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Preterit Expansion and Perfect Demise in Porteño Spanish and Beyond Brill’S Studies in Historical Linguistics

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Preterit Expansion and Perfect Demise in Porteño Spanish and Beyond Brill’S Studies in Historical Linguistics Preterit Expansion and Perfect Demise in Porteño Spanish and Beyond Brill’s Studies in Historical Linguistics Series Editor Jóhanna Barðdal (Ghent University) Consulting Editor Spike Gildea (University of Oregon) Editorial Board Joan Bybee (University of New Mexico) – Lyle Campbell (University of Hawai’i Manoa) – Nicholas Evans (The Australian National University) Bjarke Frellesvig (University of Oxford) – Mirjam Fried (Czech Academy of Sciences) – Russel Gray (University of Auckland) – Tom Güldemann (Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin) – Alice Harris (University of Massachusetts) Brian D. Joseph (The Ohio State University) – Ritsuko Kikusawa (National Museum of Ethnology) – Silvia Luraghi (Università di Pavia) Joseph Salmons (University of Wisconsin) – Søren Wichmann (MPI/EVA) volume 6 The titles published in this series are listed at brill.com/bshl Preterit Expansion and Perfect Demise in Porteño Spanish and Beyond A Critical Perspective on Cognitive Grammaticalization Theory Βy Guro Nore Fløgstad LEIDEN | BOSTON This is an open access title distributed under the terms of the CC-BY-NC 3.0 License, which permits any non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author(s) and source are credited. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Names: Fløgstad, Guro, 1981– editor. Title: Preterit expansion and perfect demise in Porteño Spanish and beyond : a critical perspective on cognitive grammaticalization theory / by Guro Nore Fløgstad. Description: Leiden ; Boston : Brill, [2016] | Series: Brill's Studies in Historical Linguistics; 6 | Includes bibliographical references and index. Identifiers: LCCN 2015046465 (print) | LCCN 2016003004 (ebook) | ISBN 9789004309098 (hardback : alk. paper) | ISBN 9789004309081 (e-book) | ISBN 9789004309081 (E-book) Subjects: LCSH: Spanish language—South America—Argentina. | Spanish language—Provincialisms— Argentina—Buenos Aires. | Spanish language—Dialects—Argentina—Buenos Aires. | Spanish language—Grammaticalization. Classification: LCC PC4874.B8 P74 2016 (print) | LCC PC4874.B8 (ebook) | DDC 467/.98212—dc23 LC record available at http://lccn.loc.gov/2015046465 Want or need Open Access? Brill Open offers you the choice to make your research freely accessible online in exchange for a publication charge. Review your various options on brill.com/brill-open. Typeface for the Latin, Greek, and Cyrillic scripts: “Brill”. See and download: brill.com/brill-typeface. issn 2211-4904 isbn 978-9004-30909-8 (hardback) isbn 978-9004-30908-1 (e-book) Copyright 2016 by Guro Nore Fløgstad This work is published by Koninklijke Brill NV. Koninklijke Brill NV incorporates the imprints Brill, Brill Hes & De Graaf, Brill Nijhoff, Brill Rodopi and Hotei Publishing. Koninklijke Brill NV reserves the right to protect the publication against unauthorized use and to authorize dissemination by means of offprints, legitimate photocopies, microform editions, reprints, translations, and secondary information sources, such as abstracting and indexing services including databases. Requests for commercial re-use, use of parts of the publication, and/or translations must be addressed