3rd Stage contrastive Grammar 7th week

1. The Uses of perfective aspect : 3- The perfect aspect in past tense relates the event ( verb ) to past time point of reference. It expresses that the event in past tense perfect aspect is completed even before the point in the past ( before the point of reference of past ). The point of reference in perfect aspect ( past perfect) is not the moment of speaking, but a moment in the past precedes the moment of speaking. For examples:

- When they crowded nobody had existed.( the underlined part of the sentence is expressed by the perfect aspect, it denotes an action that is completed before past time point of reference. The past point of reference is expressed by a verb in the simple past aspect (past simple tense). - They were studying the textbooks which the college had provided two years before.( this underlined part of the sentence is expressed by perfect aspect which denotes that the event is completed before the point of reference for past tense.

4- The perfect progressive aspect is used to connect the event (verb) with the point of reference of past tense. It serves to establish a connection (bridge) between two points in the past with time reference. For example:

- She had been cooking the dinner while the door ball rang. - They had been repairing the car when the police arrived.

5- The perfect aspect in past tense us used to turn direct speech into indirect speech in a backshift ''process'' in which the perfect aspect present tense is turned as backshift into perfect aspect past tense. For example:-

- He said ' I have helped him before.' (Direct speech) - He said that he had helped him before. ( Indirect speech)

6- The perfect aspect in past tense is used to talk about rejected conditions including unlikely to happen and unreal situations in the past. This use of perfect aspect for rejected actions in the past is confined to the rule of the third state of 'If clause' . for example:-

- If they had stressed they would have complained. - If my mother had arrived she would have bought me address.

2. Arabic Aspects :-

The characteristics of Arabic aspects:- 1- In Arabic the same Arabic verb forms that are used to express tense are used to express aspect. 2- In Arabic, only two aspects are recognized; these are : imperfect and the perfect and they are indicated by the imperfect ( present ) and perfect (past) .(كتب – يكتب او درس / يدرس) forms; as in 3- The two Arabic imperfect and perfect aspects are combined with the two Arabic tenses notionally but not syntactically or formally. 4- Both Arabic aspects can express absolute and relative tenses 5- The same form of both aspects can express absolute and relative tenses; for can be used to express an imperfect aspect as '' ذهب'' example the Arabic verb in the present tense either as an ''absolute'' with an English equivalent aspect ( present tense progressive aspect = is going) or in the English past tense sense may refer to perfect aspect in ذهب as a relative tense ( was going). The form the present English sense and has its English equivalent ( has / have gone) or in the past tense in a relative sense as in ( had gone).