for space Semikhatov, the institute created Production of microcircuits rocket complexes are currently a number of Naval ballistic missile on the basis of thick-film technol- being developed, which will oper- ogy and frameless element base ate on liquefied natural gas to constitutes one of the ways of ensure the ecological safety of combining high integration with payload injections from any point small weight and size. on the globe. The use of fiber optics in the Its ability to resolve defense ship's communication lines problems, coupled with available ensures a high level of jamming production capacities and the protection, combined with high staff's scientific and technical

traffic-carrying capacity. potential enabled "Avtomatika" to “Military Parade” • Electronintorg ltd. AVA Multimedia Publishing Group A comprehensive approach to develop a wide range of automat- the control system development ed control systems to control var- VYACHESLAV CHEBOTAREV, resulted in the creation of on- ious types of complex technolog- Director General, "Avtomatika" Research and board, ship-based and testing ical processes. Production Association. (ground) equipment. Owing to its Major work in this area is small size, convenience, mini- being carried out in the domain of Born in 1938. Graduated from Taganrog mum energy consumption and automated control systems for Radio Technical Institute in 1960. His whole career is bound up with "Avtomatika", where high reliability, it ensures the thermal power stations, metallur- he rose from engineer (1960) to Director required effectiveness of Naval gy, shipbuilding, transport, bank- General (1989). BMs. ing, medicine.

MILITARY PARADE 1994 SEPTEMBER C OCTOBER 1 AE039 ВОЕННЫЙ ПАРАД

The following equipment has been worked out and is supplied to customers on the orders of the regional administration and allied enterprises of the Urals region: - pulseoximeter for intensive care wards; - breath control and stimula- tion monitors for premature babies; - different modifications of thermal printers; - amplitude and frequency modulated portable duplex radio sets. In view of the aforementioned, "Avtomatika" is interested in developing cooperation with foreign and domestic partners in any form, with all costs recouped in foreign currency (establishment of joint stock companies, enterprises and projects, distribution services, pre-sale and guarantee servicing). (

ADDRESS: 145 Mamina-Sibiryaka St., Ekaterinburg, Russia 620075 Phone: (3432) 51-5728 Fax: (3432) 55-5661 “Military Parade” • Electronintorg ltd. AVA Multimedia Publishing Group

MILITARY PARADE 1994 SEPTEMBER C OCTOBER 2 AE040 THE CENTERS OF THE MILITARY INDUSTRIAL COMPLEX

of semi-finished items from titanium alloys, unique types of moulded products from aluminium alloys, rolled stainless steel, and high-temperature alloys based on nickel and spelters. The VSMPA's production and creative activities, supported by VLADISLAV TETYUKHIN, cooperation with leading insti- Director General of the Joint Stock Company tutes and design bureaus of air- 'Verkhnyaya Salda Metallurgical Production craft and engine construction Association' (VSMPA), Doctor of Technology companies, aim to manufacture naces and a large number of and Member of the Russian Academy of products on the basis of titanium metal cutting machines. Engineering Sciences. Born in Moscow in 1932. In 1956 graduated from Moscow Steel and aluminium alloys for Russian Effective steps need to be and Alloys Institute and began his career at aircraft engine critical units, as taken to integrate the association the Verkhnyaya Salda Aircraft Industry well as the airframes and landing in the world system of production Metallurgical Plant in the Urals. From 1976 gears of IL-86, IL-96, Tu-204, Tu- and sales. to 1992 worked at the Research Institute of 160, "Antei", "Ruslan", "Mria", Firstly, its output has to be Aircraft Materials and in 1992 was again Su-27, MiG-29 and Mi-26 planes certified and the quality of semi- invited to the VSMPA, whose shareholders elected him as Director General. and helicopters. The associa- finished items improved. This tion's products are used in such process is under way and will be he VSMPA joint devices as the "Soyuz"-"Apollo" completed in 1995. The quality of stock company docking unit, the "Buran" shuttle, the association's technology and was set up in the "Energia" launch vehicle, the metals has been praised by 1933. Russia's "Typhoon" missile-carrying sub- experts from such firms as first aircraft metal- marines, components of load- Boeing, Schultz Steel Company, lurgical plant was bearing structures and power Wiman Gordon, General Electric, commissioned in plants of surface ships, units and Pratt and Whitney (US), Snecma Setun of Moscow assemblies of armored vehicles. and Aerospatiale (France), and Region in the The association puts out alu- Rolls Royce and British same year. In minium alloy plates and panels 30 Aerospace (UK). 1941 the plant m long and 1,000 mm wide. It Secondly, the basic produc- was evacuated to Verkhnyaya Salda in the Urals. In 1956 it was decided to organize CAPITAL OF RUSSIAN large-scaleT industrial production of semi-finished items from titanium alloys there. The open-ended VSMPA company is the world's largest TITANIUM producer (the only one in Russia) has unique equipment, including tion process has to be reorga-

a powerful complex of forge-and- nized to improve the quality and “Military Parade” • Electronintorg ltd. AVA Multimedia Publishing Group press equipment with unparal- provide the range of semi-fin- leled examples (a press with a ished items in great demand. force of 75,000 tons), a set of Substantial progress has been horizontal presses with a force of achieved in producing titanium up to 20,000 tons, rolling mills for billets and stampings whose hot, warm and cold plate and coil structure and quality meet inter- rolling, and mills to roll rods, national standards, and a pro- pipes and pipe blanks. It is gram of putting out first-class equipped with arc vacuum, stainless steel sheets, coils and induction and electroslag fur- strips has been launched.

