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Home , Berlin Crisis of 1961, Oleg Gordievsky, Second Cold War

1960 American U-2 surveillance jet As the became an accepted The Eisenhower-Dulles approach Cold War, 1945-1989 shot down over element of the international system, the to did not establish The Conflict, Entrenched  Coming just over two weeks before battlegrounds of the earlier period the use of covert means to (page 1 of 2) the scheduled opening of an East– began to stabilize. overthrow unfriendly West summit in Paris, the incident  A buffer zone between the two governments, but increasingly The two nations take different was a great embarrassment to the camps was set up in Central Europe. relied on clandestine CIA approaches: brinksmanship (US) v. US and prompted a deterioration in Instability in this buffer zone raged operations. deterrence () its relations with the Soviet Union.  The Uprising of 1953 in East  Pilot Frances Powers survives, started with a strike by Vietnam, and the invasion of 1950-1953, Korean conflict exchanged for captured Soviet East construction Cambodia made its first prisoner Vilyam Fisher workers. commitment to form a peace treaty It turned into a widespread Third World and nonalignment with Japan that would guarantee long- A shadow war was taking place in the uprising against the Stalinist in the 1960s and 1970s term US military bases. world of espionage. government. Violently  Decolonization continues  This treaty led Stalin to approve a There was a series of shocking spy suppressed by tanks; the wave of  The economic needs of the plan for Soviet allies to invade US- scandals in the west strikes and protests persisted, Third World states made supported South Korea.  – UK diplomats with demonstrations in more them vulnerable to foreign  Stalin insists the North Koreans and intelligence officers who than 500 towns and villages. influences and pressures. continue fighting passed info to Soviet Union  Warszawa Pact formed in 1955 Much needed resources for The marked a shift in the  Oleg Gordievsky – Soviet KGB in response to NATO's inclusion economic development came focal point of the Cold War, from gave info to England of and partly through economic ties and postwar Europe to East Asia. After  Petrov Affair – Soviet diplomat because the Soviets needed an trade with the western powers this point, proxy battles in the Third offers info to Australians in order to excuse to retain Red Army units and the Soviet Union, which World became an important arena of remain in country in potentially problematic vied with each other to superpower competition.  Funding for KGB, CIA, MI6, . capture the political support increase greatly The Pact perpetuated the Stalin- of the newly independent Hydrogen bomb introduced, in 1952 inspired concept of Soviet countries. (US) and 1953 (Soviet Union) Decolonization national security being based on  Some underdeveloped states The Korean War marked a shift in the imperial expansion and control devised a strategy that turned Fear of a nuclear war spurred the focal point of the Cold War, from over satellite regimes in Eastern the Cold War into “creative production of public safety films by postwar Europe to East Asia. After this Europe confrontation" – playing off the US federal government's Civil point, proxy battles in the Third World  In 1956 , demonstrations the Cold War participants to Defense branch which demonstrated became an important arena of by workers demanding better their own advantage while ways to protecting oneself from a superpower competition. conditions were met with violent maintaining nonaligned Soviet nuclear attack.  The combined effects of two world repression. A crowd of 100,000 status.  Example: 1951 children's film wars had weakened the political were confronted by 400 tanks Duck and Cover and economic domination by and 10,000. 57-78 killed. Invasion of Czechoslovakia European powers of Latin America,  The Hungarian Revolution of 1968, Warszawa Pact invades to Following Stalin’s death, there was a Asia, Africa, and the Middle East. 1956 was a spontaneous prevent liberalization reforms. period of internal unrest in the eastern This led to a series of waves of nationwide revolt against the block while a calming of international African and Asian decolonization government and its Soviet- relations. following the Second ; a imposed policies.  