to Koninklijke Brill NV. This book is printed on acid-free paper and produced in a sustainable manner. For Liv and Sonia ∵ Contents List of Figures XI List of Tables XII Abbreviations Used in Glosses XIII 1 Introduction 1 1.1 Competing Categories 2 1.2 A Model for the Expansion of the Preterit 3 2 Theoretical Background 8 2.1 Diachrony and Usage-Based Linguistics 8 2.1.1 Grammaticalization 10 2.1.2 Mechanisms of Change 13 2.1.3 Constructional Approaches 16 2.1.4 Gradualness 17 2.1.5 Gradience 19 2.1.6 Regularity 21 2.1.7 Interim Summary 22 2.2 Tense and Aspect: General 23 2.2.1 Tense 26 2.2.2 Aspect 28 2.2.3 Aktionsart 29 2.2.4 Past Tense 30 2.2.5 Perfective 31 2.2.6 Perfect 33 2.2.7 Approaches to the Semantics of the Perfect 35 2.2.8 Summary 41 3 Porteño Spanish: Background and Previous Research 42 3.1 Sociolinguistic Context 42 3.2 Sociohistorical Context 43 3.2.1 Río de la Plata Today 45 3.3 The Porteño Spanish Variety 46 3.3.1 Previous Research on the Porteño Spanish Perfect and Preterit 46 3.3.2 Linguistic Features: General 49 3.3.3 Uruguayan Spanish 55 3.3.4 Uruguay: Historical and Demographic Profile 55 3.3.5 Previous Research 56 viii contents 4 Source Determination, Diachronic Regularity, and the Development of Perfects 58 4.1 Source Determination and the Development of Perfects 58 4.1.1 Why the Regularity Postulate in Cognitive Approaches to Grammaticalization? 62 4.1.2 Grammaticalization: Epiphenomenal? 63 4.1.3 Counterexamples 64 4.2 The Diachronic Development of Perfects 66 4.2.1 Proposed Explanations for the Expansion of a Perfect 67 4.3 Accounts for Developments of Past/Past Perfective 70 4.3.1 Empirical Studies 71 4.4 Summary 79 5 Method 80 5.1 General 80 5.2 Method and Semantic and Grammatical Change 81 5.3 The Choice of Method 81 5.3.1 Natural Discourse vs. Elicited Sources 82 5.4 Factors and Variables 82 5.4.1 Current Relevance: An Empirically Intractable Notion? 85 5.4.2 The Apparent-Time Construct 87 5.5 Creating a Corpus: Oral Data/Interviews 88 5.5.1 Ethical Issues 92 5.5.2 Preexisting corpora 93 5.5.3 Further Research 94 5.5.4 A Note on Corpus and Method 94 6 Results 95 6.1 Overview 95 6.2 The General Decrease in the Preterit to Express Past with CR 96 6.2.1 Oral Sources 97 6.3 Perfects and Preterits in Age Group I 99 6.3.1 General Tendency 99 6.3.2 Subfunction Replacement 101 6.3.3 Subfunction Variation 106 6.3.4 The Adolescent Peak 107 6.3.5 The Perfect Tokens in Age Group I 107 6.3.6 Hypercorrection or Dead Ends in Age Group I 111 6.4 Perfects and Preterits in Age Group II 112 6.4.1 General Tendency 112 6.4.2 Subfunction Replacement 113 Contents ix 6.4.3 Subfunction Variation 114 6.4.4 Other Hypotheses 118 6.4.5 Retained Meanings of the Perfect 125 6.5 Synchrony: Tense and Aspect in Present-Day Porteño Spanish 126 6.5.1 Summary of Oral Sources 127 6.6 Uruguayan Sources 127 6.6.1 General Distribution 127 6.6.2 Subfunction Replacement and Variation 128 6.7 HABCULT Interviews 129 6.7.1 General Tendency 129 6.7.2 Subfunction Replacement 131 6.7.3 Subfunction Variation 131 6.7.4 Hypercorrection or Dead End in HABCULT 133 6.8 Secondary Written Source: Introductory Texts 134 6.8.1 General 134 6.8.2 Subfunction Variation 136 6.8.3 Summary of Written Sources 139 6.9 Summary of Results 140 7 Subfunction Variation as the Source of the Expansion of the Preterit 142 7.1 General 142 7.2 What Has Happened to the Porteño Spanish Preterit? 