MILITARY PARADE 1994 SEPTEMBER C OCTOBER 1 AE040 ВОЕННЫЙ ПАРАД

Lastly, bonded warehouses, the provision of services in regions with the largest consumer potential and an effective and ramified network of marketing and sales in Russia, the CIS and Europe are becoming priorities. Since the VSMPA's potential meets international standards and the VSMPA operates in market conditions, it must be integrated in the world economy. As well as a strategic target, this is an essential condition for the factory's existence. We will make sure that this process is gradual and civilized, and that the low prices do not destabilize the limited market of titanium products. (

OUR ADDRESS: Verkhnyaya Salda, Sverdlovsk Region, Russia, 624600 Phone: (34345) 24-902, 23-832 Fax: (34345) 24-736 Teletype: 34-8177, 34-8176 "Север" “Military Parade” • Electronintorg ltd. AVA Multimedia Publishing Group

MILITARY PARADE 1994 SEPTEMBER C OCTOBER 2 AE041 THE CENTERS OF THE MILITARY INDUSTRIAL COMPLEX

full name, has been inseparably anti-aircraft complex and GMZ associated with the historical crawler-mounted mine-laying destiny of the country. At the vehicles. In the 1970s the plant's beginning of the century, it designers created a whole gamut ranked as one of Russia's top of self-propelled guns, which eight engineering plants. In the formed the postwar generation of prewar years Uraltransmash mas- self-propelled artillery. They are tered production of drilling rigs, the 152-mm self-propelled how- pumping jacks and pumps. itzer 2S3 (2S3M)-'Acacia,' the The war proved a time of 240-mm self-propelled mortar severe ordeal for the workforce. 2S4-'Tulip,' and the 152-mm ALEXANDER SHARKOV, The plant was fully re-oriented to self-propelled gun 2S5- Director General of the State Industrial military products: units and sys- 'Hyacinth.' Association "Uraltransmash" tems for T-34 tanks and SU-122, Even today the self-propelled Born in 1931. Graduated from Chelyabinsk SU-85 and SU-100 self-propelled mortar has no analog in the Polytechnic Institute. Started work at the Urals car-building plant as a foreman and gun mounts. In the postwar years world. The self-propelled how- rose to building superintendent. In 1963 the plant continued making tank itzer and the self-propelled gun switched to the Sverdlov Transport Machinery spare parts and started mastering surpassed foreign models in Plant in Sverdlovsk (now Uraltransmash) as production of new civilian prod- those years in terms of capabili- deputy chief engineer. Chief engineer for ucts - units for Uralmash drilling ties. UralNITI (Ural Technology Research Institute) rigs, S-153 coal loaders, PML-5 The 1980s saw the birth of in 1974-1979. Returned to Uraltransmash as chief engineer in 1979. Since 1988 director ore loaders, and from 1958 a the MSTA-S, a 152-mm self-pro- general of the association. Master of hydraulic crawler-mounted pelled howitzer, which served as Science, State Prize winner. loader. the prototype of a new generation The year 1962 commenced a of self-propelled artillery. MSTA- he state associa- new stage in the life of S was created by a large group of tion "Uraltrans- Uraltransmash, when a large developers with the Central mash" is one of design unit was transferred to it Design Bureau 'Transmash' of the oldest Middle from the Uralmash factory. In the state association Uraltransmash Urals plants. One 1960s it launched series produc- (Chief Designer Y.V. Tomashov) hundred and sev- tion of the chassis for the Krug in the lead. enty-seven years ago a goldmining plant was established on the bank of the Mel'kovka river. At this point the story of the factory began. Today Uraltransmash is a large, specializedT defense complex, turning out combat equipment, which has no analogs abroad.

The life story of the Ural “Military Parade” • Electronintorg ltd. AVA Multimedia Publishing Group Transport Machinery Plant, in its URALTRANSMASH: QUALITY IS OUR CREDO

MILITARY PARADE 1994 SEPTEMBER C OCTOBER 1 AE041 ВОЕННЫЙ ПАРАД

A sufficiently detailed jacks and those of the outline, and the charac- firm Lufkin. teristics and features, of The central design the MSTA-S and related bureau has also been 2X51 crew trainer, were involved in another con- listed in an article of the version alternative job: January-February issue the development of a of 'Military Parade.' Let multipurpose class 100 me just add a comment kW highway chassis for by foreign specialists: the repair and mainte- "The 2S19 howitzer is nance of motor roads currently the most mod- with a set of replaceable ern weapon system in working equipment. The tube artillery...". chassis is designed for The conversion the mounting of many processes in defense types of tools, ensuring industries unfortunately the mechanization of coincided with the initial work on motor road mastery of production at repair and maintenance. Uraltransmash of the self- The competitiveness propelled howitzer MSTA- of the chassis on the S. As a result, output of world market is ensured the self-propelled artillery by original technical solu- was contracted five-fold, tions, creating a number contrary to the produc- of advantages over such tion targets serving as the a famous machine as the basis of the plant's UNIMOG of the firm capacities. Daimler-Benz. The reduction in state Like all defense sec- orders for defense prod- tor plants, Uraltransmash ucts of Uraltransmash is now experiencing hard has continued into 1994. times. We are deeply Defense order instability convinced that we must and deterred payments draft intensively and then for products delivered start manufacturing civil- under state orders, have ian products. On the inevitably compelled the other hand the degree of plant to seek orders for a state financing of conver- civilian range of com- sion programs is so ready to submit its own modities. As part of con- insignificant that it's sim- projects and consider the version programs, ply pointless to talk about projects of foreign invest- Uraltransmash designed, any serious substitution ing partners. (

1. “Military Parade” • Electronintorg ltd. AVA Multimedia Publishing Group equipped and started of military products by mass producing during equivalent civilian goods 2S5 self-propelled 1990-1991 a deep-well in labor intensiveness and gun sucker-rod pump drive. the technological level. 2. The deep-well suck- Aware of the unlikeli- OUR ADDRESS: er-rod pump drive hood of any serious state 9 Frontovikh Brigad, PO Box 620027 GMZ-3 full-tracked Uraltransmash, Ekaterinburg, Russia. PShGN8-3-5500 is distin- financing for the accom- mine-layer Phone: (3432) 34-4574, 34-4556 (both 24 guished by its high tech- plishment of radical con- hour service), 3. nological level and indu- version programs, (3432) 34-4661. 2S19 self-propelled bitable competitiveness Uraltransmash is open to Telex: 29-1243 "Neman"; with US-made pumping foreign investments, Fax: (3432) 34-4642. howitzer

MILITARY PARADE 1994 SEPTEMBER C OCTOBER 2 AE042 THE CENTERS OF THE MILITARY INDUSTRIAL COMPLEX URALS OPTICAL AND ELECTRONIC ENGINEERING PLANT MATCHES THE WORLD'S BEST! attack aircraft Su-22, Su-25 and their versions. Thanks to further improvements to the laser weapon guiding systems, the laser illumination station "Prichal" was developed during the 1980s. The station is mounted on the "Tank Killers", the attack aircraft Su-25TK and combat helicopters Ka-50 and Mi-28.