This ‘calming’ masked the world that had been dominated for The revolt was prompted by The , 1969 continuing . over a century by Western demands including free secret  States that the US expected imperialist colonial powers was ballot elections, independent its allies to take care of their The Second , 1948-1956 transformed into a world of tribunals, and inquiries into Stalin own military defense, but “McCarthyism” is in reference to emerging African, Middle Eastern, and Rákosi Hungarian activities. that the U.S. would aid in making accusations of disloyalty, and Asian nations. The sheer Soviet tanks entered Budapest. defense as requested. subversion, or treason without proper number of nation states increased Protester attacks at the Parliament  The Doctrine argued for the regard for evidence, in the US. drastically. forced the collapse of the pursuit of peace through a The era was characterized by  The Cold War started placing government. partnership with American heightened fears of communist immense pressure on developing  The was allies. influence on American institutions nations to align with one of the the last major -military ➢ the US will keep all of and espionage by Soviet agents. superpower factions. incident about the occupational its treaty commitments.  The airing of hearings on tv and  Both promised substantial status of Berlin and post-World ➢ the US will provide a investigations by journalist financial, military, and War II Germany. shield if a nuclear power Edward R Murrow led directly to diplomatic aid in exchange for  Russia provoked the crisis threatens the freedom of the disgraceful end of McCarthy’s an alliance, in which issues like with an ultimatum an allied nation or of a political career. corruption and human rights demanding withdrawal of nation whose survival abuses were overlooked or Western armed forces from considered vital to US 1961, tensions mount when the US ignored. When an allied — culminating ➢ in cases involving other deployed 15 Jupiter Missiles in Turkey government was threatened, the with the city's with types of aggression, the superpowers were often the East German erection of aimed at Russian cities. US shall furnish military prepared and willing to the . was only 16 minutes away. and economic assistance The U.S. could also launch 1,000-mile intervene. when requested in range Polaris Missiles from submerged  In such a global setting, the , a rigid anti- accordance with treaty Soviet Union propagated a communist, focused aggressively on submarines. commitments. But the role as the leader of the "anti- Third World politics. US shall look to the By 1962, the US had more than eight imperialist" camp, currying  He intensified efforts to "integrate" nation directly times as many bombs and missile favor in the Third World as the entire noncommunist Third threatened to assume the being a more staunch World into a system of mutual warheads than the Soviet Union: primary responsibility of 27,297 to 3,332 opponent of colonialism than defense pacts providing the manpower many independent nations in for its defense. , Bay of Pigs Inv. Africa and Asia 1954, first book Sino-Soviet Split conflict, 1979-1989 USSR, faced with massive economic 1991 Coup 's ‘Great Leap Forward’ and A ten year military stalemate caused difficulties, as interested in reducing In an attempt to hail the rapid other policies based on agriculture when the USSR comes to assist the the cost of the arms race changes, a group of Soviet instead of heavy industry challenged Afghanistan government against the hardliners stages a coup to the Soviet-style , and the resistance fighters Mujahideen. Gorbachev-introduced policies had a overthrow Gorbachev. extent of Soviet influence over the  Killed: 14,400 Russians, 500,000+ transformative ripple affect throughout  rallied the socialist countries. Mujahideen, 1,000,000+ Afghan the Soviet world. people and many in the army  As "de-Stalinization" went forward civilians “Demokratizatsiya” – democratization against the coup. in the Soviet Union, China's  A , as the Mujahideen “” – openness  Returned to power, revolutionary founder, Mao was supported by the US, England “” – restructuring Gorbachev’s authority had Zedong, condemned the Soviets and Muslin countries.  As these were instituted with little been irreparably undermined. for "revisionism."  Seen to have damaged the USSR’s regulation/oversight, the extent of  The Chinese also were growing international standing and military them grew uncontrollable quickly. 31 December 1991, the USSR increasingly annoyed at being morale (sometimes viewed as an  This eventually made it officially dissolved, breaking constantly in the number two role analogous as ‘the USSR’s Vietnam impossible to reassert central into fifteen separate nations. in the communist world. conflict’.) control over Warszawa Pack  In the 1960s, an open split began  US President Carter places trade members without resorting to to develop between the two embargo on USSR shipments of military force. powers; the tension lead to a series grain and weapons. of border skirmishes along the  US is very paranoid about tens of Berlin Wall speech Chinese-Soviet border thousands of Soviet troops being in 12 June 1987 at the such close proximity of oil-rich Reagan challenges Gorbachev to go Reference to the "” Persian Gulf. further with his reforms by “tearing is due to the rising US-Soviet tensions down this wall” and a change in Western policy from Chernobyl disaster  The event was political stagecraft, détente to more confrontation against 26 April 1986 a nuclear power plant as the two leaders had previously the Soviets. ‘meltdown’ in . discussed then-unrevealed plans to Large areas of Ukraine, and dismantle the wall. Neoconservatives rebelled against Russia evacuated, and over 336,000 both the Nixon-era détente and the permanently resettled. Fall of Berlin Wall Democratic Party's position on  Raised concerns among Russian Hungary and Austria eased border defense issues in the 1970s, especially citizens of the Soviet nuclear power restrictions in August 1989 and after the nomination of George industry. thousands of East Germanys tried to McGovern in 1972, saying liberal  International demands forced move west. In Germany, a peaceful Democrats were the cause for U.S. USSR to be less secretive about its revolution emerges. No German international setbacks activities. authority figure was willing to issue the order to use lethal force. Mutually Assured Destruction (MAD) 9 November 1989 is recognized as the thinking takes hold Cold War, 1945-1989 day the wall fell. The Conflict, Entrenched 1983, Soviet Union shots down (page 2 of 2) Gorbachev-inspired reform propagated Korean Airlines flight 007 claiming through Eastern Europe, influencing that it was on a spy mission. The Gorbachev becomes Soviet leader in many. Politburo said it was a deliberate 1985, following death of three leaders  Communist governments of Poland provocation by the US to test the in three years. and Hungary became first to Soviet Union's military preparedness,  This advanced into leadership negotiate the organizing of or even to provoke a war. positions several young reform- competitive elections. orientated technocrats who had  In Czechoslovakia and East For much of the Cold War, the begun their careers in the heyday of Germany, massive protests unseat prevailing war plan of the United ‘de-Stalinization’ under the entrenched Communist leaders. States was all-out nuclear attack on all reformist leader Khrushchev.  Bulgaria and Romania crumble, the major military and civilian sites in the former peacefully and the latter Soviet Union, no matter the nature of Reagan takes aggressive posture violently. Soviet aggression (invasion, nuclear toward the Soviet Union  Attitudes has changed so bombing, etc).  Persuades Saudi Arabian oil dramatically that US Secretary of  In 1954, Secretary of State John companies to increase production. State James Baker suggested the Foster Dulles described this  This led to a drop by two-thirds Americans would not oppose Soviet approach as a “capacity for in the price of oil globally (oil intervention in Romania if it would massive retaliation.” Supported by was the main source of Soviet prevent continued bloodshed General Curtis LeMay revenues, so they lost money.) Collapse of Easter European US Intelligence Officer Arthur Reagan and the US pursued policies of governments occur with Gorbachev’s Nicholson is shot to death by a Soviet aggressive political confrontation and tacit consent inadvertently encouraged sentry in West Germany. arms buildups several Soviet republics to seek greater independence form Moscow’s rule. 1980-1988 -Iraq War, as an  Several declare independence extension of Cold War tensions Promotes liberalization of the political  Disaffection in other republics was landscape of the USSR and capitalist met by promises of greater Reagan orders large peacetime elements into the economy. decentralization. buildup of the US military  Prior to this, the USSR had been  More open elections led to the  USSR unable to match this due to strictly prohibiting liberal reform election of candidates opposed to the cost. and maintained an inefficient Communist rule. centralized economy.  The groundwork for a structural systematic change is occurring! Name: ______Period: _____ Date: ______Brainstorm review – Cold War

1. What approach did the US take in the Cold War?

2. What approach did the Soviet Union take in the Cold War?

3. What did the US-Japanese agreement prompt Stalin to do?

4. To what does “McCarthyism” refer?

5. What was the McCarthy era characterized by?

6. Why did the Jupiter Missiles make the Russians uncomfortable?

7. In 1962, how many missiles did each country have?

8. What happened to Frances Powers

9. A shadow war was taking place in the world of espionage.” Give examples in support of this.

10. How does decolonization relate to the Cold War?

11. In what ways did the Cold War place pressure on developing nations?

12. What was the Eisenhower-Dulles approach to foreign policy?

13. What is the Nixon Doctrine?

14. What are the three tenets of the Nixon Doctrine?

15. How did the Sino-Soviet split relate to the Cold War?

16. What prompted the term ‘Second Cold War’?

17. What was the prevailing war plan of the US during much of the Cold War?

18. What happened in Afghanistan?

19. What happened at Chernobyl?

20. What did Mikhail Gorbachev do to reform the Soviet Union?

21. What is Demokratizatsiya, Glasnost and Perestroika?

22. What was the impact of these three above policies?

23. Under what circumstances did the collapse of eastern European governments occur?