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Cold War, 1945-1989 1960 American U-2 surveillance jet As the Cold War became an accepted The Eisenhower-Dulles approach Cold War, 1945-1989 shot down over Russia element of the international system, the to foreign policy did not establish The Conflict, Entrenched Coming just over two weeks before battlegrounds of the earlier period the use of covert means to (page 1 of 2) the scheduled opening of an East– began to stabilize. overthrow unfriendly West summit in Paris, the incident A buffer zone between the two governments, but increasingly The two nations take different was a great embarrassment to the camps was set up in Central Europe. relied on clandestine CIA approaches: brinksmanship (US) v. US and prompted a deterioration in Instability in this buffer zone raged operations. deterrence (Soviet Union) its relations with the Soviet Union. The Uprising of 1953 in East Pilot Frances Powers survives, Germany started with a strike by Vietnam, and the invasion of 1950-1953, Korean conflict exchanged for captured Soviet East Berlin construction Cambodia United States made its first prisoner Vilyam Fisher workers. commitment to form a peace treaty It turned into a widespread Third World and nonalignment with Japan that would guarantee long- A shadow war was taking place in the uprising against the Stalinist in the 1960s and 1970s term US military bases. world of espionage. government. Violently Decolonization continues This treaty led Stalin to approve a There was a series of shocking spy suppressed by tanks; the wave of The economic needs of the plan for Soviet allies to invade US- scandals in the west strikes and protests persisted, Third World states made supported South Korea. Cambridge Five – UK diplomats with demonstrations in more them vulnerable to foreign Stalin insists the North Koreans and intelligence officers who than 500 towns and villages. influences and pressures. continue fighting passed info to Soviet Union Warszawa Pact formed in 1955 Much needed resources for The Korean War marked a shift in the Oleg Gordievsky – Soviet KGB in response to NATO's inclusion economic development came focal point of the Cold War, from gave info to England of West Germany and partly through economic ties and postwar Europe to East Asia. After Petrov Affair – Soviet diplomat because the Soviets needed an trade with the western powers this point, proxy battles in the Third offers info to Australians in order to excuse to retain Red Army units and the Soviet Union, which World became an important arena of remain in country in potentially problematic vied with each other to superpower competition. Funding for KGB, CIA, MI6, Stasi Hungary. capture the political support increase greatly The Pact perpetuated the Stalin- of the newly independent Hydrogen bomb introduced, in 1952 inspired concept of Soviet countries. (US) and 1953 (Soviet Union) Decolonization national security being based on Some underdeveloped states The Korean War marked a shift in the imperial expansion and control devised a strategy that turned Fear of a nuclear war spurred the focal point of the Cold War, from over satellite regimes in Eastern the Cold War into “creative production of public safety films by postwar Europe to East Asia. After this Europe confrontation" – playing off the US federal government's Civil point, proxy battles in the Third World In 1956 Poland, demonstrations the Cold War participants to Defense branch which demonstrated became an important arena of by workers demanding better their own advantage while ways to protecting oneself from a superpower competition. conditions were met with violent maintaining nonaligned Soviet nuclear attack. The combined effects of two world repression. A crowd of 100,000 status. Example: 1951 children's film wars had weakened the political were confronted by 400 tanks Duck and Cover and economic domination by and 10,000. 57-78 killed. Invasion of Czechoslovakia European powers of Latin America, The Hungarian Revolution of 1968, Warszawa Pact invades to Following Stalin’s death, there was a Asia, Africa, and the Middle East. 1956 was a spontaneous prevent liberalization reforms. period of internal unrest in the eastern This led to a series of waves of nationwide revolt against the block while a calming of international African and Asian decolonization government and its Soviet- Space Race relations. following the Second World War; a imposed policies. This ‘calming’ masked the world that had been dominated for The revolt was prompted by The Nixon Doctrine, 1969 continuing arms race. over a century by Western demands including free secret States that the US expected imperialist colonial powers was ballot elections, independent its allies to take care of their The Second Red Scare, 1948-1956 