YURI ABRAMOV, defibrillators. Laser surgical Chief Engineer of the "Urals Optical & scalpel and other medical equip- Mechanical Plant" Production Association. ment are also being developed. Fiber, integral, power optics and Born in 1945. Graduated from Urals micro-optics, holography, optical Polytechnic Institute. On graduation worked at the plant as a section head, deputy head anti-reflection coatings for all of an assembly shop, deputy head of Central wavebands, including infra-red, Design Bureau and deputy chief engineer. polarized coatings, including Since 1994 chief engineer and First Deputy In addition to its development and those on crystals, liquid-crystal Director General. Winner of the State Prize. production of new laser systems indicators, various photodetec- the Association produces opto- tors, micro-electronic and multi- "Urals Optical & electronic sighting systems processor hardware: this is far Mechanical Plant" OEPS-29 and OEPS-27 for fight- from complete list of the high- Production ers MiG-29, Su-27 and Su-30. tech items produced by the plant. Association (UOMP) Foreign fighter-interceptors lack Our enterprise is open to large- is a leading develop- similar systems. The scale research, technical and “ er and producer in Association's output, displayed at production cooperation. We look Russia's defense international aerospace shows in forward to meeting our foreign complex of high pre- 1992 and 1993 in the town of partners. ( cision air optoelec- Zhukovsky and abroad, attracted 1. tronic weapon guid- considerable attention. These

Geodetic equipment ance systems. In the systems were highly assessed by “Military Parade” • Electronintorg ltd. AVA Multimedia Publishing Group produced by the late 1960s the Association started specialists. developing sighting systems The Association is the leading Association U using a laser range-finder. developer and manufacturer in CONTACT US FOR FURTHER 2. Following the implementation of Russia of geodetic equipment, DETAILS: The OEPS-31E the program to develop precision including optomechanical and 33B Vostochnaya St., Urals Optical & Mechanical Plant, optoelectronic aim- guided weapons for the Air electronic theodolites, laser-light Forces, the Association designed range-finders and tachometers. It Ekaterinburg 620100, ing system is the Russia. the laser station "Klen", providing also develops and produces vari- Phone: (3432) 24-1863. latest development range finding and illumination for ous medical appliances, including Fax: (3432) 24-1844. of the enterprise fighter-bombers MiG-27 and portable diagnostic systems and Telex: HVOIA SU 721764.

MILITARY PARADE 1994 SEPTEMBER C OCTOBER 1 AE043 THE CENTERS OF THE MILITARY INDUSTRIAL COMPLEX

and supplies consumers with at radical reduction of harmful least 20 types of various rocket exhaust is especially important engines, used at long-term for shunting at railway stations. orbital space stations "Salyut", The testing equipment design "Almaz", "Mir", supplier modules and technological solutions for "Kvant", "Crystal", "Priroda", rocket engine perfection led to piloted spaceships "Soyuz-T", the creation of a pilot unit for fruit "Soyuz-TM", "Buran", freight and vegetables storage in a regu- spaceship "Progress", cosmonaut lated gas environment at smaller autonomous transportation vehi- stores and farms. One year suf- cles for outer space as well as on fices for recoupment. The insti- a series of automated space vehi- tute has signed contracts to pro- cles. The new generation LTRM duce the first set of these units. BORIS NEKRASOV Director, Engineering Research Institute currently developed at NIImash, Ozone technology, with high (NIImash). surpass foreign equivalents in ecological characteristics, was terms of basic characteristics. used by the Institute's experi- Born in 1937. Graduated from Voronezh State The Institute's unique test- mental station to purify sewage University (1960). Worked at Khimavtomatika beds were used to perfect the from residue toxic rocket fuels. It Design Bureau (Voronezh). Director of oxygen and hydrogen cryogenic served as the basis for project NIImash since 1988. fuel engine for the second stage documentation on a water purify- of "Energia" launch vehicle. ing unit. The Institute has a con- IImash was found- The NIImash conversion pro- tract to produce and deliver unit ed in 1958 as a gram comprises ten projects, equipment to the town of Verkh- subsidiary of the employing specific aerospace Neyvinsk, in the Sverdlovsk Russia's leading designs and know-how in civilian Region. A number of defense research institute goods production. The program industry enterprises have partici- specializing in is comprehensive, embracing a pated in the project. rocket-space number of defense industry These examples testify to the exploration. It was enterprises and aiming at latest extensive use of existing scientif- involved in many know-how preservation. ic and technological potential at space programs in One project stipulates the Russian aerospace complex Russia. In 1981 production at Urals Region enter- research institutes and will help NIImash was prises of a fuel injection system reduce energy consumption, food granted the status for automobiles with internal storage and improve the environ- of independent combustion engines, drafted by ment in various sectors of the institute and became the leading NIImash. This project was sup- economy. To ensure effective use ported by VAZ, AZLK, Izhevsk, of this potential, we must coordi- 1. developer and producer of low- thrustN liquid-propellant rocket Uliyanovsk and Zaporozhye auto- nate the work of research insti- Low-thrust rocket motors (LTRM) used to adjust mobile plants. The Environmental tutes and defense and civilian Protection Committee has sectors of the economy. Such engines orbits, stabilize and orient space vehicles. assessed the project positively. coordination is extremely impor- The Institute has developed The system provides for a reduc- tant, if it is carried out as part of tion in fuel consumption, toxic regional conversion programs, exhausts, the build-up of power involving the federal and improvements to the automo- government. ( bile engines dynamic characteristics. Experience of cryogenic fuels for rocket engines was employed ADDRESS: to elaborate systems to feed “Military Parade” • Electronintorg ltd. AVA Multimedia Publishing Group diesel locomotives with cheaper, Nizhnyaya Salda, Sverdlovsk Region, 624610 compressed and liquefied natural Phone: (34345) 217-03 gas instead of diesel fuel; the Fax: (34345) 222-58 AEROSPACE CONVERSION MILITARY PARADE 1994 SEPTEMBER C OCTOBER 1 AE044 THE CENTERS OF THE MILITARY INDUSTRIAL COMPLEX