143 7.3 Creating a Model for the Preterit’s Expansion 147 7.3.1 Subfunction Variation and the Experiential 149 7.3.2 Experiential: Typological Distribution and Defining Features 155 7.4 How is the CR Reading Arrived At? The Creation of the Subfunction Variation 160 7.4.1 Pragmatic Strengthening 160 7.4.2 Transitional Contexts 161 7.5 The “Why”: Pragmatic Motivations 167 7.5.1 The Lack of Temporal Specification 170 7.6 Subfunction Variation as the Key to Understanding the Preterit’s Expansion 172 7.6.1 A Note on Variation 173 7.6.2 Microsteps 173 7.6.3 Further Spread 175 7.7 The End Result: The Unstable Perfect 176 7.7.1 Loss vs. Gain, Broadening vs. Narrowing 178 7.7.2 Summary of Analysis 178 x contents 7.8 Contact? A Note on the Further Spread and its Causes 179 7.8.1 Contact with Sicilian 180 7.8.2 Buenos Aires: A High-Contact Society? Categorical Simplification as a Postcontact Phenomenon 182 7.8.3 Increased Morphological Complexity without Contact 184 7.8.4 Summary of Contact Discussion 185 8 Synthesis 186 8.1 Results: Empirical Findings 186 8.1.1 Nature of the Expansion 187 8.1.2 Semantic End Point: Porteño Spanish 187 8.2 Cross-Linguistic Considerations 188 8.3 Theoretical Remarks 190 References 193 Index 207 List of Figures 1 A formalization of linguistic change 17 2 Perfective path, after Bybee et al. (1994: 105) 46 3 Percentage of CR tokens expressed by means of Preterits 96 4 Age group II vs. age group I 97 5 Expression of past with CR, from Fløgstad (2007) 98 6 Expression of past with CR in age group I 100 7 Perfect/Preterit in age group II 112 8 Distribution of Perfect and Preterit to express past with CR in HABCULT 130 9 Expression of experientiality in HABCULT 137 10 Expression of persistent situation 138 11 General use of Perfect/Preterit, age groups I and II, HABCULT 141 12 A formalization of linguistic change (from Norde 2009: 16) 147 13 Expression of experientiality in HABCULT, introductory texts 150 14 Expression of persistent situation in HABCULT, introductory texts 150 15 Ranking from past to present after Croft (2012: 143) 158 16 The center of the TMA system, after Dahl (1985: 139) 177 17 Functions of Peninsular Spanish Perfect and Preterit 189 18 Functions of Porteño Spanish Preterit 189 19 Functions of French Passé Composé 189 List of Tables 1 Perfages, after Bybee et al. (1994: 106) 25 2 Tripartite past tense/aspect system, after Bybee et al. (1994: 83) 32 3 Perfect/Preterit distribution in three Spanish varieties, after Howe and Rodríguez Louro (2013: 50) 72 4 Perfect/Preterit in a selection of Romance languages 74 5 Perfect/Preterit in a selection of Germanic languages 77 6 Subfunctions and typical co-occurrence with adverbials 83 7 Informants from Buenos Aires 89 8 Informants from Uruguay 90 9 HABCULT informants, from Buenos Aires 90 10 Distribution of Preterit and Perfect, absolute numbers 97 11 Perfect/Preterit in age group I 100 12 Perfect/Preterit in Argentinean Spanish (adapted from Howe & Rodríguez Louro 2013: 50) 101 13 Distribution of Perfect and Preterit in informant 6 110 14 Distribution of Perfect and Preterit in informant 8 111 15 Subfunction distribution in age group II 113 16 Preterit + TA co-occurrence in age group II 121 17 Preterit/Perfect in UYCORP 128 18 HABCULT subfunction distribution 130 19 Detailed distribution in expression of experiential and persistent situation 136 20 Stages in semantic change (based on Enfield 2003: 29) 148 21 Modified version of Enfield (2003); competing forms, Porteño Spanish 148 22 Experiential vs.
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