transformed into a world of tribunals, and inquiries into Stalin own military defense, but “McCarthyism” is in reference to emerging African, Middle Eastern, and Rákosi Hungarian activities. that the U.S. would aid in making accusations of disloyalty, and Asian nations. The sheer Soviet tanks entered Budapest. defense as requested. subversion, or treason without proper number of nation states increased Protester attacks at the Parliament The Doctrine argued for the regard for evidence, in the US. drastically. forced the collapse of the pursuit of peace through a The era was characterized by The Cold War started placing government. partnership with American heightened fears of communist immense pressure on developing The Berlin Crisis of 1961 was allies. influence on American institutions nations to align with one of the the last major politico-military ➢ the US will keep all of and espionage by Soviet agents. superpower factions. incident about the occupational its treaty commitments. The airing of hearings on tv and Both promised substantial status of Berlin and post-World ➢ the US will provide a investigations by journalist financial, military, and War II Germany. shield if a nuclear power Edward R Murrow led directly to diplomatic aid in exchange for Russia provoked the crisis threatens the freedom of the disgraceful end of McCarthy’s an alliance, in which issues like with an ultimatum an allied nation or of a political career. corruption and human rights demanding withdrawal of nation whose survival abuses were overlooked or Western armed forces from considered vital to US 1961, tensions mount when the US ignored. When an allied West Berlin — culminating ➢ in cases involving other deployed 15 Jupiter Missiles in Turkey government was threatened, the with the city's partition with types of aggression, the superpowers were often the East German erection of aimed at Russian cities. US shall furnish military prepared and willing to the Berlin Wall. Moscow was only 16 minutes away. and economic assistance The U.S. could also launch 1,000-mile intervene. when requested in range Polaris Missiles from submerged In such a global setting, the John Foster Dulles, a rigid anti- accordance with treaty Soviet Union propagated a communist, focused aggressively on submarines. commitments. But the role as the leader of the "anti- Third World politics. US shall look to the By 1962, the US had more than eight imperialist" camp, currying He intensified efforts to "integrate" nation directly times as many bombs and missile favor in the Third World as the entire noncommunist Third threatened to assume the being a more staunch World into a system of mutual warheads than the Soviet Union: primary responsibility of 27,297 to 3,332 opponent of colonialism than defense pacts providing the manpower many independent nations in for its defense. Cuban missile crisis, Bay of Pigs Inv. Africa and Asia 1954, first James Bond book Sino-Soviet Split Afghanistan conflict, 1979-1989 USSR, faced with massive economic 1991 Coup China's ‘Great Leap Forward’ and A ten year military stalemate caused difficulties, as interested in reducing In an attempt to hail the rapid other policies based on agriculture when the USSR comes to assist the the cost of the arms race changes, a group of Soviet instead of heavy industry challenged Afghanistan government against the hardliners stages a coup to the Soviet-style socialism, and the resistance fighters Mujahideen. Gorbachev-introduced policies had a overthrow Gorbachev. extent of Soviet influence over the Killed: 14,400 Russians, 500,000+ transformative ripple affect throughout Boris Yeltsin rallied the socialist countries. Mujahideen, 1,000,000+ Afghan the Soviet world. people and many in the army As "de-Stalinization" went forward civilians “Demokratizatsiya” – democratization against the coup. in the Soviet Union, China's A proxy war, as the Mujahideen “Glasnost” – openness Returned to power, revolutionary founder, Mao was supported by the US, England “Perestroika” – restructuring Gorbachev’s authority had Zedong, condemned the Soviets and Muslin countries. As these were instituted with little been irreparably undermined. for "revisionism." Seen to have damaged the USSR’s regulation/oversight, the extent of The Chinese also were growing international standing and military them grew uncontrollable quickly. 31 December 1991, the USSR increasingly annoyed at being morale (sometimes viewed as an This eventually made it officially dissolved, breaking constantly in the number two role analogous as ‘the USSR’s Vietnam impossible to reassert central into fifteen separate nations. in the communist world. conflict’.) control over Warszawa Pack In the 1960s, an open split began US President Carter places trade
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