he M. Kalinin missile launchers and AA missile Engineering Plant systems for the air defense of the (now the Joint ground forces. In 1960 an Stock Company, American U-2 reconnaissance M. Kalinin plane, piloted by American pilot Engineering Plant) Powers, was shot down by an AA is one of the old- missile, produced at the plant. est arms manufac- Late in the 80s the obsolete turers in Russia. air defense systems were super- The plant was seded by the new generation established in highly-mobile tactical SAM mis- 1866 in St. sile systems S-300V, based on Petersburg primarily as a guns the onboard and ground digital VLADIMIR KAZIMIRSKY, Director General of the Joint Stock Company workshop and was subsequently high-speed computer equipment. "M. Kalinin Engineering Plant". Born in transformedT into a state-run The system was developed by the 1941. In 1965 graduated from the Urals plant, producing field guns and Research and Production Polytechnic Institute. Spent whole career at later on AA artillery pieces. The Association "ANTEY", headed by the M. Kalinin Engineering Plant, rising from plant was the first enterprise in its General Designer Veniamin assistant workshop master (1965) to director Russia to develop guns with rifled Efremov. The labor consuming of the plant (1991). bores. In 1918 the plant was and vital components of this sys- as well. The system can simulta- evacuated to the outskirts of tem were developed at the neously engage up to 24 targets, Moscow and in 1941 to the town Design Bureau of the plant head- while engaging one target with of Sverdlovsk (now ed by its General Designer Lev two missiles from one launcher. Ekaterinburg). During World War Luliev. The system surpasses its nearest II the plant manufactured 20,000 The S-300V is intended to foreign counterpart, the AA guns, including 120 mm state- protect military and civilian America's SAM system "Patriot" of-the-art AA systems. objects, located on a territory, in terms of mobility, time of Late in the 50s the plant covering some hundreds of transfer to the combat-ready sta- stopped production of artillery square kilometers from the pieces and started manufacturing attacks of ballistic and cruise new types of weaponry, namely missiles and all types of aircraft “Military Parade” • Electronintorg ltd. AVA Multimedia Publishing Group POWERFUL POTENTIAL OF DUAL TECHNOLOGIES MILITARY PARADE 1994 SEPTEMBER C OCTOBER 1 AE044 ВОЕННЫЙ ПАРАД

tus, efficiency of target engage- The very development and floor-type transport are being ment and altitudes of engaged production of a new generation of developed, including electric trol- targets. the S-300V system has resulted leys and diesel prime-movers. In The launchers and in the further technical rigging of addition the plant produces launcher/loaders of the S-300V the plant and introduction of new equipment for the agro-industrial system are mounted like other technologies, associated with the complex, including labeling components of the system on the use of new materials, including devices, can piling machines, versatile caterpillar chassis, various heat-resistant coats and units for silage harvesters. In enjoying high maneuverability treatment of special hull parts. A terms of consumer goods pro- and cross-country mobility, which considerable amount of special duction, the plant produces vari- allow their effective use in and highly efficient equipment ous household lighting facilities. swampy, desert, snowy and off- has been produced at the plant At present the plant is negoti- road terrain. The fully automated and also acquired. ating with foreign firms over the procedure of deployment and High-tech equipment, used to establishment of joint ventures. closure of launchers and launch- produce hydraulic systems, has The plant plans to raise its er/loaders ensure their combat been introduced. know-how using its research and employment within 5 minutes Achievements in this area technical potential in the area of after march and resume move- create favorable conditions for dual technologies, relying on ment within 5 minutes after com- their further dual use during con- experience and foreign invest- bat work. version. In addition to production ments to manufacture high quali- The SAM missiles are solid- of military equipment, the plant ty products to meet consumer's propellant two-stage missiles with manufactures small electric load- demands. All these factors will a "director cone" configuration. ers and diesel loaders of various help the plant penetrate interna- Tests and field launches demon- capabilities. Other means of tional markets. (

A missile launch “Military Parade” • Electronintorg ltd. AVA Multimedia Publishing Group from the S-300V strated the capability of these systems to destroy "Scad" type system targets with the first missile. For 2. example, during the Persian Gulf A launcher of the S- conflict American SAM system

300V system "Patriot" had to launch six missiles to destroy only one similar 3. target. CONTACT US FOR DETAILS: Small-size diesel 18 Cosmonauts Prospect, 620040, Ekaterinburg, Russia. Phone: (3432) 39-5482. and electric forklifts Fax: (3432) 34-9317.

MILITARY PARADE 1994 SEPTEMBER C OCTOBER 2 AE045 THE CENTERS OF THE MILITARY INDUSTRIAL COMPLEX

he radio equipment transmitting plant was set up in centers, in auto- Ekaterinburg in 1959 to mobile radio manufacture wireless sets, as well as communication equip- on board aircraft ment for tactical and and ships. The strategic command following consti- links of various arms. tutes the plant's Technologically it was primary military- developed as an instru- purpose product ment making plant. It range: possesses the requisite 1. High-fre- know-how, equipment and floor space quency (HF) communication radio tem. The R-170P communication radio to mass produce components, units, receivers, which provide instant selec- receiver and MORENA navigation radio andT equipment for analog and digital tion of preset stations and stable receiver are the most promising prod- radioelectronic devices. Until the end reception through telephone, tele- ucts. The R-170P radio receivers stand of the 1980s the plant manufactured graph and phototelegraph interfer- out from other domestic or foreign- only military-purpose products. It ence. made receivers owing to their expand- began producing consumer goods 2. Drivers for high-frequency (HF) ed frequency band (0.1-80 Hz); anten- owing to a considerable cutback in war transmitters, which generate tele- na input immunity to powerful high- orders. Today, it manufactures in small phone and telegraph signals in the frequency interference (up to 100 V); batches wire telephone communica- entire transmitter's frequency range in use of electronic units, ensuring adap- tion equipment, broadcasting 10 Hz steps and boast high frequency tation to changes in reception condi- receivers, liquid fuel metering devices stability. tions; and, finally, a wider range of and some other goods. In 1994 the 3. Telegraph signal regenerators, receivable radiation classes. state-owned plant was transformed which restore with high accuracy (2%) In the current economic situation, into a joint stock company. telegraph pulses at the radio receiver the radio equipment plant is extremely The plant's military-purpose output output. interested in establishing close pro- is generally used for adaptive automat- 4. Equipment to receive and store duction relations with foreign partners. ed radio communication systems and standard time signals. It is used to The establishment of a joint radio installed at stationary receiving and synchronize the equipment in various equipment production venture would synchronous communication systems. offer the most promise. The plant 5. Radio-receiving high-frequency would contribute to the initial autho- (HF) measuring units. They are used in rized capital by offering industrial ionosphere vertical and sloped probing premises and equipment, while the systems to define and forecast optimal foreign partner would supply compo- radio-receiving frequencies. nents and units for the equipment to 6. Ship-borne navigation radio be assembled and sold. Other cooper- receivers. The are designated for ation alternatives can also be consid- twenty-four-hour automatic reception ered. ( and print out of navigation and meteo- HERMAN MASLOV, rological information on navigation

Director, Radio equipment plant. safety and rescue. “Military Parade” • Electronintorg ltd. AVA Multimedia Publishing Group Born in 1937. Graduated from Urals 7. Complexes for automated con- Polytechnic Institute in 1963. trol of radio-receiving centers. They Worked for the M. Kalinin machine- automate the reception and process- ADDRESS: building plant (1963-1970), Radio 2 Schorsa St., Ekaterinburg, ing of information, transmitted from equipment plant (1970-1984). 620219 Director of compressor factory different locations, and integrate all Phone: (3432) 22-4506 (1984-86). Director of Radio equip- technical center facilities into one sys- Fax: (3432) 22-9541 ment plant since 1986. KEEPING HIGH STANDARDS MILITARY PARADE 1994 SEPTEMBER C OCTOBER 1 AE046 THE CENTERS OF THE MILITARY INDUSTRIAL COMPLEX RELYING ON OWN EXPERIENCE tiate conversion owing to the entry freeze vegetables, fruit, berries, GENNADY MURATSHIN, into force of the Treaty between the meat and fish. Director General of 'Start' Research and USSR and the USA on the 3. Complex equipment is being Production Joint Stock Company Elimination of Intermediate-Range produced for miniplants to manufac- Born in 1935. Graduated from Urals and Shorter-Range Missiles. The ture by extrusion building materials Polytechnic Institute in 1958. Started Treaty prescribed the elimination of in the form of wall square cants, his working activity at Sverdlovsk the production of the latest mobile made out of woodwork industry Machine-Building Plant, appointed chief launcher, designed by the company waste or agriculture vegetable engineer at 'Novator' design bureau. for the RK-55 cruise missiles. residue (using mineral raw materials Since 1986 Director General of 'Start'. This led to a considerable drop in as binder). tart" boasts more the total volume of the defense 4. Working documentation for a than 40 years of order, necessitating, in turn, the machinery complex involving selec- experience in making intensive development and imple- tive tree felling and removal has specimens and pro- mentation of conversion programs. been prepared. ducing experimental Consequently, by 1994 'Start' relied 5. Samples of modernized mis- batches of military on its own experience and opportu- sile launchers have been developed technology and dual nities, increasing the volume of civil to protect lands from hail. purpose equipment. production to up to 60% of the total. 6. Sports outfits are being pro- “ The enterprise spe- Possessing considerable experi- duced as some of the list of con- cializes in the devel- ence in developing and producing sumer goods, including scuba diving opment of ground mobile equipment and saturated hunting equipment. facilities for missile with different highly reliable 7. Several samples of medical preparation and launching, which hydraulic units, cryogenic, fuel-ser- equipment have been manufactured. constituteS part of aviation, aero- vicing and load-lifting facilities, as New conversion areas made it space, naval and ground mobile mis- well as high-pressure systems, the possible to effectively exploit high sile systems. The enterprise has enterprise made extensive use of its qualification of the enterprise's per- developed and mass produced sev- conversion potential in several sonnel in the construction, research, eral multiple launch rocket systems, selected areas. production and testing of modern including the wide-known BM-21 1. On the basis of the general equipment. The implementation of 'Grad' system combat vehicle, concept, 'Start' has been working in each program is aimed at meeting launchers and transporter-loaders conjunction with the 'Kriogas' com- the most important public needs in for the 'Buk' and 'Tor' air defense pany and carrying out intensive work the industries, which lag behind their missile systems. to create an equipment complex and foreign counterparts in terms of their In 1987 the enterprise had to ini- the requisite infrastructure for the technical level. ( “Military Parade” • Electronintorg ltd. AVA Multimedia Publishing Group production and a wide-ranging use of liquefied natural gas as an ecologically friendly motor fuel alternative for the aviation, motor transport and agricultural sectors, and for the ADDRESS: gasification of remote settlements. 620007, Ekaterinburg, 2. The enterprise launched the Sverdlovsk Region, production of equipment for food 24 Pribaltiiskaya St. industry process lines, which use a Phone: (3432) 26-0103. low temperature technique to rapidly Fax: (3432) 26-0355.

MILITARY PARADE 1994 SEPTEMBER C OCTOBER 1 AE047 THE CENTERS OF THE MILITARY INDUSTRIAL COMPLEX RELIABLE PARTNER Sverdlovsk (now Ekaterinburg) in 1941 and resumed aircraft instruments manufacture shortly after- wards. In 1948-49 the first electromechanical gyro, the AGK-47B gyro horizon, was put into series production. An updated version, the AGK- 47U, is still manufactured and is used in small aviation. ducing an anaesthesia attachment Today the Urals Instrument- for this apparatus. Preparations are Making Plant is one of the Russia's under way to launch production of 1. leading producers of aircraft gyro- hen it was an autonomous breathing mixture scope equipment, such as gyro hori- A gyro horizon founded in 1918 thermal moistener for adults: the zons, vertical gyros, angular velocity in Moscow, mixture will reach the patient from 2. sensors, etc. Urals the lung ventilation apparatus. The Today, almost every type of A lung artificial Instrument- plant also plans to produce a lung plane or helicopter is fitted out with Making Plant ventilation apparatus for children ventilation instruments produced here. For produced scales under 14. example, the AGD-1 gyro horizon apparatus and simple labo- The UIMP's products are com- (consisting of 458M gyro sensor and ratory instru- petitive and sold to 32 countries. 1122 indicator) is installed on ments. In 1934 The enterprise is recognized as a planes MiG-19, MiG-21, MiG-23, the plant was reliable partner by enterprises of Su-7, Su-9, Tu-16, Tu-95, IL-18, incorporated in other industries. The UIMP is devel- An-24, An-26, An-30, L-29, L-39 and the aviation oping cooperation with partners in others. The gyro horizon is also used industry com- this country and is interested in by such planes as IL-76, IL-62, An- plex and has since then been close- establishing ties with foreign part- 24, An-26, An-30, etc., as well as ly linked with the aviation industry's ners (joint stock companies and the helicopters Mi-8, Mi-17 and others. development and establishment in like). 'Sungari' is one good example The AGR-72A gyro horizon is mount- theW country. In pre-war years the of a joint stock company, set up with ed on Tu-22, Tu-154, IL-86 planes. plant was the first producer of the Harbin Trade Company (China), The new AGR-74 gyro horizon autopilots, based on pneumatic producing TV and radio equipment. and modifications are widely gyroscopes. 'Iskra-Ural' was set up with the employed. It is installed on VP-021, The plant was moved to Slovenian firm 'Iscra'. It produces FPM, Tu-22, Tu-160, Tu-154M, An- single and multi-tariff electricity 72, An-74, An-28, An-38, L-410, VLADIMIR GODLEVSKY, meters. Some other joint stock com- Yak-42 planes, Ka-32, Mi-8AMT, V-3 Director, Urals Instrument-Making panies are being set up nowadays helicopters and others. Plant. with domestic and foreign partners. It should be noted here that the Born in 1946. Graduated from Kiev The plant will be transformed into a plant produces a wide range of con- Polytechnic Institute in 1969. Began his holding company at some future sumer goods as well as instruments carrier at Sverdlovsk Instrument-Making date. Plant. Moved on to Tyumen for planes, helicopters and Earth ( Electromechanical Plant. Director of satellites. Urals Instrument-Making Plant since The conversion process (1989- “Military Parade” • Electronintorg ltd. AVA Multimedia Publishing Group 1988. 94) has been one of the most difficult periods in the plant's history. It has developed comprehensive conversion programs and placed on a broad footing work on multifunction- al production of both sophisticated ADDRESS: medical equipment and consumer 17 Gorky St., Ekaterinburg, goods. The plant has launched 620151 series production of the FAZA-5 arti- Phone: (3432) 51-0823, ficial lung ventilation apparatus and (3432) 51-4134. has finished the groundwork for pro- Fax: (3432) 51-1767.

MILITARY PARADE 1994 SEPTEMBER C OCTOBER 1 AE048 THE CENTERS OF THE MILITARY INDUSTRIAL COMPLEX

In the late 1980s, the UEMP began to realize conversion projects, which enabled it to occupy a per- ceptible place in state programs aimed at further advance of our society. The high priority of these projects is evident. For example, one of the projects involves the production of SI-2000 series digital telephone exchanges, manufactured by the UEMP, together with the ment, supplied by the ODME firm IskraTEL firm from Slovenia. (Netherlands), which comprises all Demand for telephone exchanges in the requisite process stages. Russia is great and amounts to If the present growth rates of the seven million connections per year. CD-ROM market in Russia are main- In the Urals region there are only tained, the industrial production of LEONID KUZNETSOV, eleven telephone sets per hundred compact disk players may be expe- Director General of Urals residents. dient. Electromechanical Plant. SI-2000 is a modern digital tele- For this purpose, the UEMP has phone exchange, fully adapted to a corresponding backlog and experi- Born in 1937 in Sverdlovsk (now Russian telephone networks and ence, based on year-long produc- Ekaterinburg). Graduated from S.M. Kirov equipment, which makes it competition of most modern video and laser tive with similar equipment of lead- household appliances, achieved Urals Polytechnic Institute. Since 1960 at ing Western countries. As part of this thanks to technical cooperation with Urals Electromechanical Plant, Director program, the plant has developed Philips. The compact disk CD-ROM General since 1983. USSR State Prize win- and is producing some other digital drivers (readers) will find use in sci- ner. Studied management at London telecommunications means. They entific instrument-making, data pro- Business School. include a “Tricom D120” dispatcher cessing and communication means, KEEPING UP WITH THE TIMES he Urals Electro- exchange with a capacity of 120 as well as household electronics. mechanical Plant user lines, which is very popular in The favorable economic and geo- (UEMP) in Russia’s power generating, oil and graphic location of the UEMP in the Ekaterinburg is a lead- gas industries and at railroads, a biggest research and industrial cen- ing electronics and “Tricom S128” small digital automat- ter, its wide-range specialization in electromechanical ic telephone exchange and “Kvarts” instrument-making, high organiza- instrument manufac- data processing and transmission tional level and excellent qualifica- turer in Russia. The system. tions of the personnel allow the plant plant’s history dates The UEMP also pays consider- to manufacture competitive prod- back to St. Petersburg, able attention to the development ucts. ( where the and production of scientific ecologi- Electromechanical cal and medical instruments. Plant “Geisler and Co.” Laser disks CD-ROM and com- was founded in 1878 to pact disks CD find wide application

produce the first communications in the aforementioned program as “Military Parade” • Electronintorg ltd. AVA Multimedia Publishing Group means in Russia. In 1941 at the the digital storage medium for set- beginningT of war the plant was evac- ting up data libraries. The laser disks uated to Sverdlovsk. are manufactured on modern equip- Today, the UEMP is a modern THE URALS enterprise with a developed ELECTROMECHANICAL PLANT research, industrial and social infrastructure. The plant’s modern outfit UEMP, P.B. 74, is mainly attributed to the fact that Ekaterinburg, 620151, RUSSIA the plant fills defense orders and is Phone: 41-9205 affiliated to the Ministry of Atomic Fax: 41-3370 Industry, known as the Ministry of Telex: 721765 UEMP SU Medium Engineering Industry. Teletype: 221165, Ekaterinburg

MILITARY PARADE 1994 SEPTEMBER C OCTOBER 1 AE049 THE CENTERS OF THE MILITARY INDUSTRIAL COMPLEX

as well as meteorological com- time) to air targets, while there plexes for both the MIC and the can be up to three home airfields. hydrometeorological service. Up to 76 air objects can be Developed by ‘Peleng’ (head processed simultaneously. developer) and produced by The ‘Senezh-M1E’ automated ‘Vector’, automated control sys- control system is produced to tems for medium-level control control the combat actions of an element (regiment and brigade) air defense group, equipped with make it possible to automate the all types of air defense missile control processes of fighter avia- systems and interceptors, as well VITALY SMIRNOV, tion, air defense missile and radio as air defense radio engineering engineering troops. They are troop radar facilities. It can dis- Director General, ‘Vector’ State highly reliable, mobile, can be tribute and designate targets to Production Association Born in 1945. located in semi-trailers, trans- air defense missile systems Graduated from Urals Polytechnic Institute ported by prime movers and fit- (ADMS) and coordinate ADMS in 1974. Worked with ‘Vector’ company ted with an autonomous power and fighter aviation combat oper- from apprentice to radio adjuster (in 1963) supply system and other requisite ations. It has an operating radius to director (in 1994). facilities, such as radio sets, of up to 600 km and processes up command transmission complex- to 120 air objects at a time. GOING IN THE RIGHT DIRECTION $ Vitaly Smirnov $

he ‘Vector’ associa- es, repair workshops, etc. The ‘Vector’ association also tion, a member of The ‘Rubezh-ME’ automated produces a ‘Zoopark’ modern the Military control system is produced for automatic ground artillery recon- Industrial Complex fighter aviation. It guides all types naissance and fire control sys- (MIC), was set up in of interceptors (up to 21 at a tem. The system can reconnoiter 1941 as an optomechanical enterprise to produce aerophotography equipment. After a number of structural and technological reorganizations, the enterprise today is a powerful organization with its own scientific and production base. It includesT two state companies: ‘Vector’ and ‘Peleng’, as well as the ‘Rifar’ close joint stock company. Orders of the Russian

Defense Ministry form the basis “Military Parade” • Electronintorg ltd. AVA Multimedia Publishing Group of production. Although conversion has strongly affected the enterprise, orders for MIC needs amount to 70% of total output. After the last technological reor- ganization, the enterprise now specializes in the production of flying vehicle automated control systems (ACS), air situation primary data processing means, artillery fire adjustment systems,

MILITARY PARADE 1994 SEPTEMBER C OCTOBER 1 AE049 ВОЕННЫЙ ПАРАД

over the past three years. Communication equipment, including data flow linear multi- plexing systems, electronic com- mutators, radio relay links, interurban coin and multifunc- tional telephones have been mass produced. The company has begun serial production of its own medical electronic equipment, as well as a wide range of goods for everyday usage (household computers, electrical music instruments, etc.). (

enemy firing systems at one shot with 0.8 probability and obtain requisite data for fire adjustment of friendly fire means. The number of targets processed at a time in ‘reconnaissance’ mode is not less than 12. The ‘Ulybka’ mobile meteorological radar complex, also produced by ‘Vector’, obtains rapidly data on atmospheric conditions, such as the air temperature, humidity and pressure, wind

1. The assembly shop of the plant 2. The “Senezh-M1E” automated control system 3. direction and speed at standard The “Zoopark” acqui- altitudes. Such complexes are used for combat preparations by sition and control sys- all troop arms and to prepare dif- tem ferent urgent weather forecasts.

4. In addition, a stationary “Military Parade” • Electronintorg ltd. AVA Multimedia Publishing Group The “Ulybka” meteo- ‘Titan’ meteocomplex has been developed for the hydrome- rological weather teoservice’s aerological net and complex put into production. It provides 5. optimal sonde tracking distance ADDRESS: The “Isset” radio relay and ecological characteristics, 28 Gagarin St., Ekaterinburg, 620139 making it possible to set it up Phone: (3432) 44-0433, 44-0221 link within a city’s boundaries. Both Fax: (3432) 44-1591 6. complexes are unique and pro- Plant’s conversion tected by author’s certificates. products A wide range of goods for civil purposes have been developed

MILITARY PARADE 1994 SEPTEMBER C OCTOBER 2 AE050 THE CENTERS OF THE MILITARY INDUSTRIAL COMPLEX

he plant was built piercing rounds, 85 mm AA creation. in 1936 to pro- artillery rounds, 130/50 mm On April 6, 1945 the Nizhni duce explosives semi-armor-piercing rounds, Tagil Chemical plant was awarded for the mining 130/55 mm HE/fragmentation the order of the Red Banner by industry in the rounds for Navy artillery, 76 mm Decree of the Presidium of the Urals. From the fragmentation projectiles and 107 Supreme Soviet of the USSR in very outset of the mm mortar bombs. token for model fulfillment of Great Patriotic The highly effective technique Government orders to provide the War the plant was of filling ammunition with explo- Front with ammunition. reorganized to sives was introduced, using verti- After the war, many shops manufacture cal screw-conveyers, which pro- were closed or rebuilt to manu- artillery rounds, vided for use of surrogate explo- facture peaceful output for com- mortar shells, sives. In an incredibly short peri- mercial use. The plant launched bombs and other od (unthinkable in peacetime) the production of powder and car- military products. production of rocket projectiles tridge ammonites for mining The plant swiftly gained momen- was organized. The shop started industry, cast trotyl blasting tum in the production of ammuni- producing M-8 and M-13 rocket charges (2.6 kg) for seismic tion,T including 152-mm concrete- projectiles within ten days of its prospecting and later on 20 kg cast trotyl blasting charges for the same purposes. The technology of ad-hoc items was also updated. The horizontal screw conveyers were used to fill 73 mm fragmentation projectiles with trotyl and mixtures on its basis. The plant also introduced pressing of 130 mm armor-piercing projectiles and anti-tank shells of different calibers into cases. The remote control console was introduced to fill ammunitions with explosives. The plant also organized production of consumer goods. It moulds parts from polyethylene and produces “Constructor” games for children and “Rubin-1” radiators. Today the plant also manufactures soft furniture, various paints, cutoff discs, trolley- 1. bus inserts, ceramic tubes for Artillery rounds water purification. ( (from top to bottom) - PG-7VR with CONTACT US FOR DETAILS: anti-tank projectile 1 Shchors St., Chemical PG-7R plant “PLANTA” - PG-7VL with anti- Nizhni Tagil, Sverdlovsk tank projectile Region, 622012, Russia.

PG-7L Phone: (3435) 23-0052, “Military Parade” • Electronintorg ltd. AVA Multimedia Publishing Group 23-0037. - OG-9BM1 with Fax: (3435) 22-0600, fragmentation 22-4963. projectile OG-9M1 EXPLOSIVE ENERGY Vladimir Kharaskin,Director of Chemical Plant “ Planta “

MILITARY PARADE 1994 SEPTEMBER C OCTOBER 1 AE051 THE CENTERS OF THE MILITARY INDUSTRIAL COMPLEX URALS - CONVERSION, SCIENCE, BUSINESS-94 produced by the institutions of The "Science" section displayed academic, branch and university the developments of nine scien- science, proposals for the utiliza- tific and research institutes of the tion of special equipment, dis- Urals Branch of the Russian carded by the Command of the Academy of Sciences and nine Urals Military District. universities in medicine, ecology, One salient feature of the as well as diagnostics. Exhibition is that it integrated two Seventy firms, including 12 joint traditionally popular exhibitions: ventures from Ekaterinburg, took "Urals - Conversion" and "Small part in the "Small and Medium and Medium Business", which Business" Exposition. represented different spheres of The program of the Exhibition VLADIMIR KUKARSKIKH, industrial activities. envisaged various forms of busi- Executive Director of the "Urals - Conversion, The Exhibition also attracted the ness contacts, such as negotia- Science, Business-94" Exhibition. intellectual potential of Urals tions, the signing of contracts, Born in 1954. Graduated from Urals research institutions. transactions, protocols of intent, Polytechnic Institute in 1977. Works at Urals It pursued the following main retail and wholesale trade, meet- Research Institute. Organizes and supervises goals: consolidation of scientific, ings, presentations, contests, all exhibitions of the Urals - Conversion series. technical, industrial, commercial consultations, seminars, "round- and economic cooperation tables", etc. he exhibition and between enterprises and firms of The character and content of the fair "Urals - different types; establishment of Exhibition facilitated the rap- Conversion, direct business contacts between prochement of businessmen of Science, the Urals enterprises and firms different spheres of interests, Business-94" was and between them and foreign accelerated the introduction of a held in partners; creation of conditions number of territorial and regional Ekaterinburg on to realize the regional and territo- social and economic programs, June 2-25, 1994 rial projects on conversion, pro- improved the conditions for set- in accordance with motion of science, small and ting up joint ventures, on the the resolution of medium business, attraction of basis of mutually beneficial coop- the Government of investments; search for new pos- eration and the introduction of Sverdlovsk sibilities in the use of industrial innovative ideas and technologies Region. premises and new technologies; into the economy of the Urals. It was the first integrated exhibi- introduction of the newest Similar exhibitions will be held tion to demonstrate the industrial research and engineering devel- regularly. ( potentialT of the defense enter- opments; creation of the requisite prises under conversion, real conditions for signing long-term Address:

capacities of small and medium mutually advantageous agree- 31 Lunacharsky St., “Military Parade” • Electronintorg ltd. AVA Multimedia Publishing Group business firms, developments ments. Ekaterinburg, 620219, The "Conversion" section exhibit- RUSSIA ed the products of 62 enterprises Phone: (3432) 56-1359 and organizations. Forty six of Fax: (3432) 55-7349 them were from Ekaterinburg, with sixteen from other regions of the Urals. The products on show were designated for agriculture, medicine, oil and gas refinement, the timber industry, transport, communications, etc.

MILITARY PARADE 1994 SEPTEMBER C OCTOBER 1 AE052 THE CENTERS OF THE MILITARY INDUSTRIAL COMPLEX ZAVODKOMBANK: COMMITTED TO INVESTMENT IN MILITARY INDUSTRIAL COMPLEX Institute of Chemical Machine individuals both in roubles and Building, the design bureau hard currency, makes all kinds of "Novator", the association settlements used in international "Medinvest", the joint stock banking practices, extends hard company "SPAERO", the insur- currency credits and carries out ance company "Ostin" and other transactions involving the pur- joint stock companies and enter- chase and sale of foreign curren- prises. cies. The bank's crediting policy is The bank makes every effort focused on providing loans to to further develop and consoli- enterprises covered by the con- date its financial position against version program. The loans, the backdrop of the aggravating which account for 70% of the crisis phenomena in the coun- bank's total volume of credits, try's economy. GALINA he Sverdlovsk- registered a dramatic seven-fold The bank's assets grew MAZHAYEVA, gain in 1993. 100%. Its charter capital swelled Chairperson of based Factory Commercial Bank The bank's shareholders to 3 billion roubles. The bank's the Bank's Board account for 62% of the extended turnover of assets doubled, of Directors (Russian abbrevi- ation ZAVODKOM- credits. The bank provided loans reaching 67 billion roubles as of BANK) was estab- for launching programs for the July 1, 1994. Its balance profit lished in 1976. production of durable consumer grew 150% to 3 billion roubles. The bank priori- goods (TV sets, household com- The bank is planning to boost tizes the crediting puters, gas stoves and video its charter capital to 5 billion rou- of enterprises of equipment), as well as the devel- bles in 1994 while trying to pre- the military indus- opment and production of equip- serve the current structure of its trial complex. A ment for the medical and oil shareholders. Plans are also THE BANK'S total of 64 percent industries. afoot to increase the share of ADDRESS: of the bank's In addition, the bank pro- hard currency in the charter cap- 123, 8 Marta assets, which make up a majority vides soft credits for the imple- ital to heighten the bank's profile St., Ekaterinburg of its aggregate incomes, are mentation of projects of small worldwide. Phone: earmarked for the complex. The and medium-sized businesses in The bank is a member of the T an effort to meet the popula- Association of Russian Banks of (3432) 22-1015, volume of credits posted a stag- 22-5202, gering eight-fold increase in tion's requirements. the Urals Banking Consortium. 60-0898, 1993. The credits largely pro- The bank also credited some The bank opened accounts in the 60-0885 mote the preservation and devel- programs for the production of Eurobank, Danaubank and the Fax: opment of the production poten- military hardware due to the dif- London-based Narodny Bank. ficult financial positions of enter- In a bid to extend its aid to (3432) 60-0884 tial of defense industries. “Military Parade” • Electronintorg ltd. AVA Multimedia Publishing Group Teletype: The bank was founded by prises of the military industrial enterprises, which are its share- 221039 БНК industrial enterprises, such as complex. The bank is also holders, for implementing their Telex: 721506 the Urals Electrical Engineering engaged in charity activity. It investment projects the bank is BNK SU Works, the production associa- channels substantial resources ready to establish contacts with tion "Uraltransmash", the state- to the spheres of health care, international banks and other CORRESPON- run production association education and social programs. financial institutions. ( DENT ACCOUNT "Vektor", the research and pro- The bank renders clearing No. 700161173 duction association services in roubles and hard cur- in Ekaterinburg's "Avtomatika", a precision rency, attracts and distributes Clearing Center, mechanics plant, an instrument- cash deposits, finances capital MFO 253006, making plant, a radio factory, the investments, opens and keeps Code 871773 Sverdlovsk-based Research accounts for legal entities and

MILITARY PARADE 1994 SEPTEMBER C OCTOBER 1